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It is 1979 in Jerusalem. The 24th Eurovision Song Contest has just ended and the Belgian singer Micha Marah is furious. Her song “Hey Nana” was ranked eighteenth and finished last, tied with Austria. However Micha had warned the Belgian committee: she would have preferred to sing another song called “How it goes”, but might as well make the little Manneken pee in a violin. A controversy on the choice of the song to which is added a last place: all Belgium is in commotion. It will be necessary...

Kirjoittaja tutkii artikkelissaan kahta Belgian Eurovision laulukilpailuun lähettämää kappaletta, osallistujaa ja esitystä. Telex-yhtyeen ”Euro-Vision” (Haag 1980) ja Pas de deux -ryhmän ”Rendezvous” (München 1983) olivat omana aikanaan poikkeuksellisen hämmentäviä, ironisoivia ja provosoivia esityksiä. Kumpikin jäi finaalissa kolmanneksi viimeiseksi.Telex ja Pas de deux pyrkivät haastamaan sekä Euroviisujen audiovisuaalisia ja musiikillisia konventioita että kilpailun arvoja ja ihanteita. Kummassakin esityksessä oli myös kansallinen kontekstinsa, sillä Belgian euroviisumenestys oli jäänyt heikohkoksi koko kilpailun olemassaolon ajan, mikä ilmeni rohkeina kokeiluina 1980-luvun alussa. Yhtyeet rakensivat esityksensä elektronisten rytmien, äänten ja soitinten varaan. Telex esitti kappaleensa taustanauhan ja taustalaulajien kera, Pas de deux väritti sointiaan Eurovisio-orkesterin muusikoiden kanssa sekä tavattomaksi koetulla koreografiallaan. Molemmat yhtyeet toivat lavalle joukon elektronisia soittimia.Kirjoittaja analysoi kilpailukappaleita ja esityksiä osana 1980-luvun alussa tapahtunutta elektronisten soundien ja soittimien nousua populaarimusiikin valtavirtaan ja sitä, miten musiikillisista marginaaleista ponnistaneet yhtyeet tietoisesti pyrkivät koettelemaan kilpailun rajoja ja euroviisuyleisön vastaanottokykyä. Elektroniset soittimet ja niistä kumpuava äänellinen, visuaalinen ja rakenteellinen estetiikka olivat aikanaan radikaaleja irtiottoja Euroviisujen kaltaisen televisiospektaakkelin loihtimista tunnelmista ja mielikuvista. Huolimatta heikosta menestyksestä kumpikin esitys on saanut myöhemmin huomattavasti enemmän arvostusta osakseen.Avainsanat: Eurovision laulukilpailu, Telex, Pas de Deux, elektroninen musiikki, musiikkiteknologiat, Belgia Belgium, one point. Synthesizers, irony, and provocation in Eurovision Song Contest in 1980 and 1983In his article, the author examines two songs, participants and performances submitted by Belgium to the Eurovision Song Contest. In the early 1980s, Telex’s “Euro-Vision” (The Hague 1980) and Pas de Deux’s “Rendezvous” (Munich 1983) were both exceptionally confusing, ironical, and provocative performances. They both finished third last in the finals.These unusual performances sought to challenge the audio-visual and musical conventions of the ESC and even the values and ideals of the competition. Both songs also had their own national context, as the success of Belgium in the ESC had remained rather weak throughout the existence of the competition. The bad experiences turned into bold experiments in the early 1980s. Telex and Pas de deux built their performances on electronic rhythms, sounds and instruments. Telex performed their song with a backing tape and backing vocals, but Pas de Deux coloured their sound with the musicians of the Eurovision Orchestra and an unconventional choreography. Both groups brought a number of electronic instruments on the stage.The author analyses the songs and the performances in connection with the rise of electronic sounds and instruments into the mainstream of pop in the early 1980s and asks how the bands emerging from the musical margins consciously sought to test the limits of the competition and the receptivity of the Eurovision audience. At their time, the electronic instruments and the resulting aural, visual, and structural aesthetics were radical detachments from the moods and imaginations conjured up by a television spectacle like the ESC. Despite their poor success, these performances have since then received much more appreciation.Keywords: Eurovision Song Contest, Telex, Pas de Deux, electronic music, music technology, Belgium

