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How does emigration affect tax preferences in migrant-sending countries? Experiencing public services in a high tax-capacity destination may reduce support for tax increases by throwing fiscal failure at home into stark relief (the socialization hypothesis). Alternatively, migrants' exclusion from certain public services may increase desire to fund these services in migrant origin countries (the exclusion hypothesis). We test these competing hypotheses with an online survey experiment in Mexico and explore variation in US healthcare access on fiscal policy preferences of migrant households. Migrant households, especially those with returned migrant members, are more supportive of taxation when tax revenue is earmarked for healthcare, a service to which many Mexican immigrants in the US lack access. It is migrants' exclusion from, rather than their socialization into, the fiscal contract in destination countries that influences fiscal policy preferences in their countries of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regressive taxation plays an increasingly important role in financing public programs, but prior studies have not fully explored the conditions under which citizens would support such financing strategies. This paper fills this gap by focusing on the United States, where sales taxes account for nearly one-third of state government revenue, and sales tax ballot measures have received majority support. I conducted an online survey experiment to examine two potential sources of public support for a sales tax increase: equal treatment beliefs (i.e., that all taxpayers should pay the same rate) and a lack of public awareness of the distributive consequences of sales taxes. I find that exposure to information about sales taxes' distributive consequences significantly reduced respondents' support for a sales tax increase, but that equal treatment beliefs had no significant effect on such support. Additional analyses suggest that other-regarding motivations are a plausible mechanism underlying the effects of information provision. These findings shed light on how misperceptions of tax burdens shape support for regressive taxation and have broad implications for how fairness beliefs influence tax policy preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of ecological civilization has put forward new requirements for the market-oriented reform of ecological products, and pricing is the most effective mechanism for marketization. This paper actively expands on the definition of ecological products and considers two game models to compare different consumption preferences and tax/subsidy policies. The results show that, under a static game, ecological products pose a disadvantage, which can lead to negative profits. In a dynamic game, an ecological firm can obtain higher profits by virtue of the positive externalities of its products. Changes in subsidies and taxes can achieve the expected effect of policies, which may reduce the price of ecological products and thus improve competitiveness. Meanwhile, we found that tax policy regulation plays a more significant role than a supporting subsidy, but the ecological degree effect may be the opposite under extreme conditions. This research provides theoretical guidance for promoting the use of ecological products for environmental improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The legal tools to avoid the potential disasters of climate change are already available, at least according to economists. Economists overwhelmingly prefer carbon pricing tools like carbon taxes and cap-and-trade programs to combat climate change and guide the energy transition. Carbon pricing is more cost effective at lowering carbon and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) than other legal options such as efficiency standards, renewable portfolio standards, subsidies, and tax credits and deductions. Unlike those other options, carbon pricing targets both the supply of and the demand for GHG-emittingproducts and services; moreover, it gives firms and consumers flexibility in how best to respond to the tax or the cap, whether by conserving more or switching to alternatives. For the most part, however, U.S. lawmakers have eschewed carbon pricing in favor of the less-effective and more-costly non-pricing alternatives. The preference is due in large part to concerns over the distributive implications of carbon pricing, namely that it would result in an unjust energy transition. Many scholars, policymakers, and environmental justice advocates worry that since carbon pricing by design raises energy prices, it will disproportionately burden the poor, who spend a greater share of their budget on energy. They also worry that carbon pricing will disproportionately benefit the rich, such as through capital tax su)aps or grandfathered emissions permits. Numerous recent economic studies have addressed the distributional implications ofpricing and non-pricing climate policy instruments, yet those studies haue received limited attention from legal scholars . Nor hat)e economists compared and contrasted the distribution of pricing with non-pricing policies. This Article therefore surveys those economic analyses to show that ajust transition is possible with carbon pricing. First, the United States currently relies on nonpricing policies that are themselves unjust: performance standards add costs that impose a disproportionate burden on the poor while subsidies and tax expenditures primarily benefit the rich. Carbon pricing can displace many of these laws and thereby eliminate their unjust impact. Second, the cost burden and regressivie of carbon pricing are overstated, so the impact on the poor will likely be much lower than commonly assumedand might even be progressive for the poorest households because of the indexing of government transfers. Third, the ways in which revenues raised from carbon pricing are recycled play an important role: lowering other distortionary taxes like those on capital while allocating some money for government transfer programs and lump-sum rebates to the poorest households can balance efficiency and equity. This Article therefore argues that concerns over a just transition should not be a barrier to implementing carbon pricing, which is the most efficient and effective means for lowering GHGs and thus avoiding the harms of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We document the positive effect of local gambling preferences on corporate tax avoidance using province‐level lottery sales data as a proxy for local gambling preferences. This result is robust to a battery of sensitivity tests. Furthermore, the positive effect of local gambling preferences on corporate tax avoidance is weaker (stronger) when firms face stronger (weaker) tax enforcement, have greater (less) institutional ownership, and followed by more (less) analysts. Last, we find that local gambling preferences influence corporate tax avoidance by shaping the risk attitudes of insiders (i.e. controlling shareholders and managers). Overall, we shed light on the real effect of local gambling preferences on corporate tax avoidance behaviour in emerging economies such as China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines the risk spillovers among the world’s top oil & gas firms, accounting for the role of environmental fiscal policies, economic policy uncertainty (EPU), and regulatory quality. We find evidence of high risk spillovers among the oil & gas firms, being more intense at the extreme market states. More highly capitalised firms are mostly net transmitters of spillovers across the different market states, but less so at the extreme market states. Net pair-wisely, the network analysis suggests that spillovers are trivial when the market is normal, but complex when it is bullish. Finally, the spillovers are driven by environmental tax and expenditures, EPU, and regulatory quality heterogeneously. These results have important implications for suitable investment decisions and policy-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax expenditure management is one of the tools for conducting responsible fiscal policy. Unlike direct expenditures, tax expenditures do not consume resources, but allow the achievement of certain social and economic goals. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis of the expediency of using the mechanism of tax expenditures to influence investment activities and the development of priority sectors of the economy. The object of this study was a sample of nine countries of the G-20 group, whose reports provided data on the share of tax expenditures related to investment support and stimulating the development of priority sectors of the economy. The practice of generating reports on tax expenditures is quite common in developed countries, but there are several limitations for cross-country comparison: national characteristics of fiscal elements, and the level of openness and transparency of data on tax expenditures. The scale of using tax expenditures is determined by the multidimensional average method; countries are rated according to the value of the integral indicator. The scale of tax breaks determines the position in the ranking. The effectiveness of using tax breaks is assessed through the coefficient of increase in investment and the coefficient of increase in industrial production. The assessment results show whether economic indicators are outpacing the growth rate of tax benefits and preferences. A study of panel data revealed the average degree of influence of the total amount of tax expenditures on the dynamics of capital investments. The allocation of a target group of tax expenditures related to investment support showed a weak degree of influence on the dynamics of capital investment volumes. The results obtained can be explained by the fact that the allocation of a target group of tax expenditures may not reflect the full range of tax benefits provided to support investments, which is due to the peculiarities of the system of accounting and assessment of tax expenditures in a particular country. In addition, the contribution of tax expenditures may be insignificant if direct forms of support prevail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kastamonu University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences Faculty / Kastamonu Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Kastamonu University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Empirically, the poor are more likely to support increases in the level of tax progressivity than the rich. Such income-stratified tax preferences can result from differences in preferences of what should be taxed as argued by previous literature. However, it may also result from income-stratified perceptions of what is taxed. This paper argues that the rich perceive higher levels of tax progressivity than the poor and that tax perceptions affect individuals' support for progressive taxation. Using data from an Austrian survey experiment, we test this argument in three steps: First, in line with past research, we show that individuals' income positions are connected to individuals' tax preferences as a self-interest rationale would predict. However, second, we show that this variation is mainly driven by income-stratified tax perceptions. Third, randomly informing a subset of the sample about actual tax rates, we find that changing tax perceptions causally affects support for redistributive taxation among those who initially overestimated the level of tax progressivity. Our results indicate that tax perceptions are relevant for forming tax preferences and suggest that individuals are more polarized in their perceptions of who pays how much taxes than in their support for who should pay how much tax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on examining the impact of the public sector, specifically the tax system and expenditure structure, on income inequality in CEE countries from 1998 to 2021. A panel data estimation technique is used to analyse this relationship. The findings of the research indicate that the tax systems in the CEE countries, characterised by limited progressivity and low shares of income taxes in total tax revenues, do not contribute effectively to reducing income inequality (shares of personal income tax, direct taxes and VAT are positively connected with GINI). In contrast, social and education spending are negatively associated with income inequality. These results suggest that expenditure policies have a stronger impact than tax measures in addressing income inequality in CEE countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to analyze the state of innovative development of the economy of Ukraine and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and to identify the problems of its provision in the conditions of martial law. The results of the study prove that factors of a military nature have an ambiguous effect on stimulating the innovative development of the country's economy. It has been established that economic evolution through innovation is a prerequisite for strengthening its competitiveness in countering modern challenges and threats. The results of the empirical study made it possible to find out that during the large-scale aggression of Russia on the territory of Ukraine in 2022, a decrease in the level of innovative economic development was also observed in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. It was established that in 2023, the countries of the analyzed group managed to increase the indicators of innovative activity of business entities and the parameters of the innovative development