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This analysis examines the impact of new stadiums on consumer demand for sports spectatorship in the four major US‐based professional sports leagues. Estimates from difference‐in‐differences event studies identify a transitory attendance shock from new venues that diminishes to pre‐stadium‐treatment levels within a decade. The updated estimates confirm the existence of the novelty effect in modern facilities and identify subtle differences in magnitude, certainty, and duration across leagues. Revenue estimates indicate that the substantial financial returns from constructing new stadiums likely incentivize the premature replacement of host venues when combined with typical public subsidy levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Firm‐level sales are often used as a proxy for productivity to quantify welfare gains from trade (GFT) using firm‐level data. This approach ignores the fact that heterogeneity in firm‐level sales is driven by factors other than productivity. Our theoretical and empirical analysis reveals that using sales as a proxy conflates persistent productivity with transitory demand and supply shocks, resulting in an over‐dispersed productivity distribution. Assigning this shock‐inflated productivity to a modeled economy's supply‐side results in overestimated GFT. We show how to obtain unbiased productivity estimates, aggregate trade elasticities, and GFT estimates by exploiting the revenue production function from a single‐source country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: While much of the literature testing for shirking by professional athletes have used performance metrics, some works have quantified shirking in dollar terms by comparing salary to estimated marginal revenue product (MRP). However, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) approaches to measuring shirking by comparing salary to MRP have an endogeneity problem, as salary and contract length are determined simultaneously. We test for shirking in Major League Baseball (MLB) using an MRP approach, addressing this potential endogeneity. Design/methodology/approach: This paper uses instrumental variables regression to address potential endogeneity using MLB season-level player and team data from 2010 to 2017. Findings: Using OLS regression, the impact of an additional year of guaranteed contract on shirking is estimated at approximately $1m in 2010 US dollars, and the impact of having a long-term contract is estimated at $5m, estimates comparable to those in the literature. Using instrumental variables regression, these impacts increase to $1.6m and over $9m in 2010 dollars. Practical implications: Given large, causal shirking estimates, profit maximizing sports organizations should take caution when negotiating long-term contracts. These findings also have important implications for other labor market settings where workers feel job security. Originality/value: To our knowledge, this is the first work testing for shirking in sports using an MRP approach which uses instrumental variables regression to address potential endogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos de Finanças Públicas is the property of Escola de Administracao Fazendaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research on cybercrime-as-service markets has increased substantially over the last decade, particularly the use of so-called booter and stresser services that enable individuals to engage in high volume denial of service attacks against websites and servers. There is far less research considering the revenues vendors may generate from running these services, calling to question whether the economic gains from this form of crime are greater than the potential risk of arrest or legal sanctions. This analysis attempted to estimate the revenues of 42 booter and stresser services in operation after a series of arrests and takedowns by law enforcement. The models presented were based on the visible characteristics of vendor services, attack volume and customer detail. Three pricing tiers were developed using different potential distributions for booter/stressor markets and find that their potential revenues are of such a magnitude that they may be viewed as an incentive for individuals to enter the market and persist despite the risk of formal sanctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides panel data estimations of the tax revenue determinants in VG (Visegrad Group) countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia) for the period 1994–2023. The aim of this research was to determine how the macroeconomic determinants affect the tax revenues in the selected countries. Within the static models, the Hausman test showed that the FE (fixed effects) model is appropriate and reflects the significant effects of the gross domestic product, population, inflation, unemployment, import, government revenue, government expenditure, and EU enlargement on the tax revenue. The PMG (Pooled Mean Group) model is an adequate model among the dynamic models and manifests the significant effect of the lagged value of the tax revenue. In the short term, growth of the gross domestic product and population by 1% causes higher changes in the tax revenue of 0.14% and 2.93%. Likewise, growth of the inflation rate by 1% decreases the tax revenue by 0.037%, which is higher than in the long term. Further, the results show that EU enlargement is significant for tax revenue in the short term, as well as in the long term. In the long term, unemployment has a greater significant effect on tax revenue, where 1% growth decreases the tax revenue by 0.15%. In