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The production of data sources has increased in recent years and making their treatment, retrieval and use operational becomes a challenge and a strategic differential for the nations that have this domain. Knowledge about Artificial Intelligence has been crucial for data processing and use, being considered decisive for economic and social development. This work aimed to survey research on Artificial Intelligence in Brazil. A comprehensive search expression was created, and related articles were obtained for the period 2011-2020 in the Web of Science database. Using bibliometric methods, the obtained records were analyzed using the software VantagePoint, VOSViewer, and Excel. An analysis was carried out regarding the participation of Brazilian research in relation to the world, the main Artificial Intelligence research institutions in the country, the main research topics, and the most active authors. Keyword cooccurrence networks, the collaboration between institutions and between authors were built. It was found that Brazil has a peripheral but increasing participation in relation to publications and that public institutions have a fundamental role in this production despite regional discrepancies, which could help in the development of public policies for technological inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite (PSK) materials have received extensive attention because of their potential use as the active layer of different applications, including capacitors, sensors and detectors, memories, catalysts, fuel cells, and optoelectronic devices (solar cell and light‐emitting diode). Herein, the past, current, and future status of these applications are focused on. The state of each application is investigated using diverse technology indicators. It reveals that among all the applications, the optoelectronic application is the youngest one and has not yet reached the technology growth stage though it possesses most of the recently published patents. Using a technology investment potential evaluation method, the most potent area for investment is explored, indicating that detectors and sensors are the ones with the biggest investment potentials. Remarkably, PSK solar cell dedicates more than 70% of the patents to itself with the highest predicted efficiency of 30% that will be achieved in 2023 according to the curve fitting method and in 2030 according to the S‐curve method. As a perspective, currently, the highest efficiency and stability are achieved for small‐sized PSK solar cells, it is expected that they would be commercialized in electronic equipment applications first, and after overcoming the challenges, large‐scale modules would enter the markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an alternative view of the internationalization process in higher education by comparing the traditional and non-traditional indicators on how the level of internationalization is measured; additionally, barriers that exist on both sides are reviewed and discussed. As higher education institutions are very accustomed to and focused on the number of international students, international cooperation agreements, visiting guest professors and international projects, another dimension could be added if we start to account and measure things that are happening in the digital communication, online data exchange, usage of mobile devices and other technologies. Authors argue that it would be necessary to include this perspective in the development of internationalization strategies, institutional development plans as well as external outreach tactics. The paper is based upon empirical knowledge coming from Erasmus+ KA2 project and a brief institutional self-assessment performed by Riga Technical University International Cooperation and Foreign Students Department.

This study empirically analyses the impact of technology on the financial performance of 50 banks in India during a six year period from 2011–12 to 2016–17. It applies the Kmeans algorithm, a popular machine learning method to cluster the banks, and develops a novel geometrical representation called the technology performance square, formed by lines of constant performance and technology to relate banks in different states of technology and performance. It also tracks the movement of banks across the different states during the six year period. Results imply that technology has a positive impact on the performance of only 3–9 banks over the six year period, while the most of the other banks are clustered in the low technology and low performance state, showing no impact of technology on financial performance of these banks. The reason could be that with the passage of time, technology becomes cheaper and almost all the banks acquire technology, and there is not much distinction among the banks when it comes to technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper models and estimates total factor productivity (TFP) growth parametrically. The model is a generalization of the traditional production function model where technology is represented by a time trend. It decomposes TFP growth into an unobservable time trend induced technical change, scale economies and an observable technology shifter index's components. The empirical results are