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The article is devoted to the analysis of certain legislative initiatives aimed at improving criminal liability for criminal offences in the field of economic activity. The author notes that the events taking place in the State have an impact not only on the economic, political and social factors of its development, but also have a direct link with crime. It is noted that amendments and additions, criminalisation and decriminalisation of certain criminal offences are ongoing processes which take place in the Law of Ukraine on Criminal Liability. The main task of amending and supplementing any legal act is to improve it, to take into account the problems that arise when applying a particular provision by law enforcement and judicial authorities. However, not all proposals for improvement of the Criminal Code of Ukraine take into account the provisions of current legislation, international law or are aimed at eliminating gaps in law enforcement practice. It is noted that from 01 January 2023 to 13 August 2024, 208 amendments and additions were proposed to the Criminal Code of Ukraine, including those relating to criminal offences in the field of economic activity, including: the draft Law of Ukraine on Amendments to the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses and the Criminal Code of Ukraine on Improvement of Liability for Illegal Traffic of Excise Goods (reg. 9364 dated 08.06.2023), the draft Law on Amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses on establishment of criminal liability for inefficient use of budget funds in public procurement (reg. 10151 dated 13.10.2023), draft Law on amendments and additions to the Criminal Code of Ukraine (regarding the elimination of contradictions in the punishment of criminal offenses) (reg. 8235 dated 28.11.2022), draft of the Law on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts on Administrative and Criminal Liability for Violations Related to Payment Services (Reg. 6295 dated November 8, 2021). The author concludes that amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine should not be justified by political factors, but should be based on judicial practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of functions by a modern state in all spheres of life of society and individuals, a high level of social obligations, along with the main traditional tasks of maintaining defense capability and internal order, require a strong and stable financial system. Historical experience shows that payments made by the population to their state were not voluntary and consisted of mandatory, compulsory withdrawal of part of the payer's funds or property in favor of the state, which in turn contributed to the population's search for ways to avoid making these payments. The housing construction industry is one of the most risky sectors of the modern economy. According to Article 47 of the Constitution of Ukraine, everyone has the right to housing. The state shall create conditions under which every citizen will be able to build housing, purchase it as property or rent it. According to Article 47 of the Basic Law of Ukraine, the right to housing can be realized by building housing, purchasing it in ownership or renting it, and by citizens in need of social protection - by receiving social housing from the state or local governments free of charge or for a fee affordable to them in accordance with the law. Citizens in need of social protection are provided with housing by the state and local self-government bodies free of charge or for an affordable fee in accordance with the law. Citizens in need of social protection are provided with housing by the state and local governments free of charge or for an affordable fee in accordance with the law. The need for housing construction is growing every year and, as a result, more and more construction companies are entering the market. Today, when thousands of apartment buildings have been destroyed as a result of the hostilities, this need is even more urgent. Therefore, close attention to the activities of developers by the state often manifests itself in a rather drastic change of the so-called "rules of the game", including in the field of taxation. Given the growth in construction volumes and expansion of the real estate market, tax evasion in the field of housing construction can significantly undermine the state's financial resources, threaten budgetary sustainability and limit the government's ability to meet the housing needs of citizens. However, an effective fight against these offenses can contribute to the creation of a perfect tax system and increase financial discipline in the field of housing construction. The article examines the theoretical and legal aspects of criminal liability for criminal liability for tax evasion, fees (mandatory payments) in the field of housing construction, and the provisions of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and other legal acts. The article examines the theoretical and legal aspects of criminal liability for criminal liability for tax evasion, fees (mandatory payments) in the field of housing construction, the provisions of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and other legal acts. The author formulates requirements for improving legislation on tax evasion in the field of housing construction and the need to provide support for housing constr uction and settle tax issues in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the complex relationship between investment visas and tax residency within the context of increasing global mobility. As cross-border investments and the movement of high-net-worth individuals continue to grow, the process of determining tax residency has become more complicated and nuanced. The study investigates how countries use investment visa programs as strategic tools to attract capital, often by offering favorable tax regimes that blur traditional tax jurisdictional boundaries. While these programs are effective in drawing economic resources, they also raise ethical concerns and create opportunities for tax avoidance, thereby challenging the integrity of global tax systems. By analyzing current legal frameworks, the article seeks to clarify the complexities of tax residency in today's world. It addresses the challenges arising from the intersection of investment-driven immigration and tax law, emphasizing the difficulties in establishing clear