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An innovative arrangement to provide a wide range of applications with ultra-wide band (UWB)-multiple input multiple output (MIMO) is suggested. The challenges, in practice, in implementing the design are wider bandwidth and substantial separation between the MIMO elements. Compactness is also one of the key role in designing the UWB-MIMO antenna. For portable UWB applications, this research provides a compact UWB-MIMO design with an excellent isolation level. Two rectangular elements with narrow slots on the radiating elements provide an excellent bandwidth in the UWB, 3.1–10.6 GHz. The proposed design is simulated using HFSS with substrate FR-4 epoxy. The proposed design uses a decoupling structure of elliptical shape on the partial ground to achieve better isolation improvement >15 dB in the entire UWB range. The proposed design exhibits multiband characteristics. The design exhibits compactness in size with 42 × 30 × 1.6 mm3and can be utilized for portable mobile applications. This design provides excellent performance metrics based on return loss (S11 < −10 dB), isolation (S12 < −15 dB), channel capacity loss (CCL < 0.001), total active reflection coefficient (TARC < −10 dB), diversity gain (DG > 9.998), radiation efficiency, patterns, peak gain (appox. 4.5), and correlation coefficient (ECC < 0.004). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a circularly polarised co-planar waveguide (CPW) based on a two-component multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for 5 G communications in the band of sub-6 GHz. The practical dimension of the proposed antenna is 49.35 mm × 98.7 mm × 1.6 mm. Three complementary-split-ring-resonators (CSRR) are applied to resonate at 3.3 GHz and 3.84 GHz. The optimised proposed antenna can be used for 5 G LTE-band (n74-n78) worldwide, 2 G, 3 G, 4 G, WiFi and WiMAX applications (1 GHz–4.4 GHz). The radiation efficiency is significantly more than 60% and for the specified 5 G band (sub-6 GHz), the measured efficiency is 80% to 85%. The proposed antenna has achieved high isolation (more than 30 dB) and excellent diversity performance like Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Diversity Gain (DG), Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) and Channel Capacity Loss (CCL). Simulated results are also verified with experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed a two port antipodal vivaldi antenna (AVA) for 5G FR2 (frequency range 2) applications at 28 GHz with improved bandwidth,gain and isolation. Each antenna consists of two array elements. The proposed antenna has dimensions 23.8 × 54 × 0.79 mm3 and is fabricated on Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 material. This material has a 2.2 low dielectric constant and mainly suitable for broadband high frequency applications. Proposed antenna covers −10 dB below from 25.51 to 33 GHz band, which having 7.49 GHz bandwidth. Gain for the presented MIMO (Multiple input multiple output) AVA array is varying from 8.50 to 12.44 dBi. A better isolation −34.56 dB is obtained between two antenna elements. MIMO characteristics like ECC (Envelope correlation coefficient), CCL (Channel capacity loss), DG (Diversity Gain), TARC (Total active reflection coefficient), and MEG (Mean effective gain) are satisfied with good results for presented antenna. The proposed antenna is designed using ansys HFSS simulation tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and performance analysis of a novel Quad-element CPW wideband MIMO antenna. This design facilitates easy expansion to MIMO configurations with eight and sixteen elements. The MIMO antenna design process began with the analysis of a single-element CPW-fed antenna, progressing through a two-element design to the final four-element configuration.The optimized design is attained by changing the radius of the patch element and varyingthe partial ground length. Two vertically radiating patches are arranged vertically on the same plane,and their return loss performance is analyzed. Performance analysis of the antenna, based on ECC and isolation levels between antenna components, indicates a high degree of element separation. The antenna operates over extensive frequency ranges of 2.3 to 4.8, 7.4 to 13, and 14.7 to 20 GHz, demonstrating a bandwidth of 5.6 GHz and a return loss of -29.14 dB. Fabricated using a low-profile substrate, the design was tested and verified for authenticity.The results show an isolation level exceeding − 50 dB, an ECC value below 0.02, and a CCL lower than 0.2. These attributes make the proposed antenna design highly suitable for 5G networks, satellite communications, air traffic control, Wi-Fi 6E, point-to-point communication, and radio astronomy applications. The innovative structure and verified performance characteristics underscore the potential of this MIMO antenna design in enhancing data transfer speeds and reliability in various communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For upcoming smartphones, a highisolation 4-element multi-input multi-output (MIMO) array antenna operating in the 680 MHz band (3.15–3.83 GHz) is suggested. This is where the n78 band shines, delivering a next-generation wireless internet experience by striking a balance between coverage and speed. In this case, a unique balanced hexagonal ring-shaped antenna with square shaped defected ground is created as an array antenna element. This type of antenna can produce a balanced slot mode that improves the isolation between two adjacent input ports by reducing ground effects. Additionally, desirable polarisation diversity can be successfully achieved by