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Changes in taxable income can capture many of the behavioural responses to changes in tax policies. In this paper, using the publicly available Current Population Survey (CPS) data and analysing two of the most recent tax reforms (Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012), we provide a new estimate for the elasticity of taxable income with respect to marginal tax rates. As is common in the literature, the paper conducts a panel data analysis and compares taxable income from before and after tax reforms to estimate the elasticity. Using an instrumental variable approach, we find an elasticity of 0.81, a value that is within the range of estimates found in previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine electoral cycles in tax reforms using monthly data over the period 1990–2018 for 22 advanced economies and emerging markets. We show that governments tend to avoid announcing tax reforms during the months running up to elections. In addition, they become more likely to announce those reforms in the first few months following elections, suggesting that "political capital" and/or "political opportunity" channels play a role in the timing of reforms. These patterns are broad-based regarding changes in the tax base and rates, and for various types of taxes. We also find that the pre-election decrease in the likelihood of tax reform announcements appears to be stronger in emerging markets, and weaker in countries with relatively better institutional quality. Finally, our results indicate that neither fiscal rules nor IMF programs seem to have differential effects on electoral cycles in tax reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human development is an important variable in entrepreneurial activities at all levels both nationally and internationally. In any country, the meaning of human development, which is associated with progressiveness in people's life status, is to be evaluated based on people's livelihood. The government is the core institution responsible for human development in any country through financing, coordinating, and supervising different human development projects. Such development projects include the provision of quality public goods and services such as health, education, housing, and other welfare schemes; all necessary infrastructures relating to the provision of such services like schools and hospitals; and respective experts to facilitate such services like teachers, doctors, and nurses, etc. Tax is regarded as an important tool for governments not only for revenue generation but also for achieving various social and economic reforms for individuals and the economy as a whole, both in developed and developing countries. Most of the current economic discussions from the country level to the international level are about human development, with taxation as the main tool. Thus, economic reforms including tax policies are also made for poverty reduction and other purposes. Among policies include progressive taxation and credit approach; establishment of specific taxes and specific revenue pools for improving human development and reducing inequality; and eliminating tax exemption and reliefs in fighting against poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyze the nuanced relationship between corporate income tax (CIT ) rate reductions as a tax incentive and foreign direct investments (FDI) across the Western Balkan countries. Additionally, it examines the extent to which they have progressed with their achievements during two decades (2000-2022). The transition of the Western Balkans from a closed and controlled economy to an open market economy has been challenging, but despite this, they have implemented certain policies to compete in the global market. For instance, they have reduced tax rates and offered tax incentives to attract foreign investors. This has had the effect of lowering the average tax rate, specifically in the year 2000, the average tax rate in corporate income tax was around 17%, while in 2023 the average tax rate in corporate income tax is 11%, or 6% lower. However, despite taking measures, the expected results have not been achieved. Privatization of public enterprises has been one of the main investments that these countries have attracted. The paper addresses the problems that have led to poor results and the inability of countries to convince investors for larger investments. In Kosovo, the issue of progress in this area is being overlooked by the government. It is important for Kosovo to recognize that neighboring countries are making significant progress, and therefore, it is critical to conduct research that not only highlights the current situation but also identifies potential solutions for the future.