contrast, government revenue is significant for tax revenue only in the long term, where 1% growth increases the tax revenue by 0.77%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate profit shifting to tax havens negatively impacts corporate tax revenue, particularly in low‐income countries. Two studies published in 2016 and 2018 have proven this correlation using data from 2013. In this paper, I use the 2021 version of the UNU‐WIDER Government Revenue Dataset (GRD) to estimate government revenue losses in 2019 and to observe possible changes associated with the release of the new dataset. My estimations indicate that global tax revenue losses in 2019 are around USD 480 billion if estimated using statutory tax rates, compared to USD 500 billion in 2013. The volume of tax revenue losses in 2019 increases to USD 600 billion if estimated using effective tax rates. In terms of GDP percentage, my estimations confirm the presence of a higher share of losses in low‐income, and more generally, in non‐OECD countries, and they show a higher intensity of tax avoidance practices in those countries. The results also suggest that the total level of tax revenue losses has plateaued, with no increase in losses occurring since 2013 if estimated using statutory tax rates, while an increasing trend is visible for estimates using effective tax rates, although not with the same magnitudes with respect to others recent studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Professional Pest Management Industry (PPMI) dates back over a century in the United States. Stakeholder calls for economic studies of the PPMI include, in the 1980s, the National Research Council, although there has been little to no progress on that topic. US Census and Bureau of Labor Statistics data indicate that revenue and employment for the PPMI in Georgia increased 117% from 1997 to 2021. We determined the revenue, employment, and economic contributions for the PPMI in Georgia, United States, using 2 methodologies applied to IMPLAN: primary survey data in combination with an open records request and publicly available Federal Economic data. Estimates of average revenue for the Georgia PPMI in 2021 were $833–$988 million, using the survey/open records and publicly available data, respectively. We utilized an economic modeling program, IMPLAN, to estimate the economic contributions by the Georgia PPMI in 2021 to be between $1.7 and $2.0 billion, with 13,000–14,000 jobs for the 2 respective data sets. We describe the methods and provide tutorials for other states or national organizations to follow to generate justifiable, comparable economic information on the PPMI. In addition, we discuss the unique position of the PPMI as heavily regulated by State Departments of Agriculture to advocate for including the PPMI economic values when reporting agricultural economic contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Like many developing countries, Colombia faces difficulties in financing health-care services as well as programs for health promotion and health education and there is evidence that its health-care system is underperforming. Objective: To provide evidence-based estimates of potential funding levels and assess the strengths, weaknesses, and viability of innovative funding mechanisms with a focus on treating rare diseases in Colombia. Methods: The strategy involved evidence-based projections of potential funding levels and a qualitative viability assessment using an expert panel. Results: Crowdfunding, corporate donation, and social impact bonds (SIBs) were deemed to be the most viable of numerous potential strategies. Expected funding levels over 10 years for rare diseases in Colombia from crowdfunding, corporate donations, and SIBs were roughly $7,200, $23,000, and $12,400, respectively. Conclusions: Based on the combination of projected funding potential along with expert consensus regarding viability and operability, crowdfunding, corporate donations, and SIBs, especially in combination, have the potential to substantially improve funding for vulnerable patient populations in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study intends to shed light on how adherence to international public sector accounting standards (IPSAS) 23 can enhance the efficient utilization of tax revenues in Ekiti State. In this study, a survey design was employed. Questionnaires were distributed directly to the specified participants, who were the Revenue Officers of Ekiti State Internal Revenue Service (EKSIRS). The entire population comprised 428 revenue officers, and we chose to use a census sampling method, which encompasses the entire population at 100%. Out of all the questionnaires distributed, 311 were returned with completed responses. The collected data was subsequently analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The results analysis found that the collective impact of IPSAS 23 regulations, including revenue recognition, revenue presentation and disclosure, and revenue measurement, is a reliable predictor of tax revenue redemption by the Ekiti State Government. In essence, the implementation of these IPSAS 23 regulations significantly contributes to the redemption of tax revenues, signifying their importance in enhancing financial transparency and efficiency within the government's fiscal operations. It was concluded that revenue recognition emerges as a prominent contributor to tax revenue redemption, emphasizing the importance of accurate revenue recognition. This study then recommends that the Ekiti State Government should prioritize enhancing revenue recognition practices. This can be achieved through training and