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Copyright of Journal Public Administration & Social Management / Administração Pública e Gestão Social is the property of Administracao Publica e Gestao Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article contextualizes the reemergence of mission-oriented innovation policies in the broader search for a new type of innovation policies—and the appropriate organizational forms—that can tackle "grand societal challenges," and focuses on our knowledge gaps in designing and implementing such innovation policies. We identify the concept and practice of dynamic capabilities in the public sector as perhaps the key missing element in the search for the new generation of innovation policies. We offer a brief conceptual and historical overview of what constitutes mission-oriented policies, focusing on two key elements of missions: coordinated public investments and market-shaping policies to "crowd in" private and third sector experimentation and innovation. The article concludes by briefly discussing the central public sector dynamic capabilities for 21st-century missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article involves a conceptual evaluation of a large-scale innovation policy experiment—so-called smart specialization strategies (S3s)—that took place within the framework of the European regional cohesion programs between 2011 and the present. The goal is to provide a collection of reflections offering a wealth of lessons and information regarding the capacity of regional governmental agencies and other actors involved in the innovation system to implement a mission-oriented research and development support program and regarding the institutional and cultural conditions that can facilitate its practical application. In the first section, I briefly review the fundamentals of S3s. In the second section, I propose a framework for the identification of mission-oriented policies and I explain how S3 fits into this category. The following section shows how this policy represents a break with the policies that have long dominated the regional policy landscape. The fourth section describes the designing of this policy whose objective is to make strategic choices and decentralization of information and initiatives compatible. And finally, the last section reports on the emerging institutional forms that seem to facilitate the putting into practice of this design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our purpose is to propose a conceptual model of the growth of knowledge in innovation policy making. We explicitly draw upon evolutionary economics to conceptualize learning as an evolutionary process of the growth of knowledge about policy problems and their solutions. Our model points to the central role of the variation and selective retention of policy alternatives and contributes to the current debate about how to build capacity through and for mission-oriented innovation policies, to address grand social challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we take a fresh look at Research and Innovation (R&I hereinafter) policy and define a new notion: Schumpeterian catalytic R&I policy. Such policy style amends and enriches the new mission-oriented framework for innovation policy by assigning more weight to the microeconomic dimension of private actors' actions and by being more concerned with the temporary nature of interventions. We relate our argument to recent empirical trends in productivity dynamics and innovative activities. These suggest that an innovation slowdown is taking place and, consequently, that a renewed interest in the (re-)direction—rather than on the intensity of innovative activities—is key to the design of R&I policy capable to tackle current challenges. We use the evidence to build a schematic theoretical framework to inform policy design, and we outlined the defining features of our proposed policy style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tackles two "how" questions of mission-oriented innovation policies in East Asia: How do these economies legitimize their mission-oriented innovation policies in the public discourse? and How do they create dynamic capabilities for implementing these policies? The article shows that although on the level of policy choices and design, the global–Western discourse has also entered the East Asian mission-oriented innovation policy rhetoric, this has not stopped the policymakers in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan from relying on old "developmentalist" logics for legitimizing these policies. This also influences actual policy implementation styles: as opposed to Western models of peripheral Schumpeterian agencies offering dynamic capabilities, the East Asian innovation bureaucracies seem to rely on more visible and "politicized" organizations for such capabilities. We also discuss the strengths and weaknesses of this model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the broader lessons from mission-oriented programs for innovation policy—and indeed policies aimed at investment-led growth. While much has been written about case studies on missions, this has not resulted in an alternative policy making toolkit. Missions—in the least—require those tools to be just as much about market cocreating and market shaping, as they are about market fixing. The article reviews the characteristics of mission-oriented programs, ooks at key features of those programs that can provide lessons, and discusses how to choose and implement mission-oriented policies, with an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the