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【Objective】 Panax Notoginseng is a medicinal herb and primarily grown in Southern China. This paper investigates the impact of irrigation and fertilization on soil potassium and pH, as well as yield and quality of Panax Notoginseng. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in Dalishu Village, Luxi County, located in the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. It consisted of four fertilizations by applying the 480 kg/hm2 of fertilizers at different ratios in the seedling, flowering, fruiting and root gain stages: 25%∶25%∶25%∶25%(F1), 25%∶30%∶20%∶25%(F2), 30%∶30%∶15%∶25%(F3), and 40%∶20%∶10%∶30%(F4). Each fertilization had three irrigation treatments: 200 m3/hm2(W1), 300 m3/hm2(W2) and 400 m3/hm2(W3). The control (CK) was F1 combined with 92 m3/hm2 of irrigation. In each treatment, we measured the changes in soil potassium content and pH. The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was used to evaluate all treatments. 【Result】 ① When irrigation and fertilization were the same, soil pH decreased with soil depth and tended to stabilize as the crop grew. The soil pH showed little sensitive to fertilization. When irrigation was the same, the average soil pH was lower in the four treatments than in the CK. During the experimental period, pH of the 0-60 cm soil in different treatments varied from 4.80-8.66. W3F1, W2F4 and W2F3 gave the optimal soil pH for the crop to grow. ② Both total and available soil potassium decreased with increasing soil depth. As the crop grew, the total potassium in the 0-60 cm soil layer increased, while the available potassium decreased initially before increasing. With increasing irrigation amount, total soil potassium decreased, while the available potassium increased initially followed by a decline. Fertilization influenced the dynamics of total and available potassium. Irrespective of fertilization and irrigation, potassium uptake by roots in different growing stages was ranked as follows: fruiting period>flowering period>root weight gain period>seedling stage. Of all the treatments, W2F3 was optimal for soil potassium, with total and available potassium being 10.40 g/kg and 56.69 mg/kg, respectively. ③ Regardless of fertilization, with the increase in irrigation amount, the yield and partial factor productivity (PFP) of the crop increased first followed by a decline. The yield, water use efficiency and PFP varied with fertilization. TOPSIS analysis showed that the optimal irrigation was 300 m3/hm2 and the optimal fertilization was applying 144, 144, 72 kg/hm2 and 120 kg/hm2 of fertilizers in the seedling, flowering, fruiting and root weight gain stage, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Based on soil potassium, pH, as well as yield and quality of Panax Notoginseng, the optimal irrigation and fertilization for Panax Notoginseng production in the studied area were irrigating 300 m3/hm2 and applying 144, 144, 72 kg/hm2 and 120 kg/hm2 of fertilizers in the seedling, flowering, fruiting and root weight gain stage, respectively.

【Objective】 Flooding in paddy fields facilitates weed control, improves phosphorus availability, and aids in pest management. This paper experimentally studies leaching and recovery of nutrients during flooding period in paddy fields in the Tai Lake Basin. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in a paddy field with well-established field and main drainage ditches. During the experiment, we measured the quantity and quality of water in each irrigation-drainage unit in both field and main drainage ditches. The significance of each nutrient was calculated using the entropy weight method to identify key water quality factors in each irrigation-drainage unit. The data measured in both field and main drainage ditches were used to calculate the recovery of the leached nutrients and their reuse. 【Result】 After the inception of the flooding, the concentrations of all nutrients measured in the ditches increased initially followed by a decline. In the main drainage ditches, it took one to two days for changes in the nutrient concentrations to emerge. At the end of the flooding, the concentrations of nutrients in all ditches were higher than those before the flooding; they decreased as water flow increased. The analysis of the entropy weight method showed that nitrogen was the key water quality factor in the field ditches, while COD was the key water quality factor in the main ditches. Our results showed that 45.56% of drained water was reused for irrigation, and the recovery rates of TN, NH4+-N, TP and COD were 51.96%, 33.68%, 57.61% and 42.65%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The large irrigation volume used during the flooding period in the paddy fields increased the risk of nutrients leaching. Reusing the drained water is an effective strategy to minimize nutrients losses and reduce environmental pollution. Improving water conservation and reducing greenhouse emissions in each irrigation-drainage unit are crucial for developing sustainable agriculture in the Taihu Lake Basin.

【Background and Objective】 Water erosion is a common form of soil degradation, affecting 1.071 4 million km2 of soil in China, accounting for 40.77% of national soil erosion. While the soil surface in most regions in Northeastern China is relatively flat, the black soils are susceptible to water erosion due to their unique environment and unsustainable agricultural practices, threatening food production and ecological security. Tremendous efforts have been made in improving the black soil and water conservation to ameliorate water erosion. This paper reviews the progress made over the past decades. 【Method】 The review was based on literature and data related to water erosion in sloped black soils and their mitigation technologies, with the focus on the influence of rainfall, topography, vegetation, soil condition and human activities. 【Result】 The area of soils affected by water erosion was approximately 133 200 km2, accounting for 63.76% of total eroded black soils in the region. Hillslope and gully erosion are the predominant erosion patterns, forming a hillslope-gully system that is a major source of sediment. Key erosion-control technologies included ridge tillage, straw return, ridge planting, hedgerows, terracing, minimal tillage with residue mulching, no-tillage, and gully control. Critical issues in implementing these technologies include a detailed understanding of their underlying mechanisms, effectiveness, optimal configurations, and selection for different regions. Future research should focus on improving understanding of the mechanisms of these technologies, establishing a comprehensive erosion-control system, and developing strategies for regulating runoff and soil consolidation. 【Conclusion】 Water erosion is a great challenge in sloped black soil farmland in Northeastern China, influenced by both natural factors and human activities. Significant efforts have been made in alleviating water erosion both theoretically and practically. This review serves as a foundation for advancing research and developing strategies to mitigate water erosion in sloped black soils and similar environments.

【Objective】 The cultivation of soybeans has increased in China and to assess the potential influence of this on agricultural water usage, we analysed the spatiotemporal variation in its water requirements across the whole country. 【Method】 The analysis was based on meteorological data measured from 1971 to 2020 in main soybean production regions. Water requirement of soybean in each region was calculated using crop coefficient and the potential evapotranspiration. The Mann-Kendall trend test method and the rescaled range method were used to analyze spatiotemporal variation in water requirement and water deficit of the soybean, for both current conditions and projected future scenarios. 【Result】 The average water requirement and water deficit of soybeans during their growth period across the country were 382 mm and 111 mm, respectively. However, these values exhibited significant spatial variability. The arid and semi-arid areas in the North, as well as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Loess Plateau are particularly susceptible to drought and water shortage. The average water deficit across various regions in the country ranged from 30 mm to 344 mm. Drought and water shortage have been worsening in some regions, which include the Eastern arid and semi-arid regions in Northern China, the Southern Northeast plain, the Western Huang-Huai-Hai plain, the Southern Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, the Southern region in the Northeast plain, the Western Huang-Huai-Hai plain, the Southern Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, specially in the Southern Yunnan-Kweichow Plateau. Furthermore, drought and water shortages in the Eastern arid and semi-arid regions in Northern China, the Southwest of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, and the Western Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are expected to Worsen. A potential water shortage crisis is anticipated in the Western Huang-Huai-Hai region, the Southeast of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, and the Northern, middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. 【Conclusion】 Our analysis indicates that drought and water shortage for soybean production in the South of the Northeast Plain, Western Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are predicted to intensify. Therefore, enhancing water-saving measures is essential for sustaining water resource use in these regions for soybean production.

【Objective】 The baffle plates in the forebay of lateral inlet pump stations are critical components to control water flow and optimize the performance of the pump station. We proposed a method to optimize their design. 【Method】 We used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) combined with the backpropagation neural network-genetic algorithm (BPNN-GA) to optimize the design parameters of the rectification baffle plates in the forebay. The optimization process used a comprehensive evaluation index, F, which calculated the fitness of the genetic algorithm based on the uniformity of the axial flow velocity distribution and the velocity-weighted average angle. The BPNN model was fine-tuned, with the comprehensive index F as the optimization objective, leading to the identification of optimal design parameters for the rectification baffle plates. 【Result】 The optimization results showed that the rectification baffle plates designed by the BPNN-GA algorithm significantly improved the flow pattern within the inlet channel. Notable improvements included increased uniformity in axial velocity distribution and a better velocity-weighted average angle. Additionally, the improved design also significantly reduced the vortex area within the forebay, with the comprehensive evaluation index F showing a 6.31 reduction. 【Conclusion】 The proposed BPNN-GA algorithm for optimizing the design parameters of the rectification baffle plates effectively ameliorated the undesirable flow conditions in the forebay. It provides a valuable method for improving the design of similar hydraulic structures.

【Objective】 Southern Xinjiang has limited freshwater but relatively abundant saline groundwater. To optimize the use of these water resources, we investigate the effect of alternate brackish and freshwater drip irrigation with film mulching on soil water and salt movement, as well as seed yield of cotton. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted at the Xinjiang Alar Modern Agricultural Comprehensive Experimental Station. It compared nine combinations of brackish and freshwater drip irrigation. In each treatment, we measured the spatiotemporal changes in soil water and salt, as well as growth, and seed yield of the cotton. 【Result】 During the growth period of the cotton, soil water and salt increased with increased use of brackish water. When the amount of brackish water used for irrigation was the same, continuous use of freshwater irrigation in the early growth stage of the cotton was effective to reduce salt content in the root zone. Increasing the use of brackish water in irrigation inhibited crop growth. Moderate use of brackish water in the flowering and boll development stages can promote reproductive growth, however, excessive use would significantly reduce the weight of single bolls. Appropriately alternating brackish and freshwater irrigation not only ensures vegetative growth in the early stages but also promotes reproductive growth during flowering and boll development stage of the cotton. 【Conclusion】 In Southern Xinjiang, alternating brackish and freshwater in drip irrigation with film mulching should keep the brackish water ratio below a specific threshold. Its usage should be minimized during the seedling, budding, and early flowering stages, but can be increased during the flowering and boll development stages. In this experiment, the optimal irrigation sequence was freshwater-freshwater-brackish water.