carefully placing the four antenna elements, which further reduces the coupling between antenna elements. The antenna's total dimension is 48 x 48 mm² . A model was produced to verify the simulation. Throughout the intended operation bandwidth, measurements were made to ensure good impedance matching high isolation (> 19 dB), high total efficiency (> 75%), and low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC, < 0.015). The proposed method is expected to be very beneficial in creating a practical high-performance MIMO antenna concerning parameters such as efficiency, realised gain, mean effective gain (MEG), and total active reflection coefficient (TARC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for compact, efficient, and versatile antennas has surged in tandem with the rapid evolution of wireless communication technologies. In response, this paper presents a pioneering Quadport-based fractal compact MIMO antenna designed to meet the stringent requirements of modern communication systems. The antenna incorporates a circular-shaped fractal radiating element and a stub-loaded ground region with a Partial ground, resulting in a significant enhancement of isolation performance. Through iterative optimisation, involving the integration of Partial ground, loading stubs, and fractals into the patch area, the antenna achieves optimal dimensions of 0.66λ × 0.83λ while operating across five distinct frequency bands, thereby catering to a wide range of multiband applications. Remarkable performance metrics are demonstrated, including peak isolation of 35 dB and minimum return loss of − 25.80 dB, alongside a peak electric field of 5.51 × 103 V/m. The polarization response for various resonating frequencies is meticulously analysed. The diverse parameters such as Total Active Reflection Coefficient < − 10, Mean Effective Gain around 0, Diversity Gain is around 10, Channel Capacity Loss < 0.2, and Envelope Correlation Coefficient < 0.1 are achieved. Utilising FR4 material for design enables mass production feasibility, further enhancing the antenna's practicality. Comparative analysis against existing literature underscores its superiority, positioning it as an ideal candidate for applications in 6G networks, WiMax, and weather monitoring. Overall, this Quadport-based fractal compact MIMO antenna represents a significant advancement in antenna offering a compelling blend of compactness, multiband capability, and exceptional performance metrics essential for the next generation of communication applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Log-periodic dipole antenna-shaped multiple-input multi-output (MIMO) with multiband operation features employing graphene resonator material operating in the 1–30 THz frequency range was proposed for numerical analysis. The main aim of the proposed MIMO antenna structure is to achieve a future CMOS and communication device-compatible structure. This research also aims to achieve a wide band of operation with miniaturization of size operating at the THz frequency spectrum. There were four types of an antenna structure with single- and multi-element log-periodic MIMO antenna structure that is numerically investigated. Several antenna parameters such as reflectance loss, gain, radiation patterns and other MIMO antenna parameters are investigated to check the compatibility for short-distance communication. Compatibility and the limitations of speaking over a short distance are also considered while determining these criteria. The THz MIMO antenna provides strong isolation values and an operating band. This construction has a maximum gain of 14 dBi and an overall bandwidth of 13 THz. Furthermore, the values of the different MIMO antenna parameters MEG (− 0.5 dB to 0.5 dB), ECC (0–0.04), DG (~ 10 dB), TARC (< − 10 dB) and CCL (0–3 bits/s/Hz) which makes overall compatible antenna for the better multichannel operation are observed. Specifically, the suggested antennas are intended to be used in three frequency ranges ranging from 1 to 30 THz. The objective of this study is to devise an innovative construction for a terahertz antenna capable of delivering a gain that is high and a bandwidth that is extraordinarily wide, while retaining the customary compact antenna size required for terahertz applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper emphasizes on amalgamation of MIMO antenna with DRA structures; explicitly useful to wireless applications. The feeding mechanism is accomplished by the symmetrically positioned tapered Y-shape lines. The design also encompasses a CSRR geometry along with two metallic reflectors. The incorporation of CSRR introduces novel investigation into traditional designs, resulting in improved isolation performance of the MIMO design. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the mentioned antenna, we performed a simulation using ANSYS-HFSS. Subsequently, a physical model was developed and tested. It confirms four different resonating points as 2.56, 4.08, 5.76, and 9.12 GHz with isolations of 36, 47.3, 33.9, and 33 dB respectively. In addition, a few other important parameters relevant to MIMO have been considered and presented in the form of ECC, MEG, DG, CCL, and TARC which claim the dominancy of the stated antenna under the MIMO diversity scenario. In summary, we have presented a model that demonstrates a strong correlation between the simulated and measured outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate i) the relationship between epilepsy and inflammation by analyzing the levels of thymus activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), and interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) in