of the economy. Important problems in ensuring economic progress through innovative activity have been identified: (1) shortcomings of the legislation regulating the innovation sphere; (2) lack of formation of a unified innovation infrastructure; (3) significant tax burden; (4) lack of an effective system of taxation and provision of tax benefits and preferences; (5) lack of effective investment mechanisms in the field of innovation; (6) low level of technological capacity of production facilities; (7) imperfection of the education system; (8) low level of financing of research activities; (9) focus on the export of raw materials and dependence on high-tech imports. In order to ensure sustainable innovative development of the country's economy, it is necessary to create appropriate conditions for the development of innovative potential, activate the creation of cross-border innovation clusters, and strengthen the country's investment attractiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1960s many jurisdictions have sought to create financial service centres to attract mobile capital by using tax incentives. In June 1996 the G7 raised concerns about the distortionary effects of such tax preferences. In 1998 the OECD responded by creating the Harmful Tax Practices project aimed at identifying jurisdictions as tax havens and classifying tax preferences in other jurisdictions as harmful, with the aim of exerting pressure on those jurisdictions to amend or abolish the offending schemes. This article examines the OECD's process for assessing whether a tax preference is harmful or not. It notes that, the OECD's approach does not deal with harmful tax competition arising from the cumulative impact of a suite of tax preferences, harmful or not, aimed at attracting mobile capital. The need counter this form of harmful competition, in respect of jurisdictions where the establishment of a financial centre is based on multiple tax incentives, is briefly explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "Refundable Credits by Race/Hispanic Ethnicity, Income, and Filing Status," is a research project conducted by the US Department of the Treasury's Office of Tax Analysis. The study examines racial equity in the US individual income tax system by analyzing the distribution of tax credits based on race and ethnicity. The authors found that Hispanic and Black families were not consistently more likely than White families to benefit from the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and Child Tax Credit (CTC), and in some cases, Hispanic families were less likely to benefit. The study also revealed that average EITC and CTC benefits were generally higher for Hispanic families, but lower for middle- and upper-income Black and Asian families who were married with children. The study uses a method called Bayesian Improved Surname Geocoding to classify individuals by race and ethnicity based on their names and location, but it does not explore the reasons behind the differences in the distribution of tax credits or any potential inequities. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Izmir Journal of Economics is the property of Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Accounting & Financial Studies Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Previous economic literature finds that race diversity is associated with increased tax collection and expenditure per capita, but relative under-provision of important public goods and services. Using a panel data set covering Census "Places" of over 25k population 1980–2010, I verify this conclusion in a cross section for the 2010 US Census data. I then show that the measure of racial heterogeneity commonly used throughout the literature is endogenous over time due to omitted variables, and potential reverse causality or simultaneity. As a result, cross section and pooled results are likely to be biased. Using predicted race composition from national trends as an instrumental variable, I show that the relationship between changes in race heterogeneity and both tax and spending per capita is negative. This result suggests a potential reversal of the findings following of the influential paper by Alesina et al. (Q J Econ 114:1243–1284, 1999). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines two different fiscal competition games under labor market imperfections. Given that capital moves across regions and affects regional employment, governments must choose the expenditure level and tax rate on such mobile capital by accounting for the effects of fiscal variables on both capital and labor. Therefore, governments may play these games with either the tax rates on mobile capital or with public expenditures. The presence/absence of absentee ownership of capital and employment externalities are significant factors that characterize two distinct Nash equilibria, one that occurs with tax competition and the other with expenditure competition. Contrary to the existing literature, tax rates under tax competition are likely to be lower than those under expenditure competition owing to employment externalities. In some cases, governments prefer to choose government expenditure as their strategic variable rather than the tax rate. The presence of employment externalities motivates governments to use such expenditure as the variable through which it may strengthen strategic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, assessing the tax expenditures’ economic efficiency has grown in importance due to the increasing number of situations where stakeholders use tax benefits for personal enrichment. The problem is aggravated by the very nature of tax expenditures, which represent budget revenue losses. The expediency of tax expenditures can be proved by estimating their impact on economic growth. The paper aims to measure such impact using the case of the USA. Methodologically, the study relies on Barro’s conception of endogenous growth. The study applies econometric methods of analysis. The data for the study is taken from the Global Tax Expenditures Database (GTED), the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, and the U.S. Census Bureau for 1998–2022. The results indicate no correlation between the share of tax expenditures in a specific sphere in the total amount and their efficiency (the strength of the positive impact on GDP). For instance, the tax expenditures in commerce and housing have the greatest share (35.4 %), yet their impact is relatively weak compared to other categories of tax expenditures: 1 dollar of expenditures induces a 0.04 dollar increase in GDP. At the same time, tax expenditures in the social sphere with an insubstantial share of 2 % generate a 10 times higher return (a 0.49 dollar increase in GDP per 1 dollar of expenditures). Therefore, the structure of tax expenditures with an explicit social orientation appears to be the most preferable for the USA.