based on unbalanced panel data at the global level for 190 countries observed over the period 1996–2013. It uses a number of exogenous growth factors in modeling four technology shifter indices to explore development infrastructure, finance, technology and human development determinants of TFP growth. Our results show that unobservable technical change remains the most important component of TFP growth. Our findings also show that technical changes and TFP growth are unexpectedly negative across all country income groups and years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing consensus suggests that absorption of new technology has a bias towards skilled labour. We investigate the relationship between technology change and demand for skilled workers by taking into account an array of tests to find evidence if technology has important effects on skill premium. This paper adopts an exploratory approach. Using a panel data for Indian manufacturing industries over the period between 2001–2002 and 2013–2014, this paper depicts the rising trend of skilled workers, decomposes the trend into within and between industries, suggests capital-skill complementarity as an important factor behind increasing skill demand, and identifies whether skill-biased technology change (SBTC) is the key determinant of the trend observed. Our results show that not enough evidence can be found in favour of SBTC in case of India, a pattern comparable to 1990s as shown by previous studies. The study contributes as a good starting point to understand what accounts for the relative changes in industrial skill intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents trend projection and technology maturity curve of six computational technologies including three disruptive technologies namely mainframes, minicomputers and cloud computing. This investigation is beneficial to sensitize different stakeholders for making effective strategic policies and decisions. Time series data of patent and paper from U.S. patent office, European patent office, IEEE and ScienceDirect is used for forecasting. Use of two technology indicators from four sources made the forecasting results more reliable for decision makers. Six functions are tested to identify the best-fitted trend line. Results indicate that most of the technologies are better fitted to polynomial trend line of 2nd order. All computational technologies except cloud computing have undergone both upward and downward trends. Cloud computing shows a very high upward trend. Maturity curve is forecasted using the best-fitted growth curve method. Gompertz growth curve is better fitted than the logistic curve for many instances. Majority of the technologies follows introduction, growth, maturity and decline pattern. The life cycle pattern and growth rate of each technology is different. Growth pattern of mainframes and minicomputers is similar to the S-shaped curve. Growth pattern of grid computing and autonomic computing is similar to the "S-shaped" curve for research papers dataset. • We examine life cycle of computational technologies. • Examined growth pattern of newer technologies such as cloud computing • Validated growth pattern of mainframes and minicomputers • Growth rate of new computational technologies is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • We propose an approach to set up a country's "Balance of Knowledge Flows" (BKF). • The BKF records the trade of knowledge across countries. • Knowledge produced in a country is measured through its publications. • Outflows of knowledge are measured through citations by foreing countries. • The BKF can be included in yearly reports of science and technology indicators. Abstract In analogy to the technology balance of payments, in this paper we propose a possible way to set up a "balance of knowledge flows" (BKF), recording world flows of knowledge within the scientific community. Adopting a pure bibliometric approach, the "knowledge" traced in the BKF is that produced and exchanged by the scientific community by means of publications and relevant citations. A description of the theoretical foundation of such a tool is presented together with its empirical testing over the scientific production of four different countries. The BKF can be part of yearly reports of science and technology indicators, aimed at informing research policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following six decades of fastest economic and technological development in history, the current crises have been triggered by collapse of unsustainable financial systems. The extent of these contemporary interconnected crises of economic, societal, environmental, financial and other systems has also shown a need to reevaluate the measurement of sustainable development. Although the existing sustainability indicators are very complex, interdisciplinary and multidimensional, they could neither predict the onset of the crises nor their extent. Therefore relations between indicators of sustainability, technological development and happiness are presented and discussed also in terms of some of the current crises. Some possible solutions are also presented, which could be used for better measurement of life quality and could potentially replace the Gross Domestic Product as the prevailing measure of development.