healthy controls, patients with epilepsy on monotherapy and polytherapy, ii) the levels of sICAM5, chemokine (c-x3-c motif) ligand 1 (CX3CL1), and septin 7 (SEPT7) which are important in both inflammation and synaptic formation. Methods: Patients who were seizure-free with monotherapy (epilepsy group-1), patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (epilepsy group-2), and healthy controls were included. Demographical data, disease durations, and medications were noted. Measurements were made by commercial ELISA kits. Results: The numbers of epilepsy group-1, epilepsy group-2, and healthy controls were 23, 20, and 21, respectively. TARC levels were significantly lower in healthy controls than in both epilepsy groups. Higher TARC levels than 0.58 pg/ml indicated epilepsy with a sensitivity of 81.8% and specificity of 84.0%. SEPT7 levels were significantly higher in epilepsy group-1 than in those epilepsy group-2. A negative correlation was found between SEPT7 levels and disease duration as is the case for the correlation between SEPT7 and average seizure duration. A positive correlation was found between IRF5 and CX3CL1 levels, SEPT7 and IRF5 levels, and IRF5 and sICAM5 levels. Conclusions: We suggest that TARC is a promising biomarker, even in a heterogeneous epilepsy group not only for drug-resistance epilepsy but also for seizure-free epilepsy with monotherapy. Additionally, drug resistance, longer disease, and longer seizure durations are related to lower levels of SEPT7, which has an essential role in immunological functions and dendritic morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramides are major constituents of stratum corneum (SC) intercellular lipids involved in skin barrier function. The ratio of molecular species of ceramides and their correlation with disease severity was examined in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Thirty‐eight patients with AD and 32 healthy controls (HCs) were assessed for transepidermal water loss, SC collection and clinical assessment. The ceramide content of different molecular species in the samples was quantified using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Unsaturated acyl chains of both covalently bound and free ceramides [EOS] were higher in AD lesional skin than those in AD non‐lesional or normal HC skin. The proportion of unsaturated acyl chains (C30:1, C32:1 and C34:1) was higher than other ceramide molecular species among covalently bound and free ceramides [EOS] in patients with AD. The proportion of unsaturated acyl chains in covalently bound ceramides was positively correlated with transepidermal water loss (r = 0.600) when considering the total number of non‐lesional and lesional skin. Additionally, thymus and activation‐regulated chemokine (TARC) showed a positive correlation with unsaturated acyl chains proportion in AD non‐lesional (r = 0.676) and lesional (r = 0.503) skin. Our study is the first to show the increase in unsaturated acyl chains of both covalently bound and free ceramides [EOS] in lesional and non‐lesional skin in AD for each molecular species. This increase is associated with dryness and impaired barrier function, which correlates with TARC levels, a marker for the degree of type 2 inflammation. We speculate that type 2 inflammation exacerbation leads to abnormal epidermal lipid metabolism in the skin of patients with AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a 4‐port multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) antenna array is presented, based on a Vivaldi design for nonplanar applications like access points above 6 GHz. The antenna is configured with four Vivaldi antennas arranged orthogonally, one to each other, to increase the electromagnetic isolation among elements. The Vivaldi element is fed with a microstrip with an integrated balun in only one arm, and each arm is set in an antipodal position to the other, giving an easy‐to‐design and build prototype, with no complicated feeding techniques. Each antenna plane has dimensions of 90 × 40 mm2. The array presents a bandwidth from 5.3 GHz to beyond 20 GHz, with electromagnetic isolation above 20 dB, an envelope correlation coefficient below 0.001 for the entire bandwidth, giving a diversity gain around 20 dB, and a total active reflection coefficient below −10 dB from 7 to 20 dB, fulfilling the metrics for MIMO applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigators are looking at radio frequency ranges that may suit cellular data consumers' growing requirements. Terahertz's (THz) frequency range is vital for high-speed data communication in wireless gadgets and has indignant the interest of researchers. A novel spiral-shaped patch and diffracted ground-based MIMO antenna structure are presented. The overall dimensions of the structure are 600 µm by 800 µm. The polyamide material is used as a substrate. The analysis among 1 × 1, 1 × 2, 2 × 1 and 2 × 2 MIMO antenna structures are carried out. Performance in reflectance response, Bandwidth, gain, radiation pattern and directivity are analyzed. The proposed structure provides the multiband response with a minimum reflectance response of − 30.51 dB, a bandwidth of 10 THz, peak isolation of 36.99 dB, a maximum normalized directivity of 1030 and a peak gain of 39 dB. ECC TARC, CCL and D.G. were considered for the performance observation. A comparison of the presented structure with other articles is included in the manuscript. The proposed work suits biomedical imaging, short-distance communication, healthcare and WBAN applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple optically transparent multi-port dual polarized wideband