This study investigates the impact of state fiscal preemption on local governance structure. Specifically, it focuses on state-imposed tax and expenditure limits (TELs), which constrain local governments' ability to raise property tax revenues. Using a unique data set on millage rates levied by all local governments in Michigan from 2011 to 2017, the study examines how the state-imposed limitation on local property taxable values affects local taxing efforts. The findings show that the assessment limit results in higher taxing power by cities and special districts. It also indicates local residents' preferences to be drivers for the greater taxing efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant part of the revenue supplying municipal budgets in Poland comes from taxes that are subject to municipalities' constitutionally enshrined powers. This income is mainly generated by contributions connected with the right of property ownership, among others. Apart from a fiscal function, taxes may also stimulate specific processes. Positive stimulation within the scope of tax policy is mainly based on various types of tax preferences. They may be applied as a tool of tax policy which fulfils specific economic and social objectives. These issues have become particularly important during emergencies taking place in the state, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the migration crisis or the war in Ukraine. In the wake of the recent occurrence of such types of quasi-extraordinary measures, it is reasonable to ask a question about the need to adjust the legal limits of municipal tax powers in this regard. Concurrently, the necessity to maintain balance between support provided to specific categories of entities and the financial needs of municipalities may not escape notice. The Polish experience shows that as a consequence of emergencies, ad hoc solutions of a merely occasional nature have been introduced to the tax law system. Hence a thesis may be formulated according to which it is reasonable to approach this kind of phenomenon in a systemic way, which should be reflected in the introduction of standard and stable tools that could enable municipalities to undertake specific action. The purpose of this study is to verify this assumption, relying, most of all, on the experiences and needs that have emerged in Poland in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax law has never been a neutral field. On the contrary, it impacts a range of identity axes, including socioeconomic class, race, and gender, and can act as a mechanism for maintaining the status quo or as a catalyst for social change. By examining the ongoing debate on critical tax theory in the United States, Australia, and Brazil, this Article shows that, no matter the differences found in distinct tax systems, tax law functions as a mirror of a country’s values and can be employed either to support or to disadvantage minorities. American critical tax scholars have consistently highlighted the role of tax law in creating barriers to disadvantaged groups, whether with discriminatory intent or embedded in implicit biases. One example is recent data on how tax audits conducted by the IRS disproportionately impact Black Americans. With the growing findings in the field come several challenges still to be addressed, such as the need to provide guidance on policymaking. On the other hand, despite evolving at a slower pace, a careful look at critical tax scholarship in Australia and Brazil reveals a flourishing literature on the role of tax law in increasing inequality. Australian scholars have drawn particular attention to the gender gap, e.g., by evaluating the impact of tax expenditures on women. Brazilian scholars have explored the role of tax law in widening gender and racial inequalities, for example, by assessing regressive taxes, such as the VAT, through feminist and critical race lenses. This Article aims to contextualize the study of critical tax theory and expound on it from the viewpoints of American, Australian, and Brazilian scholars, looking closely at the concrete perspectives taken by them and challenges they might share today and in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax policymaking in China has created conditions for local governments to strategically leverage tax policies (e.g. tax preferences, tax collection and management efficiency, and fiscal subsidies) to have carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions peak before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060. By constructing an endogenous growth model with tax competition, capital mobility, technological innovation, and carbon emissions, this study investigates how tax competition is influencing firm-level behaviour and providing climate-relevant policy implications. It has theoretically demonstrated that this effect depends on technological innovation and operates through the capital mechanism. This finding is empirically confirmed in this analysis using a spatial panel threshold model with fixed effects designed to fit a balanced provincial panel dataset in China over the period 2005–2018. The main results are fourfold. First, provinces with similar carbon emissions intensity (CEI) tend to cluster spatially. That is, a province with a high CEI usually has neighbours with high CEIs. Second, a threshold effect is confirmed, revealing that higher tax collection and management efficiency (lower tax competition) decreases CEI if technological innovation is below the threshold value; otherwise, lower tax competition usually increases CEI. Third, capital mobility is a potential mechanism through which tax competition influences CEI. Specifically, provinces with a high level of technological innovation attract more knowledge- and technology-intensive firms and crowd out firms with low innovation capacities, potentially reducing local CEI. Finally, as indicated in our spatial heterogeneity analysis, the effect of higher tax competition decreasing CEI is only observed in the western region. These findings suggest the need for cross-provincial collaboration in developing taxation policies to ensure these policies help to advance the transition to a low-carbon economy and raise capital entry barriers for high-carbon emission projects in provinces with a low level of technological innovation. Cross-provincial taxation policies can be designed to encourage the transition to a low-carbon economy due to spatial agglomeration and heterogeneity of carbon emissions intensity (CEI). The focus of tax competition should be knowledge- and technology-intensive firms with a high level of technological innovation. Tax competition can be relaxed in China's provinces with a low level of technological innovation to reduce CEI; otherwise, it should be strengthened. The central