【Background and Objective】 The arid and semi-arid regions in Northwest Liaoning Province are characterized by low precipitation and high evaporation, leading to desertification, soil erosion and degradation. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on variation and determinants of saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils in these regions. 【Method】 This study was conducted in grasslands exhibiting various levels of desertification. We measured the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils at different depths, along with various influencing factors across different regions. 【Result】 The impact of desertification on soil hydraulic conductivity varied with soil depth. In the top 0-30 cm soil, the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil in non-deserted, slightly deserted, moderately deserted, and severely deserted regions was 2.46 mm/min, 5.57 mm/min, 8.72 mm/min and 9.04 mm/min, respectively. The impact of desertification on hydraulic conductivity of soil in the 30-70 cm layer is similar, with the saturated soil hydraulic conductivity in the non-deserted regions being 30% of that in the severely deserted region. In the 70-100 cm layer, the saturated soil hydraulic conductivity in different regions was ranked in the order of non-deserted < slightly deserted < severely deserted < moderately deserted, with the saturated soil hydraulic conductivity in the non-deserted region being 40% of that in the moderately deserted region. Saturated soil hydraulic conductivity was negatively correlated with soil phosphatase and positively correlated with sand content, bulk density, and porosity of non-capillary pores. Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity linearly decreases with soil desertification in y=13.13x-31.80, which could explain 98.70% of the variation in the hydraulic conductivity. It was also found that, regardless of the level of desertification, soil hydraulic conductivity tended to increase with soil depth and vegetation coverage. 【Conclusions】 The saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils in the grasslands in the northern Liaoning Province varies with both soil depth and the degree of desertification. Key factors influencing this variation include sand content, phosphatase content, bulk soil density, and presence of large non-capillary pores.

【Background】 Wheat is the second largest cereal crop after rice in China and is largely grown in arid and semiarid regions in the North. Understanding the impact of water stress on its growth and final yield is important to improve its water use efficiency and safeguard wheat production. We studied this in a field experiment. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted at Wuwei of Gansu province, using the varieties Longchun 41 and Yongliang No.4 as the model plants. This paper aimed to elucidate how water stress imposed in the jointing and grain-filling stages influence growth, physiology and yields of the crops. The control was sufficient irrigation (CK). There were four deficit irrigation treatments: irrigating 65% of water in the CK during both jointing and grain-filling stages (W1), 80% during the joint stage and 65% during the grouting stage (W2), 65% during the jointing stage and 80% during the grain-filling stage (W3), 80% during both jointing and grain-filling stages (W4). In each treatment, we measured growth indexes, grain yield, leaf photosynthetic traits and chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic traits. 【Result】 Water stress during the jointing and grain-filling stages significantly reduced plant height, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and photosynthetic electron transport rate. Sufficient irrigation during the tasseling stage can restore the leaf area index (LAI) of the Longchun 41 variety, positively influencing SPAD values, photosynthetic electron transfer, and transpiration. Increasing water deficit led to a reduction in grain yield. On average, the yield of Longchun No.41 was higher than that of Yongliang No.4. The yield of Longchun No.41 in W4 was not significantly different from that in CK. 【Conclusion】 Considering water saving and grain yield, the optimal irrigation and cultivation for spring wheat in the studied region is to grow the Longchun No.41 variety and irrigate 80% of water used in sufficient irrigation during both the jointing and grain-filling stages.

【Objective】 Previous studies indicate that existing parameterizations for additional damping (kB-1) are not applicable to all vegetation types. This paper proposes a new approach to account for significant structural differences during vegetation growth. The objective is to analyze the daily and monthly variation patterns of kB-1 during four growing stages of summer maize and to identify the optimal parameterization for each stage. 【Method】 We used fluxes, meteorological and MODIS satellite data from June to September 2012 at the US-Tw2 site to infer the damping parameter kB-1 using the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory, across the seedling, jointing, heading, and maturity stages with observed data. 【Result】 Across all four growing stages, kB-1 exhibited a daily pattern with minimal values in the morning and evening and a peak during midday. Monthly mean values increased with surface roughness. Among the nine parameterization schemes, the results of K07 best matched the observed kB-1 values during the seedling stage, while K89 was most effective for the jointing, heading, and maturity stages, with their associated root mean square error (RMSE) being 1.34, 2.41, 2.79, and 1.55, respectively. For the sensible heat flux, K07, S58, S01 and K89 best matched the observed data in the seedling, jointing, heading, and maturity stages, respectively, with their associated RMSEs being 33.39 W/m2, 46.98 W/m2, 65.97 W/m2, and 36.46 W/m2, respectively. 【Conclusion】 In early growth stage, the parameterization schemes based on the roughness Reynolds number matched the observed data better, whereas the schemes incorporating vegetation structure and air-surface temperature difference (Ts-Ta) were more accurate in the later stages. The optimal parameterization schemes for estimating sensible heat fluxes in the seedling, jointing, heading, and maturity stages are K07, S58, S01 and K89, respectively.

【Objective】 Subsurface drip fertigation is an irrigation technique to simultaneously deliver water and dissolved nutrients into the root zone. Its efficacy depends on many factors. In this paper, we investigate the combined effect of phosphate fertilizer types and dripline depth on distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus in soil and grain yield of maize. 【Method】 The experiments were conducted in tanks grown with maize in a rain shelter, using two types of fertilizers: ammonium polyphosphate (APP, P1) and monoammonium phosphate (MAP, P2). The control is no fertilization (CK). The driplines were buried at the depths of 0 cm (D1) and 15 cm (D2). In each treatment, we measured the spatial variation of nitrogen and phosphate, as well as grain yield. 【Result】 Nitrogen applied in the drip fertigation can move to the edge of the maize roots and accumulate there, while the phosphorus was absorbed by soil. The polymerized phosphate fertilizer (P1) weakened soil adsorption and fixation compared to the normal phosphate fertilizer (P2). Soil available phosphorus content in the APP was 15% higher than that in MAP. Irrigation facilitated phosphorus movement in soil and improved uniformity of its distribution, with the bioavailable phosphorus in D2 being 17% higher than in D1. Phosphorus application significantly promoted root growth, with the root length density at the jointing stage being 35% and 19% higher in P1 and P2 than in CK, respectively. It was also found that D2 increased root length density by 12%, compared to D1. Phosphorus application increased bioavailable phosphorus and root length density. This in turn enhanced dry matter accumulation and root uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus, thereby increasing the final grain yield. P1 increased the grain yield by 3% compared to P2, and 21% compared to CK. 【Conclusion】 Our results showed that subsurface fertigation using APP reduced soil phosphorus adsorption, which in turn promoted maize growth and increased the final grain yield.

【Objective】 Micro-pressure filters are important components in micro-drip irrigation systems and their performance depends on many factors. In this paper, we study the impact of the distributor and water flow rate on water flow field within the filters. 【Method】 The study was based on numerical analysis. We used the software Fluent to simulate water flow in the filters under flow rates ranging from 5 to 17 m3/h, both with or without the water distributor. 【Result】 The standard k-ε turbulence model and the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model effectively simulated water flow fields within the filters. Without the water distributor, a dead water zone developed on either side of the front end of the filter screen, with its extent expanded as the flow rate increased. The maximum velocity was at the centre of the inlet connecting pipe, creating a velocity gradient shaped like an inverted cone within the filter screen. A high-pressure zone was developed at the bottom of the filter chamber, with its area decreasing with increasing flow rate. Adding a water distributor increased head loss, generated vortices, and reduced the dead water area. While the distribution of maximum water flow and pressure with and without the distributor was comparable, the distributor mitigated the influence of flow rate on velocity and pressure distributions in the filters. 【Conclusion】 The overall distribution patterns of velocity and pressure in the filters remained consistent across different flow rates. Adding a water distributor enhanced the flow field, improved filter screen use, and increased the efficiency of water inlet and outlet. These findings provide valuable insights for future research on optimizing water flow and improving the structural design of micro-pressure filters.

【Objective】 Spring wheat is an important cereal crop in Northern Xinjiang, where limited precipitation during the growing season makes irrigation essential for its successful production. This paper investigates the effect of irrigation amount on its growth traits and final yield, in attempts to identify an optimal irrigation schedule for spring wheat in this region. 【Method】 The field plot experiments were conducted using the high-yielding varieties ‘Xinchun 37’ and ‘Xinchun 44’. Each variety was subjected to four irrigation treatments: 4 500 m3/hm2 (W1, resulting in severe drought), 5 250 m3/hm2 (W2, resulting in moderate drought), 6 000 m3/hm2 (W3, normal irrigation), and 6 750 m3/hm2(W4, excessive irrigation). For each irrigation treatment, we measured the growth traits, water use efficiency, and grain yield of the two crops. 【Result】 Soil water content in the 0-60 cm layer increased with the irrigation amount, with water in the 0-20 cm soil layer showing the most significant fluctuation. With the increase in irrigation amount, plant height and dry matter accumulation of both varieties increased initially, followed by a decline. It was also found that the grain-filling period of Xinchun 37 was longer than that of Xinchun 44. Compared to W4, W3 increased the water use efficiency of Xinchun 37 and Xinchun 44 by 30.00% and 15.45%, respectively, the irrigation water use efficiency by 33.91% and 19.85%, respectively. Compared to all other treatments, W3 increased the grain yield of Xinchun 37 by 14.45%-38.24%, while compared to W1 and W2, it increased the grain yield of Xinchun 44 by 25.76% and 14.45%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Regression analysis shows that the optimal irrigation amount for Xinchun 37 and Xinchun 44 was 5 875.83 m3/hm2 and 5 967.67 m3/hm2, respectively, in the studied region.