tax obligations and residency status when individuals and their assets are dispersed across multiple juri sdictions. The ethical issues associated with these investment programs are also scrutinized, particularly the commercialization of citizenship and the risks of facilitating tax evasion. The article calls for a reevaluation of existing tax residency criteria, advocating for updates that reflect the realities of global mobility while ensuring legal certainty and fairness. Ultimately, the conclusions highlight the need for a more cohesive international framework to address the challenges and opportunities arising from the dynamic interplay between investment visas and tax residency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the current stage of the development of social relations, in particular tax relations, their proper legal regulation remains an urgent issue, which should objectively correspond to the level (degree) of their development and at the same time fully satisfy the needs and interests of not only the state, society, but also the citizen. Undoubtedly, tax relations, within which an administrative seizure is imposed on the property of a taxpayer, are not an exception, since during the implementation of material tax norms, which in general establish the right to apply an administrative seizure, its types: conditional, or a full, exhaustive list of grounds, specific procedures are also used, which in general can be combined into a separate tax process and are regulated precisely by procedural norms, which have a specific nature and are aimed at ensuring the procedures for fulfilling the tax obligation. Today, as in the vast majority of countries in the world, there are quite frequent cases of evasion of taxes, fees and mandatory payments in Ukraine, which is a manifestation of the lack of goodwill of citizens aimed at the proper fulfillment of their obligation to pay established by the Constitution of Ukraine taxes All this has its logical and natural consequence that the authorized state authorities (controlling bodies) get the right to use the provided legal means of tax debt repayment The article examines the issue of changing the established judicial practice in the issue of the wording of the concept of «rights dispute» when considering applications by the tax authority to confirm the validity of the taxpayer’s administrative property in a separate proceeding. The Supreme Court, as part of the judicial chamber for consideration of cases regarding taxes, fees and other mandatory payments of the Administrative Court of Cassation, departs from previous legal conclusions, according to which the appeal in the judicial procedure of the order to conduct a tax audit by the courts was considered a «dispute of law», and therefore they closed a separate proceeding at the request of the supervisory body. The consequences of such a change in judicial practice and options for exiting the newly created legal collapse are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the peculiarities of harmonizing legislative norms of financial and tax law within the framework of public legal regulation. It is established that the norms of financial and tax law shape the rules for managing the financial system and taxation, contributing to a balance between the state’s needs for financial resources and the preservation of economic stability for citizens and businesses. The demarcation of norms of financial and tax law by the subject of regulation is characterized, emphasizing the common method of legal regulation. It is determined that the norms of financial law regulate budgeting, financial planning, state debt, financial accounting, financial stability, and additional sources of funding. Norms of tax law cover tax rates, tax incentives, tax accounting and reporting, and combating tax evasion. It is noted that due to the common features and subject of legal regulation, conflicts arise between the norms of financial and tax law. It is established that the public legal regulation of conflicts between the norms of financial and tax law involves a systematic and organized process aimed at harmonizing legislative norms and resolving conflicts through the activities of the executive authorities of Ukraine. The competencies of central executive authorities that contribute to the harmonization of norms of financial and tax law are characterized. It is determined that the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the Ministry of Finance, the State Tax Service, the Ministry of Justice, and the National Bank of Ukraine play a key role in resolving conflicts and coordinating strategies in the financial and tax sectors. It is noted that central executive authorities coordinate and cooperate for systematic conflict management and the achievement of harmony in financial and tax legislation. The efficiency of harmonizing norms of financial and tax law is ensured by creating an Interdepartmental Committee, conducting consultations and discussions, as well as adopting and implementing harmonized subordinate legislative acts. Attention is drawn to the fact that the effectiveness of harmonizing norms of financial and tax law is determined by the efficiency of the procedure for developing harmonized subordinate legislative acts conducted by central executive authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiscal consolidation literature often neglects that there are economies characterized by sizable underground sectors, with their mechanisms of response to fiscal policy shocks. Therefore, reliable analyses of fiscal consolidation plans call for the decomposition of Gross Domestic Product in its regular and hidden components. We investigate fiscal consolidation effects in the context of tax evasion for the Italian economy. Results show that a temporary cut in public spending associated with a permanent drop in tax rate yet entails tax evasion reduction. The main underlying mechanism is the strong responsiveness of the underground sector, implying a reallocation of resources toward the regular sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main objective of this study is to analyse tax policies from a human rights perspective. Motivation: This study is inspired by the observation of crises that appeal to us, revive existing challenges, and lead us to re-evaluate public services. In connection with the causes and consequences of these contexts, this study formulates a new approach to taxation practices, connecting the design of tax policies with their capacity to contribute to the realisation of economic, social, and cultural human rights. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research was carried out following a methodology that includes a review of the relevant literature, the analysis of the work of international institutions in the field, and the examination of international and regional legal frameworks for the protection of human rights, in connection with states' obligations to provide adequate services. Main findings: Tax justice stands as a pillar to ensure that states, through the management of public resources, can fulfil their obligations in the mitigation of economic and social inequalities and in the funding of rights and public services. Practical implications/Managerial impact: The changes resulting from globalisation, transnational trade, offshoring of production and, among others, advances in digitalisation, make it necessary to analyse the validity of the foundations of our tax systems towards achieving the long-awaited tax justice. This study aims to contribute to the consolidation of the basis for this necessary connection between tax policies and human rights. Novelty/Contribution: This study argues that only those tax policies that integrate a human rights perspective can be considered optimal for achieving tax justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: How can tax policies serve as a tool to promote distributive tax justice? The purpose of this study is to discuss several policies that research shows are both feasible and effective in achieving distributive tax justice. Motivation: By many accounts, income and wealth inequality has grown significantly in many countries in recent years, violating many peoples' standards of "distributive tax justice". Exploring policies that research has shown are both feasible and effective in achieving distributive tax justice should provide useful guidance to governments. Design/Methodology/Approach: This paper reviews research on policies that have been suggested as options, examining both the feasibility that these policies may be enacted and the effectiveness of these policies if actually implemented. Main findings: This paper suggests policies that would increase the taxes paid by the rich, reduce tax evasion by the rich, and decrease the tax burdens by the gender, race, and ethnicity of taxpayers. Practical implications/Managerial impact: These policies all work through existing taxes, they are all administratively feasible and effective, none of these policies raises statutory marginal tax rates, these policies are all consistent with the standard "Broad Base, Low Rate" approach to tax reform, and variants of all of these policies apply worldwide. Novelty/Contribution: These suggested policies are novel among many other analyses because the policies here all emerge from a framework that emphasises feasibility and effectiveness in achieving distributive tax justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tax culture of a country consists of several factors to take into account. Tax evasion is a widespread problem in the world today. Ecuadorian Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) as a whole have a great impact on the country's economy and have a weight to consider. This is why it is important to measure the tax behavior of Ecuadorian SMEs. This paper aims to propose a neutrosophic model to measure the tax culture of SMEs in Ecuador. To do this, we base on a model designed from the Neutrosophic theory and HyperSoft Sets. Hypersoft Sets extend Soft Sets from a single parameter to multiple parameters. On the other hand, when it is hybridized with the Single-Valued Neutrosophic Sets theory allows the inclusion of indeterminacy in this model. The article illustrates the model with an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the recent adoption of the European Union (EU) FASTER directive, the EU intends to act against the practical hurdles for a proper taxation of cross-border income payments. At the same time, Germany is implementing the Act to Modernize the Relief from Withholding Tax and the Certification of Capital Gains Tax (ABzStEntModG) and with this, the Mitteilungsverfahren Kapitalertragsteuer auf Dividenden und Hinterlegungsscheine (MiKaDiv) reporting regulation, which aims at both the modernisation of withholding tax procedures and at anti-abuse measures, as a result of the experience with cum/cum and cum/ex tax fraud. Both regulations will have a significant impact on the processing of cross-border income payments by financial intermediaries. EU FASTER requires the implementation of new reporting regimes and will potentially change the way income payments are processed, and requires certain intermediaries to offer new services for tax relief or refund. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a Cournot duopoly with indirect tax evasion, this paper counter-intuitively shows that, in the presence of positive competitive wages, a higher indirect taxation may increase expected profits. This result is likely to occur if the market size (or alternatively, if the cost pressure exerted by wages) is adequately large and the detection probability is not too high, and it is equivalent irrespective of firms optimally choosing either the tax base to disclose to the tax authority or the amount of evasion tout-court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing rates of illicit behaviors, particularly financial crimes, e.g., bank fraud and tax evasion, adversely affect national economies. In such cases, using nondestructive methods, scientists must evaluate relevant documents carefully to preserve their value as evidence. When forensic laboratories analyze paper as evidence, they typically investigate its origin and date of manufacture. If a document's date is earlier than the earliest availability of the paper used in its creation, then this anachronism indicates that the document has been backdated. This study investigated weave marks and drainage marks for forensic purposes. Machine learning models for forensic document examination were developed and evaluated. The partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), support vector machine (SVM), and artificial neural network (ANN) classification models achieved F1-scores of 0.903, 0.952, and 0.931, respectively. In addition, to enhance model effectiveness and construct a robust model, variables were selected