government in China could usefully raise capital entry barriers for high-carbon emission projects in provinces with low levels of technological innovation and guide local governments to attract more projects with high returns and low carbon emissions to avoid a race to the bottom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of penal policy is "submerged," in the sense that Suzanne Mettler uses the term. There are networks of rules and regulations that link public funds, services, and institutions to various private interests with far reaching consequences. These networks are largely a stealth presence in the lives of citizens and their subterranean status, I argue, warps the wider politics of punishment. Resources are circulated along this network in such a way revenue is generated for some, costs cut for others, all in the shadow of public law. To the extent that this kind of redistribution lacks citizens' consent and approval, it also represents a potentially undemocratic development. Here, I show how the obscured visibility of these public–private connections distorts public attitudes about, and public support for, the US prison state. The final pages draw out the normative implications of that distortion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study offers several qualitative and mixed approaches to explore the challenges with the transition to a research-based economy in Kazakhstan. Some findings have been drawn from a doctoral study of science policymaking in Kazakhstan focusing on experts' involvement in agenda setting. According to the results of this study, despite the significant structural transformation and numerous economic development strategies, the economy of Kazakhstan remains dependent on extractive industries. It is mainly because the structure of the economy of Kazakhstan is more export-oriented than service-based. The macroeconomic situation is characterized by an unpredictable business environment. The findings of this research highlight that the business sector is not interested in R&D activities and relies most on accelerated foreign technologies. The Kazakh Government likely needs to facilitate specific subsidies and tax preferences for business enterprises involved in research and development activities. This kind of state support may encourage business representatives to invest more in scientific activities that could help the country move smoothly to a research-based economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines and analyzes six major changes enacted by the SECURE 2.0 Act of 2022 pertaining to plan participants in existing retirement plans. Those changes relate to: (1) increased contribution limits for 60-year-old employees, (2) longevity annuities, (3) charitable gift annuities, (4) long-term care insurance, (5) unused funds in section 529 college savings plans, and (6) emergency withdrawals. These provisions vary considerably in their connection to the principal purpose of employer-provided retirement plans—namely, to finance the retirement of affected employees. But they represent Congressional efforts to address some of the deficiencies in the present tax-subsidized matrix of employer-provided retirement savings plans and may appeal to affected plan participants. In this regard, they continue the pattern in recent years of using pension plans to accommodate an ever-widening array of social initiatives that are related only tangentially, if at all, to providing income when plan participants retire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The relationship between public expenditure and revenue that determines the budget balance in the explanation of budget deficits is very important. This study aimed to examine the association between public spending and income in Turkey. Methodology: This article applies the continuous wavelet transform method (CWT) to study the relationship between government revenues and expenditures in Turkey. The study, which covers the period 2006-2020, consists of monthly data. The following four CWT tools were used in the analysis: Wavelet Power Spectrum, Cross Wavelet Power, Wavelet Coherence, and Phase Difference. Results: The results of the study, controlling taxes rather than expenditures, play a key role in reducing fiscal deficits in Turkey in the short term. It is revealed that the dynamics of the budget balance in the medium term can be explained by the spend-tax hypothesis and that the tax burden can be alleviated by spending cuts. In the long term, results were obtained that support the spend-tax hypothesis. Conclusion: The paper reveals that taxes play an important role in controlling budget deficits in the short run. It turns out that the dynamics of the budget balance can be explained in the medium term by expenditure cuts and then the tax burden can be alleviated. In the long run, implementing fiscal policies based on public spending rather than taxation will be more effective against budget deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A neglected aspect of Australia's climate change policy is the role of income tax measures in protecting the environment and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Tax expenditures are used by governments to intervene in markets and influence the behaviour of particular taxpayers/industries. But they are difficult to identify and less transparent than program spending as they have no annual appropriation requirement. Target groups of tax concessions are less clearly defined, there is little government control over the costs of the expenditure, and they are not regularly reviewed. This article seeks to develop an evaluation framework for tax expenditures. Its principal aim is two-fold. First, it identifies some suitable income tax measures relating to environmental protection in Australia. Second, it conducts a preliminary analysis of these income tax measures and presents an overview of the theoretical considerations involved in their evaluation. Given the limitations of space, the evaluation presented here is synoptic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising wealth inequality and squeezed public budgets has brought wealth tax back into policy discussions. A net wealth tax might help to boost state revenue and reduce wealth inequality. Yet little is known about citizens' attitudes towards the design of a net wealth tax (i.e. the tax unit, exemption and rate). Using a novel multifactorial survey experiment, we examine citizens' endorsement of fundamental principles of taxation. Building on policy feedback theory, we examine if preferences differ in three policy arenas (USA, Germany and UK) and whether individuals' reasoning is dependent on self-interest. While a clear majority in all three countries generally endorses a wealth tax, our findings show that citizens care more about the amount exempted than the tax unit