China’s technological progress is as spectacular as the growth of its economy since 1978. Technology indicators place China just behind the United States, which has a much higher per capita income. China’s progress is material to Southeast Asia because its per capita income, being similar to that of the Association of South East Asian Nation’s, will have considerable relevance for this region; and China’s technological advance will probably intensify competition between its products and Southeast Asian exports. Yet China possesses features that are arguably unique, the most important being its size and the role of the state. The strategies discussed here—technology alliances with foreign firms, learning by exporting through participation in global supply chains, indigenous innovation aided by the state’s heavy hand, forward engineering through institutionalized commercialization of university- and research institute-based research and development, technology acquisition through mergers and acquisitions, and cost innovation through novel methods of cutting costs—all leverage China’s specific characteristics. Even without these characteristics, Southeast Asian countries, early in the catch-up process, can emulate China’s initial strategies such as technology outsourcing. For more developed Southeast Asia, China’s methods to strengthen technological capacity are important lessons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using inductive reasoning this paper develops a framework for the Structural Equation Modeling based context sensitive Data Fusion of technology indicators in order to produce Technology Forecasting output metrics. Data Fusion is a formal framework that defines tools, as well as the application of these tools, for the unification of data originating from diverse sources. Context sensitive Data Fusion techniques refine the generated knowledge using the characteristics of exogenous context related variables, which in the proposed framework entails non-technology related metrics. Structural Equation Modeling, which is a statistical technique capable of evaluating complex hierarchical dependencies between latent and observed constructs, has been shown to be effective in implementing context sensitive Data Fusion. For illustrative purposes an example model instantiation of the proposed framework is constructed for the case of the National Research and Education Network technology domain using knowledge gained through action research in the South African National Research Network, hypotheses from peer-reviewed literature and insights from the Trans-European Research and Education Network Association's annual compendiums for National Research and Education Network infrastructure and services trends. This example model instantiation hypothesizes that a National Research and Education Network's infrastructure and advanced services capabilities are positively related to one another, as well as to the contextual influence it experiences through government control. Also, positive relationships are hypothesized between a National Research and Education Network's infrastructure and advanced services capabilities and its usage, which is defined as the technology forecasting output metric of interest for this example. Data from the 2011 Trans-European Research and Education Network Association compendium is used in the Partial Least Square regression analysis of the example model instantiation, which confirms all hypothesized relationships, except the postulation that a National Research and Education Network's infrastructure and advanced services capabilities are positively related. This latter finding is explained by observing the prevalence of technology leapfrogging in the National Research and Education Network global community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the spatial distribution of regional technology indicatorsin the EU over the last decade and its impact on cohesion. Thus, we find thatpublic R&D spending and patent applications have converged among regions duringthe nineties. On the other hand, private R&D activities have diverged, as a result of anasymmetric expansion during the second half of the nineties. We show that when thedispersion of public R&D across regions diminished in the second half of the nineties,income disparities at regional level also decreased. Therefore, while technologypolicy based on efficiency criteria should remain as a policy tool for economicgrowth, this policy should be counterbalanced by R&D funds to the least developedregions to maintain economic cohesion.

Several charts are presented on topics including population trends, gross domestic product (GDP), and poverty rates in the Arab region.

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Decision makers considering policy or strategy related to the development of emerging technologies expect high quality data on the support for different technological options in order to track trends and allocate resources. A natural starting point would be R&D funding statistics. This paper explores the limitations of such aggregated data in relation to the substance and quantification of funding for emerging technologies. Using biotechnology as an illustrative case, we test the utility of a novel taxonomy to demonstrate the endemic weaknesses in the availability and quality of data from public and private sources. Using the same taxonomy, we consider the extent to which tech-mining presents an alternative, or potentially complementary, way to determine support for emerging technologies using proxy measures such as patents and scientific publications. We find that using proxy measures provides additional visibility of technological emergence and suggest these are a useful complement to financial data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skill-biased technical change occupied empirical economists for much of the 1990s. The empirical literature firmly established a positive correlation between technology indicators and demand shifts. In the minds of many, that has established a causal relationship. This leap of faith, however, is at odds with Hicks's conventional wisdom that endogenous technological change will be biased toward using cheap and abundant resources. In addition, if the rate of technical change is considered to be endogenous, the assumption of an exogenous bias toward skilled labor should at least be questioned. Two hypotheses explaining endogenous skill bias in technical change have been suggested in the theoretical literature: the acceleration effect and the market size effect. In this paper these are studied in a single endogenous-growth model to derive the sufficient and necessary conditions for both hypotheses. After confronting these conditions with the evidence, the paper concludes that it strongly favors the acceleration hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Product input–output (IO) tables are mainly constructed on the basis of product and/or industry technology assumptions. The choice is not trivial and deserves empirical analysis using input and output data at the level of establishments. This paper offers input–output compilers econometric tests to facilitate the construction of tailored hybrid technology-based product IO tables. We provide weighted likelihood ratios of the product and industry technology assumptions. Although the proposed econometric tests are aimed to be usedex ante, we construct four variants of hybrid technology-based product IO tables using establishment data from Andalusia (Spain) and contrast them to the official product IO table and the pure product and industry technology-based tables. Our econometric tests are not valid for industry IO tables. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Evaluating an Information Technology (IT) based research and development project from an end-user’s perspective is necessary in order to discover whether or not the outcomes of the project are successful. However, it is not straightforward to design and implement a generic user evaluation methodology that can be applied to a large-scale collaborative integrated research and development project. In this article, we share our experience based on the research evaluation carried out in a large-scale integrated ICT research project—The HUMBOLDT project. The project develops IT tools and services for cross-border geospatial data harmonization, which are applied to nine different application scenarios. A novel user-oriented evaluation methodology, namely—Criteria Indicators and Metrics (CIM)—is defined and utilized for the evaluation of the project research outcomes. The user evaluation results reveal the extent to which the research and development objectives of the project are achieved, and also demonstrate the benefits and limitations of the evaluation methodology. The results of this article can be usefully applied to other collaborative research projects in a variety of domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on a study conducted for determination of elements of technological development and factors which plays important role in adoption of technologies by business firms. The study highlights that several factors including firms' resources, research and development capabilities and market potential plays important role in development and adoption of technologies by firms.

Over the years the methodologies for collecting data on science and technology (S&T) and developing indicators based on the analysis of the data collected have been useful to policy makers and the scientific community as the indicators help in developing evidence-based policies, assessing the impacts of investments in S&T and identifying the strengths and weaknesses in the innovation systems. However recently, there have been initiatives to develop better indicators, improve the methodologies and identify what is more relevant in terms of policy making. This article provides an overview of these debates and related developments in the Indian context, with a focus on access, equity and inclusion aspects of S&T policy and how to integrate them in S&T indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the international level, there are different investigations that pretend to measure innovation. In Cuba, there are organizations created to monitor and lead science and technology activities. On the other hand, there is a regulatory frame that establishes the mechanisms to promote these activities in enterprises. In spite of all these efforts there is not an indicator system that allows to evaluate and monitoring Technology and Innovation Management in a comprehensive way for hotel sector, which requires a new approach to generate the information necessary to those ends. The objective is to evaluate the Technology and Innovation Management, taking into account indicators related to dimensions that integrate all elements of innovation and technology, as well as its management and provide its improvement. The main results are focused on the development of 16 indicators associated to 6 dimensions that comprehend Technology and Innovation Management in an integrated way for enterprise sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research trends relating to the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) in the use of information systems (IS) between 2005 and 2010. The authors discuss trends relating to the architectural innovation of the TAM including the relations among authors, conglomerates and constructs during the five-year time period. The use of author co-citation analysis (ACA) methods in the research of the TAM is addressed by the authors.

Summary: This study explores the patterns of technological capabilities for a sample of 42 countries over the period 1995–2007, introducing a novel methodological approach. We exploit duality between Data Envelopment Analysis and composite indicators to address the inconsistency between the two methodologies. The empirical findings point to the end of the hegemony of North America, Western Europe, and Japan, showing that a process of convergence in technological capabilities has occurred, limited to the 42 countries included in this study. Based on our methodology, a classification is provided highlighting differences in the patterns of technological capabilities of countries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the literature technical change (TC) is mostly assumed to be exogenous and specified as a function of the time trend or time dummies. However, some exogenous external factors other than time can also affect TC. In this paper we model TC via time trend (external non-economic) as well as other exogenous (external economic) factors (technology shifters). For this we define technology indices based on the external economic factors and the time trend. The specification of production function is then amended to accommodate these technology indices which are not necessarily separable from the traditional inputs. That is, these technology indices allow for non-neutral shift in the production function. In doing so we are able to decompose TC (a component of TFP change) into two parts. One part is driven by time and the other part is related to producer-specific external economic factors. The latter can further be decomposed into each external economic factors. The empirical model uses panel data on Chinese provinces. We identify a number of key technology shifters and their effect on technical change and TFP growth of provinces are examined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Over the past decades biomass gasification has been regarded as a very promising technology, because of the large potential and the option of advanced applications. In this paper a 30-year overview is presented of the worldwide development of biomass gasification as part of the more general field of gasification, based on both literature and science and technology indicators. The first period of development until the mid-80s is characterized by large interest in coal gasification and domination by the USA. The second period relates more to biomass gasification. It starts in the mid-1990s and is dominated by Europe, although China and Japan are coming up strongly. The technology has been successful in a few niche markets, but largely remains confined to RD&D niches. High-end applications like IGCC and transport fuels have received major interest in research and development. However, biomass gasification is not yet mature enough to be widely applied in the market. It is still in a stage of variation and there has been no dominant design yet. In most markets it is unable to compete with other technologies. We do not expect a breakthrough on the short term, a gradual niche development seems much more likely. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article reviews the evolution of science and technology indicators, emphasizing the need to develop methods for evaluating the socioeconomic impact of science and technology in Latin American countries and Mexico in particular. It notes that these indicators are important for the development of appropriate research policies.