【Objective】 The Fuhe River Basin is an important food production region in Northwestern China. It is increasingly affected by droughts. This paper analyses the occurrence of droughts and their key determinants in this region. 【Method】 The analysis was based on modelling. We simulated the changes in monthly soil water content from 1962 to 2019 using the SWAT model. The resulting data were then used to calculate the standardized soil moisture index. The characteristics of agricultural droughts were analyzed using the theory of runs, and the key determinants of the droughts were analyzed using the geographical detector. 【Result】 ① The coefficient of determination (R2) and the Nash efficiency coefficient (ENS) between the modelled and measured results in the calibration are both higher than 0.80; the coefficient of determination between the predicted soil moisture content and the measured soil moisture content is 0.52. ② The duration of droughts in different regions in the basin varied from 3.60 to 4.31 months, and the drought intensity ranged from 4.91 to 5.61, both varying spatially, higher in the North and South and lower in the center. ③ The influence of temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed on spatial variation in the droughts, characterized by the q-value, exceeds 0.30. Other environmental factors are nonlinearly interacted in their influence on the droughts. 【Conclusion】 The standardized soil moisture index can quantitatively characterize droughts in the Fuhe River Basin. Droughts in the basin vary spatially, with temperature, solar radiation and wind speed being the main contributing factors.

Soybean is an important legume crop globally due to its rich protein, oil content, and functional components. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the yield of selected soybean cultivars depending on cultivation methods. The three-year field experiment, conducted from 2018 to 2020 at the Agricultural Experimental Station in Kępa-Puławy, Osiny farm (Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute in Puławy), investigated these variations. The first experimental factor was the soil cultivation method: A – conventional tillage, B – reduced tillage, and C – strip tillage. The second variable was soybean cultivar: ‘Aldana’ and ‘Merlin’. The soybean cultivars were selected for their differing maturity rates: ‘Aldana’ (000) is an early cultivar, while ‘Merlin’ (000++) semi-late cultivar. The field experiment utilised a split-plot design on Luvisol soil with sandy loam texture, belonging to a good rye complex, class IIIb–IVa, and was replicated four times. The study showed that the productivity (seed and protein yield) of the ‘Merlin’ cultivar grown in the central-eastern part of Poland was approximately 8% higher than that of the ‘Aldana’ cultivar. The cultivation method had a relatively minor influence on soybean yield, the content of selected nutrients, morphological features, and elements of the yield structure. The soil in strip-tillage method was more compact than the soil cultivated with a plough. After harvesting soybeans at a depth of 30, and 40 cm, the compactness of soil in strip-tillage or with reduced tillage was much lower than in spring, highlighting a positive effect of soybean cultivation on loosening the arable layer.

To evaluate the quality of watercourses in the Western part of Carpathians from a hydro-chemical perspective, a systematic approach is required. This involves gradually excluding factors that contribute to the washing, mixing, and transportation of contaminants in the watercourse pathway. The model that considers spatial dependencies by autoregression was implemented in this study to determine the correlation between hydrodynamic and physico-chemical characteristics of waters at surface in different groups and forms of catchment use. The surface water at forested areas had the maximum average shear stress of 0.178 N∙m−2. The watercourse at sustained grassland had the maximum average Reynolds number (Re) of 23,654 and the minimum number of 0.426 at arable lands. Spatial autoregression analysis revealed space-time relations in various measurement points. When constructing the space-physical model, it is important to consider the influence of hydraulic characteristic parameters on the generation of physicochemical indicators in the flysch basin. Specifically, it may be beneficial to take into account the turbulent diffusion coefficient. The autoregression analysis demonstrated that for the ions P-PO43− and K+ in surface water on cropland and for total iron and the cation K+ ion grassland (p < 0.05), the turbulent diffusion coefficient proved to be of great importance. The study did not identify any physicochemical dependency for woodland surface waters. The findings can be utilised to create an erosion model that considers the contribution of material supply in a catchment area, specifically from weathered Carpathian flysch or surface runoff, to the alimentation of alluvial deposits.

Based on data from the National Disaster Management Agency (Ind.: Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana – BNPB), throughout 2022, more than 91% of disaster events were hydrometeorological disasters, with floods at 43% and landslides at 17%. One of the factors for floods and landslides is high rainfall intensity. Automatic rain gauge (ARG) is a rainfall observation instrument that can accurately measure rainfall at observation points. However, it has problems such as communication systems that cause delays in data transmission, low instrument density, and inability to cover a wide spatial area, which can affect the accuracy of rainfall information. Weather radar is a remote sensing instrument that can estimate rainfall spatially so that weather radar observations can reach areas of the region that do not have ARG. However, before being used as rainfall information, estimation rainfall needs to be evaluated or calibrated. Evaluation of rainfall estimation on weather radar to ARG in Banten at a 30– 120 km distance range, shows a coefficient of determination above 0.8. Based on the studies that have been conducted, increase of root mean square error (RMSE) is due to influence of radar observation range and observation distance on ARG. Adjustment of rainfall estimation improves the accuracy of rainfall estimation. Adjusting rainfall estimation can reduce RMSE by 50%.

The Tatra Mountains stand out as the wettest and most water-rich region in Poland. Despite this, limited studies addressed this issue, and current knowledge largely relies on data obtained in the mid-20th century, with a substantial lack of current estimates. This study aims to fill this gap by evaluating the contemporary water resources of springs in the Tatra Mountains. The study bases on the most recent hydrological mapping of 1,018 springs. The spring resources were evaluated using parameters such as the number of springs, specific runoff, and crenological index, analysed across different physiographic regions, tectonic units, and altitudinal zones. Our studies showed that the highest number of springs occurs in the Western Tatras (66%) between 1000 and 1400 m a.s.l., especially within the Sub-Tatric unit. Springs with discharges ranging from 0.1–1.0 dm3∙s−1 constitute approximately 70% of all springs but they contribute to only 8.1% of spring water resources. Total spring discharge amounted to 2726 dm3∙s−1 and was higher in the Western Tatras (1982.5 dm3∙s−1 than in the High Tatras (743.5 dm3∙s−1 . The specific runoff amounted to 12.9 dm3∙s−1 m−2 with the highest total runoff at altitudes occupied by the most abundant karst springs (1000–1100 m a.s.l.). The crenological index amounted to 4.8 springs∙km−2 and was higher in the Western Tatras (6.5 springs∙km−2) than in the High Tatras (4.9 springs∙kmup−2) . The analysis revealed that the only five largest karst springs, constituting a mere 0.5% of all springs, account for 65% of spring water resources in the Tatras.

Mountain streams constitute challenging habitat for many fish species due to rapid and variable flow, cool temperature, and limited food resources. Groundwaters recharge by karst spring may however mitigate harsh habit conditions of mountain streams providing niches for different fish species. This study aims to assess the suitability of mountain streams, replenished by karst springs, for various fish species like alpine bullhead, European grayling, brown and brook trout. The study was conducted in the Chochołowski Stream in the Western Tatra Mountains, Poland. The assessment of abiotic habitat is based on different characteristics of hydrological and thermal regimes as well as water chemical composition investigated between 01.09.2012 and 31.09.2014. The findings reveal that: 1) downstream variability of habitat abiotic conditions (such as water temperature, flow, water chemical composition) may affect the distribution of fish species, 2) karst springs contribute up to 100% of the stream’s recharge during periods of winter low flow, 3) karstic groundwater reduces the variability and amplitudes of stream water temperature and weaken the periodicity in water temperature associated with daily course of air temperature and solar radiation, 4) groundwaters prevent stream freezing in winter and moderate summer temperatures, 5) increasing mineralisation of water below the spring recharge may positively affect fish distribution. The findings underscore the importance of karst springs in modifying the abiotic conditions of fish habitat in mountain streams.

The research determined the influence of natural groundwater outflows from the spring peat bog on the water supply and its quality in Lake Jaczno. Lake Jaczno is located in the Suwalski Landscape Park (SLP) in the Podlaskie Voivodeship, north-east Poland. The research was conducted from April 2009 to October 2010 and from September 2022 to September 2023. Water samples were collected from spring areas, shallow groundwater, and from Lake Jaczno. Fieldwork involved measuring flow, temperature, water electrolytic conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, water oxygen saturation (WS), and water reaction (pH). Chemical analyses of water samples were carried out in the laboratory. Findings indicate that groundwater, spring water, and lake water in the SLP maintain high quality, with no significant changes in chemical composition over the past decades. Additionally, the physical water parameters display low temporal variability. The EC in the tested waters oscillates around 500 μS∙cm–1. Both spring and lake waters are well oxygenated (97–100%). Biogenic element concentrations exhibit higher variability, influenced by flora development in areas with natural groundwater outflows. High oxygenation of water contributes to increased concentrations of nitrates. The analysed waters exhibited similarity in the concentration and structure of phosphorus forms. Additionally, sediment chemical parameters at Lake Jaczno suggests a buffering capacity in the transitional zones between water and land. Despite similarities in chemical composition, sediment granulometry suggests low permeability, potentially restricting exchange between groundwater and surface waters. Monitoring springs in these environments is important due to their impact on quantity and quality of water in the analysed areas.

The article presents an analysis of milk production in Kazakhstan and identifies the reason for its low level, which is due to deficient feed, especially in small farms and in the private sector. The difficulty of saving the limited silage volume is due to the lack of preparation technology for preventing spoilage. The objective of this work is to complete the necessary equipment of a mobile tractor-trailer to reduce the specific energy consumption when preparing silage in flexible containers using a vacuum seal to increase the productivity of dairy cattle farming in smallholder and the private sector of the Republic. The basic rational parameters for sealing the silage by vacuum in the field on a mobile tractor-trailer for ease of transport and storage are obtained: silage weight in a flexible container – 769.6 kg, geometric dimensions of the sealed container by height (0.90 m), width (0.85 m) and length (0.85 m). The efficiency of the specific energy consumption of the proposed method for silage preparation is established at 35% compared with the traditional method. The recommended technology of silage preparation in flexible containers will be possible when conventional tractor-trailers are retrofitted with standard portable equipment (internal combustion engine-based (ICE) electric generator, vacuum pump, film welder).