THz-MIMO antenna is presented in this study. The main focus of the work is to design an optically transparent antenna using indium tin oxide (ITO) as conducting material on polyimide substrate. Further, multi elements are integrated in the configuration without compromise of the MIMO performance of the antenna. The antenna development process begins with design of single element. A circular monopole radiator with an etched curved-shaped slot is developed first. The bottom of the antenna is integrated with partial ground plane with inverted L-shaped strip. This configuration of the single element antenna is provided wideband in THz frequency range. Further, two-port (parallel and orthogonally placed element scenarios) MIMO antenna is implemented to investigate the MIMO performance stability. The orthogonal arrangement of antenna element is accounted as a best arrangement to extend antenna into four-port configuration. Proposed four-port antenna performance is evaluated in terms conventional parameters (gain, efficiency and radiation patterns) and MIMO parameters (ECC, TARC, Diversity gain, and CCL). and four-port MIMO configurations. The antenna has offered wide bandwidth (0.55–10.6 THz). The gain of the antenna is 7.1 dBi over the interested frequency range. The circular polarization characteristics is exhibited by axial ratio which is shown 3-dB ARBW for 1–2.1 THz. The evaluated MIMO performance results port isolation, ECC, TARC, DG, and CCL are − 20 dB, 0.01457, − 25 dB, 10, 0.07322 respectively. Comparatively, the proposed MIMO antenna systems performance results and wide operating bandwidth in THz range is appropriate for optically transparent systems and sensing, Industry 4.0, IoT and 6G applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dual-band MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple outputs) antenna configurations are proposed in this work where circular rings are placed on the top of the surface, and hexagonal rings are placed on the bottom of the substrate, which operates at 2 GHz (5G communication) and 3.6 (Wi-Max) GHz application. MIMO antenna is fabricated and measured to validate its performance. Simulated and measured results are in good agreement. The proposed MIMO antenna shows a peak gain value of 7.6 dB across the operating frequency of 3.6 GHz. To get a low ECC (Envelop correlation coefficient) value, polarization diversity is employed between the adjacent radiator. Other MIMO parameters like MEG (Mean Effective Gain), DG (Directivity Gain), TARC (Total Active Reflection Coefficient), and CCL (Channel Capacity loss) were also evaluated. Performing all the parameters states that the design is most suitable for 5G communication and Wi-Max application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MIMO antenna design has always been a topic of interest in wireless technology. Although it has many benefits, the key challenge is to minimize mutual coupling between antenna elements. This study presents a decoupling technique between two tri-band antennas for LTE, WLAN, and 5G applications. For 3.5GHz, a monopole is initially created; the other two resonant frequencies are produced by changing the partial ground plane. Then, a MIMO antenna system is created using two tri-band monopoles. The resonators of low band can minimize the mutual coupling for two higher bands by suppressing surface wave propagation. Finally, coupling is reduced in the low band by using a Split Ring Resonator (SRR) to cancel out the original coupling. The reported MIMO antenna spans the 2.4/5.8GHz WLAN and LTE bands, as well as the 3.5 GHz 5G bands, with a mutual coupling of less than -18 dB.

Background: Early identification of infants at high risk of allergies can improve the efficacy of preventive interventions. However, an established quantifiable risk assessment method in the early postnatal period does not exist. TARC (or CCL17) is a Th2 chemokine used as an activity marker for atopic dermatitis (AD). Therefore, we evaluated the association between cord blood TARC (cTARC) and the development of allergic diseases in childhood. Methods: This is a high-risk birth cohort for allergy, consisting of children with a family history of allergy. We collected 263 pairs of maternal and child cord blood samples perinatally and child blood samples at ages 1, 2, and 5 years. TARC and allergen-specific immunoglobulin E levels were measured, and the relationship between allergic diseases was analyzed. Results: The median cTARC was 989 pg/mL (interquartile range [IQR]: 667–1430 pg/mL). The cTARC levels in children who developed AD were higher than those in children who did not develop AD, and the association strengthened with younger age (median [IQR] at 1 year: 1285 [816–1965] vs. 933 [662–1330] pg/mL, p

This paper proposes four-ring slot resonator-based MIMO antennas of 75 x 150 mm2 without and with CSRR structures in the sub-6-GHz range. These orthogonal-fed antennas have shown diverse characteristics with dual polarization. L-shaped parasitic structures have increased the isolation (i.e., >40 dB) in the single-element antenna over the band of 3.4 GHz?3.8 GHz. A set of three CSRR structures in the MIMO antenna reduced the coupling between antenna ports placed in an inline arrangement and enhanced the isolation from 12 dB to 20 dB and the diversity characteristics. The Sparameters of both MIMO antennas are measured and used to evaluate MIMO parameters like ECC, TARC, MEG, and channel capacity loss. The simulation results show the variations in the gain and directivity on exciting linear and dual polarizations. The diversity performance of the reported MIMO antennas is suitable for 5G applications.

