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Facial development is the result of growth and skeletal modeling for every component skeletal and /or/functional, both together or in part, of his power and the proliferation of multiple influences which shall be exercised on them. Taking into account the myriad factors affecting facial development can be explained the large variety of individuals, and also, the large amount of dento-maxillary anomalies. Essential aspects in this topic are presented schematically in this mini-review.

The pathology of the teeth sinus (which by their apexes established direct neighborhood reports with maxillary sinus) is a sensitive subject of modern dentistry. The implications of these neighborhood reports, it rests in establishing a treatment plan aimed at various fields of dentistry. If we were to detail, reports of the teeth sinus with maxillary sinus floor limit insertion of dental implants, for example, conditioning this therapeutic maneuver with combination or not with sinus elevation (process known as sinus lifting). In orthodontics, on the other hand, the presence of the maxillary sinus that is inserted through the roots of the teeth in lateral displacement limit the scope of the mesial-distal and / or in the vertical plane of these teeth in the remaining size of the alveolar bone, which allows the processes of absorption and bone in growth. Finally, sinus tooth apical processes, acute or chronic, often have echo in sinus pathology, which requires the patient to early orientation ENT service. Given all these considerations, an accurate determination of the size of the maxillary sinus panoramic radiography submit undeniable benefits in terms of establishing a treatment plan, limiting the maximum uncertainties related reports sinus tooth neighborhood.

Orthodontic treatment should solve dental-maxillofacial disorders respecting as far as possible the conservative biological principles of the dental substance. Dosage of orthodontic forces must be made according to the intended therapeutic objective, but without jeopardizing the dental implantation or aggravating the root injury, if it is already installed. The prognosis of evolution in these cases is reserved and limited by the possibilities of repairing the root injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The host immune system is not so active against Aspergillum sp. due to the anatomical location of maxillary antrum that facilitates the fungal multiplication. At least 10% of chronic sinusitis are actually infections with Aspergillum, mainly developing the clinical feature of maxillary aspergilloma. Though the terminal respiratory airways are the main access portal of the mycotic infection, the oro-antral fistulas, dental extractions, iatrogenic root perforations which also involve the mucousa of the alveolar ridge might be additional risk factors. It seems that the root canal overfillings may develop a maxillary sinus aspergillosis since zinc from the in sinusal cavity extruded sealers plays the role of a growth factor for Aspergillus. Accordingly, a chronic sinusitis with purulent secretions, refractory to conventional treatment and associated with a foreign body identified on radiographs as root filling material might be suspected as maxillary sinus aspergilossis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The therapy of dento-maxillary annomalies involves the use of orthodontic forces acting on the teeth, periodontium and alveolar bone, producing changes in their structure, resulting in final dental movement. The application of orthodontic forces should be done with extreme caution to avoid the occurrence of traumatic root resorption or aggravation when acting on a weak ground. The article aims to identify the particularities of orthodontic treatment in the etiology of external traumatic root resorbtions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problems of joint biomechanics, on which movement and individual posture depend, represent an integral part of musculoskeletal physiology. The precise analysis of certain anatomical assemblies primarily involved in performing some activities that are specific to the dental technician profession allows the design of ergonomic devices so that maximum efficiency with minimum effort can be ensured. Thus, in this paper, we present a statistical analysis, which aims at highlighting some musculoskeletal, especially spine, disorders among dental technicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activity performed by the dental technician is very comprehensive and complex. It is mainly aimed at creating, by different methods, fixed or mobile prosthetic restorations. Because of the extremely varied tasks, dental technicians as well as the clinical staff have to carry out, they are overworked. Moreover, they have to cope with both physical and especially mental workload given that, for most professionals, the 8-hour workday is just a memory. In this context, a dramatic decrease in the dental laboratory personnel work capacity has been noticed. Thus, in the present paper, we attempt to bring several well documented arguments to public attention related to some very simple methods that can be employed to enhance work capacity in the dental laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facial development is the result of growth and modeling of each skeletal or functional element, of its proliferation power and of some multiple influences that are exerted on them. Considering the many factors that influence facial development it may be explained the individual variability of facial skeleton and directly related the wide variety of sagital disorders to the upper jaw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malocclusion of Class II/1, characterized by distal migration mandibular relationship leads typically to lack of the above route guidance, which makes it possible the installation of swallowing of infantile type, with the emergence of the