The run-off coefficients provide vital hydrological data used for river discharge forecasts and flood risk management. Selecting an appropriate method to determine this coefficient is essential for accurately estimating peak discharge. This study compared the effectiveness of the Hassing, Cook, and U.S. Forest Service methods integrating GIS in estimating run-off coefficients in the Lesti River catchment area from 2013 to 2019. The findings revealed that the run-off coefficient was determined to be 0.188–0.243 using the U.S. Forest Service method, 0.194–0.213 using the Hassing method, and 0.466–0.480 using the Cook method. These results showed a rapid increase in the run-off coefficient within the Lesti River catchment area, signifying a heightened susceptibility to flooding. This is particularly concerning as the Lesti River is a primary tributary to the Brantas River. The comparison of estimated versus observed peak discharge emphasised the superiority of the runoff coefficient associated with the Hassing method over alternative methodologies when utilised as input data for peak discharge estimation. This was evident by the notable measurement error values of 11% for MAPE and 0.58 for MAE. The Hassing method emerged as the most appropriate and reliable for reflecting run-off characteristics in the Lesti River catchment area. Additionally, it proved to be the most accurate for estimating run-off coefficients in the Nakayasu process for peak discharge estimation. Consequently, applying the Hassing method offers a viable strategy for effectively mitigating flood risks in the Lesti catchment area.

Green spaces are integral to urban landscape, serving ecological, health, and recreational functions. During the pandemic, urban green spaces were crucial for enabling safe social distancing and enhancing well-being. This study delves into the perception, accessibilities, and qualities of urban green spaces in Wrocław during and after the pandemic. A survey was conducted to understand causes and effects of diverse usage of the urban green space, assessing changes in usage frequency before, during, and after lockdown, as well as public awareness of benefits associated with green spaces. Proximity to green spaces emerges as a key factor as people prefer easily and quick access to these areas. The study also noted a partial modification of social behaviour and increased social and ecological awareness. The results reveal evident development of new daily habits. Although the beginning of the pandemic led to discomfort, adaptive behaviours soon followed, changing daily routines and previous leisure activities. Given the findings on availability and adequacy of green spaces, it is advisable to rearrange these areas to meet the diverse needs of inhabitants.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the release of NH4-N and PO4-P from polymer-coated fertilisers in the soil environment, and to analyse their impact on pH and conductivity of the soil leachates. In this investigation mineral NPK(S) 6-20-30(7) fertiliser (as a starting material), commercial, controlled-release OsmocoteTM fertiliser (as a reference material) and four polymer-coated fertilisers have been used. Biodegradable polybutylene(succinate-co- dilinoleate), polyethylene(succinate-co-terepftalate) and chitosan have been used as coating materials. The experiments were conducted in the laboratory conditions, in PVC columns filled with air-dry soil. The nutrients release from the investigated materials was explained based on the diffusion mechanism and it was interpreted with the use of the Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic model. Two mechanisms dominate in the release process of nutrients: the mechanism based on quasi-Fickian diffusion and non-Fickian (anomalous case) mechanism. The largest changes of pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of soil leachates occurred in the initial period of research for all tested fertilisers (pH: 9.5–20.3% – loamy sand (S1) 7.9–20.6% – sandy loam (S2); EC: 438–1667% – S1, 771–1509% – S2). The polymer coating significantly reduces the nutrient release from the fertiliser core. The size of these changes depends on the type and thickness of the polymer layer and the physicochemical properties of the soils.

The paper presents the possibilities of energy management of residues from the cultivation of grapes of the ‘Regent’, ‘Rondo’ and ‘Seyval Blanc’ cultivars. The research was conducted in southeastern Poland in the Sandomierska Upland in 2022. The aim of the research was to demonstrate the influence of grape variety on yield capacity in relation to the extraction of biomass residues in the form of leaves. An attempt was made to identify the variety that is characterised by obtaining the most effective and average parameters, i.e. yield size and quality, leaf mass and surface area, and their impact on energy and fuel parameters. The study analysed the following crop parameters, i.e. number and mass of grapes, number and mass of berries; leaf quality parameters, i.e. mass including petioles and area. An energy assessment in Laboratory in Department of Power Engineering and Transportation was carried out by performing proximate and ultimate analysis and estimating emission factors and volumetric composition of exhaust gas. The study showed that the material with the highest energy potential was characterised by ‘Regent’, while the lowest potential was shown for ‘Rondo’. Grapevines of the ‘Rondo’ cultivar were characterised by the highest obtained biomass among the evaluated varieties. The research showed that the most effective in practical cultivation is the use of the Regent variety, which was characterised by the average parameters of the obtained yield and growth values, and the highest fuel energy potential.

The study was conducted to determine the suitability of surface water from Oued El Gourzi for irrigation in the Fesdis area, Algeria, during irrigation season of July 2022. The suitability was assessed by analysing eight water samples collected from various sites along the Oued. A range of physicochemical parameters were examined, including EC, pH, Mg2+, Na+, Ca2+, K+, HCO3– and Cl–, alongside other indices such as sodium absorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI) and magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) using standard procedures. The Richards classification shows that these waters are characterised by high salinity and low alkalinity hazard (C3–S1). According to the Wilcox classification, the majority of these waters are of doubtful quality, with only 25% exhibiting good quality for irrigation. Based on the RSC and MAR, all water samples are deemed safe and suitable for irrigation. However, PI values suggest that all sampling sites are of marginal quality for irrigation (class II). In terms of sodium and chloride concentration, all water samples were deemed unsuitable for irrigation. Based on these results, the waters pose risks for irrigation, particularly due to salinity, necessitating the implementation of special management practices and the selection of salt-tolerant crops.

In 2022–2023 specimens of A. fallax are recorded for the first time in approximately 17 years in Szczecin Lagoon. We collected 11 specimens of juveniles, 9 premature and mature females, and 9 premature and mature males (20.3–40.7 cm of total length, aged from 1+ to 4+). The 2+ aged fish was slightly dominated (34.5% of the whole sample). Females in the Szczecin Lagoon were ready to spawn in the age of 3+ and 4+ years, while males partly in 2+, and in the age of 3+ and 4+. Fulton’s condition factor of this fish was 0.93±0.14 and Clark’s 0.78±0.14. Analysis of correlations between the total length and individual weight of fish revealed that the growth of A. fallax was allometric (b < 3.0). The range of gonadosomatic index (GSI) was 0.12–26.59%, while the mean of the absolute and relative fecundity was 58,756 eggs per female and 139,650 eggs per kilogram of body weight. The obtained results indicate the occurrence of an anadromous population of Alosa fallax in the studied water areas. However, there is still a need to obtain detailed information on the population status and the biology of A. fallax in these areas in order to designate special conservation areas (SACs) for their protection, especially taking into account spawning habitats.

The presence of natural groundwater outflows depends on many factors, such as lithology, geological structure, and climate. Areas with particularly poor crenological recognition are arid and semi-arid regions, primarily due to rarity of groundwater outflows in these locations. The article presents the hydrographic and hydrochemical characteristics of selected groundwater outflows in arid and semi-arid areas. In addition to hydrographic mapping, basic physical parameters of water were measured in selected springs, such as temperature (T, °C), electrolytic conductivity (EC, μS∙cm–1), and reaction (pH, –). Laboratory analyses determined the major cations and anions in water: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+, SO42−, Cl−, NO3−, Br−, PO43−,. The analyses were performed using an ion chromatograph Metrohm 850 Professional IC. Twenty-four natural groundwater outflows in South America, Africa, and Asia were selected for research. It was found that the vast majority of outflows are transit sources. Their supply area may be far from discharge points. The supply source is rainwater or meltwater from high mountain massifs. Other types of outflow are springs of alluvial fans and braided rivers. They are fed by waters from glacial rivers, which infiltrate alluvial deposits and flow back to the surface. Hydrochemical analysis has shown that the physicochemical properties of water in dry areas vary significantly. Still in the hydrochemical type, there is a predominance of sulphate, chloride, and sodium ions. This distinguishes the spring waters from these areas in temperate latitudes, which are dominated by bicarbonate and calcium ions.

Sesame is recognised as a valuable oil plant with potential health benefits due to its disease mitigating properties. It shows exceptional growth rates in light soil types, such as sandy beach soils which are often deemed infertile. To address the issue, it is necessary to apply eco-friendly fertilisers derived from animal manure. Consequently, research has focused on performance evaluation over two growing seasons, namely the dry and rainy seasons, on coastal sandy soils. Employing a split-plot design across three replicates, the study investigated the influence of planting time and cultivar on the growth and yield of sesame. The study aimed to assess the impact of mixed fertiliser application timing on sesame growth and yield, focusing on both quantitative and qualitative parameters across the rainy and dry seasons. Results indicated that applying a mixture comprising chicken manure and inorganic fertiliser at the planting time significantly affected several growth parameters. These included plant height, chlorophyll content, flowering time, number of branches, net assimilation rate, root volume, and total sesame oil content, particularly in the dry season. Specifically, employing a dosage of 24.75 g of inorganic NPK fertiliser, comprising 1.45 g of nitrogen, 0.74 g of phosphorus, and 1.25 g of potassium per plant at planting time during the dry season, demonstrated the most favourable outcomes in terms of growth, yield components, and soil fertility. This approach also yielded a remarkable 54.51% oil content in the cultivar ‘Sbr-1’.