role of social movements in innovations in general and in mission-oriented policies specifically. The article shows, using the example of the contraceptive pill, how significant societal innovation requires the combination of different communities to create coalitions of change, each with slightly different interpretations of a common mission. Leading mission-driven innovation depends on being able to create and sustain these coalitions—social movements. Such innovation movements play an important role in mission-driven innovation of the kind now being pursued in many countries to ensure that innovation efforts contribute to meeting significant social challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open innovation is now a widely used concept in academia, business, and policy making. This article describes the state of open innovation at the intersection of research, practice, and policy. It discusses some key trends (e.g., digital transformation), challenges (e.g., uncertainty), and potential solutions (e.g., EU funding programs) in the context of open innovation and innovation policy. With this background, the authors introduce select papers published in this Special Section of California Management Review that were originally presented at the second annual World Open Innovation Conference, held in Santa Clara, California, in December of 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal Public Administration & Social Management / Administração Pública e Gestão Social is the property of Administracao Publica e Gestao Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study focuses on the strategies, targets and policy measures for carbon neutrality in global major economies. The research shows that due to the different socio-economic and political foundations, the transition strategy towards carbon neutrality in major economies is also varied, which can be divided into four categories: leading strategy, growth strategy, following strategy, and swing strategy. Most of them build carbon neutrality target system with the framework of "target roadmap+targets in key areas", but leading countries usually integrate targets into legislation and thus the objective is legally binding, while others tend to weaken emission reduction targets and focus on the development goals of emerging industries. The main reason is that the existing technologies fail to support the realization of carbon neutrality. Most economies attach importance to S&T innovation for carbon neutrality with the purpose of increasing industrial competitiveness. But the pursuit of "local manufacturing" in Europe and America may not be conducive to reducing the cost of new technologies. In terms of market incentives, carbon emission trading market is widely used, but the carbon pricing mechanism still needs to be further optimized. This study has important enlightenment significance for China to improve carbon neutrality policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial Intelligence (AI) seems to be impacting all industry sectors, while becoming a motor for innovation. The diffusion of AI from the civilian sector to the defense sector, and AI’s dual-use potential has drawn attention from security and ethics scholars. With the publication of the ethical guideline Trustworthy AI by the European Union (EU), normative questions on the application of AI have been further evaluated. In order to draw conclusions on Trustworthy AI as a point of reference for responsible research and development (R&D), we approach the diffusion of AI across both civilian and military spheres in the EU. We capture the extent of technological diffusion and derive European and German patent citation networks. Both networks indicate a low degree of diffusion of AI between civilian and defense sectors. A qualitative investigation of project descriptions of a research institute’s work in both civilian and military fields shows that military AI applications stress accuracy or robustness, while civilian AI reflects a focus on human-centric values. Our work represents a first approach by linking processes of technology diffusion with normative evaluations of R&D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological innovation has become a critical element of international cooperation and geopolitical rivalry. This has impacted key areas of the transatlantic partnership, presenting both opportunities and challenges for EU–US relations, either rejuvenating a relationship mired in rifts or deepening those rifts. Instead of examining how these structural cracks have emerged and are growing, this article zooms in on the challenge to transatlantic relations posed by technological innovation, both as a driver of cooperation and a cause for further rivalry. In doing so, the article explores three interrelated elements: the transatlantic technology gap and the EU's quest for technological sovereignty, approaches to technological innovation and the role of emerging and disruptive technologies, and the values-based governance of digital and technology issues. As fast-paced technological transformation continues to disrupt societies and economies on both sides of the Atlantic, technology should be at the heart of a revived phase in EU–US cooperation and trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the distributive structure of innovation policy and intellectual property and its role in distributive justice. Other topics include the distributive theory of intellectual property law, the role of optimal tax rates and optimal legal rule construction, copyrights, trade secrets, and patents.