capacity-building for relevant staff to ensure accurate and timely recognition of revenue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to identify and empirically analyze the impact of direct tax and indirect tax revenues on economic growth in the transition countries of Southeast Europe, based on panel data for the period 2005-2019. Factors that are included in the study as independent variables are direct tax and indirect tax revenues. In contrast, the dependent variable is defined as the annual GDP growth in percentage, an indicator of economic growth. The econometric approach is OLS regression analysis, random effects regression, and fixed effects regression. The model's reliability has been tested by applying diagnostic tests, such as autocorrelation, normal distribution, and heteroscedasticity. Moreover, the result of the Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian multiplier and Hausman test suggests that the adequate model is a regression with fixed effects. Therefore, the findings with a regression with fixed effects confirm that the revenues from indirect taxes resulted in a positive and statistically significant effect. In contrast, direct tax revenues did not significantly affect economic growth but resulted in a positive sign. The analysis through the econometric model enabled the achievement of the aims set in this paper and the achievement of the final goal, providing observed evidence that the role of tax policy is crucial to encouraging economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Investigación en Ciencias Económicas (REICE) is the property of REICE: Revista Electronica de Investigacion en Ciencias Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the conditions of the modern global economy, tax policy is a direct tool of management that influences the economic development of the country. This paper dwells on the assessment of the interconnection between tax policy and economic development of the Kyrgyz Republic. The paper considers the issue of adapting the country’s tax policy to the conditions of the world economy, as well as to domestic needs and possibilities. This research focuses on the specific features of Kyrgyzstan's tax system, including the structure and recent changes in the legislation and their influence on fiscal policy and economic indicators. The authors emphasize that to achieve sustainable economic growth and raise the population’s well-being, it is important to create a tax system that would adequately react to the changes in the world economy. This paper contains a detailed analysis of macroeconomic factors and key economic indicators that is aimed at determining the current trends and potential opportunities for the optimisation of the tax burden. Special attention is paid to the development of tax tools that facilitate the formation of a favourable environment for sustainable economic development and prosperity of the national economy. This research is a complete overview of the tax system of the Kyrgyz Republic, with an analysis of the recent changes in the context of their impact on fiscal policy and economic indicators. Summing up, this paper distinguishes the strategic significance of effective tax policy for the stimulation of sustainable economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to research on the institutional determinants of tax capacity using annual data from 39 sub-Saharan African countries from 1985 to 2018 to construct a measure of tax capacity for each country based on the trend component of the ratio of actual to potential tax revenue. Potential revenue is estimated by a parsimonious tax performance specification, including only variables found to be robust determinants of the tax/GDP ratio. The results show that, on average, tax capacity is high (given potential) and has improved over time (especially for low-income countries). The final stage of analysis selects, from a wide variety of economic and institutional variables, the most important determinants of cross-country variation in tax capacity. Equal distribution of resources is the most important institutional factor associated with greater capacity, consistent with perceptions of equity supporting the fiscal bargain; corruption is associated with lower capacity, consistent with undermining trust in government. Private consumption and resource rents are associated with greater capacity. Other institutional factors are indirectly associated with greater capacity, such as accountability and elements of democracy associated with equity in the allocation and use of public resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining royalties provide a volatile source of revenue for state governments in Australia. We explore the effects of changes in royalty revenue received by a state government on current‐year budget decisions about expenditure, tax revenue and the budget surplus. The literature postulates different models for how lower‐level government budget decisions respond to a revenue windfall from a higher level of government. Empirical evidence on these models over 1998–2019 provides strong evidence that over a half of a royalty windfall becomes a change in budget expenditure. Estimates of changes to tax revenues and the surplus are not definitive nor robust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ingeniería Solidaria is the property of Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this longitudinal analysis was to estimate funding loss in terms of tax revenue to the New Zealand (NZ) government from disease and injury among working age adults. Linked national health and tax data sets of the usually resident population between 2006 