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Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives. The study aimed to provide a systematic review of physical training methods to improve the physical condition components of elite taekwondo athletes in the kyorugi category. Materials and methods. An extensive literature assessment of earlier research was carried out. The objective was to examine articles published between 2020 and 2024 that describe strategies for improving the physical condition component of taekwondo athletes. The electronic search was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The articles that addressed methods for enhancing physical condition through exercise were compiled. Results. Sixty publications used training approaches to enhance the physical condition component of elite taekwondo athletes in the kyorugi category. Based on the physical state that is assessed and improved, items are categorized. Among the physical training methods that can be applied in the Taekwondo category of kyorugi are plyometric training, circuit training methods, speed, agility, and quickness (SAQ) training; strength training, endurance training, flexibility training, reaction training, power training, coordination training, balance training, resistance training, and functional training. Conclusions. After thorough analysis, several training techniques have been shown to be effective in enhancing the physical attributes of elite taekwondo athletes in the kyorugi category. These attributes include flexibility, response, strength, power, coordination, agility, speed, balance, and VO2max. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ATP-PCr system represents the main source of energy during high-intensity attack actions in taekwondo matches. In contrast, the glycolytic system supports the maintenance of these actions when repeated techniques are performed. Given the close relationship between anaerobic energy systems and attack activity in combat, the literature relating to the use of sport-specific test protocols for anaerobic assessment has experienced a remarkable increase. This narrative review aims to illustrate the sport-specific anaerobic tests available in taekwondo by retracing and examining development and validation process for each test. Forty-one articles published between 2014 and 2023 were selected via the MEDLINE and Google Scholar bibliographic databases. These tests are the Taekwondo Anaerobic Test and Adapted Anaerobic Kick Test (i.e., continuous mode testing); the 10 s and multiple Frequency Speed of Kick Tests; the chest and head Taekwondo Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Tests; and the Taekwondo-Specific Aerobic–Anaerobic–Agility test (i.e., intermittent mode testing). Coaches and strength and conditioning professionals can use all the tests described in taekwondo gyms as they feature short and easy-to-implement protocols for monitoring and prescribing specific anaerobic training. The guidelines in this review evaluate each test from several perspectives: basic (e.g., validity, reliability, and sensitivity), methodological (e.g., continuous or intermittent mode testing) and application (e.g., time–motion structure and performance parameters). This comprehensive approach aims to assist stakeholders in selecting the most appropriate test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The study aimed to provide a systematic review of physical training methods to improve the physical condition components of elite taekwondo athletes in the kyorugi category. Materials and methods. An extensive literature assessment of earlier research was carried out. The objective was to examine articles published between 2020 and 2024 that describe strategies for improving the physical condition component of taekwondo athletes. The electronic search was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The articles that addressed methods for enhancing physical condition through exercise were compiled. Results. Sixty publications used training approaches to enhance the physical condition component of elite taekwondo athletes in the kyorugi category. Based on the physical state that is assessed and improved, items are categorized. Among the physical training methods that can be applied in the Taekwondo category of kyorugi are plyometric training, circuit training methods, speed, agility, and quickness (SAQ) training; strength training, endurance training, flexibility training, reaction training, power training, coordination training, balance training, resistance training, and functional training. Conclusions. After thorough analysis, several training techniques have been shown to be effective in enhancing the physical attributes of elite taekwondo athletes in the kyorugi category. These attributes include flexibility, response, strength, power, coordination, agility, speed, balance, and VO₂max.