earlier open occlusion. Disorders of malocclusion of Class II will be practically integrated with disorders from open occlusion, therapy must follow a cross pattern to resolve the transversal relationship before sagital and vertical relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep over bite is a potentially hereditary anomaly, which presents almost the same oral characteristics on the two completely different growth patterns: hypodivergent and hiperdivergent. Placing this anomaly in one of the two growth patterns is very important, because the treatment plan and the success of the treatment (the stability of the results) depend on this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to indicate the proportion of patients with transverse development deficiency of the upper jaw, which is associated or not with other malocclusions, on a sample of 572 subjects studied during 2004-2008.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the development of the neuronic and visceral cranium, an important number of factors, not only genetic, but also functional, led to the apparition of some different aspects of growing at the level of each section: the basis of the cranium, the basis of the maxillary, dental alveolus, dental arch. All these „aggravating‟ or „compensatory‟ changes are added to the level of the occlusion plan, leading to the establishment of the occlusion relations in the three plans. From now on, the occlusion will directly influence the development at the level of the above-described sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of two rotary retreatment systems in removing remnants of filling materials during root canal retreatment. Materials and methods. 20 lower premolar canals were shaped by ProTaper next up to F2 and .06 taper and filled using cold lateral condensation of gutta-percha. These were divided into 2 groups (n=10) according to the retreatment systems. There were compared the times of retreatment and the radiographic quality of retreatment based on scores attributed to areas of residual material. Results. Reciproc system (VDW GmbH, München, Germany) led to a medium retreatment time of 5.75 seconds per canal and 90% of the canals showed less than 20% remnants on the canal wall. ProTaper retreatment system (Dentsply - Sirona, Switzerland) led to a medium retreatment time of 7.15 seconds and 60% of the canals showed less than 20% remnants. Conclusion. Within the limitation of this study, Reciproc system proved to be more rapid and efficient than ProTaper Retreatment system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sometimes the maxillary endosseous implants may migrate into the maxillary sinus, a quarter of them being recorded in maxillary sinus bone grafts. Less frequent it occurs after the occlusal loading or during the prosthetic abutment insertion. The displacement and retention of a dental implant in maxillary sinus causes a chronic sinusitis. One of such infection might be aspergillosis. Clinically the aspergillosis of maxillary sinus may be non-invasive, invasive or allergic. The treatment of non-invasive aspergillosis in immunocompetent individuals consists in surgical removal of infected fungal mass without a systemic antifungal medication. The invasive aspergillosis which is affecting immunocompromised persons has to be treated both by surgical and long-term systemic antifungal therapy. In allergic form the surgical removal of nasal polyp and recreation of the patency of the maxillary ostium are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines some aspects of the relationship between quality of life, healthcare and spirituality. In this context, the attempts to provide a comprehensive and universally accepted definition of quality of life considering its high degree of subjectivity and the fact that the term is extensively used in a wide range of contexts are presented, highlighting the importance of clarity in this regard. Moreover, the concept of health-related quality of life and the instruments used to measure it are presented. Taking into account the principle of sanctity of life, some problems and dilemmas arising from the way medical and technological knowledge should be applied to clinical care are mentioned. In conclusion, it is shown that quality of life has become an almost universal theme lately. However, being highly subjective, it is rather difficult to define and assess. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach of the topic is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a modern technique in the field of direct dental restorations using composite resins. The wide variety of clinical situations we have encountered has forced the development of multiple modalities and materials to restore the loss of dental hard substance in the posterior areas. Among these, the bulk-fill technique, in which specific low-consistency composites are used, leads to a correct obturation in terms of marginal sealing, mechanical strength, and reduced risk of occurrence of postoperative sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aesthetic requirements and expectations of patients have increased greatly in the current social context, which has attracted increasing challenges in the clinical work of prosthodontic specialists. Thus, the predictability of the results of most types of prosthodontic restorations has become absolutely necessary to meet patients' demands, and digital aesthetic prefiguration is a useful and necessary tool. In this context, the paper presents the case of a 55-year-old patient, partially edentulous in the maxillary, rehabilitated by a 13-year-old metal-ceramic bridge. The patient was referred for the reconstruction of the maxillary bridge, which was no longer responding to the aesthetic demands. After a thorough clinical examination, the treatment plan was established and the old bridge was replaced by classical technique. The result was accepted by the patient, who appreciated it as excellent, aesthetically