and 2016 were used to model 40 disease states simultaneously in a fixed-effects regression analysis to estimate population-level tax loss from disease and injury. To estimate tax revenue loss to the NZ government, we modeled a counterfactual scenario where all disease/injury was cause deleted. The estimated tax paid by all 25- to 64-year-olds in the eligible NZ population was $15 773 million (m) per annum (US dollar 2021), or $16 446 m for a counterfactual as though no one had any disease disease-related income loss (a 4.3% or $672.9 m increase in tax revenue per annum). The disease that—if it had no impact on income—generated the greatest impact was mental illness, contributing 34.7% ($233.3 m) of all disease-related tax loss, followed by cardiovascular (14.7%, $99.0 m) and endocrine (10.2%, $68.8 m). Tax revenue gains after deleting all disease/injury increased up to 65 years of age, with the largest contributor occurring among 60- to 64-year-olds ($131.7 m). Varied results were also observed among different ethnicities and differing levels of deprivation. This study finds considerable variation by disease on worker productivity and therefore tax revenue in this high-income country. These findings strengthen the economic and government case for prevention, particularly the prevention of mental health conditions and cardiovascular disease. • Maintaining a healthy society is an important determinant of national economic status, with the health of the working population determining a substantial proportion of tax revenue. • In a scenario of no disease or injury in New Zealand among working age adults, we estimate that tax revenue gains may increase by 4.3% or US $672 9 million. • This modeling provides support for health policies that prioritize preventive interventions to reduce disease burden, particularly from mental health and cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper attempted to assess the tax compliance behavior of taxpayers in Ethiopia. The objectives were specifically to identify determinants and challenges of tax compliance behavior of taxpayers in Ethiopia. Taxes are the most important sources of the government that make it possible to finance infrastructure, investment, and the provision of services for citizens. Tax compliance involves being aware and complying with tax laws and regulations set by the government and tax authorities. Tax non-compliance is an unwillingness in obeying tax laws and regulations. Tax non-compliance has been a challenge to the government and tax authorities in collecting as much tax as required for the nation. Failure to comply with tax prevents adequate revenue collection of the state. The major challenges of tax compliance in Ethiopia are the complexity of the tax system, inefficiency of tax authorities, lack of tax knowledge and awareness, negative perception of taxpayers, a negative act of tax assessors, absence of tax training, lack of transparency of tax system, arbitrary estimation of taxes, personal financial constraints, political instability and lack of timely tax audit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyse possible forms of taxation in the financial sector and, based on financial institutions' data, estimate the potential contribution to the state revenue of the Czech Republic, if the tax is levied on the banks' assets with the progression tax rate. The exponential smoothing methods were used to predict banks' assets for the following five years. Actual data from the MagnusWeb database and annual reports for Czech banks from 2008 until 2021 were used. This article estimates tax revenues for the Czech Republic by using the parameters of bank tax proposed by several political parties and comparing the results with the latest windfall tax proposal. Based on the results, the bank tax would represent the additional revenue of CZK 23.4-28.7 bn (0.34-0.39% of GDP) each year for the following five years, with an increasing trend for the basic scenario. The proposed windfall tax should represent the additional tax revenue of CZK 33 bn for 2023 with decreasing trend, as the tax should be temporary and levied only on excessive profits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The competitive facility location problem arises when businesses plan to enter a new market or expand their presence. We introduce a Bayesian spatial interaction model which provides probabilistic estimates on location-specific revenues and then formulate a mathematical framework to simultaneously identify the location and design of new facilities that maximise revenue. To solve the allocation optimisation problem, we develop a hierarchical search algorithm and associated sampling techniques that explore geographic regions of varying spatial resolution. We demonstrate the approach by producing optimal facility locations and corresponding designs for two large-scale applications in the supermarket and pub sectors of Greater London. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the effect of taxpayer awareness, public service accountability and tax sanctions on motor vehicle taxpayer compliance. The data used is primary data obtained by distributing questionnaires to motor vehicle taxpayers in SAMSAT Gorontalo City. The determination of samples in this study used the slovin formula so that the number of samples in this study amounted to 139. Data analysis in this study used SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) analysis with the help of the AMOS program. The results showed that 1) Taxpayer awareness has a significant effect on motor vehicle taxpayer compliance, 2) Public service accountability has an insignificant effect on motor vehicle taxpayer compliance, 3) Tax Sanctions have no significant effect on motor vehicle taxpayer compliance, 4) Taxpayer awareness, public service accountability, and tax sanctions simultaneously affect motor vehicle taxpayer compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have established the creation of new forms of taxation in Medieval Bologna, the increase of tax revenue between the 13th and 14th centuries, and the contemporary aggravation of economic inequalities. Based on my doctoral research on the relations between fiscal policies and political inequalities at the end of the 14th century, this research paper describes the building of a database of all known contributions in Bologna in the 14th century and highlights what such a tool can offer. The first objective of the database is to present the progression and social distribution of taxation in 14th century Bologna. The other main aim is to gather all the pertinent documentation on taxation, which is still scattered in several series. These registers are not always linked, and some simply bear indirect traces of the subject of interest, but they represent an initial approach to the documentary links around which taxation was organized, to the various practices of the officers, and the several functions of public taxation, beyond its mere fiscal dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Usually, tax shields are determined like a perpetuity, through Modigliani-Miller or Miller expressions. These are based on classic tax systems, like United States. For this, a valuation model that captures the value of the firms and tax shields' contingent nature is proposed, supposes continuity - liquidation scenarios, for different tax systems. Next, with a basis in OCDE and Latin America countries are compared firma value, tax shields and taxation. Later, for integrated systems, the contingent model on different tax shields estimation model is applied. It is concluded the importance of adjust the tax shield to existing tax systems and the uses of valuation contingent models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data for Italy, I show that cash thresholds that forbid the use of cash for big transactions are effective tools to reduce cash income and cash circulation. Less cash income, in turn, hinders tax evasion. I present an estimate of the increase in tax revenue implied by the empirically estimated reduction of cash income determined by the thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine whether public financial statement information is incrementally useful in forecasting confidential taxable income. More precise firm-level taxable income forecasts can improve policymakers' modeling of the tax system and the analysis of proposed changes in corporate tax law, while more accurate macro-level forecasts of corporate taxable income can improve estimates of corporate tax revenues, a significant component of the federal budget. We find the addition of financial statement information improves firm- and industry-level estimates of future taxable income by primarily providing more timely information, but also through accruals. Our results suggest that macroeconomic forecasts of taxable income may be further improved by the aggregation of firm-level forecasts that are generated using financial statement information. Importantly, our results are driven primarily by tax information in financial statements. We also contribute to the research on the information content of financial statement information for forecasting economic activity. JEL Classifications: M41; M48; H25. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of how much of the potential tax revenue is actually obtained remains very critical in Ghana's efforts to improve domestic revenue mobilization. This paper computes and examines tax gap and compliance burden among micro and small businesses which constitute more than 90% of Ghana's informal economy. Using data on 485 businesses in Ghana, the study finds that while some businesses underpay their taxes, surprisingly others actually pay more than expected. The average tax gap is computed to be about GHC 109.2 (US$19.2). Small businesses are associated with a higher tax gap of 24.9% compared to their micro counterparts. Moreover, we find that as compliance burden increases, the tax gap also increases, albeit significant variation in the effect of compliance burden on tax gap across regions and different tax handles. JEL Classification: H25, H26, H27, H32 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to estimate excise tax revenue elasticity and buoyancy for tobacco products and alcoholic beverages in Greece, for the period 2000–2020. To this end, we employ core and more extended error correction models. Overall, our empirical results do not confirm the appropriateness of the unity assumption. Policy measures seem to affect excise tax revenues in the long run mostly through the tax-to-base relation. In most cases, excise tax revenues seem to have a larger reaction to changes in the tax base in the short run, which could be associated with different asymmetric effects, in particular the crisis/adjustment and the COVID-19 lockdown effects. Our findings indicate several differences in excise tax revenue elasticity and buoyancy between the two product categories, suggesting that individual product categories should be examined separately for a more precise estimate of tax revenue sensitivity. This implication may assist policy makers to effectively design the related tax policies, especially during abnormal periods like the COVID-19 pandemic, and derive more accurate tax revenue forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of