PURPOSE Fractures are common among Taekwondo-sparring athletes, yet little research has been conducted on these injuries in adult athletes. This study aimed to examine fracture injuries and post-fracture management practices in Taekwondo sparring athletes, with an emphasis on comparing lightweight and heavyweight classes. METHODS Data were collected through interviews with 182 adult taekwondo sparring athletes in Korea (95 males and 85 females). The athletes were divided into lightweight and heavyweight groups based on the weight class in which they competed. RESULTS Approximately 58.3% of the participants experienced taekwondo-related fractures, with heavyweight players having a significantly higher rate than lightweight players (χ²=3.987, p=.036). Overall, Taekwondo-related fractures occurred most frequently in the hand region during defensive maneuvers, and were caused by contact mechanisms. Fractures were more common among heavyweight athletes during competition and among lightweight athletes during training (χ²=6.395, p=.011). Heavyweight players were more likely to undergo surgery after fractures, whereas lightweights were more likely to receive conservative treatment (χ²=4.270, p=.039). Approximately half of the players (51.4%) returned to play after their fractures without a confirmed diagnosis of bone union, and the most common post-fracture psychological distress was fear of reinjury (57.2%). CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that the fracture injury characteristics among elite Taekwondo-sparring athletes vary according to weight class, emphasizing the importance of injury prevention and management programs tailored to each specific weight class.

To win a taekwondo competition, more points must be scored, and the key to scoring points is to improve the motor performance of the kick. However, the relationship between core stability and the effectiveness of athletic performance, particularly in executing the wing kick, remains ambiguous, impeding coaches and athletes in their efforts to improve athletic performance. A total of 26 male participants (height: 167.21 ± 7.29 cm; weight: 62.07 ± 8.03 kg; age: 24.69 ± 2.53 years) participated, and they have been practicing Taekwondo for more than 10 years. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected using 13 infrared cameras at 120 Hz, muscle activity data were collected using epidermal electromyography, and participants’ core stability level were measured using the Sahrmann Core Stability Test (SCST) for correlation with other variables. Core stability levels showed a strong negative correlation with execution time (r = −0.7144, p < 0.001) of the aerial phase of the wing kick as did angular momentum in most lower limb segments (thigh X axis, r = −0.6435, p < 0.001, shank X axis, r = −0.62008, p < 0.001, foot X axis, r = −0.7033, p < 0.001). Bilateral rectus abdominis (RA) showed strong correlations with muscle activation (left rectus abdominis (LRA) of left foot take off-left knee max extension (LTO-LKMF) phase, r = 0.5351, p < 0.001, right rectus abdominis (RRA) of LTO-LKMF phase, r = −0.5628, p < 0.001), and high levels of core stability were associated with better core-muscle coupling. We conclude that incorporating core stability training into taekwondo training has the potential to improve wing kick performance.

This study focused on the assessment of the Taekwondo training program in the division Alaminos City for the School Year 2022-2023. It used a descriptive research design. The total respondents consist of ninety-six (96) taekwondo athletes from Public and Private Secondary Schools in the School Division of Alaminos City with four yearsexperience as a taekwondo athlete. The study found out that in the status of taekwondo training program, the athletes are moderately satisfied with their training on basic movements (kibondongjak), and sparring (kyorugi); and very satisfied with their training on form (poomsae). For the effect of the implementation of taekwondo training program, the athletes found the training on physical fitness, mental health, and emotional development to be effective. In the level of satisfaction in the implementation of taekwondo training program, the athletes are very highly satisfied with their pre-training and training proper; while they are very highly satisfied with their post training. And, with the challenges encountered by the athletes in the taekwondo training program, the athletes have a high encounter. The study recommends that in the status of taekwondo training program, there should be a review and revision to be made to suit the training needs of the athletes particularly on basic movements (kibondongjak), and sparring (kyorugi) since they found it moderately satisfying. Likewise, in the implementation of taekwondo training program, the sports officials, coaches and trainers should focus more on the training of athletes particularly on physical fitness, mental health, and emotional development. Also, in the level of satisfaction in the implementation of taekwondo training program, sports officials, coaches and trainers should strengthen the pre-training and proper training activities of the athletes. Further, on the challenges encountered by the athletes, the SDO personnel concern, coaches and trainers should always attend to the needs of the athletes to enhance their performance and be always on guard of their