The typical method of solving for the optimal nonlinear tax schedule relies on deriving optimal incentive-compatible allocations. While this "primal approach" is mathematically rigorous, it lacks intuitive appeal. This paper considers a different method that relies on directly solving for the optimal tax system. This "dual approach" is much closer to actual tax policy as it centers around the welfare effects of tax reforms. I show that it can easily incorporate preference heterogeneity, as well as individual utility misoptimization. Beyond solving for the optimal tax system, the dual approach allows one to obtain insights into the welfare effects of small nonlinear tax reforms outside the optimum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post-Covid-19 global economic landscape has yielded complex challenges. Given bleaker global growth prospects, moderating commodity prices and a higher cost of borrowing, the Indonesian government took a conservative approach to fiscal policy by narrowing the budget deficit to ease the financing pressures. Meanwhile, the central bank, Bank Indonesia, implemented contractionary monetary policy by raising the reserve requirement and policy rates. Weaker global demand, along with limited policy support, contributed to a decrease in economic growth, from 5.3% in 2022 to 5.0% in 2023. The government's conservative approach in 2023 helped produce a surplus in the primary balance, a narrower budget deficit and a lower government–debt ratio. Nonetheless, much is to be done, as more development is needed to encourage long-term growth while revenue collection has been relatively low. Improvement in tax policy and administration will be crucial to allow the government to collect more revenue, including a comprehensive review of tax incentives and exemptions. The efficacy of spending also needs to be further improved by consistently reforming energy subsidisation, reallocating spending to growth areas, better aligning local development policies with the national position, and better targeting poverty-alleviation programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the evolution of key taxes during the past 20 years in developing Asia and the fiscal challenges that the region’s economies face in light of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. It presents estimates of tax capacity and tax potential, and discusses the productivity of key taxes in the region. The paper finds that developing Asia has the potential to raise more revenues–reaching up to 4% of gross domestic product on average. While corporate income tax productivity is high vis-à-vis other regions, the same does not apply to personal income tax or value-added tax. There is potential in many economies to raise more revenues by improving the compliance and design of the value-added tax. It is also important to ensure that tax systems in developing Asia become more progressive with the expansion of personal income and property taxes. Increased allocations and better targeting of social spending would help offset some of the regressivity stemming from indirect taxes. An important source of revenue leakage is tax expenditures granted by economies in the region.

Copyright of Informacion Comercial Espanola Revista de Economia is the property of S.G.E.E.I.P.C., Secretaria de Estado de Comercio, Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines some drivers behind substantial changes in tax policy in recent decades. Using existing theories and our definition of 'beneficial major tax reforms', we discuss three case studies: the US in the 1980s, the UK in the 1980s, and the UK's failed 'mini-budget' of 2022. Our analysis reveals that the US's TRA86 has, to some degree, improved efficiency, while the UK reforms may have exacerbated inequality with ambiguous effects on efficiency. Finally, we outline the potential for future reforms and conclude that political conditions are more likely to instigate major change than economic motivations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2005, the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), nervous over the uncertain future of the Compact of Free Association and seeking to improve its fiscal self-sufficiency, has wasted time and resources on a pie-in-the-sky tax reform proposal with too many moving parts and too many stakeholders to satisfy.  A more practical path to tax reform must be found—and as the authors argue, Hawaii’s unique tax system should be used as a map forward.The FSM and Hawaii each have broad-based consumption taxes—the gross revenues tax and the general excise tax, respectively.  Although these two taxes appear similar at first glance, Hawaii’s tax has developed sophisticated characteristics over the past eighty-five years.  Instead of attempting yet again to discard its gross revenues tax, the FSM should transform it.  Replicating and accelerating Hawaii’s eighty-five-year tax evolution could offer the FSM a much more practicable—and less politically daunting—shortcut to a modernized, efficient, and lucrative tax system.

The changing dynamics of tax revenue and its responses to domestic and external shocks play a pivotal role in the discussion of the sustainability of public finance in small developing economies. However, the empirical literature on the response of tax revenue to various shocks in developing economies in the Pacific is sparse. Despite several tax reforms over the last decade, the spending plans of the Fijian government since the 2017/2018 budget announcements have stimulated frequent public discussions regarding the sustainability of public debt. Against this background, the main purpose of this paper is to investigate the response of tax revenue in Fiji - a small developing island economy, to external and domestic shocks using historical annual data covering more than five decades. This study uses unit root tests that account for single and multiple endogenous structural breaks and finds that tax revenue in Fiji is a non-stationary process, I (1) with break dates coinciding with tax reforms, general elections, and political coups. The findings reveal that tax reforms and political