budgetary risks on the formation of revenues of budgets of territorial communities is investigated and a methodical approach to estimating the structure of revenues of budgets of territorial communities in the conditions of financial decentralization is developed. It is noted that today the introduction of the latest methods for optimizing the revenues of the budgets of territorial communities with permanent control over the level of budgetary risks becomes especially important. Mathematical forecasting of the probability of budget risks and its empirical measurement requires special attention. The main approaches of domestic and foreign scientists to forecasting the probability of budget risks with the help of economic and mathematical tools are considered. Its practical use, on the one hand, will ensure their permanent control, and on the other - will allow optimization of the revenues of the budgets of territorial communities. It is established that the existing methods are difficult to implement in domestic practice due to their significant mathematical calculation. Calculations were made using the postulates of portfolio theory, in particular the portfolio approach of J. Hicks, which allowed to form a rational structure of revenues of budgets of territorial communities in terms of general and special funds, as well as to identify ways to minimize budgetary risks to ensure optimal revenue structure without interbudgetary transfers in conditions of permanent crisis phenomena. This will allow local governments of territorial communities to increase the performance of their budgets. The latest tools of financial decisionmaking using J. Hicks' portfolio approach to the formation of the optimal structure of budget revenues of territorial communities without intergovernmental transfers, taking into account the level of budgetary risk, were obtained by applying the tools of economic and mathematical modeling. It is concluded that the latest tools for the formation of the optimal structure of budget revenues of territorial communities with permanent forecasting of the maximum possible level of their growth under the control of budget risks allow the development of ways to minimize, forming many scenarios for the optimal structure of future budget revenues and budget risk. It is established that the proposed toolkit allows to generate alternative financial solutions for local governments and assess the results and consequences of their possible adoption in determining strategic guidelines for the development of local community finances. It is proposed to further use the developed scientific and methodological approach to optimize the revenue structure of budgets of territorial communities in the context of various budgetary risks, which, of course, will allow local governments to make effective financial decisions in developing programs of socio-economic development of territorial communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is considerable diversity and variation in the land-based and agricultural income tax rates across the provinces in Pakistan. The annual land-based tax revenues from the cultivated land, including orchards, are estimated at Rs. 5 billion in Punjab, 2.5 billion in Sindh, one billion in KP, and less than half a billion in Balochistan. Based on the 2017-18 GDP estimates from crops, two sets of income tax revenues were estimated: one at the provincial rates and the other at the FBR tax rates for non-salaried persons. Tax revenues from crop income, at the current provincial rates, work out to Rs. 34 to 37 billion in Punjab, 7 to 8 billion in Sindh, 7 to 9 billion in KP, and 4 to 5 billion in Balochistan. Revenue estimates at the FBR rates are Rs. 112 to 134 billion in Punjab, 25 to 30 billion in Sindh, 9 to 10 billion in KP and 21 to 24 billion in Balochistan. These estimates are indicative of the revenue potential from taxation of crop incomes and need to be kept in perspective along with the cost of tax collection while designing policy instruments for taxing agricultural incomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in Law & Economics / Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

SUMMARY: The provision of non-audit services (NAS) to audit clients can generate knowledge spillovers that enhance auditors' judgments or self-review and self-interest threats that impair auditors' independence. Prior research finds mixed evidence of a relation between tax NAS and clients' (actual and potential) material GAAP violations in accounting for income taxes. As auditors are likely to avoid material GAAP violations, we re-examine this issue using a measure that reflects immaterial or within-GAAP estimation error in clients' income tax expense. We find that greater amounts of tax NAS are associated with greater income tax estimation error, consistent with tax NAS threating auditors' independence. The association is partially offset by auditor expertise and concentrated in engagements where auditors face both self-review and self-interest threats. Our findings inform the ongoing policy debate regarding whether accounting firms should provide tax NAS to their audit clients. Data Availability: Data are publicly available from the sources indicated in the text. JEL Classifications: M41; M44; M49. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has made a detrimental impact on various tourism subsectors. The financial consequences of this impact should be carefully evaluated to set benchmarks for industry recovery. This study assessed the financial impact of the pandemic on the tourism subsector of visitor attractions in China; 4222 A-grade visitor attractions accounting for over one-third of the national market were surveyed. Data triangulation was subsequently applied to undertake a comprehensive assessment of potential revenue loss. Triangulation was based upon the (1) lost revenue estimates made by tourist attractions' administrations, (2) reverse estimation of past macroeconomic data, and (3) expert opinion estimates. The assessment results demonstrated that A-grade visitor attractions in China may have lost up to 140 billion RMB (circa US$21 billion) due to COVID-19, with up to 65% of all losses incurred in the first quarter of 2020. The scale of revenue loss varied significantly depending on visitor attraction's grade, type, and location. Potential strategies for industry recovery are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tatabánya has been among the most successful Hungarian towns in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI), which now plays a determining role in its economy. Can already operating, foreign-owned firms, along with the attraction of new firms alleviate the negative economic consequences of the COVID pandemic? What other FDI-related policy options are available for the local government to handle the negative consequences of the crisis? This question is analysed based on publicly available information and interviews taken with representatives of the local government and industrial park. It shows that foreignowned firms already operating in various industries and coming from numerous countries played a stabilising role during the crisis, especially in the labour market and local tax revenues, mainly because of the large-scale and diverse local FDI. However, this article also shows that local FDI is loosely embedded and shows limited signs of upgrading, thus its positive impact on Hungarian-owned local firms is limited. Further, new FDI projects initiated by nonlocal players due to the increasingly limited manoeuvring room of local authorities are assumed to increase the vulnerability of the town's economy due to their one-sided specialisation and contribution to low levels of embeddedness and upgrading. In addition, they may have negative local environmental and infrastructural impacts. Thus, in handling the negative consequences of the crisis, local authorities cannot rely on attracting new projects, and those attracted by the central agencies have shortcomings from the point of view of handling the negative consequences of the crisis. Therefore, from the point of view of local authorities, a strategy aimed at increasing the embeddedness of FDI already present and fostering their upgrades may be fruitful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to find out the recording of local tax revenues and BPHTB taxes that were running at the Banjarmasin BPKPAD office in accordance with the internal control system and to build a web-based application program for recording local taxes and BPHTB taxes at the BPKPAD office (Financial Management Office for Regional Revenues and Assets). Banjarmasin. The framework for thinking (theoretical) in this study is to analyze ongoing tax records at a government office office, the Banjarmasin BPKPAD office, namely by analyzing the required information, the application program used and the flowchart of the document (flowchart). The findings and results of the research that the authors get are that at the Banjarmasin BPKPAD Office, the application of the regional tax and BPHTB tax recording system is available in the form of an application, namely Smartgov Revenue. However, the application they implement has many forms that must be filled out so that it takes longer to produce accurate data on the recording of Regional Taxes and BPHTB Taxes, and the weakness in the Smartgov Revenue application is that the data that has been entered cannot be printed or printed. Therefore, with the application program that the author made in this study, it is expected to be able to assist in producing reports on recording local taxes and BPHTB taxes effectively and efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economics & Environment / Ekonomia i Środowisko is the property of Fundacja Ekonomistow Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The knowledge of the relationship between tax revenue and the interplay of macroeconomic factors is necessary to maximize the gains of the proposed elimination of non-tariff barriers by the African Union. This study was carried out to investigate the impact of trade liberalization and six macroeconomic variables on tax revenue in Nigeria from 1981-2019, using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration and the Error Correction Model (ECM). The unrestricted error-correction model was specified in the study by modifying ARDL model. Total tax and domestic tax revenues were predicted by trade liberalization and most macroeconomic variables examined. A unit increase in trade liberalization triggered an increase of 3% in both total and domestic tax revenues when all other variables in the model were held constant. The results of ECM showed that short run and long run equilibrium were present in the system. The macroeconomic variables found to be predictors of both domestic and external tax revenues are share of petroleum and mining in GDP, foreign direct investment, share of agriculture in GDP, per capita income, exchange rate and inflation rate. These are therefore important to explain tax revenue in Nigeria. The key policy recommendation for improved and sustained tax revenue is to embark on comprehensive trade liberalization policies as well as regulate changes in macroeconomic variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]