using the VIP scores generated by the PLS-DA model. As a result, the SoftMax classifier in the ANN model maintained its performance with an F1-score of 0.951 even with a 50% reduction in the number of input variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulation was and still is a way to hide the real will of the parties. This mechanism can, in most cases, have an illicit purpose consisting of defrauding creditors or heirs or even tax evasion, but it can also have a noble purpose. This institution has been known since antiquity, embodying the Roman legal genius. Romanian private law evolved as the needs of society imposed changes, the Romanians being a very, thorough people in terms of analyzing the aspects brought up in practice, an analysis that led to the perfection of the legal system. In ancient Roman law, numerous cases of simulating a reality were distinguished, among which the claim action granted to peregrines, adoption, in iure cesio and fictitious actions will be mentioned. In the Roman province Dacia, there was also the fiction of ius italicum, and in the Romanian Countries the institution of simulation appears in the "Legal Manual" of Andronache Donici, a concept taken over and supplemented by the Callimachus Code. The present study includes two parts, the first in which simulation applications and the evolution of this institution over time are presented, and the second part in which simulation is analyzed from the point of view of contemporary legislation and the implications arising from the simulation of certain acts. Emphasis is also placed on doctrinal solutions, following the case study on the current situation and resulting conclusions. Among the qualitative legal scientific research methods used in this study are the logical method, the comparative method and the historical method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the impact of the Common Reporting Standard (CRS) on cross-border tax evasion and avoidance practices. The authors use data from the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) to analyze the responses of deposit owners in tax havens affected by the CRS. The results show that the adoption of the CRS significantly reduced cross-border deposits held by non-resident households in tax havens. The article also explores the potential impact of the CRS on international investment flows and discusses the role of shell companies in hindering efforts to reduce tax evasion. However, the authors acknowledge limitations in the available data and suggest further research to improve policy analysis in these areas. [Extracted from the article]

When upstream suppliers are VAT-exempted, overclaiming by fictional invoices becomes easier. This paper examines the effect of the presumed input VAT deduction reform on VAT evasion among VAT-exempted transactions in China. In the reform, firms are required to claim the presumed input refund of VAT based on downstream sales volume instead of on purchasing cost recorded on self-issued purchased invoices. We find that the reform reduced firms' VAT evasion since taxpayers have little incentive to use spurious invoices. Furthermore, the reform demonstrated more pronounced policy effects when taxpayers are low in tax-compliance and local economy contains a higher share of tax-noncompliant firms with poor accounting records. Results survive a battery of robustness checks as well as treatment effect heterogeneity. The presumed input VAT method would be a complementary tax enforcement tool to avoid VAT evasion in low tax capacity and high-informality settings under the context of credit-invoice VAT collection system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the impact of occupational choices and tax evasion on the tax administration policy in a hierarchical tax model. The economy has two sectors, wage-earners and self-employment, with evasion only possible in the latter. Incorporating occupational decisions produces a smaller marginal tax rate and a larger budget for the IRS. However, the resources are still insufficient to audit all self-employed, resulting in distortions in occupational choices favoring self-employment. These distortions prevent production efficiency from achieving the optimum level, indicating that the Diamond-Mirrlees theorem is not applicable in this context. Finally, applying differential taxation represents a Pareto improvement, but it results in higher taxes for self-employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Professional Business Review (JPBReview) is the property of Open Access Publications LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Professional Business Review (JPBReview) is the property of Open Access Publications LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The UK Bribery Act (2010) and its failure to prevent the (FtP) model represent a novel approach to corporate accountability. This approach is gaining traction in other issue areas and jurisdictions as a mechanism to incentivise robust corporate compliance policies. Australia now has a comparable offence of Failure to Prevent Foreign Bribery and the model has also been applied to tax evasion and fraud in the UK. As such, the FtP model is developing into an important feature of the corporate accountability landscape. There have been suggestions that the FtP model should be expanded to address social and environmental harms resulting from transnational business practices and corporate liability for failure to prevent corruption is even being considered under international law, as part of an the effort to establish an International Anti-Corruption Court with jurisdiction over individuals and corporations. However, there remains limited empirical research documenting the actual impact of the FtP Bribery on corporate behaviour. This article remedies this gap in scholarship, providing novel insights by analysing for the first time the impact of the FtP bribery offence on publicly available annual reports. It establishes a foundation for further empirical research on the impact of the FtP model beyond reporting, to corporate practices and decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose:Motivation:Design/Methodology/Approach:Main findings:Practical implications/Managerial impact:Novelty/Contribution:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tax compliance behaviour of small business owners in order to propose strategies to improve tax compliance for this sector.Despite efforts introduced