developments are possible important sources of shocks to tax revenue and have important policy implications. First, shocks to tax revenue will have persistent effects, with the effects of adverse shocks being transmitted to other related variables and sectors of the Fijian economy. Second, historical values of tax revenue cannot be used to formulate forecasts of tax revenue and policymakers should consider other determinants of tax revenue (for example, the share of the agriculture sector, trade volume, political stability, education, life expectancy, infant mortality rates, age composition of the population, urbanization, inflation rate, and corruption) for forecasting purposes. The evidence of non-stationarity indicates that future studies on tax revenue need to carefully reflect on the modeling technique to avoid spurious regressions. Furthermore, our findings reveal that temporary fiscal measures will not have a permanent effect on tax revenue and sustainable revenue growth requires focusing on long-term (rather than short-sighted) reforms. Thus, our findings underscore the importance of evidence-based policy reforms to improve the resilience, efficiency, and sustainability of the tax system in Fiji to shelter it from future adverse shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Runas. Journal of Education & Culture is the property of CICSHAL - Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades desde America Latina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The efficiency of the developed tax system is one of the most important manifestations of political stability and economic prosperity of countries. Therefore, countries work hard to ensure that their tax systems are modern and meet the demands of their economy, and take into account the nature and conditions of their societies. The tax system of the Republic of Yemen is no exception to the above, since this study aims to identify the components of the tax system in Yemen whose ancient civilizations Maeen, Qataban, Saba, Hadramout and Himyar knew many tax systems, as well that the tax systems it adopted under the Islamic states that successively ruled it or during the Ottoman or British occupation, or under the reign of the Imamate, or after the revolutions of September 1962 AD and October 1963 AD, as well as after the rerealization of Yemeni unity in 1990 AD, which can be said to have represented the most important stage in the chain of establishment and development of the Yemeni tax system, during which she witnessed the development and accompanied many tax systems in other countries. This study, which was prepared using a descriptive and analytical approach, deals with the most important concepts of the tax system, its characteristics and the reality of the tax system in the Republic of Yemen. The study concluded with several findings, the most important of which is the relationship between the tax system and the development of the economic system in the country, the impact of repeated changes in tax laws in Yemen on the stability of the tax system in it, and the low percentage of tax contribution to the Yemeni GDP, which indicates the flaw in the tax system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a new approach for the identification of Pareto‐improving tax reforms. This approach yields necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of Pareto‐improving reform directions. A main insight is that "Two brackets are enough": When the system cannot be improved by altering tax rates in one or two income brackets, then there is no continuous reform direction that is Pareto‐improving. We also show how to check whether a given tax reform is Pareto‐improving. We use these tools to study the introduction of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) in the United States in 1975. A robust finding is that, prior to the EITC, the U.S. tax‐transfer system was not Pareto‐efficient. Under plausible assumptions about behavioral responses, the 1975 reform was not Pareto‐improving. Qualitatively, though, it had the right properties: A similar reform with earnings subsidies made available to a broader range of incomes would have been Pareto‐improving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The institutional literature suggests that long-term tax incentives are crucial for entrepreneurs, but studies on this topic are hampered by problems related to how to define and measure entrepreneurial income. We resolve these problems by drawing on a theoretical definition of the entrepreneur as an owner, which enables us to identify entrepreneurship empirically by means of investments made by active owners of closely held corporations. Using detailed Swedish tax data, we analyze the tax incentives for such owner-entrepreneur investments from 1862 to 2018, thereby highlighting the evolution of a general institutional phenomenon through a long-run, in-depth, country-specific analysis. We calculate the annual marginal effective tax rate (METR) on capital income for investments, distinguishing between average- and top-income entrepreneurs, and between three sources of finance. We identify five tax regimes that indicate substantial differences in institutional quality over time according to the magnitude of the METR and METR differences between average- and top-income entrepreneurs and across sources of finance. Growth-conducive tax incentives shed light on why so many successful entrepreneurial firms were founded in Sweden around 1900, whereas increased taxation helps explain the absence of new large entrepreneurial firms in Sweden after World War II. Improved incentives can be associated with Sweden's recent entrepreneurial renaissance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A systematic review was conducted on the production and publication of research papers concerning the study of Tax Reforms, Income Tax, Public Budget, during the period between 2017 and 2022 under the PRISMA approach (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses). The objective of the analysis proposed in this work was to know the main characteristics of the publications registered in the Scopus and Wos databases