welfare. Finally, an innovative training design is being proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to propose a new methodological approach for analyzing relative age effect (RAE) in different sports or samples named "Relative age effect overall scale" (RAEOS). The sample consisted of 1455 male and female young athletes who competed in four different sports (basketball, n = 159; handball, n = 215; swimming, n = 981; taekwondo, n = 100) at the Youth Olympic Games (YOG) in Buenos Aires in 2018. To construct the new model, the sample was classified into four unified quartiles of a specific range depending on the sport (swimming: 48-month range, taekwondo: 24-month range, and basketball and handball: 36-month range). Expected and observed frequencies for each sport, the winners/all athletes, and differences between team and individual sports were analyzed using a non-parametric Chi-square test. The obtained results confirm the existence of the RAE in all four analyzed sports (p > 0.01) in a sample of all participants and the sample of gold medalists. Differences between team and individual sports in the analyzed sample have also been found. The proposed methodological approach (RAEOS) is a simple and applicable tool that provides opportunities for comparison and analysis of different sports and competition formats, as well as improvement of the sports talent system in the context of RAE issues. It is suggested to the sports decision-makers to improve the YOG qualification and competition system to enable fairer competition and reduce the influence of RAE on the performance and development of young athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciencia y Educación (2707-3378) is the property of Duanys Miguel Pena Lopez and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a course of Taekwondo goal-oriented physical exercises on the cognitive functions of children with learning disorders. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, which was conducted with a pre-test-post-test control group design, 20 boys with learning disorders were selected from the centers for learning disabilities by referring to special education in Mashhad. In the pre-test stage, the participants' working memory and inhibition were measured by N-back and Stroop tests, respectively. After that, the exercise group participated in the selected Taekwondo exercise program for three 50-minute sessions per week for four weeks. In each session, a set of My Brain cognitive games was used before the implementation of the exercise protocol. In the first 10 minutes of the session, cognitive games were played, then 10 minutes of warming up, 30 minutes of teaching and practicing Taekwondo techniques, and finally 10 minutes of cooling down were conducted. During this period, the control group did their usual activities. Finally, the dependent variables were measured again in the post-test phase. Repeated measures analysis of variance test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Taekwondo goal-oriented physical exercises improved cognitive functions in the Exercise group; All these changes were significant compared to the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Taekwondo goal-oriented physical exercises can be effective as an intervention to improve the cognitive functions of this group of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study investigates the anthropometric physical fitness measurements of athletes who have won medals and those who have not in self-defense sports, such as karate, Muay Thai, kickboxing, and taekwondo, in the context of Aqaba, Jordan. The objective of this research is to uncover the physical attributes that contribute to success in these sports. The study measured various anthropometric factors, including height, weight, BMI, body fat percentage, muscle mass, and flexibility, among a sample of athletes who had won medals and those who had not. The findings demonstrated notable differences in certain anthropometric characteristics between the two groups, highlighting the significance of specific physical attributes in achieving success in self-defense sports.Athletes in self-defense sports, such as karate, Muay Thai, kickboxing, and taekwondo, must possess a combination of physical conditioning, technical proficiency, and mental resilience to achieve success in competition. These athletes often engage in rigorous training regimens to enhance their performance and achieve victory at various levels. While technical competence and strategic insight are critical factors in achieving success, it is crucial to recognize the significance of anthropometric physical fitness measurements. Anthropometric measurements, including height, weight, body composition, and flexibility, can offer valuable information about the physiological characteristics that contribute to athletic success in self-defense sports. Methodology: The research evaluated the anthropometric characteristics of athletes participating in self-defense sports in Aqaba, Jordan. The sample included two groups of athletes based on their competitive accomplishments: those who had won medals (gold, silver, or bronze) at the national or international level, and those who had not. The study collected data on various anthropometric measures, such as height (in centimeters), weight (in kilograms), body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (%), muscle