Early identification of infants at high risk of allergies can improve the efficacy of preventive interventions. However, an established quantifiable risk assessment method in the early postnatal period does not exist. TARC (or CCL17) is a Th2 chemokine used as an activity marker for atopic dermatitis (AD). Therefore, we evaluated the association between cord blood TARC (cTARC) and the development of allergic diseases in childhood. This is a high-risk birth cohort for allergy, consisting of children with a family history of allergy. We collected 263 pairs of maternal and child cord blood samples perinatally and child blood samples at ages 1, 2, and 5 years. TARC and allergen-specific immunoglobulin E levels were measured, and the relationship between allergic diseases was analyzed. The median cTARC was 989 pg/mL (interquartile range [IQR]: 667–1430 pg/mL). The cTARC levels in children who developed AD were higher than those in children who did not develop AD, and the association strengthened with younger age (median [IQR] at 1 year: 1285 [816–1965] vs. 933 [662–1330] pg/mL, p < 0.01 ; at 2 years: 1114 [787–1753] vs. 950 [660–1373] pg/mL, p = 0.02). In the multivariate analysis, cTARC was associated with AD, egg white sensitization, food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and Japanese cedar pollen sensitization. cTARC was associated with the development of allergic diseases and allergen sensitization in early childhood. These results suggest that, infantile AD-mediated atopic march starts during fetal life, and this immune status is reflected in the cTARC at birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a compact two-port MIMO antenna array system is described. The antenna array spans the range from 27 to 40 GHz, whereas the impedance of the antenna element is matched at 50 Ω. The gain of the antenna element is between 5.5 and 8.5 dBi, and its radiation efficiency is between 65 and 90%. With high impedance matching for 5G MMW (Millimeter Wave), particularly at 28 GHz and 38 GHz, the 2-port antenna array operates in the frequency range of 27–40 GHz. The suggested MIMO array operates effectively with a gain of approximately 10 dBi and a radiation efficiency of approximately 95%. The antenna array's overall dimensions are a length of 55.27 mm, a width of 27.635 mm, and a depth of 1.6 mm with partial ground. A FR-4 substrate is used in the antenna's fabrication, greatly reducing the cost. In the antenna array, a decoupling surface is used between the antennas, with orthogonality being maintained between the ports to reduce mutual coupling. The results of the modelling show a reduction in the measured mutual coupling between array ports of less than − 35 dB. An envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of less than 1 × 10–4 is preferable. Additionally, the channel loss capacity is less than 0.3 bits/s/Hz, the mean effective gain is approximately − 6 dB, and the total active reflection coefficient is upgraded to be less than − 30 dB. Moreover, a diversity gain of approximately 10 dB is achieved. The proposed construction was created using CST Microwave Studio 2019. When the antennas are constructed and tested, the experimental outcomes surpass those of the simulation. Each antenna element is 27.635 mm long, 27.635 mm wide, and 1.6 mm thick. Slots in the radiating circular patch antenna element could be used to improve the radiation characteristics across the intended bands. The parametric study specifies that the distance between the antenna elements should be 0.5 λ, where λ is the operational wavelength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC, also known as CCL17) is used as a biomarker for atopic dermatitis. The methods currently used for its measurement are complex, time-consuming, and require large machinery, warranting the need for a method that is simple, has a quick turnaround time, and requires less complex machinery. We evaluated the analytical performance of a novel latex turbidimetric immunoassay method, "Nanopia TARC", on 174 residual serum samples from patients with skin or allergic diseases. This evaluation included the assessment of the limit of blank/detection/quantification (LOB/D/Q), precision, accuracy, linearity, interference, and commutability between Nanopia TARC and "HISCL TARC", based on the chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) method. The LOB/D/Q values were 13, 57, and 141 pg/mL, respectively. The coefficient of variation of the repeatability was 0.9–3.8%, and that of the intermediate precision was 2.1–5.4%. The total error of the accuracy was 1.9–13.4%. The linearity was 141 and 19,804 pg/mL for TARC. The correlation coefficient between Nanopia TARC and HISCL TARC determined using the Passing–Bablok regression analysis was 0.999. Furthermore, the concordance of diagnostic criteria with AD was 92%. Nanopia TARC was confirmed to have the same analytical performance for TARC measurement as the existing CLEIA method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, on-demand rejection of interfering bands with operating band intended for UWB-X band applications utilizing a diversity antenna with a dimension of 24 × 48 mm2 has been reported. Two sharp rejecting bands, WiMAX and WLAN are obtained by using an anchor-shaped stub embedded within a slotted radiating patch and externally connected C-type stub. MIMO antenna configuration offers isolation of more the 30 db in both measured and simulation environments. The designed MIMO antenna offers good time-domain characteristics and is characterized utilizing various parameters including S-parameters, radiation efficiency, far-field gain, radiation pattern, ECC, DG, TARC, and CCL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of thermoactivated recycled concrete cement (TARC) on mortar as a partial replacement for cement was examined. TARC is derived from concrete waste through a series of processes. Different mortar mixtures were tested, ranging from 0% to 50% TARC in 10% increments. A comprehensive range of tests was conducted to assess the properties of the mortar, including fresh, mechanical, microstructure, and durability evaluations. The fresh test indicated that the incorporation of TARC impacted the flow of mortar, leading to reduced workability as the percentage of replacement increased. Regarding mechanical performance, using 20% TARC resulted in improved compressive strength, bulk density, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). Microstructural analysis using thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that the TARC mix exhibited advantageous thermal properties, enhanced FTIR spectra, and a denser microstructure, thereby enhancing the durability of the mortar. Overall, substituting OPC with TARC significantly reduces the carbon footprint associated with cement production, promoting sustainability and contributing to a circular economy in the construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune skin-blistering disease. Systemic corticosteroids remain the first line treatment for moderate-to-severe BP with the potential for severe adverse