The Biafran War, or Nigerian Civil War from 1967 to 1970 was a significant conflict in post-colonial African history. We obtained encrypted messages sent from Lisbon to Biafra via telex during the conflict. We employed manual and computerized cryptanalysis methods to decipher a series of transposition ciphers sent by Biafran officials in 1968 and 1969, which were encrypted using unknown variants of columnar transposition. We then derived the keywords the system was based on and the method used, and analyzed the codewords, names and traffic contained in the plaintexts. Some five-figure ciphers sent during the same period remain unsolved.

Banking system collect enormous amounts of data every day. This data can be in the form of customer information,  transaction  details,  risk profiles,  credit  card  details,  limits  and  collateral   details, compliance  Anti Money Laundering (AML) related information, trade  finance  data,  SWIFT  and telex  messages. In addition,  Thousands  of decision  are  made in Banking system. For example, banks everyday creates credit decisions,  relationship  start  up,  investment  decisions, AML  and  Illegal  financing  related decision.  To create this decision, comprehensive review on various  reports  and drills  down  tools provided  by the banking systems is needed. However, this is a manual process which  is  error  prone  and  time  consuming  due to  large volume of transactional  and historical data available. Hence, automatic knowledge mining is needed to ease the decision making process.  This research focuses on data mining techniques to handle the mentioned problem. The technique will focus on classification method using Decision Tree algorithms.  This research provides an overview of the data mining techniques and  procedures will be performed.  It also provides  an insight  into how these techniques can be used in deposit subscription in banking system to make a decision making process easier and more productive.  Keywords - Telemarketing, bank deposit, decision tree, classification, data mining, entropy.

Background The number of incident cases and deaths from primary liver cancer, predominantly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has increased markedly in the last two decades. HCC is generally diagnosed at an advanced stage, and most new cases are in people aged over 70 years with age-related comorbidities. Treatment options are often limited, with most patients receiving palliative treatment or supportive care only. As a consequence, maintaining quality of life (QoL) through symptom management is critically important and is a core objective of clinical care. Strong evidence supports the efficacy of supervised exercise training for addressing certain cancer-related symptoms, including QoL, physical function, and fatigue. However, there are many barriers to implementing supervised exercise programmes within cancer care pathways, including economic pressures on healthcare systems and personal barriers for patients. Recent advances in technology allow patients to exercise at home under the ‘virtual’ supervision of an exercise professional through videoconferencing software (termed ‘telehealth exercise’). Despite its potential, there are uncertainties relating to the feasibility, acceptability, and safety of telehealth exercise in people living with HCC. Methods This is a protocol for a prospective, single-centre, single-arm, pretest-posttest feasibility trial. We aim to recruit 20 patients aged 60 years or older who have received treatment for HCC and are undergoing routine clinical monitoring. Patients will be invited to take part in two online, home-based, group exercise sessions per week for 10 consecutive weeks. The ‘virtual’ exercise sessions will be delivered in real time by an exercise professional through videoconferencing software. Each session will comprise 30 min of aerobic and resistance exercise performed at a moderate intensity, as guided by the 10-point Borg rating of perceived exertion scale. Feasibility outcomes include recruitment, retention, adherence, intervention fidelity, and safety. Acceptability of the intervention will be assessed using a mixed-methods approach via monthly online surveys and an exit telephone interview. Physical function, accelerometry-measured physical activity, mid-upper arm circumference, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS) will be assessed before and after the intervention to determine the feasibility of assessing outcome measures. Physical function outcomes include the short physical performance battery and Liver Frailty Index. PROMS include the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Hepatobiliary questionnaire, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue questionnaire, Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire. Discussion This mixed-methods study will address uncertainties relating to the feasibility and acceptability of delivering live, online, home-based, group exercise sessions to patients with HCC. The findings will inform whether any modifications are required to refine and optimise the intervention, and the assessment of outcome measures will provide information on the likely size and variability of intervention effects. Collectively, the data generated will inform the design of a subsequent, adequately powered, randomised controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of the telehealth exercise intervention. Trial registration ISRCTN14411809