The article presents the scientific results of a study assessing agroclimatic resources in agricultural landscapes located in various natural zones of the Turkestan region of the RK (Republic of Kazakhstan). The research methods included classical and modern methods of mathematical statistics using digital technology and time series graphs to develop a mathematical model for climatic and hydrological indicators. Assessment of changes in indicators of agroclimatic resources in agricultural landscapes for 1941–2020 showed that the sum of air temperature, evaporation from the water surface and radiation balance of the daytime surface, characterising the energy resources of landscapes, increased by 10–15%, which contributes to increase in the total water consumption of agricultural land by 10–12%. Meanwhile, the decreasing tendency of the amount of precipitation by 5–10% in all natural climatic zones of the region has become one of the factors leading to a decrease in the natural moisture supply of the soil and vegetation cover of landscapes by 10–15%, acting as important environment-forming and ecological functions. The combined impact of these environment-forming factors has become the key reason for the increase in the deficit of agricultural land water consumption by 15–20%, the reduction of solar energy costs for the soil-forming process by 10–15% and the increase of the climate aridisation, and has become a signal for the need in the safety of agricultural activities, requiring the development of a set of adaptive measures to mitigate this process in the region.

Sustainable fishing ports play a vital role in ensuring the long-term health of marine ecosystems and supporting the livelihoods of coastal communities. This article explores the factors that contribute to the development of sustainable fishing ports, which consider environmental, social, and economic aspects in a balanced way. This research aims to develop a model of sustainable fishing port considering significant factors which influenced the sustainable fishing port, especially for fishing ports located in East Java Province, Indonesia. In this term, the sustainable fishing port is well known as an eco-fishing port. Purposive sampling was used to choose 215 participants from representatives of the government, private sectors in the fishing field, and fishing communities of six potential fishing ports in East Java Province, Indonesia. The data was analysed using a partial least square (PLS) approach with SmartPLS 3. The findings of the research indicate that eight hypotheses (H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H7, H8 and H11) are supported while three hypotheses (H6, H9, and H10) are not supported. The study reveals a significant correlation between market demand, community welfare, infrastructure, environmental carrying capacity, and regulation. It is also found that market demand, community welfare, infrastructure, environmental carrying capacity, and regulation have significant positive relations with eco-fishing ports. The positive relationship indicates that adherence to these regulations fosters responsible fishing methods, preventing overexploitation of fish stocks, and contributes to the conservation of marine environments, ensuring the port operates in harmony with natural ecosystems and local communities.

The paper presents the possibilities of energy management of residues from the production of ‘Regent’ grapevines. Field tests were conducted under conditions of temperate climate in 2022 on six types of rootstocks viz: 101-14, 125 AA, 161-49, 5 BB, SO4, SORI, the control were ungrafted vines growing on their own roots. The study analysed the following crop parameters, i.e. number and mass of grapes, number and mass of berries; quality parameters of woody shoots. Technical and elemental analysis was performed, and the heat of combustion and calorific value were determined to define fuel quality parameters. In addition, emission factors of CO, CO2, SO2, NOx and ash were estimated to demonstrate the degree of impact of potential bio-residue from the combustion process. An assessment was made on the basis of stoichiometric equations of flue gas composition, as well as theoretical oxygen demand and total fuel gas volume. The study showed that cultivation on 125 AA rootstock is characterised by obtaining significantly the highest yield, shoot mass and bio-residues suitability for energy purposes. The research showed that the most effective in practical cultivation is the use of SORI and SO4 rootstocks in cultivation, which are characterised by average parameters of obtained yield, growth value and fuel.

Water shortages occur due to several factors, with drought being one of the biggest drivers. Another major environmental issue related to the contamination of freshwater systems worldwide is thousands of micropollutants, although they generally occur at low concentration levels. The provision of safe drinking water to the population in rural developing nations remains a problem, in particular when surface water and shallow wells or non-watertight headworks wells serve as sources of drinking water. Dramatically changing raw water qualities, floods and high rainfall events anthropogenic pollution, lack of electricity supply in developing regions demand new and adapted solutions for treatment and rendering water safe for distribution. Our study aimes to find another source of water supply using riverbank filtration (RBF). The RBF is a water treatment method that removes water from rivers by pumping wells into a nearby alluvial aquifer. Several physical, chemical, and biological processes that occur underground improve the quality of surface water and eliminate the need for traditional potable water treatment. Additional treatment techniques in this process include biological degradation, sorption, and filtration. Physical, chemical, and microbiological variables were used to assess the effectiveness of the RBF system in Upper Egypt. Our study proposes a workable water treatment strategy that replaces RBF treatment or pretreatment technique for high-quality Nile water to eliminate or reduce surface water pollutants without the use of chlorine.

Genetic diversity, heritability, and genetic advance are crucial considerations in the field of plant breeding. This research aimed to evaluate these factors for traits related to yield in faba bean (Vicia faba L.), specifically focusing on the F3 and F4 generations resulting from the cross between ‘Sakha 3’ and ‘Nubaria 3’. In the initial season (2021/ 2022), 200 families from each F3 population were cultivated with specific spacing, and selection criteria included seed yield per plant (SYP) and the number of pods per plant (NPP). Top-performing plants were identified for the second cycle of pedigree selection. In the following season (2022/2023), the F4 families were arranged in a randomised complete block design. Traits like the number of branches per plant (NBP), NPP, SYP, and seed index (SI) showed substantial phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, indicating their noteworthy variation. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation analyses showed positive associations between SYP and the NBP and NPP. Additionally, path coefficient analysis indicated that these traits had high positive direct effects on SYP. This research provides valuable insights into the genetic variability, heritability, and selection parameters for yield-related traits in faba bean, offering a foundation for future breeding programs aimed at improving yield and productivity.

Hydrogeochemical and microbiological parameters of groundwater samples in the Paipayales agricultural community in western Ecuador were studied to evaluate groundwater origin, contamination, and suitability for domestic use and irrigation. The water wells studied are typically shared by multiple families which account for 37% of the total community population. A total of 31 parameters of water samples from the wells used by the community were analysed by four laboratories at the ESPOL University. The parameters analysed included microbiological and chemical compounds, along with physical characteristics typically influencing water quality. As regards the World Health Organization (WHO), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Ecuadorian standards, all samples failed to meet the required concentrations for at least one compound. The chemical analysis showed eight elements (cadmium, aluminium, ammonia, iron, manganese, chloride, and bromide) exceeded the maximum limits for drinking water in at least one well. Seventy percent of sampled wells failed to meet the maximum permissible limits for at least one chemical parameter. Water in all wells showed the presence of microbiological contaminants. The high natural groundwater salinity limits the ability to use this groundwater for irrigation purposes. Water in open and closed wells shows different hydrochemical and microbiological patterns. The presence of domestic animals and the lack of protection for wells may influence the quality of water. It is highly recommended that the authorities increase water supply and storage capacity to improve the availability of drinkable water in rural communities in the area.

Rainwater harvesting systems (RWHs) are identified as an alternative technology that is important for sustainable stormwater management through reuse, conservation, and reduce runoff. In recent years there has been a growth of studies on the effectiveness of RWHs. However, analyses of the system performance based on the site specific conditions are still limited. The aim of the study was to assess of the potential for rainwater reuse (householder’s interest) and reduction of roof runoff by RWHs (an environment’s perspective) assumed in a single- family building. Two performance indicators have been calculated i.e. water saving potential (WSE) and overall efficiency (OE). Four realistic scenarios (S1–S4) and three main non-potable water requirements were defined. The results of the study showed that WSE and OE varied depending on the type and size of the tank, the economic purpose, and the amount and irregularity of precipitation. The potential for the use of water stored in above-ground tanks for plant watering ranged from 62 to 82%. Underground reservoirs, with a larger capacity, were able to cover water requirements for this purpose up to 100%. However, the OE of tanks receiving runoff from the entire roof area were at low levels. Values of OE ranged from 3.7 to 6.8%, from 5.5 to 9.2%, and from 42.9 to 71.0%, for above-ground (S1 and S2) and underground (S3) and (S4) tanks, respectively. The results of the study may be useful for planning domestic rainwater harvesting systems and for comparison with practices in other countries.

The aim of the study is to determine the concentration of selected heavy metals in soil contaminated with galvanising fume resulting from a fire in a galvanising plant. Surface horizon of soil exposed to contamination by toxic fumes due to the fire of a galvanising plant in Dębska Wola near Kielce (SE Poland) was analysed. Soil samples were collected in an agricultural area of 12 ha after the plant’s failure in 2019 and three years after the fire in 2022. Grain-size distribution, pH and concentration of zinc, lead and cadmium were determined. The acceptable values of pollutants were significantly exceeded in soil (Znmax – 2007.3 mg∙kg−1 DM, Pbmax – 509.5 mg∙kg−1 DM, Cdmax – 17.1 mg∙kg−1 DM in 0–5 cm horizon) and reduced in control samples (Znmax – 756.1 mg∙kg−1 DM, Pbmax – 320.1 mg∙kg−1 DM, Cdmax – 15 mg∙kg−1 DM). In the organic-mineral horizon the concentrations declined by an average of Zn – 41.8%, Pb – 26.1% and Cd – 16.3%, while in the mineral horizon by 27.8% (Zn), 26.7% (Pb) and 15.6% (Cd). Industrial plants, in which thermal treatment of molten metals is conducted, pose a real threat to the environment in the case of a failure. In order to minimise the effects of potential leaks, their location should be thoroughly considered. The course and consequences of accidents should be monitored during the event (such as fire) and in the long term (e.g. with the use of bioindicators).

The purpose of the research was to check whether the reduced cultivation system reduces the risk of soil water erosion compared to traditional ploughing. One of the good parameters (indicators) to check is the examination of soil properties, mainly the content of readily dispersible clay (RDC), bulk density (BD), and soil water content (SWC). The soil organic carbon (SOC) content plays an important role in the soil erosion process. The field experiment on silt loamy soils was carried out for 12 years on an area of 1 ha, arranged as a random block with four repetitions, a total of eight plots per year. Two tillage systems were used: traditional (TT – inversion) and reduced (RT – without inversion). Fertiliser doses were the same for both cultivation systems. Analyses included determinations of the available forms of K, P, and Mg, as well as pH, SOC, SWC, BD, and RDC. The experimental results indicate that the soil under reduced RT cultivation was characterised by better chemical and physical properties compared to the soil under traditional TT cultivation. RT cultivation reduces the risk of soil erosion without reducing the yield of winter wheat. The 12-year study showed that, RT tillage reduces the risk of soil erosion without reducing winter wheat yields. Lower RDC values were determined under RT tillage, indicating a reduction in the content of easily dispersible clay, reducing the risk of soil erosion.