events. Dupilumab has emerged as an alternative option for BP patients. Objective: We evaluated the efficiency and safety of dupilumab on BP treatment and explored a mode of drug action in depth. Methods and results: A multicenter retrospective cohort included 20 BP patients who received dupilumab with or without systemic corticosteroid in dupilumab group, and 20 matched BP patients who received corticosteroid alone in conventional group. Serum samples were collected from 20 patients (10 from dupilumab group and 10 from conventional group) at baseline and week 4. Compared to systemic corticosteroid alone, dupilumab with or without systemic corticosteroid was similarly efficacious in clinical remission at week4 (complete remission plus partial remission: 100%) and week24 (complete remission plus partial remission:100%), but allowing significant decreases in the cumulative doses of corticosteroids with reducing the incidence of adverse events. However, dupilumab did not decrease BP180 antibody despite an obvious clinical improvement. Comparative plasma proteomic analysis performed before and after treatment in 3 BP patients from dupilumab group revealed that drug use was associated with 30 differentially expressed proteins, including 26 down-regulated and 4 up-regulated proteins. The former consisted of immune related proteins involved in T/B cell interactions (inducible T-cell costimulator ligand, ICOSL) and in the activation of eosinophils (PRG2), mast cells (S100A12), and complement (CR2). TARC and ICOSL levels correlated with BP severity in patients who received either dupilumab or conventional treatment. Conclusion: Dupilumab has similar efficacy in treating BP as conventional drugs, by inhibiting the activities of many types of immune cells and complement, and regulating the interactions between T and B cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes four‐ring slot resonator‐based MIMO antennas of 75 × 150 mm2 without and with CSRR structures in the sub‐6‐GHz range. These orthogonal‐fed antennas have shown diverse characteristics with dual polarization. L‐shaped parasitic structures have increased the isolation (i.e., >40 dB) in the single‐element antenna over the band of 3.4 GHz–3.8 GHz. A set of three CSRR structures in the MIMO antenna reduced the coupling between antenna ports placed in an inline arrangement and enhanced the isolation from 12 dB to 20 dB and the diversity characteristics. The S‐parameters of both MIMO antennas are measured and used to evaluate MIMO parameters like ECC, TARC, MEG, and channel capacity loss. The simulation results show the variations in the gain and directivity on exciting linear and dual polarizations. The diversity performance of the reported MIMO antennas is suitable for 5G applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of secukinumab treatment for psoriasis on different functional cytokines and inflammatory mediators in patients' serum Methods: Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐1RA associated with intrinsic immunity; IL‐6, IL‐18, and growth regulated oncogene alpha (GROα) associated with neutrophils; IL‐12, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and interferon (IFN)‐γ associated with Th1; IL‐23, IL‐17A, and IL‐22 associated with Th17; Thymus activation regulated chemokine (TARC), IL‐13, and defensin beta 2 (DEFB2) associated with Th2; Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐A and IL‐10 associated with angiogenesis; and IFN‐γ associated with sepsis in the peripheral blood of 12 patients with common psoriasis treated with secukinumab and 15 healthy controls. IL‐23, IL‐17A, IL‐22 associated with Th17; TARC, IL‐13, DEFB2 associated with Th2; VEGF‐A, IL‐10 associated with angiogenesis and procalcitonin (PCT) associated with sepsis. The differences in expression of the above cytokines before and after treatment and the correlation with psoriasis disease severity［Psoriasis Area Severity Index(PASI) score］, age, and disease duration were analyzed. Results: The mean PASI score of the enrolled patients with moderate to severe psoriasis was 21.6 ± 11.0 before treatment and decreased to below 1 after treatment. Serum IL‐6; IL‐18, GROα, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, VEGF‐A, and IL‐17A were significantly higher than normal. And IL‐17A and IFN‐γ were positively correlated with disease duration and age, and IL‐18 was positively correlated with PASI score. The expression levels of IL‐6, GROα, VEGF‐A, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL‐17A and IL‐23 were significantly lower after secukinumab treatment compared with those before treatment, but the expression levels of IFN‐γ, VEGF‐A, TARC, IL‐13, and DEFB2 were still significantly higher than those of normal subjects after treatment Conclusions: secukinumab clears skin lesions by antagonizing IL‐17A and simultaneously decreasing the expression levels of IL‐6, GRO α, VEGF‐A, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL‐17A, and IL‐23. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new design of compact coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed -super ultra-wideband (S-UWB) MIMO antenna with a bandwidth of 3.6 to 40 GHz. The proposed antenna is composed of two orthogonal sector-shape monopoles (SSM) antenna elements to perform polarization diversity. In addition, a matched L-shaped common ground element is attached for more efficient coupling. The FR-4 substrate of the structure with a size of 23 × 45 × 1.6 mm3 and a dielectric constant of 4.3 is considered. The proposed design is simulated by using CST Microwave Studio commercial software. The simulation shows that the antenna has low mutual coupling (|S21| < -20 dB) with |S11|<-10 dB, ranging from 3.6 to 40 GHz. Envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is less than 0.008, diversity gain (DG) is more than 9.99, mean effective gain (MEG) is below - 3 dB and total active reflection coefficient (TARC) is less than -6 dB over the whole response band is reported. The proposed MIMO antenna is expected efficiently cover the broadest range of frequencies for contemporary communications applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented manuscript represents the superlative 1 × 2 MIMO antenna structure. Eight designs were analyzed by the patch elements' varying shapes and inserting the slits in the ground regions. The overall dimensions of the structure are 50 × 39 × 1.6 (mm3). The low-profile substrate FR4 is used for the fabrication, and the reflectance response of simulated and measured designs are compared. The insertion L shaped slits in the ground region and engraving of the patch elements provide the wider isolation bands. The minimum S11 is −67.53 dB, a broader bandwidth of 5.653 GHz, and a peak gain of 8.72 dBi. The design concert also analyzed ECC, CCL, TARC and DG. These results reflect the presented design's behaviour as per the standard requirements. The response of the design is also compared with the previously published works to identify the improvement. The work targets wireless applications like WLAN, weather broadcast, Satellite and Military.