The performance of innovation systems depends, to a great extent, on the degree of public–private collaboration they involve. Thus, innovation policies often aim to enhance this collaboration through public–private partnerships. These partnerships are a multidimensional phenomenon whose success depends on factors related to each of their dimensions. This paper proposes the use of an analytical model that reflects the multidimensional nature of public–private partnerships and analyses to what extent they are applied in a specific innovation system in order to identify the territorial and sectorial factors that act as barriers or drivers to use them. This model aims to help policy makers design appropriate public–private partnerships in each context. The case under review is the Spanish innovation system, given that this system has been suffering from a structural lack of collaboration for several decades, despite the implementation of policies aimed to foster this. Thus, if the model works, it should be able to identify key factors that influence greater or more restricted use of the different PPP formulas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entry of nanotechnology-based products into the market in the early to mid-2000s was accompanied by hype and hyperbole, along with cries of concern over the potential risks posed by the technology. Known unknowns and unknown unknowns about potential human and environmental risks associated with nanomaterials appear to have been key drivers for industry, government, and nongovernmental actors to proactively experiment with different governance mechanisms, which could help mitigate potential risk and prevent potential consumer backlash. This Article examines a sample of the soft law initiatives that were deployed by stakeholders in parallel with the commercialization of an increasing number of nano-products. As the Article illustrates, some approaches were more successful than others and have helped shape the nanotechnology landscape. This Article argues, though, that the significance of these actions goes beyond nanotechnology: governance of an emerging technology can occur in parallel with its maturation, and be continuously refined as the science or the market demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Realidad Economica is the property of Realidad Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economics & Environment / Ekonomia i Środowisko is the property of Fundacja Ekonomistow Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Intellectual Property (IP) scholarship is generally concerned with how innovation policy impacts social welfare by providing appropriate incentives for innovation. But lately, the question of who participates in IP creation--with an eye to distributive justice as well as social welfare more broadly--has been getting more attention. Most scholars writing in this vein acknowledge IP's shortcomings in achieving proportionate participation and representation across socioeconomic, race, and gender lines. But many argue that in spite of these flaws, IP regimes can advance distributive justice by giving the poor and other members of disadvantaged groups opportunities to accumulate wealth and improve their position in society. Yet the aspiration some hold out for IP as this particular type of tool for distributive justice is, unfortunately, unlikely to be realized, because it overlooks how poverty impacts creative decision-making. A large and growing body of psychological research shows that poverty changes the decision-making of those experiencing it. This Article argues that in fact, poverty makes it very difficult to think and act in ways that bring about the creative advances meaningful IP participation requires. IP is thus inherently limited as a mechanism for escaping poverty. Poverty's impact on creative thinking and action also has wide-ranging implications for innovation theory and policy that reach beyond specific demographic groups. This Article explores how the psychology of poverty intersects with IP, and in doing so, makes four main contributions to the literature. First, it calls into question the feasibility of scholarly calls for IP to act as a mechanism for empowering the poor. Second, it offers an additional, novel explanation for why we see lower levels of IP participation among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. Third, it argues that IP scholars need to start looking beyond incentives in their quest to optimize socially beneficial innovation. While IP's dominant utilitarian theory posits that IP provides needed incentives to innovate, what the account fails to consider is the possibility that some otherwise willing participants are unable to respond to these incentives. Finally, in offering policy recommendations, it turns IP scholars' current thinking about IP and distributive justice on its head. While these scholars argue that IP--a mechanism traditionally used to spur innovation--should be used to achieve distributive justice, this Article proposes that policies more directly aimed at attaining distributive justice will not only be more effective, but should also help promote innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of innovation for economic performance and competitiveness, whatever the level of analysis adopted, is uncontroversial. Yet little is known about the relationship between innovation and (subjective) wellbeing. This paper empirically studies this issue in a spatial perspective by arguing that the expected positive link between innovation and wellbeing can be even more complex than might be thought, and by testing the expectation that this relationship varies according to the different types of innovation and spatial setting considered. The analysis takes advantage of regionalised data sets at the EU level on wellbeing derived from various waves of Eurobarometer surveys in the period 2007–2011, and on regionalised patents and trademarks, thus merging individual and regional data. The results indicate that different types of innovation have different impacts on wellbeing across space. Technology-intensive innovation, such as patents, yields its benefits only in the most urbanised regions, while the impact of less technology-intensive innovation, such as trademarks, is undifferentiated across space. Spatial spillover effects also play an important role for individual wellbeing, regardless of the type of innovation and the degree of urbanisation of a region. Some reflections on regional innovation policies are finally proposed and discussed with reference to the current debate on place-based regional policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government support plays an important role in the Chinese economy. New energy industries, which involve innovation-driven sources and environmental protection, are also supported by the government. This paper aims to study the effects of supply-side traditional government support on firms' innovation and development. We propose a theoretical mechanism and study the innovation reaction of firms to government support in different situations. We further use propensity score matching to verify the results in the theoretical model and conduct a robustness analysis. Our main conclusions include the following. (1) In normal years, government support can promote only the innovation output of firms that have innovated; however, support cannot promote the innovation probability of firms that have not innovated. Government support can only enhance the intensive margin of innovation and cannot enhance the extensive margin of innovation with less competition. (2) In the situation of a bad economic environment and intense competition, firms' innovation