and their scope in the study of the proposed variables, achieving the identification of 67 publications in total. In addition to this first identification, it was possible to refine the results through the keywords entered in the search button of both platforms, which were TAX REFORMS, INCOME TAX, PUBLIC BUDGET, reaching a total of 16 documents, excluding duplicates and those that did not meet the analysis criteria. From this analysis it is expected to know the contributions of the scientific community to the study of the management of taxes such as the Value Added Tax (VAT) in the elderly community. It is expected to find a relationship between the reforms carried out in taxation, specifically in the applied personal income tax, and the annual allocation of the public expenditure budget. In this case, to determine the contribution of the scientific community to the study of the impacts generated in the allocation of the budget for the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tesla Revista Científica is the property of Puerto Madero Editorial Academica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the 1980s, many governments in the Western world have implemented radical income tax cuts which have become associated with soaring levels of inequality. The literature has focused on institutional accounts to explain these developments. However, institutions alone cannot account for the emergence of societal and political support necessary for radical change of this kind. Therefore, this paper explores the role of communication techniques directed at voters, interest groups and legislators to enable radical reform. Based on a content analysis of Congressional debates for the Reagan and Bush tax cuts, contextualised with archival documents from Presidential Libraries, this study shows the critical relevance of strategic acts of compromise to shore up legislative and voter support for radical tax cuts. It finds (a) that change actors have several different acts of strategic compromise (incorporation, compensation, and reconciliation) at their disposal which they use at different points in the legislative process. That (b) the most successful strategies consistently link the coordinative discourse (bargaining with interest groups behind closed doors) and communicative discourse (directed at the public and the minority congressional party). And that (c) change actors learn how to the use successful combinations of compromise over time and thereby enhance reform stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the problem of the normative evaluation of income tax systems and income tax reforms. While most of the existing criteria, framed in the utilitarian tradition, are uniquely based on information about individual incomes, this paper, building upon the opportunity egalitarian theory, proposes new equity criteria which take into account also the socio-economic characteristics of individuals. Suitable dominance conditions that can be used to rank alternative tax systems are derived by means of an axiomatic approach. Moreover, the theoretical results are used to assess the redistributive effects of an hypothetical tax reform in Romania through a microsimulation analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxes play a significant role in the social and economic development of counties. On the other hand, taxes represent a significant cost to firms; hence they devise legal ways to reduce their taxes through tax planning. In East Africa, the statutory tax rate of firms averages 30%, which is considered a major burden to the firms. As a result, this study aims to longitudinally examine the tax planning practices of listed firms in East Africa countries (EACs). The study used twelve-year annual reports of ninety-one firms from EACs. Both cash effective tax rate (CEFR) and accounting effective tax rate were employed as tax planning measures. Descriptive statistics together with Wilcoxon signed-ranked test were used to analyze the results. The study demonstrates the existence of corporate tax planning by the listed firms in EACs. The average CETR of the firms was 17% as opposed to the statutory tax rate of 30%, demonstrating that the firms actively engage in tax planning activities. The evidence further demonstrated a gradual decrease in the tax planning activities of the firms over the past twelve years. The study further found out that the rates of decline in the firms’ tax planning were statistically insignificant. Despite the decrease in the firms’ tax planning, the tax authorities in EACs should enforce tax laws to eliminate the tax planning problem.

A strong tax policy reflects the performance of tax administration. This paper examines the various stages of tax policy change made in the history of Indian Income Tax. With the rise in tax rates under different slabs rates to reduction in tax rates. The changes are necessary with change in economical conditions. Some time the crises makes it necessary to bring change in the tax policies. The main objective of the study is to extract the efforts that has been taken by the Government to increase the revenue collection, enhance the voluntary compliances and hinder the tax evasion for making a sound taxation. The paper focuses on two dimensions: first the historical view of Indian taxation and second on the stages of change in tax structure from organization structure to computerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We estimate that the short- to medium-term fiscal impact of previous pandemics has been significant in 170 countries (including low-income countries) during the 2000–2018 period. The impact has varied, with pandemics affecting government expenditures more than revenues in advanced economies, while the converse applies to developing countries. Using a subset of 45 developing countries for which tax reform data are available, we find that past pandemics have propelled countries to implement tax reforms, particularly in corporate income taxes, excises and trade taxes. Pandemics do not drive revenue administration reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper empirically examines the