A market index is very important for its use as a barometer for market behavior, as a benchmark portfolio performance, as an underlying in derivative instruments like index futures, and in passive fund management by index funds. A stock market index is created by selecting a group of stocks that are representative of the whole market or a specified sector or segment of the market. Among the various sector index of NSE, BSE there exists no separate sectoral index created for the telecom industry, the researcher has made an effort to create a separate index of telecom industry. This telecom index is named as “TELEX”. The study will give an opportunity to analyze the fluctuation in telecom industry and to find out if there is significant correlation between “TELEX” and other broad based indices.

This article is an attempt to present the essence of electronic communication between clients (other parties to the proceeding) and administrative authorities in general administrative proceedings. It also presents advancements in the modern technologies of the 20th and 21st century (such as telegram, telex, fax) and especially means of electronic communication, which took place in recent years in Poland. In its essence, electronic administration enables communication through strictly electronic means, eliminating the need for physical contact, as a result of which it is not necessary for parties to the proceeding and a body of public administration, to be present at the same time in the same place. Objectives of electronic administration are among the main factors allowing to overcome the problem of time and space in this modern organizational concept of state.

Maritime non-commercial communications are performed using the equipment of Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). This equipment includes numerous devices of different technologies, features and user interfaces, which every officer of the watch (OOW) must know how to use. Besides, the equipment, i.e., its technology has not changed significantly in the last 30 years. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to collect and analyze information on how often GMDSS devices are used and whether any modernization is needed. The main research method was a questionnaire survey intended for experienced officers. Each question, as well as the answers of the respondents, were analyzed in detail and presented graphically. The results of the survey analysis indicate that the VHF (Very High Frequency) radiotelephone, Navigational Telex (NAVTEX) receiver, and Enhanced Group Call (EGC) receiver are still very used, while Digital Selective Calling (DSC) devices and MF/HF (Medium Frequency/High Frequency) radios (telephone and telex) are almost unused onboard. Additionally, more than 80% of respondents believe that GMDSS needs modernization.

Wang, X.; Liu, J.X.; Liu, Z., and Dan, H.J., 2020. Marine meteorological data transmission evaluation methods based on load factor measurement. In: Guido Aldana, P.A. and Kantamaneni, K. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Coastal Management, and Marine Science Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 104, pp. 818–824. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Since 1970, the lack of timely and efficient marine meteorological data has led to a large number of marine accidents and marine environment pollution. In the past few decades, digital communication technology has developed rapidly and achieved quite successful results. The advanced digital communication technology to transmit marine meteorological data are used. However, the impact of digital modulation methods on marine weather data transmission load rates is unclear. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the digital modulation method under the optimal environment of data transmission load rate. It studies and records 16 modulation methods, including 3 quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and 12 amplitude phase shift keying (APSK). It is found that the load efficiency obtained by the APSK modulation method can reach 51.00 Mbps in matlab, which is much higher than the load efficiency obtained from the navigation telex system based on the frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation method. The results show that the marine meteorological data transmission method using the APSK modulation method has the best load efficiency.

We evaluated seven different hearing aids worn by 13 experienced hearing-aid users. Two of the aids, the Audiotone A-54 and the Telex 363C, included amplitude compression. The others, two versions of a Maico aid (SP147), a Richards (ASE-B), a Rion (HB-69AS), and a Siemens (283ASP), have circuits designed to attenuate specific frequency regions in the presence of noise. Consonant recognition and quality judgments were measured with the processing circuit on and off in the presence of speech-babble noise and low-frequency noise. The results suggested that only a few subjects benefited from the processing circuits. Quality judgments and consonant recognition scores were not always in agreement.