The deep exploitation of mineral deposits is carried out in many areas around the world. However, one of its negative consequences is surface deformations. These may be discontinuous deformations (sinkholes) or continuous deformations (subsidence basins). Under specific hydrogeological conditions, these forms are inundated, and thus anthropogenic reservoirs are formed. In some post-mining areas, the number of such reservoirs is so large that they are referred to as “anthropogenic lake districts”. Depending on the geological structure of the deposit and the mining technique, these reservoirs may have different morphometric parameters. Moreover, they may show various hydrological conditions and physicochemical properties of their waters. The article describes a unique group of anthropogenic water reservoirs created due to the flooding of deep salt mines on the Solotvyno mining field. Although small in terms of the area, it includes a group of anthropogenic water reservoirs highly diverse in terms of their genetics, hydrology and hydrochemistry. Some of them represent a unique type of meromictic reservoirs. This research shows the direction in which water conditions may change in other mining areas with significant surface deformation across the globe.

رقابت برای منابع آبی، به‌دلیل فشارهای طرف تقاضا و عرضه که ناشی از توسعه اقتصادی، رشد جمعیت و تغییرات اقلیمی می‌باشد، بحران آب را به اساسی‌ترین چالش قرن حاضر تبدیل کرده است که پیامدهای آن با حقوق بشر و امنیت غذایی ارتباط دارد. پیش‌بینی می‌شود تا سال 2050 تنش آبی زندگی بیش از چهار میلیارد نفر در جهان را تحت تأثیر قرار دهد. بدیهی است بدون انتقال جدی از مدیریت بحران به مدیریت ریسک، تعارضات بیش‌تر، اجتناب‌ناپذیر خواهد بود. پژوهش‌گران، بحران آب را تا حد زیادی به ضعف حکمرانی دولت‌ها (شامل سامانه‌های سیاسی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و اداری که برای توسعه و مدیریت منابع آب وجود دارد) نسبت داده‌اند. بنابراین، سازوکارهای حکمرانی آب در دنیا، نیازمند رویکردهای نوآورانه و پایدار برای انطباق با شرایط در حال تحول و عدم قطعیت‌های مرتبط با حوزه آب است و بدین‌منظور شیوه‌های مختلف حکمرانی آب در کشورها و مناطق مختلف جهان شکل گرفته است. با این‌حال، مفهوم حکمرانی آب، موضوع قابل بحثی است که بسیاری از زوایای آن هنوز به‌درستی تبیین نشده است و به‌ویژه در ایران جای خالی بسیاری از مباحث مطرح شده در ادبیات جهانی احساس می‌گردد. پژوهش حاضر با رویکرد مروری-تحلیلی، در ابتدا به تبیین مبانی و مفاهیم حکمرانی آب، معرفی انواع و ویژگی‌های آن پرداخته، سپس وضعیت حاکمیت آب در ایران و جهان را مورد واکاوی قرار داده و مزایا و چالش‌های آن را به تصویر می‌کشد و بر این اساس پیشنهادهایی شامل تقویت بُعد سازمانی، استقرار سامانه تحت حاکمیت قانون براساس تنظیم‌گری فعال و مبتنی بر اصول سه‌گانه حقوقی حکمرانی مطلوب، توجه به پسآب‌ها و روانآب‌ها با تدوین قوانین بالادستی، اصلاح الگوی کشاورزی و افزایش مشارکت جامعه مدنی و ذی‌نفعان آب را برای اصلاح با تأکید بر شرایط اقتصادی، اجتماعی و حقوقی حاکم بر کشور ارائه می‌کند.

در این پژوهش اثر بیوچار بر کارایی مصرف آب آبیاری و کارایی مصرف نیتروژن در سطوح مختلف آبی و کود نیتروژن برای گیاه کارلا در شهرستان زاهدان موردبررسی قرار گرفت. آزمایش در شرایط گلخانه به­صورت فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح کاملاًکاملاًکاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار (کاشت بهمن‌ماه 1398 و برداشت فروردین‌ماه 1399) انجام شد. تیمارها شامل سه تیمار آب آبیاری ((I1)50، (I2)75 و 100(I3) درصد مقدار آب آبیاری، چهار تیمار بیوچار (صفر (B1)، 25/1 (B2)، 5/2 (B3) و 5 (B4) درصد وزنی خاک گلدان) و سه تیمار کود نیتروژن (50 (N1)، 75 (N2) و 100 (N3) درصد نیاز کودی گیاه) بود. سطوح تنش آبی در طول فصل رشد ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮزﯾﻦ روزاﻧﻪ ﮔﻠﺪانﻫﺎ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺪ. برداشت هر هفته یک­بار انجام شد. در مجموع پنج بار برداشت انجام شد. عملکرد و کارایی مصرف آب آبیاری و کارایی مصرف نیتروژن و شوری خاک در پایان فصل کشت در هر تیمار محاسبه شد. هم‌چنین مقدار نیتروژن خاک و قند میوه نیز در هر برداشت اندازه­گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد اثرات سطوح آب آبیاری و بیوچار در سطح احتمال یک و پنج درصد بر پارامترهای اندازه­گیری‌شده معنی­دار بود. بیش‌ترین مقدار عملکرد (5/15 تن در هکتار) از تیمار 100 درصد مقدار آب آبیاری حاصل شد که از این نظر با تیمار 75 درصد آب آبیاری معنی­دار نبود. استفاده از بیوچار تا سطح 5/2 درصد وزنی خاک باعث افزایش عملکرد شد. استفاده بیش‌تر بیوچار (5 درصد وزنی خاک) باعث کاهش عملکرد گیاه شد. بیش‌ترین کارایی مصرف آب (14/3 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب) و کارایی مصرف نیتروژن (55/94 کیلوگرم بر کیلوگرم) با مصرف 75 درصد کود نیتروژن (150 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و 5/2 درصد وزنی بیوچار به­دست آمد. استفاده از مقدار مناسب بیوچار ﺳﺒﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ اﺛﺮات ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺗﻨﺶ رﻃﻮﺑﺘﯽ در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد آن ﺑﺮای ﮔﯿﺎه و ﺑﻪوﯾﮋه در ﺷﺮاﯾﻄﯽ ﮐﻪ ﮔﯿﺎه ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ اﺳﺖ و ﯾﺎ در ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ و ﺧﺰاﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ­ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯿﺰان آب ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ و ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮔﯿﺎه ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‌ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﯽﺷﻮد آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد.

تا کنون مطالعات متعددی به ارزیابی کیفیت منابع آب زیرزمینی در ایران پرداخته‌اند، اما سنجش سهم عوامل مختلف انسانی بر افت کیفیت این منابع کم‌تر مورد توجه پژوهش‌گران قرار گرفته شده است. در این مطالعه به‌منظور پرکردن این خلأ ابتدا شاخص کیفیت آب زیرزمینی برای تمامی استان‌های ایران در بازه سال‌های 1392 الی 1398 محاسبه شده و سپس با به‌کارگیری یک رویکرد نوین در برآورد رگرسیون کوانتایل، اثرات عوامل انسانی بر شاخص کیفیت اندازه‌گیری شده است. هم‌چنین به‌منظور بررسی نقش زیرساخت‌های فاضلاب بر کیفیت آب‌های زیرزمینی، دو شاخص ترکیبی برای توسعه‌یافتگی زیرساخت‌های تصفیه و جمع‌آوری فاضلاب به‌روش آنتروپی ساخته شده‌اند. نتایج مطالعه نشان می‌‌دهد که در نقاط دارای آب زیرزمینی با کیفیت مطلوب، اصلی‌ترین عامل اثرگذار بر کیفیت آب زیرزمینی جمعیت می‌باشد، به‌طوری‌که یک درصد رشد جمعیت 71/0 درصد شاخص کیفیت را افزایش داده است. در نواحی دارای آب‌های زیرزمینی با کیفیت متوسط و پایین نیز اصلی‌ترین عامل در افت کیفی این منابع رشد اقتصادی بخش کشاورزی می‌باشد که هر یک درصد افزایش آن بیش از 5/2 درصد شاخص کیفیت را افزایش داده است. رشد جمعیت و رشد اقتصادی بخش صنعت و معدن نیز سایر عوامل اثرگذار در این نواحی می‌باشند. یک درصد رشد در شاخص‌های ترکیبی توسعه‌یافتگی زیرساخت‌های تصفیه و جمع‌آوری فاضلاب نیز به‌طور متوسط 05/0 و 01/0 درصد شاخص کیفیت را کاهش داده است. براساس نتایج مطالعه کاهش شدت مصرف نهاده‌ها در بخش کشاورزی و ارتقای زیرساخت‌های فاضلاب اصلی‌ترین راه‌کارهای ممکن در خصوص مدیریت کیفی منابع آب زیرزمینی در ایران می‌باشند.