mass (in kilograms), and flexibility (measured using the sit and reach test). Results: The findings of the study revealed significant disparities in specific anthropometric measures between athletes who earned medals and those who did not. When compared to non-medalist athletes, medalist athletes exhibited higher levels of muscle mass and lower body fat percentages. Additionally, medalist athletes demonstrated greater flexibility, as evidenced by their sit and reach test scores. However, no discernible differences were observed in the height, weight, or BMI of the two groups. Discussion: The results of this study emphasize the relevance of precise anthropometric physical fitness measurements in attaining success in self-defense sports. Successful athletes in these sports had favorable body composition characteristics, such as higher muscle mass and lower body fat percentages, which could contribute to increased strength-to-weight ratios and agility. Furthermore, greater flexibility among these athletes indicated improved range of motion and injury prevention, which are crucial in dynamic combat sports. These findings emphasize the importance of designing targeted strength and conditioning programs that cater to the physical demands of self-defense sports. Conclusion: This study delivers essential information about the physical measurements of athletes in self-defense sports who won medals and those who did not in Aqaba, Jordan. The findings imply that specific physiological factors, including muscle mass, body fat percentage, and flexibility, can impact an athlete's success in competitions. Coaches and athletes can use this data to create personalized training regimens that focus on improving performance and achieving success in self-defense sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. This study was designed to compare the effects of 8 weeks of elastic band training and the physical responses that occur in muscular strength, especially explosive strength and strength endurance in female taekwondo players aged 14 to 18 years. Methods. A total of 05 participants were measured before and after an 8-week training programme with three weekly sessions (24 sessions) throughout the training programme, which included training sessions using elastic bands with full control of training intensity throughout the duration of the programme: Four physical tests were selected to measure the results: -Static vertical jump test to measure the explosive power of the legs. -3kg medicine ball throw test to measure the explosive strength of the arms. -60-second sit-to-stand test to measure abdominal muscle strength endurance. -60-second squat test to measure the endurance of the leg muscles. Results. The results indicated that the use of elastic bands develops the muscular strength of the players so that we observed statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test in all physical tests attributed to the training programme. Conclusions. These results indicate that elastics are very important in the development of muscular strength in female Taekwondo athletes, and coaches should recognise their importance and use them throughout physical preparation in Taekwon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletes usually use warm-up and stretching exercises before starting a vigorous physical activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the positive and negative effects of different stretching and flexing exercises on kicking acceleration performance in taekwondo. A total of 12 elite taekwondo athletes (7 boys and 5 girls) with an average age of 20.75±1.48 years, an average height of 171±10.06 cm, an average body weight of 61.8±11 kg, and an average Body Mass Index (BMI) of 21.1±2.5 kg/m2 participated in this study. For the kick acceleration test (KAT), an accelerometer was used by attaching it to the ankle of the participants with the help of a smart phone and a smart watch. For KAT measurements, static stretching exercise (SSE), dynamic stretching exercise (DSE), proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation exercise (PNFE) and ballistic stretching exercise (BSE) methods were applied on different days during the warm-up phase. In this study with elite level Taekwondo athletes, significant differences were found between palding chagi and dollyo-chagi kick acceleration values after SSE and PNFE applications (p<0.05). In addition, statistical analyses showed that DSE were associated with higher acceleration values than PNFE and BSE. As a result of the statistical analyses performed on KAT, it was observed that DSE method showed a significant difference between the measurements of torso level kicking and head level kicking parameters compared to other methods (p<0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that DSE can be preferred to PNFE stretching and BSE when planning flexibility exercises in taekwondo training. According to the results of KAT, DSE did not have a significant negative effect in the training program, and it can be concluded that there is no obstacle to apply DSE in pre-competition warm-ups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Nutrição e Esportiva is the property of Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisa e Ensino em Fisiologia do Exercicio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science (MJSS) is the property of Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science (MJSS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology is the property of Idokan Poland Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology is the property of Idokan Poland Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El siguiente artículo se centra en presentar e implementar un programa pedagógico de estímulo visual y auditivo que permita mejorar y evaluar la capacidad de velocidad de reacción de niños, adolescentes y adultos, así como la capacidad de resistencia especial mediante los intervalos de tiempo y número de acciones que ejecuta un deportista de taekwondo durante cada round de combate en sus respectivas categorías, dado que en reiteradas ocasiones el compañero de entrenamiento o el mismo deportista no mide los intervalos de tiempo o realiza las acciones de reacción de manera eficaz para mejorar y controlar la misma. Se seleccionó un grupo de 30 sujetos a ser evaluado. Los sujetos de investigación son deportistas de 9 a 17 años del Club JB SPORTS Taekwondo de las categorías infantil, cadetes, y pre juveniles. El plan consistió en trabajar junto a este programa pedagógico 3 veces a la semana durante un periodo de 8 semanas, se midió el número de aciertos con técnicas de taekwondo antes y después del programa. Al finalizar el programa de entrenamiento se observó un incremento del 32% de efectividad en los aciertos con tiempo de reacción del programa. Estos resultados indican una mejora notable en el tiempo de reacción de los atletas, la implementación de un programa pedagógico de estímulo visual y auditivo puede llevar a mejoras significativas en el rendimiento por lo que estos programas deben ser parte integral del entrenamiento en los atletas de esta disciplina.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la efectividad de un programa de ejercicios pliométrico para mejorar la fuerza explosiva en los deportistas del taekwondo haciendo comparación con un régimen de entrenamiento tradicional. El alcance de la investigación se centró en diagnosticar como los ejercicios de pliometría influye en variables clave de rendimiento, como la altura de salto vertical y la velocidad de la patada, son fundamentales para el éxito en los combates. La metodología consistió en la aplicación de un programa de ejercicios pliométricos en un grupo de deportistas, mientras que el otro grupo de deportistas siguió un entrenamiento convencional. Se midieron variables como el salto de altura y la velocidad de la patada antes y después de un periodo de entrenamiento de 8 semanas. Los resultados demostraron mejoras significativas en el grupo de control que realizo los ejercicios pliométricos, evidenciando un incremento en la altura del salto vertical y una mayor fuerza y velocidad en la patada en comparación con el grupo que mantuvo el entrenamiento tradicional, estos hallazgos sugieren que el entrenamiento pliométrico es más efectivo para desarrollar la fuerza explosiva en los deportistas. En conclusión, el programa de ejercicios pliométricos demostró ser un método eficaz para mejorar el rendimiento explosivo, su implementación en rutinas de entrenamiento puede aportar al desarrollo de la potencia muscular y la velocidad, factores críticos para el éxito en competiciones de taekwondo.

Abstract Background Purpose In this study, the purpose of this study is to identify the determinants of winning and losing in taekwondo by applying decision tree analysis, one of the data mining techniques, based on the 2022 World taekwondo championships women’s competition. Methods 272 women’s games in the taekwondo championships in Guadalajara held by the WT in 2022 were used. For data processing, an independent sample t-test was performed for differences in game content variables according to the win/lose group, and a decision tree analysis was performed to confirm game content variables affecting the win/lose group. To check the predictive power of the model, classification accuracy, standard error, and misclassification estimates were calculated. All statistical significance levels were set at 0.05. Results First, it was found that there was no statistically significant difference only in body attack (attempt) and number of kicking variables according to the winning and losing groups(p > .05), and there were differences in all other game content variables(p

Endurance is one of the most influential factors in achieving high-performance athletes. The level of maximum oxygen volume or VO2Max describes endurance. VO2Max is the ability to consume oxygen during physical activity. This research examines the influential factors of Taekwondo achievement in regional sports competitions. The method used in this research is a survey to determine VO2Max levels. The research instrument operated is the Multi Fitness Test (MFT) to measure VO2Max levels. The sample in this study was 20 taekwondo athletes from Semarang City. Data results of the physical condition test are divided into five categories: Poor, Under Average, Average, Above Average, and Excellent. The results confirm that VO2Max level is the main factor in achieving the best athlete performance. Athletes who win gold medals have the VO2Max Above the Average category. The conclusion is that most taekwondo athletes in Semarang City have a VO2Max level in the Average Category. Increasing VO2Max training is required to achieve athletes' high performance.