probability rises as government support increases. Therefore, the government should provide more R&D special subsidies and implement strict financial supervision to make support policies effective, especially in normal years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation for inclusive development (IID) is widely promoted as a policy objective in the global South, but the challenge is that there is little design and implementation of context-appropriate instruments and incentives. One critical foundation is network alignment – that innovation policy should be aligned with the goals and strategies of government departments responsible for promoting inclusive development (Von Tunzelmann, N, 2007. Approaching network alignment. Draft Paper for the U-Know Consortium: Understanding the relationship between knowledge and competitiveness in the enlarging European Union). The paper contributes by using qualitative analysis software to analyse the nature of shared policy goals and instruments in South Africa, and assess how these can be aligned with each other and with the goals of IID. Three main spaces for policy intervention are identified, to promote IID in a way that goes beyond the aspirational and the rhetorical. Such analysis of formal policy does not take into account the political will, capabilities and resources for implementation, but it does provide a systematic evidence base to effect strategic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its inception in 2009, Uber has grown into a technology behemoth, with operations in over 70 countries and 500 cities around the world. Along the way, it has successfully forced regulatory upheaval in hundreds of local taxi markets controlled by municipal authorities. In this sense, Uber is not only a market disruptor, but also a policy disruptor. This paper examines the nature of such policy disruption at the local level by reviewing regulatory responses to Uber in ten North American cities. We find that regulatory outcomes are a function of two factors: Uber's government relations strategy, either cooperative or confrontational, and the degree to which local governments perceive Uber as complementary or harmful to the existing marketplace. We conclude by proposing a typology of regulatory responses to Uber as a basis to identify patterns in the behavior of municipal regulatory authorities and political leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do mergers raise substantial additional issues when the parties have significant innovation programs? To answer this, we examine the merger-related efficiencies that arise only with substantial innovation, arguing that innovation-intensive mergers should be treated more leniently than mergers without this dynamic dimension. We provide guidance on evidence that might determine the magnitude of such efficiencies. Next, we argue that where innovation is "directed" towards a product market, dealing with product line overlap should allay concerns about postmerger innovation. If research is not directed, we argue that theories of harm linked to the product market are unconvincing. Instead, one should look at theories of harms in the innovation market, which stem from the advantage in being first to innovate. Such first-mover advantages can be rooted in patent protection, switching costs, or network effects. This approach helps explain some of the remedies recently imposed on transactions such as Dow-Dupont and Bayer-Monsanto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digitalization of the economy has brought about new challenges that the French Competition Authority is determined to tackle, both through its enforcement activities and its advocacy tools. These past years the Authority has examined discriminatory practices and the use of price-parity clauses by digital platforms. It has also addressed the specifics of two-sided markets and looked into the competitive pressure exerted by online retailing. Recently, it examined a merger between two online platforms. To develop a better understanding of the particularities of the digital world, the Authority thoroughly examined the workings of the French online advertising market. It works closely with other European competition authorities to develop a shared doctrine on various issues such as open and closed ecosystems, data, or algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a string of recent merger decisions, culminating in the Dow/DuPont case, the European Commission has profoundly revisited its traditional analysis of innovation and, ultimately, introduced what some authors have labeled "a novel theory of harm in EU merger policy." According to this theory, the Commission does not look at harm to innovation on a specific product market in which parties are developing similar pipeline products, but adopts a general assessment of harm to innovation, unrelated to a specific product market and without considering potential anticompetitive effects on this basis. The purpose of this article is to show that over the last few years, the European Commission has been progressively departing from a "traditional" theory of harm in its assessment of mergers affecting innovation. In particular, we argue that the novel theory of harm developed in Dow/DuPont, based on a generic prejudice to innovation, is the landing place of a long journey through which the Commission has progressively altered the analytical framework applicable to traditional cases affecting pipeline products/potential competitors. And while this stance may be inspired by a legitimate policy goal, it brings the Commission on a collision route with the principles of causation and symmetry governing European Union merger control analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transformations in Business & Economics is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study seeks to determine the validity of the current de jure standards management system. The de jure standard is an important tool for innovation policy. However, its review interval has been fixed in the management system and maintained without the use of empirical analysis to guide its development. Therefore, this study (1) examines the factors that affect the longevity of the standards, and (2) outlines methods for improving how the de jure standards are managed. Results indicate that design and mark standards influence the longevity of standardized knowledge. This is notable, given that design for innovation is an emerging area of research that is commonly studied through the analysis of design patent data. Taken together, this study’s major findings are twofold. First, different technological categories have significantly different effects on longevity. Because the longevity of some technological sectors is naturally longer than others, there exists a need for a more flexible interval system. Second, the longevity of the mark and design standard is longer than the longevity of other types of standards. Both developing and developed countries utilize the de jure standard, so the policy implications of these findings are widely applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the U.S.' technology policy in 1989. The policies are now being altered to include the funding of civilian research programs to improve the ability of U.S. firms to realize profits from innovations spawned from such research. Defense research funding is being used to support advances in civilian technologies in order to provide eventual technological improvements for the military and the new science and technology policy priorities of the U.S. government. Experts warn that stronger intellectual property protection may be a mixed blessing for the U.S. domestic economy.