A tool is proposed to evaluate multifactor risks during the operation of an innovation system of technological forecast. A modified BOCR method of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is developed. It allows: integrating the situation and force majeur risk evaluation into an overall structure of decision making with the help of AHP along with evaluating benefits, costs, and opportunities for each alternative; processing expert judgments in the form of fuzzy preference relations; taking into account a time parameter, when decision factors and alternatives may be corrected or fundamentally changed during some period. Indices of the risk of subjective judgment (information risk) evaluation are developed for given point, interval, and fuzzy expert judgments and probability distribution of expert judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the formalized procedure of employing the method of morphological analysis to the problems of technological forecasting. We analyze the connections of this method with various stages of technological forecasting: preliminary problem study, qualitative analysis, scenario generation, analysis and choice. In addition, we provide the examples of applying the method at the above mentioned stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we propose a method for constructing the regression models in order to forecast currency changes at the Foreign exchange market (FOREX). This method is based on utilizing the technology indicators as the independent variables. According to statistical data, we determine that our forecasts enjoy high quality and do not delay as compared to actual values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to explain how individuals define Information Technology (IT) in organizations, based on their values. Individual values influence the actions, with repercussions on the redefinitions of the use of technology. The social construction of reality and the vision of the IT user as an agent in the use of the technology are premises of this essay. The discussion presented is based on the idea that the structure of technology is built through practice, and that individual values, beliefs and expectations will influence the use of IT. A conceptual model is proposed, to be empirically tested, which presents different types of IT use and their effects on the technology. The justifications and motivations for these uses are associated with the individual values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an acceptable proxy for innovative activity, patents have become increasingly important in recent years. Patents and patent citations have been used for construction of technology indicators. This article presents an alternative to other citation-based indicators, i.e., the patent h-index, which is borrowed from bibliometrics. We conduct the analysis on a sample of the world's top 20 firms ranked by total patents granted in the period 1996–2005 from the Derwent Innovations Index in the semiconductor area. We also investigate the relationships between the patent h-index and other three indicators, i.e., patent counts, citation counts, and the mean family size (MFS). The findings show that the patent h-index is indeed an effective indicator for evaluating the technological importance and quality, or impact, for an assignee. In addition, the MFS indicator correlates negatively and not significantly with the patent h-index, which indicates that the “social value” of a patent is in disagreement with its “private value.” The two indicators, patent h-index and MFS, both provide an overview of the value of patents, but from two different angles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Among the many technology forecasting indicators, patents and patent citations are useful and important indicators. The more frequently a certain patent is cited by subsequent patents, the more the related technology can be said to be diffused, implying that the technology is more widely applied and thus more valuable. This paper analyzes the business methods technology which retrieves patents from the USPTO database. There are two purposes of this paper: 1. establish the indicators for finding basic patents and measure the relationship of these basic patents; 2. classify the basic patents and explain the groups of technology diffusion. Finally, this study identifies the two mainstreams in business method technology: one is focused on marketing technology, and the other one stresses on data security. Both are important for Internet data processes or e-commerce activities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]