In this manuscript, we have numerically investigated and experimentally verified the six-element split ring resonator and circular patch-shaped multiple input, multiple output antenna operating in the 1–25 GHz band. MIMO antennas are analyzed in terms of several physical parameters, such as reflectance, gain, directivity, VSWR, and electric field distribution. The parameters of the MIMO antenna, for instance, the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), channel capacity loss (CCL), the total active reflection coefficient (TARC), directivity gain (DG), and mean effective gain (MEG), are also investigated for identification of a suitable range of these parameters for multichannel transmission capacity. Ultrawideband operation at 10.83 GHz is possible for the theoretically designed and practically executed antenna with the return loss and gain values of −19 dB and −28 dBi, respectively. Overall, the antenna offers minimum return loss values of −32.74 dB for the operating band of 1.92 to 9.81 GHz with a bandwidth of 6.89 GHz. The antennas are also investigated in terms of a continuous ground patch and a scattered rectangular patch. The proposed results are highly applicable for the ultrawideband operating MIMO antenna application in satellite communication with C/X/Ku/K bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rectangular strip engraved circular patch and corrugated stub-shaped multiple input multiple outputs (MIMO) antenna designs is numerically investigated, and measurement results are presented in this research for the frequency range of 1 to 25 GHz. It is first numerically investigated to study the various antenna parameters and conduct fabrication on the suggested antenna. We have presented statistics on different antenna parameters for four distinct antenna designs to identify the behaviour in terms of resonating bandwidth, return loss and operating band of the antenna. The proposed antennas are analyzed in terms of their reflectance, gain, and directivity, as well as their efficiency, peak gain, and electric field distribution. With a return loss of − 55.49 dB in simulated results and − 29.89 dB, the rectangular strips engraved corrugated stub antenna can realize the maximum possible bandwidth of 5.49 GHz in simulation and 5.65 GHz in measured outcomes. We have also presented the MIMO antenna parameters ECC, DG, TARC and CCL to identify the antenna behaviour regarding internal interference and efficient signal transmission. In general, the findings obtained from an antenna have the potential to be applied to a wide variety of communication applications, such as those for 5G, WiFi, WiMAX, and satellite communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high gain, high speed/data rate, high capacity, and beamforming antennas are required for the present generation of mobile and wireless applications to satisfy the exponentially growing demands of the users. This paper presents low mutual coupling multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) array antenna for millimetre-wave (mmw) application. The MIMO-array beamforming antenna with 2:1 VSWR band is proposed for 28.0 GHz and covers 27.04–28.35 GHz frequency band, which is suitable for mm-wave n261 5G-band which cover the frequency range from 27.5–28.35 GHz. It consists of 2 × 12 antenna array elements and the prototype is designed on low loss Rogers Duroid 5880 substrate of size 51.45 × 36.87 mm 2. The beamforming MIMO antenna covers ± 20 0 main lobe directions. The mutual coupling at the MIMO-array ports is less than 28.0 dB. The radiation efficiency and the gain in the presented band are more than 93.0% and more than 13.99 dBi. The ECC in the presented frequency band is ≤ 10 - 4 , which is one of the advantages of the proposed design. The design covers indoor and outdoor Gaussian applications, and has 1.31 GHz TARC active bandwidth. It has 4.65% simulated and 4.73% measured fractional bandwidths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Blood‐based biomarkers are gaining interest for response evaluation in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). However, it is unknown how blood‐based biomarkers relate to quantitative 18F‐FDG‐PET features. We correlated extracellular vesicle‐associated miRNAs (EV‐miRNA), serum TARC, and complete blood count (CBC) with PET features (e.g., metabolic tumor volume [MTV], dissemination and intensity features) in 30 cHL patients at baseline. EV‐miR127‐3p, EV‐miR24‐3p, sTARC, and several CBC parameters showed weak to strong correlations with MTV and dissemination features, but not with intensity features. Two other EV‐miRNAs only showed weak correlations with PET features. Therefore, blood‐based biomarkers may be complementary to PET features, which warrants further exploration of combining these biomarkers in prognostic models.