مسئله مهم در مورد منابع آب زیرزمینی، آگاهی از میزان آلودگی سفره آب زیرزمینی است که منجر به مدیریت مناطق مستعد آلودگی می‌شود. ارزیابی آسیب‌پذیریآب‌های زیرزمینی می‌تواند نقشی حیاتی در حفاظت، بهره‌برداری و اولویت‌بندی مناطق جهت کنترل و استفاده از طرح‌های پیشگیرانه ایفا نماید. با توجه به ماهیت منطقه، فعالیت‌های کشاورزی و افزایش غلظت نیترات، روش DRASTIC نیاز به اصلاح دارد. هدف پژوهش حاضر اصلاح وزن‌های اولیه مدلDRASTIC است که با درنظرگرفتن اهمیت اصلاح رتبه‌بندی و تأثیر روش‌های وزن‌دهی در آبخوان یاسوج است. از چارچوب نسبت فرکانس برای کالیبره‌کردن نرخ‌های شاخص DRASTIC استفاده شد. در ادامه اصلاح وزن پارامترهای DRASTIC در دو مرحله پژوهش، که مرحله اول شامل روش‌های آنتروپی شانون و SPSA و مرحله دوم شامل روش‌های (BWM) بهترین- بدترین و تحلیل نسبت ارزیابی وزن‌دهی تدریجی (SWARA) است، انجام شد. بنابراین، نُه چارچوب شامل FR_DRASTIC، DRASTIC_Entropy، DRASTIC_SPSA، DRASTIC_SWARA، DRASTIC_BWM، FR_Entropy، FR_SPSA، FR_BWM، FR_SWARA به‌دست آمد. از غلظت نیترات نمونه چاه‌ها برای اعتبارسنجی شاخص‌های آسیب‌پذیری استفاده شد. اعتبارسنجی با روشROC Curve انجام شد. FR_SWARA با سطح زیر منحنی 80/0 عملکرد بهتری نسبت به سایر روش‌ها داشت.

اخیرا تغییر خصوصیات هیدرولوژیک و پاسخ حوضه شهری نسبت به بارش و سیلاب‌ها از نظر کمی و کیفی در زندگی بشر و منابع مشهودتر شده است. جلوگیری از اتلاف این هرزآب‌ها و به تبع آن جبران کمبود منابع‌آبی،‌ گامی موثر در این خصوص است. در این مطالعه با شبیه‌سازی بارش-رواناب در SWMM، پاسخ هیدرولوژیکی حوضه آبریز شهری نیشابور به رواناب تولیدی با اعمال روش‌های‌ توسعه‌ کم‌اثر تحت شش سناریوی مختلف بررسی شد. اطلاعات هیدرومتری به صورت میدانی برداشت، و در نقطه خروجی به روش جسم شناور دبی متناظر پنج رخداد بارش محاسبه گردید. نتایج آنالیز حساسیت مدل نشان داد که درصد نواحی نفوذناپذیر موثرترین پارامتر بر دبی‌اوج رواناب است. ارزیابی آماره‌ها (نش-ساتکلیف، مجذور میانگین‌مربع‌خطا، درصدبایاس و ضریب‌تعیین) در مراحل واسنجی و صحت‌سنجی گواه برعملکرد خوب (دبی پیک و زمان دبی پیک) مدل بود. در مجموع ارزیابی پیاده‌سازی سناریو‌های: ماند بیولوژیکی، سنگ فرش نفوذپذیر، ترانشه نفوذ، جوی باغچه و تلفیق کلیه سناریوها موجب کاهش رواناب تولیدی به ترتیب به میزان 51/8 ، 58/9 ،79/15 ،25/10 و 43/45 درصد شد. درنهایت، در دوره بازگشت‌های 2، 5 و 10 سال بهینه‌ترین عملکرد به ترتیب در سناریوهای تلفیق‌ سناریوها، ترانشه‌نفوذ، جوی‌باغچه، سنگ فرش‌ نفوذپذیر و ماند بیولوژیکی صورت ‌گرفته است. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که پیاده‌سازی راهکارهای توسعه‌کم‌اثر همراه با شبکه زهکش سنتی شهر در مدل SWMM تخمین خوبی را در جهت بررسی عملکرد و شیوه‌های اجرایی سناریوهای مختلف در اختیار متخصصین و مدیران شهری قرار می‌دهد.

پایش دقیق آب­های سطحی یکی از کاربردهای مهم و ضروری در استفاده از سیستم­های سنجش از راه دور است. برآوردن نیازهای مطرح‌شده در استفاده از داده‌های سنجش از دور برداشت‌شده از سطح زمین در بسیاری از کاربردها، تنها با استفاده از یک محصول و الگوریتم طبقه­بندی‌کننده کافی و ممکن نیست و برای درک دقیق‌تر، ادغام داده­ها می‌تواند گزینه بهتری باشد. لذا در این پژوهش از رویکردهای مختلفی همچون به‌کارگیری تصاویر دو سنجنده، شاخص­های استخراج آب و الگوریتم­های طبقه­بندی جهت شناسایی پهنه‌های آبی استفاده گردید. در این راستا ابتدا تصاویر سنجندهای نوری لندست-8 و سنتینل-2 با یکدیگر ادغام شدند که در نتیجه آن وضوح مکانی این سنجنده­ها با حفظ اطلاعات طیفی، از 30 به 10 متر ارتقا یافت. سپس شاخص­های استخراج آب همچون (NDWI, MNDWI, AWEI_sh, AWEI_nsh, WI) بر تصاویر ادغام­شده اعمال شد و پس از ترکیب آن با تصاویر اصلی ماهواره­های منتخب، با استفاده از الگوریتم­های طبقه­بندی (SVM, Maximum Likelihood, Minimum Distance, Neural Network, Random Forest) محدوده مطالعاتی به دو دسته پهنه‌های آبی و غیرآبی طبقه­بندی شد و در نهایت با استفاده از روش حداکثر رأی­گیری که از رویکردهای ادغام در سطح تصمیم­گیری محسوب می­شود نتایج حاصل از تمام الگوریتم­های طبقه­بندی برای تصاویر قبل و بعد از سیلاب استان مازندران در واقعه سیلاب سال 1398 شمسی با یکدیگر ادغام شدند. الگوریتم طبقه­بندی جنگل تصادفی با دقت کلی 76/97 و 12/94 و ضریب کاپا 49/94 و 41/91 برای تصاویر قبل و پس از سیلاب بهترین عملکرد طبقه­بندی در بین الگوریتم­های مورداستفاده در این پژوهش را داشت. ادغام الگوریتم­های طبقه­بندی نشان از بهبود عملکرد تفکیک پهنه‌های آبی و غیرآبی با افزایش دقت کلی تفکیک به 41/98 و 24/95 و ضریب کاپا 12/96 و 81/92 برای تصاویر قبل و پس از سیلاب داشت.

با توجه به افزایش روزافزون بار آلودگی حاصل از فاضلاب‌های خانگی شهری و روستایی و فعالیت‌های صنعتی و کشاورزی برای منابع آبی و به‌ویژه منابع آب سطحی و از طرفی عدم اعمال مدیریت و به‌کارگیری روش‌های تصفیه این آلودگی‌ها، آینده منابع آبی کشور با بحران‌های زیست‌محیطی جبران‌ناپذیری مواجه خواهد شد که بررسی وضعیت منابع آبی جهت مشخص‌نمودن شدت بحران کنونی و هشدار نسبت به آینده، بسیار دارای اهمیت و تأثیرگذار می‌باشد. در این پژوهش وضعیت کیفی و توان خودپالایی رودخانه سیروان در بازه آزاد دوآب تحت تأثیر آلاینده‌های ورودی در طول مسیر موردبررسی قرارگرفته است که برای انجام این پژوهش، با توجه به شرایط و وضعیت موجود، تعداد هفت پارامتر کیفی فیزیکی و شیمیایی آب شامل اکسیژن محلول، آمونیاک، نیترات، فسفات، کدورت، pH و دما در 10 ایستگاه انتخابی در طول مسیر موردمطالعه به طول حدود 45 کیلومتر، در سه نوبت از سال (زمستان، بهار و تابستان)، با استفاده از روش‌های استاندارد مورد اندازه‌گیری و سپس تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. هم‌چنین با استفاده از شاخص کیفیت آب IRWQI، وضعیت کیفی رودخانه آزاد دوآب ارزیابی گردید که برابر نتایج به‌دست‌آمده، غالب ایستگاه‌های نمونه‌برداری به‌دلیل آبدهی مناسب، مسیر پرپیچ و خم و تهویه مناسب توسط باد، از آلودگی کمی برخوردار بوده و از لحاظ کیفی در حد نسبتاً خوبی قرار گرفته است، تنها در برخی نقاط از جمله محل ایستگاه شماره 9 به‌دلیل ورود فاضلاب شهر سروآباد به داخل رودخانه، وضعیت کیفی آب کاهش یافته که پس از آن و پیمایش مسیر، دوباره به سمت وضعیت مطلوب گرایش می‌یابد.

این پژوهش با هدف کلی معرفی خودکارسازی سامانه‌های بهره‌برداری آب سطحی، به‌عنوان یک روش کارآمد در کاهش تلفات آب در بخش کشاورزی انجام شد. در این راستا، وجه فنی مربوط به توسعه سامانه‌های بهره‌برداری مدنظر در پروژه­های مدرن­سازی شبکه­های آبیاری ملاک عمل قرار گرفت. در این راستا عملیات میدانی وسیعی به­منظور جمع­آوری اطلاعات موجود و اندازه‌گیری­های میدانی در بخش آب سطحی (سامانه کانال­های روباز و سازه­های هیدرولیکی وابسته آن) انجام شد. در ادامه شبیه­سازی فرایند توزیع آب سطحی تحت سناریوهای بهره‌برداری نرمال و خشکسالی صورت گرفت تا تحلیل زمانی- مکانی و ارزیابی نحوه توزیع آب سطحی بین واحدهای زراعی درجه سه میسر گردد. در این ارتباط مدل‌سازی سامانه‌های هوشمند توزیع آب سطحی با بهره­گیری از توسعه سامانه‌های کنترل خودکار غیرمتمرکز PI به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر مدرن­سازی سامانه توزیع آب سطحی نیز انجام شد. نتایج شبیه­­سازی، میزان بهبود شاخص کفایت توزیع آب سطحی در آبگیرهای بالادست، میان­دست و پایین­دست شبکه برای سامانه کنترل خودکار غیرمتمرکز PI در محدوده 10-7 درصد، 15-5 درصد و 15-4 درصد در سناریوهای مختلف بهره‌برداری کم­آبی را نشان داد. به­طور مشابه، میزان بهبود شاخص پایداری توزیع آب سطحی به‌ترتیب 25-4 درصد، 41-9 درصد و 42-9 درصد به‌دست آمد. میزان بهبود شاخص عدالت توزیع آب سطحی پس از خودکاسازی در محدوده 13-3 درصد در سناریوهای مختلف حاصل شد. نتایج حاکی از آن است که تحت سناریوی نرمال، با به‌کارگیری سامانه­ کنترل خودکار PI آبگیرهای بالادستی و میان­دستی در تمام آبگیرها توزیع آب در وضعیت مطلوب قرار گرفت. نتایج تحلیل زمانی و مکانی صورت گرفته در این پژوهش حاکی از الگوی واضحی از ناکارآمدی سامانه بهره‌برداری در توزیع آب سطحی تحت سناریوهای کم­آبی ارائه کرده و نقشه­های پهنه­بندی مناطق آسیب­پذیر شبکه را مشخص نمودند. لازم به ذکر است که متدولوژی توسعه داده شده دراین پژوهش قابلیت پیاده­سازی در حدود دو میلیون هکتار از اراضی فاریاب کشور را دارد که تحت پوشش 120 شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی قرار گرفته­اند.