effects of incentives in the domain of corporate income tax in Serbia between 2007 and 2018. The main aim of the paper is to test for effects of tax incentives on economic growth. To achieve the stated aim, a dataset consisting of 10 indicators will be analyzed by using the Principal Component Analysis method. This method allows the initial set of predictors to be transformed into a set of uncorrelated components, and allows linear regression to be performed. In accordance with the results of the analysis, the proposal for parametric reform should be based on the abolition of certain tax incentives in order to increase the efficiency of corporate income tax and improve business conditions. The analyzed data has shown that certain corporate tax incentives have had a significant effect on economic growth. Taking into consideration the adverse effects of the coronavirus crisis, the authors give recommendations on what should be developed in the domain of corporate income tax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - An evaluation of changes in the Polish tax system resulting from the governmental programme called the Polish Deal and an analysis of their consequences for taxpayers with respect to the objectives of a rational and coherent tax system. Research method - A critical analysis of the pertinent literature and tax laws. Conclusions are formulated using a deductive method drawing on the achievements of tax theory and the analysis of tax laws. Results - The tax system changes contained in the Polish Deal do not constitute a full-scale reform of the tax system. They were hastily introduced without a thorough analysis of their economic, financial and social consequences. It is disputable whether they will make the tax system fairer as intended and their effects will only be known in the future. Also, they do not ensure compatibility between direct and indirect taxes and do not support the stability of the tax system. Originality/value/implications/recommendations - Tax system changes that are ill-conceived and disregard the redistributive function of taxes may have consequences other than expected. The main outcome of a tax system revision should be the compatibility between all fiscal policy goals rather than between some of its elements and the stability and transparency of tax laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Research in Finance & Accounting is the property of Journal of Research in Finance & Accounting and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We empirically assess the effects of structural tax reforms on government spending efficiency in a sample of 18 OECD economies over the period 2006–2017. After calculating input spending efficiency scores, we evaluate in a panel setup the relevance for public sector efficiency of narrative tax changes. We find that: i) input efficiency scores average around 0.6–07; ii) increases in tax rates, primarily for PIT, negatively affect public sector efficiency; iii) controlling for endogeneity, increases in tax rates are still associated with lower public sector efficiency, mainly for PIT and increases in tax bases improve public sector efficiency; vi) in expansionary periods, increasing the CIT base and reducing PIT rates, positively affect public sector efficiency; ix) in contrast, during recessions efficiency improves when PIT and VAT bases increase and the CIT rate increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how tax performance is associated with tax reforms and civil conflicts in Burundi. The results from a regression analysis on a tax equation indicate that total tax revenue, international trade taxes and income taxes, are not associated with civil conflicts. However, taxes on goods and services are found to be negatively associated with civil conflicts. The results show also that total tax revenue and the tax categories are not associated with tax reforms. The reasons why tax revenue performance may not have been associated with tax reforms, include the prevalence of fiscal corruption, the negative effects of conflicts on the economy, abusive tax exemptions, and failure to focus on widening the tax base. There is a need to rethink the implementation of tax reforms in Burundi to enhance their effectiveness.

The research paper aims at the effectiveness of tax reforms in financing state budget expenditures during the period 1992-2019, The importance of the subject is highlighted by the recording of budget deficit The State must find solution cover these expenses By making reforms to the mountain system, The following problems were therefore raised: How much did the tax reforms contribute to financing the general expenses of the balance sheet in Algeria during the period 1992-2019? In order address this problem analytical descriptive approach has been based on highlighting the most important theoretical concepts and analysing contribution ratios of the tax revenue public expenditure coverage. The study concluded that despite successive reforms the share of the regular tax contribution did not exceed 50% during the study period that the country still depends on the oil tax cover its general expenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bureaucracy is a common problem in most countries, including the Member States of the European Union. This issue impacts all areas of civil services, including the fiscal system through tax collection and tax compliance. This study aims to analyze the impact of tax reforms on the business environment by using different business confidence indicators as an estimation of the expected evolution of the industrial sector, the construction sector, the retail sector and the services sector, as well as the tax burden as a proxy for the tax reforms.Our research is based on quarterly data collected for the 28 European Union Member States, for a period of 30 years. The conclusions were reached following multiple regression estimations, done for each Member State separately, and followed by a detailed analysis of the results obtained. Thus, focusing on each country individually, the study reveals the influence of reforms in the tax systems on business confidence.