The article discusses Japan's telecommunications policy changes in the 1980's. In 1982 Japan's Public Telecommunications Law was amended and an important ordinance by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MPT) was issued. Interconnection of private and leased circuits to the public switched networks was authorized. The ordinance allowed privately-owned virtual area network (VAN) services, as long as they linked closely affiliated groups of small or medium-sized users. By 1984 Japanese firms reached technological equivalence with U.S. firms in telecommunications.

The article reports on research and development policy in the United States, which supplies private industry and the public with information about technical advances that have commercial applications. Agencies involved in the spin-off function include: Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information; Technology Utilization Program at the National Aeronautics and Space Agency; Department of Defense; Atomic Energy Commission; Smithsonian Institution; and Library of Congress. Three categories of spin-offs, advice for finding research reports on useful spinoffs, and the State Technical Services Act (HR 3420) are mentioned. An appendix lists spin-offs in the construction, electronics, chemical, and metal-working industries.

Abstract To clarify the spatial characteristics of CO 2 emissions, economic externalities of spatial units are transplanted into CO 2 emissions research. Furthermore, to identify emissions reduction pathways, spatial econometric models are constructed based on the patent data about energy conservation and emissions reduction. The key results are: (1) The kernel density plot of China's CO 2 emissions shows an obvious right-averse state, and the peak is getting lower. Therefore, we can conclude that CO 2 emissions in China are increasing, and polarisation of CO 2 emissions is serious; (2) Due to the similarity and connectivity exist in spatial units, China's CO 2 emissions have shown a stable spatial agglomeration effect from global and local perspectives; (3) Based on adjacent, geographic, and economic distance matrices, energy technological progress has played a positive emissions reduction role on China's CO 2 emissions from the perspective patent data about energy saving and emissions reduction. Finally, on the basis of the above conclusions, some policy implications have been proposed accordingly. Highlights • Polarisation of CO 2 emissions is serious in China, spatial agglomeration is recognised. • Spatial econometric model and patent data (represent technology progress) are applied. • Emissions reduction effect of technology on CO 2 emissions is identified. • CO2 Mitigation technologies development policy implications have been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract National economies are often strengthened by diversification, which is built in turn on a healthy and productive culture of national innovation. Innovation is a complex process, which is difficult to measure in an objective manner. In this work and for the first time, a quantitative measure for open innovation has been developed and validated to determine the performance of a firm within the marine biotechnology sector in Oman. This breakthrough was achieved in four steps. First, the characteristics of the two dimensions of open innovation ('breadth' and 'depth') were identified using a critical review of the literature and a series of pre-tests of a survey design with industrial experts. Second, a quantitative index for open innovation by measuring these two dimensions at firm level was developed. Third, validation of this five-item scale was conducted using the UK Community Innovation Survey (CIS) data set. Fourth, the five-item scale was applied to 22 firms in the marine bio-industry sector in Oman using a case study approach, and was used to rank the firms according to their open innovation index. This analysis shows how Omani marine bio-industry firms could strengthen their open innovation efforts, for example by collaborating more effectively with government organizations and research institutes to thereby boost the quality of their open innovation activities in a measurable way. Highlights • A quantitative index for the measurement of open innovation was developed and validated. • The dimensions of breadth and depth were carefully defined to allow their quantification. • Open innovation can be managed more effectively using a metrics based measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the issues of government regulations' efforts to keep pace with technological change and government policy on cell phone surveillance in the U.S. Supreme Court case "Carpenter v. United States." An overview of the question of Fourth Amendment protections in the context of cell phone surveillance is provided.