and functionally. To determine to what extent a digital application can bring an aesthetic value to classical coronary restoration techniques, we have used one of the newest and most advanced techniques of digital aesthetic prefiguration, the Visagism application, which has proposed an ideal look of the teeth, also taking into account the patient's temperament, the result of the computer simulation being discussed with the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The implant-prosthetic rehabilitation of the full edentulous patient implies the complete rehabilitation of the functions of the dento-masticatory apparatus, and the first step is a judicious planning of the treatment. In addition to classical analysis, facial scanning, a newly introduced imaging method, can bring precious information into the planning of this treatment, or by referring to the soft parts essential to restoring the aesthetic function. Material and methods. A batch of 10 bimaxilary full edentulos patients was consisted; patients' whose medical files were analyzed in a first phase. Following the clinical and complementary evaluation, a patient who met all inclusion criteria was selected in the second phase and decided to carry out facial scanning with the Planmeca Pro Face 3D application in addition to classical implant insertion investigations. Results and discussions. Facial scanning with Planmeca Pro Face 3D has generated a complex image - resulting from triad association - soft parts, bone supply, prefiguration of future dental archways (CBCT with radio- opaque teeth), essential elements in high-implant prosthetic treatment planning of difficulty and high aesthetic requirements. The method has limitations on patient positioning and image compatibility with CBCT images. Conclusions. Facial scanning is an imaging method of interest in planning implanto-prosthetic treatment. Its introduction into the standard planning protocol for total implantation edentation treatment requires further studies in terms of image calibration precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dento-facial aesthetics is significantly influenced by the shape of maxillary ridge, smile design, shape and size of the frontal teeth and of the marginal fitting of fixed restorations. There are certain clinical situations where using remaining teeth or more implants is not possible. Therefore, complete dentures are good treatment options to improve the initial clinical situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choosing and arranging the adequate teeth in complete dentures is extremely important from an aesthetic point of view. In most of the cases, the decision is purely subjective (considering only the patient's desire) but can be strongly influenced by the dentist. Thus, the "golden proportion" can eliminate many sources of errors during dental treatment and at the same time, it offers the patients a natural smile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the current therapeutic attitude on dental caries prevention involving antimicrobial strategies, based on the modern definition of dental caries as a microbial disease. The most important and used prophylactic measures are: topical and systemic administration of fluorinated products, diet control and maintenance of a rigorous dental oral hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the therapeutic approaches of the premolars and highlights the special aspects of the dental restorative treatments in premolars. The direct restoration of the coronal hard tissues loss in premolars is conditioned by several aspects involved, such as: topographic localization on the dental arches, aesthetical requirements, the association of different coronal dental lesions. A characteristic aspect of the premolars direct resin composite restorations is the phenomenon of cuspal flexure; the causes, consequences, as well as the ways of its prevention are presented in the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental technician profession and working conditions are very difficult. Harsh working conditions (working position, extended static physical effort etc.) and living environment (climate) orient us toward explaining the occurrence of some physical deficiencies, occupational diseases caused by pollutants from work, which can lead to cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, mental and other diseases. Considering the need to undertake such a study, we proposed the assessment of effort capacity of this professional category (dental technician), as it enables testing of multiple functions of the body: cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, muscular strength and endurance, articular amplitude, psychovolitional states. The engagement of body in various dynamic and sustained efforts through application and compliance of strategies for practicing physical training, proved to be crucial for improving the cardio-respiratory functional performance, respectively improve aerobic fitness of dental technicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this material is to make aware of the potential risk factors those who work in the dental laboratory or will work there (both dental technicians and students); these external risk factors may be toxic and biologic, being able to cause diseases regarded or not as professional: potentially harming solid substances (powders), liquids and gases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The purpose of the study is to identify the musculoskeletal problems in dental professionals and the causes leading to them to rank. The most frequent ones were ranked in order to elaborate operational and global projects and differentiated treatment and prophylaxis units focused on that certain problem. Material and method. The 133 subjects (dental students and specialist) answered a 14 items questionnaire. Results. The results of the questionnaire were centralized and statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics. Discussions. The results showed that most of the subjects (69.92%) had growth problems. 