I vividly remember the first time I saw a Telex machine in action. It was the late 1980s on a visit to my dad’s office. The machine noisily disrupted a quiet office by spurting out paper, furiously printing text as it went along, with someone hovering on top of it in anticipation of what the message was about to say. “It’s a message from the office in Heidelberg,” that person shouted. This weird machine, in an office in the UK, was woken up by a machine hundreds of miles away because someone was typing in Germany. Once the entire message made it through, it was read out loud, the team had an impromptu meeting to plan the response, and then that was sent back using the keyboard attached to the machine itself. As this was the late 1980s, it was probably one of the last few Telex machines in use. Nevertheless, it was my first experience of such a form of communication and I thought it was the coolest thing ever! It mixed the instant nature of voice calling without requiring synchronization between the participants as a voice call does. For an “Internetless” kid of the 80s, this was as close to magic as I could imagine.

The objective of this article is mainly to determine whether the scope of application of the CISG covers online sale contracts since there is no mention about ecommerce in the Convention. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods 1980 was adopted a quarter of century ago while advanced electronic communication technologies were not available. Today's business transaction heavily depends on electronic commerce which is mostly operated through workable business website. The application of the CISG depends on the subject-matter and international character of the transaction and its relationship to the Convention. Therefore, the most decisive factor for the scope of application is subject-matter of the sale and parties' places of business which helps determining internationality of the contract. This paper examines the form requirement under Article 13 of the Convention which includes telegram and telex to be considered as writing and whether this also includes electronic transactions. This paper also scrutinises the concept of cyberspace as a place of business to determine the requirement of internationality under the Convention. The final outcome of this paper is to assert that the use of electronic communication technology does not turn the CISG inapplicable to International sale transactions.

We propose a novel passive learning approach, TeLex, to infer signal temporal logic (STL) formulas that characterize the behavior of a dynamical system using only observed signal traces of the system. First, we present a template-driven learning approach that requires two inputs: a set of observed traces and a template STL formula. The unknown parameters in the template can include time-bounds of the temporal operators, as well as the thresholds in the inequality predicates. TeLEx finds the value of the unknown parameters such that the synthesized STL property is satisfied by all the provided traces and it is tight. This requirement of tightness is essential to generating interesting properties when only positive examples are provided and there is no option to actively query the dynamical system to discover the boundaries of legal behavior. We propose a novel quantitative semantics for satisfaction of STL properties which enables TeLEx to learn tight STL properties without multidimensional optimization. The proposed new metric is also smooth. This is critical to enable the use of gradient-based numerical optimization engines and it produces a 30x to 100x speed-up with respect to the state-of-art gradient-free optimization. Second, we present a novel technique for automatically learning the structure of the STL formula by incrementally constructing more complex formula guided by the robustness metric of subformula. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the overall approach for learning STL formulas from only positive examples on a set of synthetic and real-world benchmarks.

Maritime terrestrial communication employs Digital Selective Calling (DSC) for establishing radiotelephone/telex connection. The practical application of DSC has revealed its shortcomings, which have led to the fact that it is practically not used in address radio communications. Attempts to improve it only within the DSC system itself did not lead to any noticeable results due to neglecting of real user needs. The article proposes an approach to improve the user DSC interface based on the integration of DSC with integrated navigational system (INS), including Automatic Identification System (AIS) installations and standardization of the DSC interface that implies common presentation of information and control functions for VHF/MF/HF communications regardless of the equipment from different manufacturers.