by revenue authorities to improve tax compliance, research demonstrates that small businesses still contribute a fair share to the state revenue gap. Therefore, understanding the tax compliance behaviour of small business owners is an important step towards improving compliance in this sector.The study employed semi-structured interviews to investigate the day-to-day, authentic tax compliance lived experiences of small business owners and tax practitioners in Gauteng, South Africa.Three important strategies emerged out of the interpretation of the findings. First, the government must make it easy for small businesses to comply. Second, the deterrence measures ought to be administered in a personalised and systematic manner. Thirdly, the government has a duty to make tax compliance appealing and socially acceptable to the majority of the small business owner community.The implementation of the three strategies may help improve the day-to-day experiences of small business owners regarding tax compliance, resulting in more voluntary compliance.The results of this study add to the body of knowledge in the area of small business taxation and illuminate opportunities for future research and debate on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fostering tax morale and reducing tax evasion is particularly challenging for the fragile democracies of Eastern Europe and post-Soviet Eurasia. This study investigates enforced and voluntary tax compliance motivations in Hungary, where democratic decline and a taxation policy shift towards deterrence measures occurred simultaneously. We compare the tax compliance motivations of citizens before and after a series of corruption scandals related to the tax authority. Our findings demonstrate that these scandals undermined trust in the tax authority and voluntary tax compliance. An important policy implication is that the tax regimes of fragile democracies should include measures to build trust in national tax authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution develops previous work analysing forms of misconduct by knowledge-intensive professional business services (P-KIBS) firms, globally located and client-interactive on all five continents. Here we focus on accountancy partnerships, having previously investigated management consultancies. In the former, the infractions range from condoning systematic cheating at accountancy examinations, to unchecked client accountancy estimates signed-off as satisfactory, to covering up inflated budgetary estimates, to advising clients on fraudulent practice, to advising on tax evasion, to acting complicitly in corrupt government practices, including engaging in 'state capture' by channelling internal state revenue into private holding bank accounts. Because the litany of misconduct is too enormous for encompassing in a single contribution and in the spirit of this task, the spotlight is only on a few cases that represent typical 'creative economy' companies contracted to 'Big 4' accountancy P-KIBS in relation to sustainability and social equity issues. For interpretation of data discovery, we utilize evolutionary 'pattern recognition' methodology set within a 'Thirdspace-assemblage' theoretical framework. As a test, we sketch the 'sustainability' complexities of the Pacific Gas & Electricity (PG&E) and Deloitte/Lloyds Register relationship. Among the 'creativity' studies reported are the PWC-Walt Disney, KPMG-Conviviality and their EY-KPMG-Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon scandals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digitalisation of public policy requires that the State uses citizens' personal data. Although researchers agree that data privacy is important, we know little about the conditions under which citizens approve of their personal data being used in different policy domains. This study relies on data from original surveys conducted in Switzerland to demonstrate that citizens' willingness to share their data with the State is low and varies across policy domains. Support for sharing is significantly higher when the data are used to prevent benefit fraud in social assistance or to improve health research than when they are used to fight tax evasion or to prevent crime and terrorism. Nevertheless, we also argue that the more citizens trust government and the more important they consider a policy issue to be, the more likely they are to share their data with the State officials in charge of the relevant policy. Previous use of apps also increases citizens' agreement for the policy-related use of their personal data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the relationship between stablecoin usage and tax evasion. We present a model that includes variables related to transactions such as intensity, frequency, environment on-chain (P2P) vs. off-chain (IntraVasp), and company characteristics such as age, sector, and size. Our model was empirically tested using a logistic regression based on data from the Brazilian Federal Revenue Service (Receita Federal do Brasil (RFB)) in 2021. This novel approach aims to understand the tax behaviours associated with stablecoin use in corporate financial practices. Our results indicate that the intensity, frequency, environment of transactions (specifically IntraVasp and P2P transactions), age, sector, and size are factors significantly associated with tax evasion behaviour. However, we found no evidence to suggest that firms engaging in only P2P transactions have a higher propensity for tax evasion than those engaging only in IntraVasp transactions. Our findings reveal that younger and medium-sized companies with intensive use of stablecoin, with high stablecoin transaction frequency, engaging in IntraVasp and P2P transactions, and belonging to the service sector are more likely to evade tax. Therefore, our research provides a detailed understanding of how digital financial practices with crypto assets (blockchain-based technology) intersect with corporate tax strategies, which can offer valuable insights for regulators, industry practitioners, and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Policy & Internet is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