90.23% of them did not consulted a kinetoterapist but they were aware of the necessity of seeking specialty treatment in the future. Conclusions. The present study conducted to preliminary conclusions that will be the start point of further extended studies, emphasizing the necessity of Kinetotherapy classes in Dental School. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass distribution of different infections diseases appears even more likely in dentistry than other medical specialities. The purpose of the study is to examine different impressions with alginate materials in order to demonstrate the contamination with different pathogens. Material and method. 63 patients were included in this study. They required specific prosthetic treatment. Preliminary impression were obtained with irreversible hydrocolloid material and microbiologically tested shorthy after removal from the mouth, after washed throughly with cold water and after decontamination with specific desinfectants. Results. Microbiologic records on the alginate impressions in different stages, revealed a reduction in number of bacteria, but not completely absence, regardless of the type of decontamination substance. Conclusions. The presence of different pathogens on the surface of irreversible hydrocolloid impresions is certain. There are residual bacteria which differ from one substance to another, irrespective of cleaning stages and decontamination materials used in daily manipulation of dental impresion. Even if time consuming, decontamination of alginate impression is compulsory in dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We deem that the marketing concept in dental technique may be applied both to an individual dental technique laboratory being strictly meant to dental practices, or it may be applied to a welldefined structure of dental practice - dental technique laboratory (or to a dentist - dental technician team). In this preliminary study, based on two distinct questionnaires applied to both, a group of dentists and a group of dental technicians, we have tried to outline, as far as possible, a future marketing strategy as efficient and productive as possible for the dental technique laboratories [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer aided implant planning and placement has been developed in the past years allowing for more efficient preoperative patient evaluation and safe restorative driven implant insertion. The use of a computer based surgical template allows to use the advantages of state-of-the-art flapless surgery including reduced postoperative pain and swelling, reduced intraoperative bleeding, preservation of soft and hard tissue and maintenance of periosteal blood supply. The aim of this prospective study was to present a predictable protocol for dental implants insertion with the use of a stereolitographic guide for flapless surgery and immediate or conventional loading based on a bone quality assessment. Material and methods: Four consecutive patients partially dentate and fully edentulous were planned and operated using a computer-aided treatment concept (R2GATE) and flapless surgery. Results: Ten implants were successfully inserted with no accidents or complications during surgery. Four implants placed at one fully mandibular edentulous patient, in type 1 and 2 bone, were immediate loaded. The six other implants were inserted in the anterior and lateral maxilla in type 2, 3 and 4 bone and were conventionally loaded for a predictable treatment outcome. All implants reached primary stability after insertion. As assessed with postoperative panoramic radiograph, all implants were placed according to the planned position, established in a prosthetic driven manner. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this pilot study, it can be stated that three-dimensional guided implant surgery improves the quality of the surgical procedure and the restorative results, enabling a very safe and predictable rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational overload syndromes represent a significant occupational problem for dental technicians. The aim of this study is represented by optimization of intervention strategies specific for myoarthropod-kinetic pathology of dental technicians in order to improve stability and mobility of the spine, and increase the quality of life of these subjects. Subjects were included in two groups (experimental and control), experimental group benefit of a physical exercise program adapted to dental technician profession. Results demonstrate an improvement of all functional parameters for the experimental group and the quality of life of these subjects. A suitable kinetic program will reduce the negative effects created by prolonged improper working positions, which a dental technician is obliged to adopt in its activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of lateral cephalometric radiographs for the diagnosis and treatment of edentulous patient is nowadays more frequent than ever. The aim of this study is to evaluate the positions of teeth in completely dentate patients towards bone points considered to be stable in time, in order to see whether there is a reproductive relation applicable to establish the correct position of artificial teeth in edentulous patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of infection in dental medicine and moreover in dental technology is a real threat, known by all specialists. Nevertheless, prevention of infectious risk in dental technology by decontaminating and disinfecting impressions, moulds, but also intermediate or completed prosthetic pieces, is hindered nowadays by a relatively high percentage of dental technicians. Therefore, the following material is meant to be an attempt to bring forward solid arguments regarding the ever present danger of the disease concerning the specialised personnel