or rate. We do not identify a preference for any specific tax unit. Furthermore, tax preferences seem to be strikingly similar among citizens of all three countries. Yet we show that individuals are mostly concerned about not being personally affected by such a tax, which is reflected in their preference for substantial exemptions. We discuss our findings with regard to our understanding of wealth inequality, tax equity and the potential implications for policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the impact of institutional quality and fiscal policy represented by Country Policy Institutional Assessment indicators, Total government expenditure and tax. The study applied the Pooled OLS to the data sourced from World Development Indicators (WDI) and Country Policy Institutional Assessment (CPIA) for the period of 2005 to 2020. The study found that institutional quality is negative and significant to economic growth in Sub-Saharan African Countries. This implies that institutional quality is significant to economic growth but the values of the Country Policy Institutional Assessment indicators have been negatively significant from 2005 to 2020 in Sub-Saharan African Countries. This study also found fiscal policy to be positively significant to economic growth in Sub-Saharan African Countries. This implies that a unit increase in Total government expenditure will result in a 0.5289 to 1.5074 increase in Gross Domestic Product per Capita, while a unit increase in tax will result in a 0.3127 to 1.3088 increase in Gross Domestic Product per Capita. The study concludes that the state of institutional quality is crucial to the advancement of economic growth in Sub-Saharan African Countries as it would prevent corruption and the implementation of ineffective policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the effect of state charitable giving tax credits on the contribution revenues of eligible charities. Using event studies paired with Form 990 data, we detect no significant change in contributions to qualified nonprofits after the elimination of a $100 per taxpayer credit by Michigan. By contrast, we find a significant increase in contributions to qualified charities following the introduction of a $10,000 per taxpayer credit by North Dakota that persists for several years. The results suggest that placing a large cap on charitable giving tax credits induces stronger donor responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article explores the presence of populism in the field of law, specifically focusing on U.S. federal taxation. While discussions on populism typically revolve around politics, this Article highlights its occurrence in tax law. This includes the use of populist rhetoric in tax discussions as well as the inclusion of populistic code sections in the federal tax system, resulting in substantial tax expenditures that are often overlooked. These populistic elements go beyond the behavioral preferences or biases of political players. The problem with populism in tax law is multi-faceted. First, it oversimplifies the discussion, preventing a comprehensive understanding of the real issues and viable solutions. The complexities inherent in tax-related matters cannot be adequately addressed through populist statements alone; a more thorough analysis is required to find effective solutions. A detailed examination of this concern reveals a substantial body of evidence demonstrating how misconceptions shaped by populism influence voter preferences regarding tax policy. These misconceptions also impact politicians, leading to campaign promises and initiatives related to tax policies. Furthermore, interest groups can exploit this confusion to advance their agendas, which poses a significant risk. Overall, this Article argues that the presence of populism in tax law is problematic due to its oversimplification of complex issues, influence on voter preferences and political decisions, and susceptibility to manipulation by interest groups. This Article recommends incorporating a mandatory step in the legislative process to empower the committee responsible for discussing bills. This step would equip the committee with better tools to effectively perform their duties. Additionally, this Article recommends that the economic implications of proposed legislation be made publicly accessible. Further, this Article suggests the implementation of an additional review process after a fixed term and prioritization of discussions on tax policy around its primary objective: generating tax revenue. This shift in focus will result in more economically grounded, evidence-based, and efficient tax law discussions. In summary, these recommendations aim to improve the legislative process, encourage media scrutiny, and foster economically driven tax policy discussions while ensuring the temporary nature of certain tax measures unless they prove effective or gain broad bipartisan support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper analyzes the role that the climate change concern (CCCi) has on the willingness to accept an environmental tax. The author aims to grasp how individual general tax preferences can differ with respect to the specific (environmental) tax. He focuses attention to the Italian case since it has been argued that the potential acceptability of a carbon tax in Italy is relatively high, and this topic has been scarcely explored so far among Italian citizens (Rotaris and Danielis, 2019). Design/methodology/approach: The author conducted an online survey among 514 Italian economics students. Findings: The CCCi positively influences the environmental tax morale (ETMi). The general tax morale (TMi) positively affects the specific (environmental) TMi. The CCCi alters individual tax preferences. The author evidenced that also subjects with low TMi turned out to be willing to pay an environmental tax if aware of the environmental issues. Research limitations/implications: Although the author used a common methodology in this strand of research, he is aware that in an online survey individuals can be influenced by the self-reporting and hypothetical choice bias (see Swamy et al., 2001), that in turn can characterize their reported preferences. Moreover, even if economics university students are commonly used as a subject pool in experimental economics settings, and although several studies showed that the behavioral responses of students are largely the same as those of nonstudents in identical experiments (for a discussion see Alm, 2012; Choo et al., 2016), there is awareness that in this case, they are not taxpayers yet (Barabas and Jerit, 2010). Practical implications: The author's results remark the importance of increasing climate change awareness among people to let them be more willing to pay the environmental tax, for instance through investments in sensibilization