Aims: Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) should be distinguished from its wide variety of histological mimics, including reactive conditions and mature B and T cell neoplasms. Thymus and activation‐related chemokine (TARC) is produced in extremely high quantities by the Hodgkin/Reed–Sternberg (HRS) tumour cells and is largely responsible for the attraction of CD4+ T cells into the cHL tumour micro‐environment. In the current study we evaluated the diagnostic potential of TARC immunohistochemistry in daily practice in a tertiary referral centre in the Netherlands. Methods and results: A total of 383 cases, approximately half of which were cHL mimics, were prospectively evaluated in the period from June 2014 to November 2020. In 190 cHL cases, 92% were TARC‐positive and the majority of cases showed strong and highly specific staining in all HRS cells (77%). In most cases, TARC could discriminate between nodular lymphocyte‐predominant and lymphocyte‐rich Hodgkin lymphoma. HRS‐like cells in mature lymphoid neoplasms were rarely positive (6.4%) and there was no TARC staining at all in 64 reactive lymphadenopathies. Conclusions: TARC immunohistochemistry has great value in differentiating between cHL and its mimics, including nodular lymphocyte‐predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, reactive lymphadenopathies and mature lymphoid neoplasms with HRS‐like cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a complex disease characterized by the interplay of genetic and environmental factors for which, despite decades of intense research, diagnosis remains rather delayed, and most therapeutic options fail. Therefore, unravelling other potential pathogenetic mechanisms and searching for reliable markers are high priorities. In the present study, we employ the SOMAscan assay, an aptamer-based proteomic technology, to determine the circulating proteomic profile of ALS patients. The expression levels of ~1300 proteins were assessed in plasma, and 42 proteins with statistically significant differential expression between ALS patients and healthy controls were identified. Among these, four were upregulated proteins, Thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine, metalloproteinase inhibitor 3 and nidogen 1 and 2 were selected and validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in an overlapping cohort of patients. Following statistical analyses, different expression patterns of these proteins were observed in the familial and sporadic ALS patients. The proteins identified in this study might provide insight into ALS pathogenesis and represent potential candidates to develop novel targeted therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is focused to develop a novel and compact size multi-port antenna which can operate into multiband characteristics (5G High bands and sub-THz band). The two-port antenna structure is configured in such a way that offered high isolation between the ports without using any decoupling mechanism. Further, this research has explored the methods to extend the two-port antenna configuration into four-port and eight-port while preserving the MIMO performance and multi-band operating behaviour of the antenna. The purpose of antenna configuration extension is to get improved MIMO performance. Initially, two-port antenna evolution is carried out to obtain the desired operating multi-band characteristics. The two-port antenna is developed on small size (150 μm X 200 μm) low-cost RT/duroid 5880 substrate. The antenna is comprised of two parallel arranged pentagon-shaped antenna elements which are fed by the micro-strip feed-line. The antenna impedance bandwidth is achieved by placing the Complementary Ring Resonator (CSRR) structure on both sides of the feed line. Isolation between the ports is enhanced by etching the pentagon-shaped rings in the ground plane of the antenna. Further, two-port antenna is easily extended into four-port and eight-port configuration. Performance evaluation of the extended versions of the antenna is performed in terms of operating bandwidth, isolation, and MIMO parameters (ECC, diversity gain, TARC, CCL). The proposed antennas have offered 24, 28, 37 GHz 5G operating bands as well as 0.035 − 0.2 THz band for high-speed short-range communication applications. The achieved sub-THz band is also very useful for biomedical sensing applications. The MIMO diversity performance parameters of the proposed antenna are Isolation, ECC, diversity gain, TARC, and CCL are obtained as − 30 dB, 0.000046, almost 10,− 35 dB, and 0.027bps/Hz respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented manuscript represents the superlative 1 × 2 MIMO antenna structure. Eight designs were analyzed by the patch elements' varying shapes and inserting the slits in the ground regions. The overall dimensions of the structure are 50 × 39 × 1.6 (mm3). The low-profile substrate FR4 is used for the fabrication, and the reflectance response of simulated and measured designs are compared. The insertion L shaped slits in the ground region and engraving of the patch elements provide the wider isolation bands. The minimum S 11 is −67.53 dB, a broader bandwidth of 5.653 GHz, and a peak gain of 8.72 dBi. The design concert also analyzed ECC, CCL, TARC and DG. These results reflect the presented design's behaviour as per the standard requirements. The response of the design is also compared with the previously published works to identify the improvement. The work targets wireless applications like WLAN, weather broadcast, Satellite and Military. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]