A survey questionnaire designed to determine mariner knowledge and awareness of endangered whales, existing conservation measures, and mariner receptivity to near real-time conservation technology on the bridge is herein reported. The survey, distributed by the Shipping Federation of Canada, yielded 43 responses. The majority of respondents were interested in receiving information on endangered whales and conservation measures in eastern Canada and USA Gulf of Maine regions (72% and 79%, respectively). Eighty-four percent of respondents indicated a preference for receiving whale alerts via Navigational telex (NAVTEX) and 79% listed NAVTEX as the most “not disruptive” means of receiving the alerts. A similar 72% also listed Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) as “not disruptive”, and 58% identified AIS as the preferred reception format. The results show that the commercial fleet is moderately receptive to near real-time whale alerts on the bridge. It is concluded that to better understand mariner willingness to participate in whale conservation, researchers should consider defining the response required of mariners when receiving such alerts. The results also suggest that future conservation programs should use communication formats that are most familiar to, and favoured by, mariners while being the least disruptive to bridge protocols; i.e., NAVTEX and AIS.

This article explores the visual rhetoric and cultural significance of Gilles Peress’s photographic book Telex: Iran of 1984. It is a book focused on the Iranian revolution which began in 1978, and for which Peress traveled to Iran in late 1979/early 1980 in order to create a body of images about the revolution. The author analyzes a few key sequences of images from within the book in relation to other kinds of images being produced by media outlets in the US at the time. The article moves beyond a visually-based interpretation of the book’s photographic narrative and points to a future collaborative process of reading and writing about Telex: Iran with Peress himself.

In order to ensure the safety of maritime navigation, International Maritime Organization (IMO) developed the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), which includes an important Maritime Safety Information (MSI) Broadcasting System that can broadcast navigational warnings and other crucial information. However, in most sea areas, the broadcast messages are still not pre-classified. Seafarers need to identify the theme of those received messages artificially, with low efficiency and accuracy. To solve this problem, several machine-learning based solutions are presented, implemented, and compared. Thousands of Navigational Telex (NAVTEX) messages, from 2011 to 2017, are used in the training and evaluation progress. The classifiers are compared in terms of accuracy, efficiency, precision and recall rate, and F-Measure respectively; and one of them is chosen as the optimal classifier. The chosen classifier performs well on solving the NAVTEX classification problem, and may further be used in other similar problems.

Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) equipment and Electronic Chart Display & Information System (ECDIS) are typical equipment which help seafarers to obtain information for ship`s safe navigation. In this study, a survey on using of GMDSS equipment and ECDIS was conducted on a total of 260 ship masters and crew who have been working on ocean-going vessels. The subjects were asked about the usage, and level and reason of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of GMDSS equipment and ECDIS, the leading navigational system from which they receive information. The survey showed that the third- and fourth-most frequently used equipment, MF/HF and INMARSAT (telex), were deemed to be the second- and third-most useless equipment. It means that the frequency of device usage is not proportionate to the level of navigational safety. Especially, `ease of device use (42.3%)` and `necessity of the provided information (50%)` were highlighted as factors increasing the level of satisfaction with the system. The survey result shows that ship safety cannot be realized by only adopting advanced systems, technology and services. It emphasizes the need to consider the level of `accessibility and appropriateness of the information` and `ease of device use`. Discussions implemented by the IMO on various policies and regulations are aimed at securing ship safety. In order to achieve the goal, such institutions should be validated by end-users and relevant studies should be conducted.

There is a long history of authentication protocols designed for ease of human use, which rely on users copying a short string of digits. Historical examples include telex test keys and early nuclear firing codes; familiar modern examples include prepayment meter codes and the 3-digit card verification values used in online shopping. In this paper, we show how security protocols that are designed for human readability and interaction can fail to provide adequate protection against simple attacks. To illustrate the problem, we discuss an offline payment protocol and explain various problems. We work through multiple iterations, or ‘evolutions’, of the protocol in order to get better tradeoffs between security and usability. We discuss the limitation of verifying such protocols using BAN logic. Our aim is to develop usable human-friendly protocols that can be used in constrained offline environments. We conclude that protocol designers need to be good curators of security state, and also pay attention to the interaction between online and offline functions. In fact, we suggest that delay-tolerant networking might be a future direction of evolution for protocol research.