This study sought to determine the relationship between the subjective evaluation of the low back pain scale and Modified Oswestry Disability Index (MODI) and the objective evaluation of muscle function and recovery period for elite Taekwondo players with back pain injuries. The study included 57 elite Taekwondo athletes who participated in advanced competitions at a training camp for the year 2022. An independent-sample t -test was performed to compare the sex-specific measure of back pain, the MODI, muscle function, and recovery period. Pearson's correlation was used to investigate the relationship between variables, and simple linear regression analysis was performed to identify factors affecting variables. Statistical significance was set to α = 0.05, and all statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 27.0 for Windows. Male athletes had a lower pain scale (3.41 vs. 4.86; P = 0.006) and MODI (14.03 vs. 20.75; P = 0.004) than female athletes but longer recovery period (8.66 vs. 6.21; P = 0.033). Additionally, for all athletes, the pain scale and MODI affected the left/right rotation ratio (P < 0.001, P = 0.005, respectively) and the recovery period (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, respectively), and, as the pain score and MODI increased, the left/right rotation ratio and recovery period also increased. For all Taekwondo athletes, the pain score and MODI affected the ratio of the left/right rotation and recovery period. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an exercise program to alleviate the left/right rotation imbalance of Taekwondo athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Headguard use is appropriate during some combat sports activities where the risks of injury to the face and ears are elevated. Headguards are highly effective in reducing the incidence of facial lacerations in studies of amateur boxers and are just as effective in other striking sports. They should be used in scenarios – especially sparring prior to competitions – where avoidance of laceration and subsequent exposure to potential blood-borne pathogens is important. Headguards are appropriate where avoidance of auricular injury is deemed important; limited data show a marked reduction in incidence of auricular injury in wrestlers wearing headguards. Headguards should not be relied upon to reduce the risk of concussion or other traumatic brain injury. They have not been shown to prevent these types of injuries in combat sports or other sports, and human studies on the effect of headguards on concussive injury are lacking. While biomechanical studies suggest they reduce linear and rotational acceleration of the cranium, changes in athlete behavior to more risk-taking when wearing headguards may offset any risk reduction. In the absence of high-quality studies on headguard use, the Association of Ringside Physicians recommends that further research be conducted to clarify the role of headguards in all combat sports, at all ages of participation. Furthermore, in the absence of data on gender differences, policies should be standardized for men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The winning mentality is still a problem for some athletes in professional competitions, where competing to be the best in a match (championship) is the maximum achievement that an athlete can give because of the training process that has been undertaken and the achievement of being the championship winner of a match. The urgency of this research is to measure the influence of psychological support received by athletes on the formation of a winning mentality in each championship they participate in as a form of achieving the need for achievement and selfactualization of the athlete's abilities. This research aims to examine the influence of psychological support on the formation of a winning mentality for Tae Kwon-Do athletes. This research was carried out using a quantitative approach with simple regression analysis to test the hypothesis. The research sample was Bondowoso Tae Kwon-Do athletes who had participated in competitions of at least level. Besuki Ex-Residency region. The measuring instruments used are a psychological support scale and a champion's mental scale. The research results obtained were that psychological support had an influence in forming a winning mentality in Tae Kwon Do athletes. Psychological support can influence a person's mental state so that he can overcome the tension that occurs within him. Social support that comes from support and the social environment can reduce the stress experienced by a person, in this case the athlete's condition. Psychological support will create feelings of being loved, appreciated and not alone in facing the match. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study outlines the assessment of the cyber–physical system SPERTA, which was designed to evaluate the real-time performance of Taekwondo athletes. The system conducts performance analyses focusing on speed, acceleration, strength, and identifying and quantifying the athlete's movements. The research involved administering an online questionnaire to athletes and coaches to evaluate the system's acceptance and usability. The methodology included using a questionnaire with open and closed questions to assess participant satisfaction and system usability. The results showed a positive response to the system, with participants emphasizing its reliability and ease of use. An analysis of the responses revealed a strong internal consistency, as indicated by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which enhances the research instrument's reliability. Additionally, the analysis of open-ended questions was conducted through thematic analysis to gain a deeper understanding of participants' experiences and perceptions of the system. These results highlight the effectiveness of the SPERTA system as a valuable tool for the real-time performance evaluation of Taekwondo athletes, providing insights for future improvements and the development of more effective training techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Sport & Recreation Researches is the property of Journal of Sport & Recreation Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rapid advances in technology are of particular concern in the development of sports. Studies related to the application of technology in sports have begun to develop, especially in the sport of Taekwondo. This research aims to develop an Android-based statistical application that focuses on analyzing taekwondo matches. This is an research and development (R&D) project. Interviews were conducted to collect information needed for researchers and the needs of athletes and coaches in developing this application. Experiments and evaluations are needed to perfect the applications that have been created. The results of the study are statistical applications for analyzing attack techniques, defensive techniques, and game patterns. These applications were specifically designed for the Android platform. The main advantage of this application is its ability to increase efficiency and accuracy in match analysis, replacing manual methods that are prone to errors. By providing tools that can be accessed on a variety of mobile devices, the app hopes to bring positive change in the way coaches and athletes approach competition preparation. In conclusion, it is hoped that the development of an Android-based statistical application can make a real contribution to the development of the sport of taekwondo by providing specific, efficient and responsive technological solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taekwondo has evolved from a traditional martial art into an official Olympic sport. This study introduces a novel action recognition model tailored for Taekwondo unit actions, utilizing joint-motion data acquired via wearable inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors. The utilization of IMU sensor-measured motion data facilitates the capture of the intricate and rapid movements characteristic of Taekwondo techniques. The model, underpinned by a conventional convolutional neural network (CNN)-based image classification framework, synthesizes action images to represent individual Taekwondo unit actions. These action images are generated by mapping joint-motion profiles onto the RGB color space, thus encapsulating the motion dynamics of a single unit action within a solitary image. To further refine the representation of rapid movements within these images, a time-warping technique was applied, adjusting motion profiles in relation to the velocity of the action. The effectiveness of the proposed model was assessed using a dataset compiled from 40 Taekwondo experts, yielding remarkable outcomes: an accuracy of 0.998, a precision of 0.983, a recall of 0.982, and an F1 score of 0.982. These results underscore this time-warping technique's contribution to enhancing feature representation, as well as the proposed method's scalability and effectiveness in recognizing Taekwondo unit actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the key attributes and clusters of policies and systems of Korean Taekwondo based on Park Geun-Hye and Moon Jae-in's regime changes using big data, including 8,030 data points on social media over a period of 8 years. Frequency analysis, term frequency inverse document frequency analysis, and degree centrality analysis were performed using TEXTOM 4.5. In addition, a convergent and correlation analysis was performed using UCINET 6 to visualize related words and analyze clusters. Frequency, term frequency inverse document frequency, and degree centrality analyses revealed 30 high-order terms. A convergence of iterated correlations analysis of the derived words identified three common clusters: improvement, problem, and support. In addition, there were two distinct clusters in the Park Geun-hye government (research and sports policy), and three in the Moon Jae-in government (interview, thoughts, and athlete). The Korean government attempted to improve and address problems related to policies and systems for the development of Taekwondo. However, as Taekwondo policies and systems were implemented from different perspectives by each regime, systematic policies and systems could not be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the