The article comments on the Draft 2018 White Paper on Science, Technology and Innovation from the South African Department of Science and Technology. Topics discussed include the goal of accelerating the deployment of science, technology and innovation (STI), policy objectives in the draft document including human capability development, sustainability and enhanced economic growth, and the view that the white paper failed to prioritize performance and human capability issues.

In recent years, developments in 3D printing have grasped the public's attention. There are a range of different applications for these technologies that have a number of social, economic, and environmental implications. This essay considers these advancements and what the role of government should be in overseeing these technologies. It argues that although these technologies have been absent from the public administration literature to date, there is an important role that the field can play in supporting governments in this endeavor. In illustrating this, the final section of the essay draws considers how a multilevel governance framework of technology might allow us to consider the broader implications of these technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Moon administration has proposed three major directions for startup growth: the creation of a new environment, active investment, and the creation of a virtuous cycle in venture investment. The policy is progressive but not sufficient to create a startup innovation boom in the current Korean economic environment. ICT Startup support policies must pay more attention to the product release stage. For growth of startups and small businesses it is important to establish a close value chain to secure competitiveness in the global market. It is necessary to secure a bridgehead to advance into the global market, including technical cooperation with large companies and joint advancement overseas. The final goal of the startup policy should be the continuous growth of the national economy and the expansion of employment. The establishment of fair trade and the strengthening of the startup ecosystem are important to foster a startup-friendly environment. Funding programs requires a shift from general support to enhanced choice and focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is based on the following premise: since the restructuring of the Argentine science, technology and innovation system (SCTI) in the mid-nineties of the 20th century, the different instruments of the policies aimed at technological innovation followed the same design patterns with small incremental adjustments, without substantially altering the designs that occurred during the aforementioned restructuring. The work is organized as follows: first, it is introduced the problem and the theoretical frames of reference. Second, it is described the restructuring of the Argentine SCTI of the 90s focusing on the crystallization of a new institutionality and its evolution over the next twenty years. Third, it is presented the main polpit instruments that were implemented in the period, characterizing them according to various components and analyzing their similarities and differences. Four, some guidelines are indicated that could be the basis for orienting innovative instruments in this policy arena. Finally, some brief conclusions synthesize and articulate the main contributions of each part of the work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decision Tree Analysis and Internal Rate of Return, do not properly consider uncertainty and flexibility, which are crucial for both valuating a project and the related decision-making process. Usually, uncertainty and managerial flexibility have been regarded as a factor that needs to be reduced; nevertheless, Real Option analysis recognizes that both may generate value, since both allow managers to decide on the investment on a project as time unfolds. This research proposes the development of a model and a tool based on real options that supports decision-makers in the valuation process of uncertain projects. The model originally developed by Schwartz and later adapted and modified by Ernst et al. is used as a baseline for the tool. The objective is to develop an easier-to-use-tool for decision-makers to valuate patent protected technological innovation projects which uses fewer variables than the actual model. The expected users are Technology Transfer Offices, which can support the decision-making process of investing on risky projects for its further commercialization. The main results of the model are the probability distribution of the project value and the percentage of times that profit is generated, which are critical factors when deciding to invest in a technological project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of technological specialisation in the regions of Germany is assessed in this paper, as well as how such specialisation has evolved over time. Further, in three selected regions (Munich, Düsseldorf and Oberes Elbtal/Osterzgebirge), the knowledge space is explored in detail and compared to existing smart specialisation strategies. Average relatedness and knowledge space based upon EPO patent applications are used to measure the specialisation and technology trajectories of the German regions. Between three periods 1988-1992, 1998-2002 and 2008-2012, the specialisation of Germany based on EPO patent applications increased by 10%, despite a decline in many regions. Machinery and transportation industries have increased their significance. The assessment of regional smart specialisation strategies in the three German states shows that the methodology in terms of the identification of prospective industries is largely variegated and insufficiently developed. More attention should also be given to the choice of an appropriate geographical level of aggregation for analysis. Knowledge relatedness and knowledge complexity could be used as methodological tools for selecting prospective industries in smart specialisation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]