working in dental technology laboratories, especially due to handling dental impressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurement of marginal bone is one of the most reliable criteria for establishing dental implant treatment success rate. If an implant is still in function but is not tested with respect of success criteria is considered as surviving. The aim of the present retrospective study was to evaluate long term treatment success with mandibular two-implant overdenture in fully edentulous patients by measuring the marginal bone loss on radiographs. Methods: Panoramic radiographs of 47 patients, three for each (after surgery, one week after implants loading and at 5-year follow-up) were analysed. Marginal bone loss was measured according to baseline, set at one week after implants loading. Results: 94 implants measured a marginal bone loss between 0.30 and 1.71 mm with a mean value of 0.73 (±0.19) mm, below the limit of 1.80 mm proposed according to different success criteria. Conclusions: All implants retrospectivelly evaluated are considered successful, despite of the type of retention system used for mandibular overdenture [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve the purposes of oral implantology, of great importance is obtaining tissue integration of dental implants. Tissue integration consists of morphological and functional coexistence between bone and implant surface, implant that is subjected to occlusal forces. Gingival integration is to provide a barrier of soft tissue around the implant, which protects the underlying bone and prevents the access of microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decontaminating impressions in dental prosthetics by immersion or atomizing lately tends to become a fundamental step in the technological process of manufacturing fixed or removable prosthetic restorations. Nevertheless, the time allotted for every impression to be disinfected depends on two distinct factors: the antimicrobial capacity of the chemical substance and its likelihood to alter the physical, chemical and biological factors of the material used for creating the impression. Thereby, this article presents a preliminary study regarding the dimensional modifications that c-silicones of mediumfluid consistency could sustain after their immersion in disinfection substances such as glutaraldehyde, peracetic acid or sodium hypochlorite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widening of the upper jaw by undoing the median suture is a relatively common clinical procedure and the histological studies on sutural tissues, both immediately after disjunction and post disjunction are relatively rare. The present research aims to study cellular changes caused after undoing the median maxillary suture, on a strain of common rabbit breed, in an attempt to prove that the purpose of this therapeutic technique is obtaining neoformed osseous tissue, as a guarantee of the stability of orthodontic treatment results. Of course, changes in rabbit desmale tissues cannot be fully assimilated to the human ones.

Orthodontic treatment as a help is the teeth movement made in order to facilitate the odontal,prosthetic and periodontal proceedures which are needed in the dentomaxilar and/or facial reabilitation. The aim of the study was to follow for 5 years which is the percentage of patients who asked for orthodontic treatment in the Orthodontic and Dentofacial Orthopedie Clinic from UMF 'Carol Davila'. We also followed the frequency related to the etiology of the loss of some teeth and also the relationship between the loss of the teeth and periodontal disease. In our country, the number of patients who ask for preprosthetic orthodontic treatment is lower comparing with Western and Northtern Europe, but the percentage is increasing due to the dentists calification. We can conclude by saying that the frequency of losing teeth by cavities is increased by age because all patients from the study group aged 35 and above lost their teeth from cavity etiology and the patients aged 18 and lower had genetic etiology in losing their teeth.

If, not long time ago, the simple prosthetic rehabilitation of an edentulous patient--with or without additional maxillary teeth abnormalities--was the only therapeutic solution, presently, the pre-prosthetic orthodontic treatment enabling the dental restoration treatment meets the basic requirements of any dental treatment, i.e. the (re)set-up of the morphological and functional integrity and the functions of jaws, with minimum biological sacrifice.

In the genesis of dental-maxillary anomalies both morphologic factors (of proven genetic origin) and functional factors (as added ethio-pathogenic elements) are incriminated. From this point of view, Class II/2 malocclusion, presents two morphologic factors whose genetic origin is certain and upon which functional factors have minor influence. These are: the morphology of the teeth and alveolar process in the anterior region of the maxilla and the type of rotation. The combination of the two generates a broad range of deep bite case variants.

Once that Romania became part of the European Union, conditions regarding the activity in dentistry changed, and open borders are now a fact that we have to accept. The Romanian activity in dentistry developed a lot after the 1990. being a result of private dental practice--which covers over 98% and also of material resources of patients that were asking for more performing dental treatments. In order to be able to face all this, the dentists followed many of postgraduate specializations. We have to consider as well that the situation of the Romanian dentists is not the best, because they had to face the dentists that got their certificates in Eastern countries, where they only had to pay a fee and not pass an exam. Also, the Romanians that wanted to specialize abroad were not able to do that because the National Dentists' Association was protecting their own colleagues.