We propose a novel passive learning approach, TeLEx, to infer signal temporal logic formulas that characterize the behavior of a dynamical system using only observed signal traces of the system. The approach requires two inputs: a set of observed traces and a template Signal Temporal Logic (STL) formula. The unknown parameters in the template can include time-bounds of the temporal operators, as well as the thresholds in the inequality predicates. TeLEx finds the value of the unknown parameters such that the synthesized STL property is satisfied by all the provided traces and it is tight. This requirement of tightness is essential to generating interesting properties when only positive examples are provided and there is no option to actively query the dynamical system to discover the boundaries of legal behavior. We propose a novel quantitative semantics for satisfaction of STL properties which enables TeLEx to learn tight STL properties without multidimensional optimization. The proposed new metric is also smooth. This is critical to enable use of gradient-based numerical optimization engines and it produces a 30\(\times \)–100\(\times \) speed-up with respect to the state-of-art gradient-free optimization. The approach is implemented in a publicly available tool.

With the development of digital satellite communication technology and the widespread use of smart devices, the demand for data communication in the maritime ship has increased. Recently, the communication between the maritime ship and the land is based on Inmarsat satellite service. The Inmarsat provides telephone, fax, data and telex service etc. However, since the satellite is payper-seconds billing service, the transmission of whole web contents to the maritime ship through the satellite causes high cost. In this paper, we propose web browsing system architecture that reduces the data traffic on the satellite link and retransmits the content selectively in order to solve these problems.

Research in this article traces the origins of a not-for-profit financial institution called the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT). SWIFT is a core part of the financial services infrastructure and is widely regarded as the most secure trusted third party network in the world, serving 200 countries with over 8000 users. The analysis focuses on how the design and current state of SWIFT was influenced by its historical origins. In order to ensure widespread compatibility in a sector experiencing asynchronous technological development, legacy Telex specifications had to be accommodated in SWIFT's design. Over time, what began as a closed ‘society’ founded to reduce errors and increase efficiency in interbank payments grew into an industry cooperative supporting an enthusiastic community of practice and transformed into an unexpected network phenomenon. SWIFT achieved such success that it has been accused of being an installed base stifling innovation. In recent years, SWIFT has had to institute new categories of membership in an effort to counter concerns about its bank-dominated governance and it continues to search for ways to meet the requirements of key constituents in the financial supply chain.

The paper examines the rise and fall of old technologies and their replacement by new ones, using the examples of telex and facsimile transmission replaced by email. The performance of old technologies may fall, due for example to increased costs, and this may encourage the development of new ones. Old technologies may respond to the challenge by improving services, reducing charges or their providers may move to alternative fields as for example the gas industry moved from lighting to heating with the increased availability of electric lighting. New technologies may develop when the transmission medium is improved, as with the increase in transmission rate of data on telephone lines.

Passive hearing protective devices, referred also as ear defenders, work by obstructing noise propagation through the ear canal of the receiver. These gadgets are a popular choice as they offer high attenuation over a broad frequency range, though at times inadequately, especially in the low frequency region, as per International Standards of occupational exposure to noise. Upward masking of speech signal by low frequency noise also degrades the intelligibility of speech in noise that may lead to decrement in performance and hamper the safety of individualsworking in noisy occupational environments. Active noise reducing hearing protective devices lend the possibility of avoiding these problems particularly where the major acoustic energy is centered at low frequencies, rendering these active contraptions a powerful tool in preventing noise induced hearing loss without hampering speech/oralcommunication. Accordingly, the present study was undertaken to investigate the potential of Telex Stratus 30 Headset in providing protection against noise induced hearing loss and to evaluate its efficacy in improving the speech intelligibility of our Armed forces personnel working in different noise spectral environments

This study analyzes longitudinal trends in Korean use of (1) domestic mail, (2) international mail, (3) domestic telephone calls, (4) international outgoing telephone calls, (5) telex, (6) mobile telephones, (7) televisions and (8) the internet to examine the media’s displacement or supplementary effects.The results show that international mail, domestic telephone and telex can be best described by a quadratic indicating they are undergoing disadoption while the trends for domestic mail and international telephone calls show exponential growth. Correlations confirmed that new media have displaced international mail, domestic telephone and telex, yet they do not substitute for domestic letters and international telephone calls. Finally, television, mobile telephones and the internet are at the exponential or logistic growth stage and supplement each other.