campaigns on the importance of energy source usage and climate-related topic. Then, an increase in the general TMi leads to an increase in the specific (environmental) TMi. The author's evidence showed that people with high tax morale logically recognize the positive impact of paying an environmental tax when the CCCi increases, since the more the theme becomes important, the larger the willingness to pay the specific tax. For this reason, policymakers should carry on campaigns to increase the general level of TMi to increase the overall tax compliance level and the relative tax revenues, following the guidelines given by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2019) to support taxpayer education programs, such as including TMi research and analysis into education programs, improving the ease of paying taxes or strengthening revenue–expenditure links to build the social contract. Social implications: It should be paramount to increase awareness about environmental topics among people in general and among those who are relatively tax immoral. The author's results remark on the importance of targeting energy and environmental tax policies to groups rather than to individuals. According to this evidence, we support the use of nonmonetary tools to nudge people in the environmental transition by changing their behavior in energy use, for instance through the taxation on fuel and other nonrenewable energy resources. Originality/value: It is the first empirical study that analyzes the impact of CCCi on the environmental TMi in Italy, in particular controlling for the role of the general willingness to pay taxes (TMi). To obtain individual attitudes toward tax payment, most of the empirical studies in behavioral economics employ international surveys. For studies across citizens living in European countries, the European Social Survey (ESS) and European Values Study (EVS) represent the most used ones (see, for instance, Martinez-Vazquez and Torgler (2009) in Spain; Torgler and Werner (2005) in Germany; Nemore and Morone (2019) in Italy). However, these surveys do not allow to study the relationship between the environmental and general TMi across the same subject pool. In fact, despite the ESS (2016) provides individual responses about the willingness to pay an environmental tax, it does not provide information about the general individual attitude toward tax payment (this information is contained only in the ESS wave of 2004, hence referring to a different subject pool). On the contrary, each wave of the EVS (i.e. 2008, 2017) provides information about the general individual attitude toward tax payment, but this survey does not provide a question regarding the willingness to pay an environmental tax. Therefore, to obtain information about the willingness to pay both general and environmental taxes, across the same subject pool, it is needed to carry out a survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-pandemic, employer-sponsored health insurance (ESI) covered 175 million workers and their dependents, the equivalent of 49% of the country's total population. ESI, a valuable tax preference to employer and employee alike, spurred worker job dependence on employers resulting in access to healthcare dependent upon continued employment. With the advent of the pandemic and the dramatic increase in unemployment, the number of uninsured increased by more than 2.7 million people. Then, unemployment proliferated further by an unprecedented exit from the workforce dubbed the "Great Resignation." Over 47 million Americans voluntarily quit their jobs in a movement characterized as a general labor strike. The pandemic opened the floodgates to workers' concerns about COVID safety in the workplace, wage stagnation despite increases in the cost of living, enduring job dissatisfaction, and increased demand for a remote-working environment. Data shows that the unemployed shifted to the Affordable Care Act marketplace or to the public payer option, Medicaid, for coverage. This shift signals a change, post-pandemic, away from the destabilizing system of access to care based on employment and unwanted job dependence and provides a policy argument favoring the more stabilizing influence of public insurance options in the health insurance market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hitit Journal of Economics & Politics / Hitit Ekonomi ve Politika Dergisi is the property of Hitit Journal of Economics & Politics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Conventional wisdom suggests budget maneuvers threaten long‐term structural balance because they transfer resources from the future to the present by non‐transparent means. Budget maneuvers remain poorly understood in part because they are more difficult to observe than traditional tax and expenditure changes to remedy budget deficits. In this research, a taxonomy of budget maneuvers influenced by the recent work of the Volcker Alliance and other public budgeting scholars is used to create an original tally of maneuvers used by U.S. state governments during the Great Recession. Ten states implemented more than half of documented budget maneuver use during that era, while incidence of maneuver use for the remaining 40 states is largely limited to transfers of balances from cash funds. This supports NASBO's contention that maneuvers are not a primary budget‐balancing instrument for most states. This research then presents the postrecession trajectories of four states that relied heavily on maneuvers—California, Connecticut, Illinois, and Wisconsin. While California and Wisconsin largely curtailed the use of budget maneuvers after the Great Recession, Connecticut and Illinois continued to implement them as they remained mired in subsequent budget crises. Key Takeaways: This research presents a long‐run follow‐up of states that used budget maneuvers to manage budget deficits during the Great Recession using a qualitative approach to identify cases of maneuver use.Although maneuvers are rightfully criticized as a nontransparent means of borrowing, this activity is neither widespread nor strongly predicts a state's trajectory of expenditure growth after the end of a fiscal crisis.Most documented budget maneuver use during the Great Recession is limited to a small number of states: Ten states adopted more than half of all documented budget maneuvers, while most budget maneuver use among the remaining forty states was limited to cash fund transfers.Four states that heavily implemented budget maneuvers during the Great Recession followed divergent paths in the years afterwards. California implemented significant reforms to its budgetary institutions that appear to have improved its fiscal circumstances. Illinois and Connecticut continued to muddle through ongoing budget crises. Changes in the political control of Wisconsin resulted in shifts from