هدف پژوهش، مدل‌سازی کمی جریان آب زیرزمینی آّبخوان دشت و بررسی راه‌کارهای مدیریتی مقابله با افت تراز آب زیرزمینی، است. این پژوهش با استفاده از اطلاعات هیدروژئولوژیکی، هیدرولوژی، هواشناسی و مطالعات پایه منابع آب زیرزمینی، بررسی شد. مدل‌سازی کمی آب زیرزمینی، با استفاده از نرم‌افزار GMS و کد کامپیوتری MODFLOW انجام و سطح آب زیرزمینی، برای سال‌های 1394-1389 با 60 گام زمانی ماهانه، شبیه‌سازی گردید. واسنجی دستی مدل برای سال‌های 1392-1389 و صحت‌سنجی آن برای سال‌های 1394-1392 انجام شد. راه‌کارهای مدیریتی آتی، در قالب سه سناریو 1- کاهش 10 درصد برداشت از چاه‌ها با کاهش 5 درصد تغذیه از جریان‌های برگشتی آب کشاورزی، 2- کاهش 20 درصد برداشت از چاه‌ها با کاهش 10 درصد تغذیه ناشی از جریان‌های برگشتی آب کشاورزی، 3- مقایسه دو سناریوی فوق، با وضعیت موجود سال‌های 1399-1394، پیش‌بینی گردید. نتیجه مدل‌سازی آبخوان برای دوره زمانی فوق، کسری مخزن 09/33- میلیون مترمکعب را نشان داد. ولی با اعمال 10 درصد کاهش برداشت و کاهش 5 درصد تغذیه، 38/21 میلیون مترمکعب در سال و با اعمال 20 درصد کاهش برداشت و 10 درصد کاهش تغذیه، 94/25 میلیون مترمکعب در سال، بر حجم بیلان آب، افزوده شد. با ادامه روند موجود، حجم کسری آبخوان، بیش از 54 میلیون مترمکعب، برآورد گردید.

با توجه به درهم‌تنیدگی سیستم اقلیمی و رابطۀ غیرخطی اقیانوس و جو در آن، شناخت منشأ عدم قطعیت و لحاظ آن در پیش‌نگری‌ متغیرهای اقلیمی، به‌منظور ارزیابی مناسب سیاست‌های سازگاری و کاهش گازهای گلخانه‌ای از اهمیت بسیاری برخوردار است. هدف از مطالعۀ حاضر، کمی‌سازی عدم قطعیت متوسط بارش ماهانه در دوره‌های تاریخی و آینده با توجه به مدل‌های گردش عمومی جو، روش‌های تصحیح اریبی، سناریوهای SSP و دوره‌های پیش‌نگری است. بر این اساس، خروجی 10 مدل‌ منتخب گردش عمومی جو با استفاده از روش‌های مختلف تصحیح اریبی نگاشت چندکی برای محدودۀ مطالعاتی رفسنجان اصلاح شد و جهت بررسی عدم قطعیت مرتبط با سناریوهای SSP و دوره‌های پیش‌نگری، روش تصحیح اریبی مناسب انتخاب گردید. به‌منظور کمی‌سازی عدم قطعیت موارد مذکور نیز از دو معیار آماری انحراف معیار و دامنۀ میان چارکی استفاده گردید. نتایج حاصل نشان دادند که در دوره تاریخی، انحراف معیار و دامنۀ میان چارکی میانگین بارش ماهانه براساس نوع روش تصحیح اریبی و GCM نسبت به دورۀ آتی کم‌تر است. هم‌چنین در دوره‌های تاریخی و آینده، انحراف معیار و دامنۀ میان چارکی میانگین بارش ماهانه براساس نوع روش تصحیح اریبی کم‌تر از انحراف معیار و دامنۀ میان چارکی محاسبه‌شده برحسب نوع مدل GCM است. به‌طور کلی برای دورۀ آتی، عدم قطعیت دوره‌های پیش‌نگری و انتخاب GCM نسبت به دو منشأ دیگر عدم قطعیت (روش تصحیح اریبی و سناریوها) بیش‌تر بوده و نیازمند ارزیابی دقیق‌تری هستند. نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه می‌تواند به درک بهتری از منشأ‌های مختلف عدم قطعیت‌های طبیعی در‌ پیش‌نگری‌های تغییر اقلیم کمک کند.

پژوهش حاضر به افزایش بهره‌وری آب کشاورزی در حوضه تجن استان مازندران با استفاده از تخصیص بهینه می‌پردازد. در پژوهش حاضر برای یافتن تخصیص بهینه آب از منابع آبی موجود در منطقه مطالعاتی از روش بهینه­سازی با الگوریتم ژنتیک با رتبه­بندی نامغلوب و برای محاسبه رواناب حاصل از بارش از مدل SWMM استفاده شده است. ازآنجاکه مدل تخصیص بهینه منابع آبی، چندهدفه و دارای بیش از یک پاسخ بهینه است که هیچ‌یک بر دیگری برتری نداشته و براساس شرایط مدیریتی پاسخ مناسب انتخاب می‌گردد، سه پاسخ از پاسخ‌های بهینه موجود در قالب سه سناریو انتخاب شد تا با شرایط فعلی تخصیص آب مورد مقایسه قرار گیرند. نتایج نشان داد بهینه­سازی تخصیص آب، سبب افزایش بهره‌وری آب کشاورزی به میزان 76 درصد برای مرکبات،47 درصد برنج، 60 درصد دانه‌های روغنی، 59 درصد ذرت‌دانه‌ای، 64 درصد گندم، 77 درصد سبزیجات و 76 درصد پنبه برای سناریوی سوم که یک سناریوی بیابانی است، می‌گردد. هم‌چنین سود اقتصادی نیز به طور متوسط حدود 33 درصد افزایش یافته است. با توجه به نتایج، محصول گندم، سبزیجات و دانه­های روغنی پس از برنج و مرکبات نسبت به سایر محصولات موجود در منطقه مطالعاتی نسبت به آب مصرفی بیش‌ترین تولید و عملکرد را دارند. مقدار سطح زیر کشت بهینه برای این محصولات به‌ترتیب برابر با 3200، 2700، 5523 هکتار به‌دست آمده است. با بهینه‌سازی تخصیص منابع آبی ضمن صرفه‌جویی چشم‌گیر در آب مصرفی، محصول تولیدی به‌ازای آب مصرفی و هم‌چنین سود اقتصادی نیز بسته به جواب انتخابی می­تواند افزایش یابد.

افزایش جمعیت و در نتیجه آن افزایش بهره‌برداری بی‌رویه از منابع آب زیرزمینی نه‌تنها باعث کاهش کمیت بلکه سبب تخریب کیفیت این منابع ارزشمند شده ‌‌است. لذا ضرورت مطالعه و بررسی کیفیت آب‌های زیر‌زمینی می‌تواند به مدیریت صحیح استفاده از این منابع آبی کمک نماید. لذا هدف از این مطالعه، تعیین مهم‌ترین متغیر‌های کیفی آب زیر‌زمینی با استفاده از آنالیز مؤلفه‌های اصلی و سپس، بررسی عملکرد سه مدل کریجینگ ساده، جهانی و معمولی در درون‌یابی مهم‌ترین متغیر‌های کیفی تعیین‌شده در دشت بم می‌باشد. بدین منظور از60 حلقه چاه موجود، 40 حلقه چاه به‌صورت تصادفی و با پراکنش مناسب در منطقه موردمطالعه به‌عنوان چاه آموزشی و مابقی چاه‌ها برای آزمایش مدل‌ها استفاده شد. نتایج آزمون مؤلفه‌های اصلی نشان داد که دو متغیر EC و TDS به‌عنوان متغیر‌های اصلی، بیش‌ترین تغییرات واریانس موجود در سایر متغیر‌ها کیفی آب را توجیه می‌کنند. نتایج درون‌یابی براساس این دو پارامتر نشان داد که روش کریجینگ معمولی و جهانی در تخمین شوری در مرحله‌ی آموزش دارای عملکرد نسبتا مشابهی می‌باشند، اما در مرحله آزمایش، در روش KO ضرایب RMSE و MAE به‌ترتیب برابر 24/422 و 35/153 میکروزیمنس بر سانتی‌متر بوده که به‌ترتیب دارای اختلاف 22/1 و 52/0 میکروزیمنس بر سانتی‌متر کم‌تر از روش KU می‌باشد و در نتیجه بهتر از کریجینگ جهانی است. در درون‌یابی متغیر TDS روش کریجینگ معمولی در هر دو مرحله‌ی آموزش و آزمایش بهترین عملکرد را نسبت به دو روش دیگر داشته است. هم‌چنین نتایج درون‌یابی براساس این دو متغیر نشان داد که میزان شوری در قسمت شمال و شمال شرقی دشت در دو روش کریجنگ معمولی و جهانی بیش‌تر از سایر نقاط بوده، که با تغییرات کاربری اراضی منطقه انطباق مناسبی داشته است.