The invention of a practical telegraph in the late 1830s and the telephone in 1876 brought humanity into the era of electrical telecommunications. After over 100 years of triumph, public telegraphy left the communications market. But telex took over and evolved into massively popular forms such as SMS and email, while telephony remains the most widely used means of communication in the world today. Over the past century or so, communications technologies have advanced from manual to automatic switching and from analog to digital communications, alongside many other major technological revolutions.

Measurements during TELEX by a lightning mapping array, polarimetric and mobile Doppler radars, and balloon-borne electric-field meters and radiosondes show how lightning and other electrical properties depend on storm structure, updrafts, and precipitation formation.

On 29 December 1926, His Majesty King Alfonso XIII, accompanied by His Royal Highness the Infante Fernando and the President of the Spanish government, General Primo de Rivera, presided at the inaugural formalities of the automatic telephone service in the city of Madrid. The formal ceremony was held at the exchange located in the district of Salamanca. This event was the culmination of a project designed by the International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation (IT&T) and carried out by the Compania Telefonica Nacional de Espana (CTNE) in just 16 months. A totally independent and entirely new telephone plant was installed together with the existing one, so the substitution of automatic for manual service was done in one effort, in contrast to the general and common practice in other large cities. The installation of equipment in the local exchanges, the laying of the underground cable network, the placement of telephones at subscribers' houses, and also the construction of new buildings were done simultaneously in a well-planned and coordinated way. And amazingly, no detail was forgotten. Even an advertising campaign to instruct the subscribers in the proper use of the dial instrument was organized and successfully implemented.

The paper describes how the application of new information and communication technologies in manufacturing systems and technical consumer goods gives companies the possibility to create added value services in the usage phase, e.g. through remote operations or virtual facility management. In this regard, a communication platform for a digital factory has been developed to make diagnoses of the machine, program changes or process optimizations possible in less time by using an integrated control system, visualization and surveillance. The precise reproduction of the production system in a virtual world makes it possible to analyse and optimize all influences on the real production in that virtual world.

This chapter reviews International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT), its unique and somewhat complex origins and history as a treaty‐based organization, as well as its business and services through 1999. Between 1979 and 1999, US participation in the INMARSAT Organization was defined by law, regulation, and precedent. Under the INMARSAT structure, the international organization did not itself own or operates any of the earth stations that connected to the INMARSAT satellites. These earth stations, generically called land earth stations (LESs), were the link between the satellite network owned by the INMARSAT Organization and the terrestrial telephone, data, and telex networks. As with other sectors of the telecommunications industry, common carriage in the INMARSAT system was separated from terminal equipment manufacturing. The chapter briefly reviews INMARSAT maritime safety services and then the main commercial services. The intermediate circular orbit (ICO) selected for the satellite system that ICO Global would use.

This article discusses the challenges associated with constructing and managing a telecommunications network capable of supporting the Olympic Winter Games. The importance of the sponsors' role is also outlined. The Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC) is dedicated to bringing the latest technology in telecommunications to the Games without compromising quality and reliability. Telecommunications encompasses much more than telephones normally associated with the traditional definition. Wireless systems, cabling systems, radio, video, and cable TV (CATV) systems, copier, fax, and telex systems, television, and electronics also make up the scope of work for the SLOC team.

There are some shipboard E-mail Internet gateways or servers on the market which of course can be used for ordinary ship-to-shore communications, such as telex or telefax. However, this does not seem to be enough for merchant ships as general E-mail communications because a special E-mail address or a special server with administration must be used, not a standard communications protocol. This paper describes a system for mariner on merchant ships, designed and tested by the authors. The system has also been made and installed for ordinary E-mail communications from an ocean-going vessel by satellite and maritime telephony with modem.