maneuvers to budget cuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People value healthy ageing but may underinvest in health‐improving preventive care. This arises when they ignore the beneficial effects of healthy ageing on public health expenditures and hence on the tax burden of future generations. This health externality justifies public intervention. We build an overlapping generations model with a government subsidizing investment in health by the young generation and paying the health care costs of the old generation. We find that the welfare‐maximizing subsidy rate depends positively on the health externality and the size of health care costs, and negatively on the discount factor. The subsidy rate should therefore be high when prevention is cost‐effective and when the population is careless about the future. Moreover, the welfare‐maximizing subsidy rate is lower than the health‐maximizing rate but higher than the capital‐maximizing rate. This underlines the trade‐off for a policy maker between health and economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urgency of the climate crisis is such that it needs to inform most policy-making. It represents a major threat to human development. Yet while the existence of the crisis is generally acknowledged, this has not affected macro-economic policy even though the climate crisis has major effects on the accepted objectives of macro-economic policy, including growth and economic stability. The paper explores changes in macro-economic policy needed for sustainability which should become an intrinsic and overriding objective of policy. Implications of doing so are explored, including replacing the growth objective with green/sustainable growth, altering the measurement of GDP accordingly; greatly increasing the weight given to the well-being of future generations with implications for interest and investment rates; and reforming taxes and expenditures. Ballooning of debt is justified to support a rapid transition to a carbon-free economy. Among high-income countries, the growth objective should be questioned. Low income countries need green growth to attain reasonable living standards. Large-scale resource transfers to low income countries are essential to support green expenditures for mitigation and especially adaptation. High priorities are a change in the approach of the IMF and World Bank, and innovative financial mechanisms to support the required transfers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates two hypothetical budget-neutral reforms that shift resources from family tax expenditures to family cash transfers. We evaluate these reforms using a structural labor supply model based on the microsimulation EUROMOD model and EU-SILC data. We find that both reforms have an inequality-decreasing impact. However, when looking at labor supply responses for different household types, we show that the reforms have a non-negligible impact, especially for females in couple households. Additionally, we show that females in the middle of the income distribution in particular reduce labor supply in response to the reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main approach to promoting high-quality development lies in fostering self-reliance and self-improvement in science and technology, as well as enhancing the technological innovation capabilities of enterprises. In the new stage of moving from imitation to innovation, tax reduction plays an important role in promoting enterprise technological innovation. This article uses the data of A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2019 to explore the mechanism of how tax reduction exerts its core role in innovation. The findings indicate that tax cuts have a stimulating effect on firms' research and development (R&D) innovation. These results hold true even after accounting for tax evasion and R&D manipulation behaviors. The mechanism analysis reveals that the incentive effects of tax cuts are realized through financing, specialized divisions, and the creation of added value. Notably, the "financing effect" exhibits a path dependence among high-tech enterprises. Furthermore, in terms of tax preferential policies, the "R&D expenses plus deduction" policy demonstrates the most significant incentive effect, while the "15% tax rate preference" is less effective than initially anticipated. However, the combined effect of both policy types proves to be significant in promoting R&D innovation, thereby enhancing the impact of a single-policy approach. Nevertheless, a structural phenomenon regarding the incentive effect on the input and output sides is observed. Through empirical analysis, this paper not only presents fresh ideas for improving tax reduction policies and unleashing the potential of scientific and technological innovation, but also offers essential insights for facilitating technological catch-up and achieving high-quality economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Die Unternehmensbesteuerung (Ubg) is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study quantifies intergovernmental transfers' contemporaneous and lagged effects on local tax revenues of districts/municipalities in Indonesia. This study found that transfer as aggregate and unconditional transfers/ Dana Alokasi Umum have crowding-in effects on local tax revenues. Meanwhile, revenue sharing/ Dana Bagi Hasil and conditional transfers/ Dana Alokasi Khusus do not significantly affect the tax revenues of districts/municipalities. In addition, system-Generalized Method of Moments estimation results show that the contemporaneous effects of transfers are more prominent in magnitude than their lagged effects. It indicates that local tax enforcement due to transfers provides a larger portion than the local spending stimulus in determining local revenue increases. Our findings refute the negative stigma that emerged after implementing fiscal decentralization, particularly related to the disincentive effect of transfers on local government efforts to generate their revenues. Therefore, equitably endowing local governments with intergovernmental transfers will improve their accountability and build public trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyse the extent of cum-ex trading in European markets. We document that the abnormal trading activity around the dividend day of a stock can be attributed to cum-ex trading, in addition to existing tax clientele hypotheses. Cum-ex trading is positively associated with dividend yield, which is consistent with maximizing returns from this strategy. Based on abnormal trading volume, we estimate a substantial loss to treasuries due to illicit tax refunds of withholding tax on dividends. Our results are robust, controlling for confounding effects and investors' tax preference and heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]