High End Money Laundering (HEML) was first introduced as a concept in the UK in 2014 and has since been held up, along with Cash Based Money Laundering (CBML), as the UK's top money laundering risk (National Crime Agency (NCA), (2014). High End Money Laundering Strategy and Action Plan, accessed via: file (nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk), on 16/07/2023; HM Government, (2023). Economic Crime Plan 2, accessed via: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/economic-crime-plan-2023-to-2026, on 16/07/2023). Whilst most writing on CBML and HEML define these terms as relating to the nature of the original criminal proceeds (i.e., whether they were originally generated as cash or as electronic money) there is blurring and ambiguity in the terms (National Crime Agency (NCA), (2014). High End Money Laundering Strategy and Action Plan, accessed via: file (nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk), on 16/07/2023). People also talk about HEML and CBML methods, which do not necessarily relate to what form the original criminal proceeds were in (HM Government, (2023). Economic Crime Plan 2, accessed via: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/economic-crime-plan-2023-to-2026, on 16/07/2023). This definitional confusion is underpinned by a near total absence of empirical investigations of the phenomena. In this paper I use unique access to case level detail from 31 of His Majesty's Revenue and Customs' (HMRC) Fraud Investigation Service money laundering investigations, to explore the hypothesis that high-end vs. cash-based is a meaningful disaggregation. I find that what form the original criminal proceeds were generated in does meaningfully impact patterns of subsequent money laundering and is therefore conceptually useful. I also find co-occurrence between HEML methods and CBML methods and use of cash in cases where the original proceeds were electronic. However, I argue for more precise terminology, both to enhance our understanding of these phenomena and to increase our ability to identify interdiction opportunities. This paper is an original and unpublished extension of research originally conducted by (Matanky-Becker and Cockbain, Crime, Law and Social Change 77:405–429, 2021)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Majalat Monazaat Al-Aamal is the property of Majalat Monazaat Al-Aamal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we examine the relationship between open banking and tax evasion. As the open banking literature is still evolving, we try to systematically analyze the literature on conventional banking and tax evasion and then extend the discussion in the context of open banking. The popularity of open baking recently raises a question about its relationship with tax evasion. Digital banking and digital taxation contributed positively to mitigating tax evasion in the context of conventional banking. However, in open banking, the customers can decide to what extent they will share any transaction-related data with their bank, while they can also choose to complete direct transactions with third parties. This creates a new challenge in relation to the mitigation of tax evasion, which is the focus of this paper. Due to lack of granular empirical data, we conduct a systematic literature review and a bibliometric analysis to track the development of the relevant academic debates and identify the arguments that have been presented in relation to this topic. This approach is recognized as well suited for emerging topics in finance research, particularly when data are scarce, as evidenced by studies on COVID-19 and biodiversity. We find that the gaps of the current regulatory framework, at both the national and supranational level, have created challenges and uncertainties at multiple levels. Nonetheless, the findings of the study suggest future research directions and offer valuable guidelines for regulators in utilizing open banking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines whether qualitative disclosure in tax footnotes affects the market valuation of tax avoidance activities. We predict that more disclosures in tax footnotes mitigate investors' concerns over the agency risk of managers engaging in potentially illegal tax avoidance and improve the transparency of firm performance, thus increasing firm valuation. Consistent with the prediction, we find that the market valuation of tax avoidance increases when firms' tax footnotes disclose more qualitative information related to their tax avoidance activities. We provide several tests to show mechanisms underlying our main findings and mitigate concerns about alternative explanations. Overall, our study suggests that the tax-related disclosures in tax footnotes are useful for investors assessing the value of tax avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigaciones Regionales is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Ciencia Regional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study focuses on tax evasion within the framework of earmarking taxation, specifically focusing on the evasion of car ownership taxes. We utilize a unique and extensive micro-database that combines information on regular payments of the tax due, late payments following friendly warnings, and non-payment of vehicle ownership taxes, integrated with fiscal data, individual data, and municipal-level data. The empirical analysis examines individual, socio-economic, and institutional factors related to this issue. Drawing a rich dataset from the 2014 Tuscany car tax, we employ a multilevel logistic model for our empirical investigation. Our findings reveal that tax evasion poses an equity problem, as the inclination to evade vehicle ownership taxes is concentrated among specific demographic categories and types of vehicles. We also suggest that regional-level policies, such as friendly warnings, could be more effective if implemented with greater rigour. Lastly, our results indicate that reinforcing civic responsibility and enhancing institutional and political quality could prove particularly beneficial in enhancing tax compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper begins by contrasting the caricatures 'homo and femina economicus' with 'homo and femina realitus'. Against this backdrop, the paper considers three 'apparently falsified' empirical predictions of the standard expected utility model of individual decision-making concerning participation in fiscal crimes: that tax evasion and benefit fraud can be treated identically; fiscal crimes should be endemic; and that all individuals, depending on parameter values, should be either honest or dishonest. A utility function relating to decisions with a moral