Historical examples (ISDN, Teletex, telefax, telex) show us that forecasting efforts in the telecommunication sector can go awry – not only by a few percentage points but by large magnitudes. We maintain that with strong network effects it is not possible to forecast the success of telecommunication services with a high degree of confidence. This paper reviews the role played by network effects for the adoption of telecommunication services, which lead to diffusion phenomena including critical mass, lock-in, path dependency, and inefficiency. To improve forecasting practices, we propose the master equation approach as an appropriate modelling technique incorporating network effects. A case is made for “thinking in probability distributions” rather than deriving misleading linear extrapolations of trend patterns. At base, the paper argues why these phenomena require a shift, away from a static, to a dynamic analysis; the paper also identifies a formal method suitable for the dynamic analysis.

Traditional methods of sending and responding to distress and safety alerts at sea, involving telegraphy and telephony with limited range and clarity, have been superseded by a mainly satellite-based system, with global range and high quality. Alerts are now primarily initiated by telex from ship to shore, rather than to other ships, and the message, including the latest ship's position, can be entirely automated. Responses can also be automated, and made via telex. In these circumstances, it may be supposed that the use of English, especially spoken English, is of less importance for the safety of life at sea. However, this study shows that for the new system to work properly, a good command of English is still required, from the reading of technical manuals and safety warnings to the ability to communicate by speech via telephony, as well as by writing via telex. In the context of increased multilingual crewing on ships where the working language is English, the teaching of both general and maritime English to ships' crews is more important than ever.

Just as the arrival of the fax machine seemed to sweep away almost overnight the use of the telex machine, E-mail and the Internet have now entered into our lives and, once again, things will never be the same again. E-mail has not yet become a standard means of communication between members of the public, though the US is considerably ahead of Europe in this area, and E-mail use in the UK is growing all the time. However, it has become a commonplace means of communication within companies. This article highlights a number of legal issues relating to the use of E-mail in order that some of the problems and pitfalls may be avoided.

The objective of the present paper was to analyze how the information technology (IT) exercises influence upon the strategy of a coffee grower's cooperative. The effects upon the informatization of internal operations and as regards the daily updating of quotation of prices of the coffee in international market. The results showed that before the establishment of IT, the cooperative presented a number of problems related to the management of its internal operation, it depended on international agents to receive price information of the product in foreign market (via telephone/telex). The establishment of IT had as landmark the installation of the internal network in on line regime in the seat and the external network in off line regime between the seat and the branchs. Financial, technical and operational efforts were involved to overcome the problems due to the establishment, standing out the problem of the connectivity among the old existing operational systems. The solution was by means of the latter investiment of the new "customerserver"architecture and the new operational UNIX system installed in the seat. After the establishment of IT, the cooperative achieved agility, accuracy and safety in the change of infomation of internal operations. The updating of coffee prices in the international market grew modern, became agile and reliable, through a signature contract with an on line information specialized company, which provides quotation of the future market in Merchandise Exchange of New York, London and BM&F (Sao Paulo - Brazil).

International audience; Providing a distributed cooperative environment is a challenging task, which requires a middleware infrastructure that provides, among others, management of distributed shared data, synchronization, consistency, recovery, security and privacy support. In this paper, we present the ECADeG project which proposes a layered architecture for developing distributed cooperative environments running on top of a desktop grid middleware that can encompass multiple organizations. We also present a particular cooperative environment for supporting scientific research focused at the health domain which uses the services supplied by the ECADeG architecture in order to allow researchers to share access to multiple institutions databases, visualize and analyze data by means of data mining techniques, edit research documents cooperatively, exchange information through forums and chats, etc.. Such a rich cooperative environment helps thus the establishment of partnerships between health care professionals and their institutions.