This paper examines the impact of tax reform on the economic growth of India over the period 1975–2017. In order to measure the impact of tax reform on the economic growth, we have used various econometric tools like Maki and combined cointegration tests and the rolling-window causality test in this study. The study revealed that a stable long-run parameter stability relationship exists the series on tax reform but unable to obtain the short-run relationship. Results also revealed that growth-led taxation effects and tax-led-growth do not exist in India. Hence, India needs more policies which will help to remove inefficiencies created by the existing heterogeneous taxation system, revenue rate and inclusion of petroleum products, electricity, liquor and real estate and policymakers should adopt some policies for direct tax which reduce the imbalance in class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxes on immovable property have a small role in modern tax systems and in most countries they accrue to municipal budgets. However, in recent years, there has been an increased interest from scholars and policymakers in their potential to finance the public sector. Property taxes have an immobile base, thus they do not distort markets. In public finance literature they are considered among the best fiscal instruments from an efficiency point of view. At the same time, depending on their organization, immovable property taxes can have redistributive effects. Furthermore, their administration is relatively simpler and less costly than the administration of other taxes. Thus, in the context of globalization and increasing capital mobility, these taxes have significant advantages, which are worth examining. Against this background, the present paper has as an objective to analyze the potential of immovable property taxes to finance the public sector. The paper is organized as follows: the first part considers the effects of immovable property taxes from an efficiency point of view; the second part dwells on the reasons for the small role of these taxes in modern tax systems; the third part outlines the recent reforms in Europe; and the fourth part concludes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of REMAH Journal is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on a proposed measure of tax reform in developing countries, this paper examines both how tax reform is influenced by development aid flows, and whether this effect depends on countries' degree of openness to international trade. Tax reform involves here the change of the tax structure in favor of domestic tax revenue and at the expense of trade tax revenue. Empirical results based on 102 developing countries over the period 1980–2015 suggest that development aid exerts a positive effect on tax reform in developing countries, with relatively less advanced countries enjoying a higher positive effect than advanced developing countries. Additionally, recipient-countries' degree of trade openness matters for the effect of development aid on tax reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major challenges while computing tax liability is determination of income. Dilemma arises when identifying which item has to be treated as chargeable and which is not. Income computation and disclosure standards are more efficient than any other standards which help to ascertain accurate income for the computation of tax amount and it reduces deviations between taxable income and accounting income. The organization doesn't require to maintain any additional books of accounts while computing taxable income by using ICDS but the major condition is, the income must be generated from the 'Profits and gains of business and professions (PGBP)' and 'Income from other sources (IFOS)'. The present study is focusing upon the impact of ICDS on key areas of business transactions and it tries to give a clear picture about ICDS. It's a descriptive study purely based on secondary data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is dedicated to the assessment of the ideology and pragmatics of the tax reforms in Ukraine. The author’s approach to studying the problem differs from the traditional approaches, which are focused on assessing the fiscal effectiveness of taxes, and is aimed at evaluating the validity of such reforms and their benefits for the society with consideration for long-term development of the country. The purpose of the article is to assess the ideology and pragmatics of the tax reforms in terms of their validity and effectiveness for the society. There analyzed the vectors of the tax reforms concerning the main budget-forming taxes: profit tax, personal income tax, VAT. A comparative analysis of the trends in taxation of incomes and value added in Ukraine and the world is carried out. It is substantiated that the goals of the tax reforms declared by the authorities in Ukraine were either contrived or were never achieved. The real goals of the endless reforming were the creation of broad opportunities to avoid taxation on the “legitimate” grounds for the oligarchic clans. It was the avoidance of taxation that created the prerequisites for their accelerated enrichment, which was used mainly with unproductive purposes and did not contribute to the development of the national economy. In view of this, we consider it necessary to give a negative assessment of the tax reforms that were carried out in Ukraine. In addition, the result of the tax reforms was the inadequate filling of the budget with tax revenues and, consequently, very limited financing of the social sphere, whose state is recognized by the government itself as at the least unsatisfactory, being in fact catastrophic. Thus, the impartial assessment of the tax reforms in Ukraine testifies both to their inefficiency, and the negative consequences for the society, on the one hand, and the full realization of the targets for the oligarchs, on the other.

Copyright of Al Bashaer Economic Journal is the property of Al Bashaer Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)