dimension is used to offer insight into the rationalization of the predictions and involves defining an individual's 'optimal honesty' in the context of fiscal crimes. The policy implications of the approach are briefly explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax collection has always been one of the main problems of governments for a long ago because companies evade paying taxes and deceive governments for several factors. Therefore, this paper identifies and prioritizes the effective factors in reducing tax evasion in the tax affairs organization. This is qualitative and quantitative research. This article identifies and prioritizes effective factors in preventing tax evasion through the content analysis method, Delphi survey method, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) by drawing a decision tree. Moreover, data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, as well as examining the conceptual relationship between the indicators and the questionnaire pairwise comparisons. The sample includes 25 experts working for the Tax Affairs Organization in 2022. The hierarchical analysis results have identified five main factors affecting tax evasion, including managerial, economic, political, social, and rules and regulations factors. Also, 19 effective factors in reducing tax evasion were identified and agreed upon by experts. The findings showed that the factor of rules and regulations with a relative weight of 0.381 and political and managerial factors with weights of 0.228 and 0.204, respectively have the highest degree of importance in reducing tax evasion from the Tax Affairs Organization experts’ opinions. Governments strive to maximize tax revenue to meet rapid growth and economic development; therefore, governments always seek a solution to prevent tax evasion to achieve a stable level of tax revenue. Therefore, accurate identification of the effective factors in this field helps governments to take steps towards the realization of their goals. The research findings show that this article can be a good start to address the effective factors and priorities in reducing tax evasion for the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) can help transform tax administration in developing countries by automating certain functions, pinpointing patterns and irregularities, and forecasting future tax collections. AI can enhance the effectiveness, efficiency, and tax justice in tax administration. This paper discusses the development and deployment of AI in tax administration in developing countries. This paper outlines different AI technologies, the opportunities and challenges of using AI in tax administration, and the possible implications. The paper established that there is an increasing interest in harnessing AI in tax administration in developing countries. The challenges of deploying AI include a lack of quality data, inadequate technical expertise, and a paucity of clear legal and regulatory frameworks to govern the application of AI. The benefits of AI in tax administration were found to encompass increased tax revenue mobilisation and the attainment of sustainable development goals. Reduction in corruption, improved tax compliance, reduced tax avoidance and evasion among other benefits. The paper recommends that policymakers and tax authorities in developing countries improve data quality to support AI adoption, invest in AI research, innovation and development while supporting training in AI as well as the creation of a clear legal and regulatory framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) sniffed out potential tax evasion through a transfer pricing scheme on alleged illegal nickel ore export practices to China. KPK Deputy for Prevention and Monitoring Pahala Nainggolan said that his agency is currently reviewing if there are weaknesses in the nickel governance system. The system in question is the Coal Mineral System or Simbara, which was launched in March 2022. The population of this study is mining sector manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from the period 2020 -- 2023. Determination of samples in this study using the purposive sampling method. The number of samples used was 18 companies with 72 research units. The source of data in this study is taken from the company's published annual report. Testing in this study using E-Views 12 software. The results of the study based on the panel data regression analysis test showed that debt convenant and intangible assets had an effect on transfer pricing, while the size of the company and the bonus mechanism did not affect transfer pricing. Tax minimization is able to moderate the relationship between company size, debt convenant, intangible assets, and bonus mechanisms for transfer pricing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical evidence regarding the variables that may affect a company's decision of employing transfer pricing along with how that choice may affect tax avoidance. The variables that are used consist of the bonus mechanism, debt convenant, and tunneling incentive. The study used a two-stage regression analysis to analyze its hypotheses. 12 multinational manufacturing corporations listed between 2019 and 2021 on the Indonesia Stock Exchange represent the research sample. The purposive technique was the method used for selecting the research sample. The findings proved that the tunneling incentive has a negative impact on the decision of transfer pricing. This indicates the decision to utilize transfer pricing will be fewer depending on the percentage of foreign ownership in the business. In meanwhile, transfer pricing decisions are unaffected by bonus mechanism and debt covenants. Additionally, the findings demonstrate that tax evasion is unaffected by transfer pricing. This outcome demonstrates that there are still alternative strategies for avoiding taxes; transfer pricing has not become a significant one. The results of this study cannot be applied to other sectors within the company because it solely examines multinational manufacturing companies. Future research can use different variables or different measurements to get better results because not all of the variables used have an impact on transfer pricing or tax avoidance. The study's findings may be useful as a framework for other researchers looking into related subjects, and the results can also provide parties responsible for Indonesian taxation with more information to help them develop regulations related to transfer pricing and tax avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article evaluates the impact of Zimbabwe's recently implemented Value Added Tax (VAT) withholding tax system on tax compliance and tax evasion to determine if it is an effective tool for curbing tax evasion and improving tax compliance. As Scholars have, however, questioned whether Zimbabwe's VAT withholding tax system is functional and whether it can help the country's income crisis as there is lack of empirical evidence to demonstrate how the system has affected tax authority, business operations and taxpayers' attitudes toward tax compliance in Zimbabwe. The study was conducted using desktop review. The findings indicate that the VAT withholding tax system has had a positive impact on tax compliance, as taxpayers are more likely to comply with their tax obligations when the tax is withheld at source. However, the system has also created opportunities for tax evasion, as some taxpayers have found ways to manipulate the system to their advantage. The study also highlights some of the challenges associated with the implementation of the VAT withholding tax system, including inadequate training and awareness among taxpayers and ZIMRA officials, as well as the need for better coordination and communication between stakeholders. Based on the findings, the study recommends that ZIMRA should strengthen its enforcement mechanisms and increase awareness among taxpayers to ensure that the benefits of the VAT withholding tax system are maximized while minimizing the risks of tax evasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents an issue related to the criminal legal evaluation of the behavior of a perpetrator who evades taxation of goods of which he has become the disposer in connection with a fiscal offense or crime. Attention was paid to the differences in positions on the issue of incurring criminal liability by a fence under the Fiscal Penal Code (Article 65 of the Fiscal Penal Code), who fails to disclose the object of taxation exposing himself additionally to liability for the second act - under Article 54 of the Fiscal Penal Code. Guided by pragmatic considerations, but based on systemic assumptions, including the right to defense and the absence of an obligation to provide evidence to one’s detriment, it was considered counterproductive to hold a perpetrator of excise fencing additionally liable for failure to disclose the object of taxation in the absence of realization of the elements of the subjective side, and often also the elements of the object side of the criminal act under Article 54 of the Fiscal Penal Code.

One of the industries with the fastest development is the hospitality and tourism (HoReCa) sector. However, there is also a growing trend in this sector to evade some state taxes. Despite promises that digitalization will reduce tax evasion, this practice nevertheless is a serious threat to the economy and the state. This study aims to process a comprehensive model for screening and risk assessment of tax fraud in the HoReCa sector in Romania. In this sense, an empirical study was conducted using an econometric model to detect tax evasion in the HoReCa sector in Romania, based on a sample of 50 firms for each sub-sector (hotels, restaurants, cafes), analyzing the period 2018–2022. The dependent variable of the model was the tax evasion risk indicator, calculated as the difference between the average financial ratios of each firm and the average for the entire sector. The results show that the leverage ratio has the strongest positive impact on the tax evasion risk indicator. The fixed asset turnover ratio and the accounts receivable turnover ratio also have a significant impact, indicating false sales reports or collection irregularities. The solvency ratio and the immediate liquidity ratio show positive effects on the risk of tax fraud, while the net rate of return is the only one with a negative effect, suggesting that profitable entities are less prone to tax evasion. The proposed model provides a solid basis for identifying high-risk companies directing tax authorities to improve supervision in the HoReCa industry. The findings also highlight the importance of further automating tax reporting systems to reduce the risks of evasion.

This article evaluates the impact of Zimbabwe's recently implemented Value Added Tax (VAT) withholding tax system on tax compliance and tax evasion to determine if it is an effective tool for curbing tax evasion and improving tax compliance. As Scholars have, however, questioned whether Zimbabwe's VAT withholding tax system is functional and whether it can help the country's income crisis as there is lack of empirical evidence to demonstrate how the system has affected tax authority, business operations and taxpayers' attitudes toward tax compliance in Zimbabwe. The study was conducted using desktop review. The findings indicate that the VAT withholding tax system has had a positive impact on tax compliance, as taxpayers are more likely to comply with their tax obligations when the tax is withheld at source. However, the system has also created opportunities for tax evasion, as some taxpayers have found ways to manipulate the system to their advantage. The study also highlights some of the challenges associated with the implementation of the VAT withholding tax system, including inadequate training and awareness among taxpayers and ZIMRA officials, as well as the need for better coordination and communication between stakeholders. Based on the findings, the study recommends that ZIMRA should strengthen its enforcement mechanisms and increase awareness among taxpayers to ensure that the benefits of the VAT withholding tax system are maximized while minimizing the risks of tax evasion.

We examine how creditor rights affect the trade-off between non-debt and debt tax shields. Using four bankruptcy reforms and a panel of private and public firms from Italy, we show that laws empowering creditors reduce tax avoidance and increase debt financing, consistent with firms substituting non-debt tax shields with debt tax shields. We corroborate the validity of our findings using a panel of public firms across 33 countries. Additionally, we document that the impact of creditor protection laws is mitigated by tax system characteristics, which significantly reduce the incentives to substitute tax avoidance with debt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]