effects of a 4-week circuit strength training with blood flow restriction on Taekwondo athletes. Six male athletes (age 20.6 ± 1.85, height 184.3 ± 7.63 cm, training duration 7.5 ± 2.07 years) were assessed for explosive strength, muscle recruitment, and sport-specific skills. The regimen encompassed evaluations of lower limb power, Isokinetic strength, force via electronic kicks, and Tensiomyography (TMG) measurements pre-and post-training. Outcomes revealed enhanced jumping abilities, improved knee muscles, and superior kicking skills. There was a notable increase in muscle fibre recruitment and a shift towards type II muscle fibres. Medial thigh muscle displacement showed a positive correlation with jump duration, while lateral thigh muscles indicated a connection with kick numbers. The regimen notably improved explosive power, muscle fibre distribution, and reduced muscle contraction times. Yet, no significant changes in lower limb bilateral symmetry or the link between TMG parameters and athletic prowess were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Despite its importance for sports, the problem of the interaction of genetic and environmental factors affecting sports results in competitions is still not fully understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of walking in nature on stress levels and performance of taekwondo athletes during the competition period. Methods: The participants of this study were 12 Latvian taekwondo athletes, including males (n = 6) and females (n = 6), aged 17-23. The experiment was held four weeks before the International Sweden Taekwondo Competition (2022). The participants underwent twelve training sessions, including 40 minutes of walking in nature, in zones 1 and 2 (HR 101-141 bpm). The Depression and Anxiety Stress Scale questionnaire, gas discharge visualization, and the Determination Test were used to measure the stress levels. The data were analyzed using the mean, standard deviations, the Shapiro-Wilk test, paired sample t-test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: The results of the paired sample t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that walking in nature significantly affects stress levels (DASS questionnaire, W = 78.00, as a p-value of 0.002 is < 0.05, gas discharge visualization, t(11) = 8.420, as a p-value of 0.001 is < 0.05, and the Determination Test, t(11) = -5.116, as a p-value of 0.001 is < 0.05) at the 5% level. Conclusions: The findings support visiting natural environments by walking in nature as a potentially helpful activity in taekwondo athletes' strategy to reduce stress levels. Thus, while coaches may choose different strategies or activities to reduce stress, for many athletes, walking in nature and natural environments helps reduce stress levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the comprehensive understanding of taekwondo, the application of fourth industrial revolution technologies in various kinds of sports, the development of taekwondo through artificial intelligence (AI), and essential technology in the fourth industrial revolution while suggesting advanced science directions through a literature review. Literature was sourced from six internet search electronic databases, consisting of three English databases and three Korean databases, from January 2016 to August 2023. The literature indicated cases of sports convergence with the application of fourth industrial revolution technologies, such as the game of go, golf, table tennis, soccer, American football, skiing, archery, and fencing. These sports not only use big data but also virtual reality and augmented reality. Taekwondo is a traditional martial art that originated in Republic of Korea and gradually became a globally recognized sport. Since taekwondo's competition analysis is an analysis in which researchers manually write events, it takes a very long time to analyze, and the scale of the analysis varies depending on the researcher's tendencies. This study presented the development of an AI Taekwondo performance improvement analysis and evaluation system and a metaverse-based virtual Taekwondo pumsae/fighting coaching platform through an AI-based motion tracking analysis method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the bilateral kinematic differences in temporal variables between the dominant and non-dominant legs in the roundhouse kick of college-level women practicing Taekwondo. Four male athletes with black belts volunteered to participate in the study. Participants were instructed to perform five kicks with each leg after visual stimuli at maximal velocity allowing 30-s passive recovery time between each kick. Reaction time, movement time, and attack time in the roundhouse kick were assessed using video cameras and force platforms for both the dominant and non-dominant legs. The analysis revealed no significant differences in reaction times (0.15 ±0.03 and 0.15 ±0.04 s, n = 20), movement times (0.62 ±0.06 and 0.64 ±0.04 s, n = 20), or attack times (0.77 ±0.09 and 0.79 ±0.06 s, n = 20) for the dominant and non-dominant legs (p > 0.05). However, a bilateral dominance was observed, consistent with the sporting level of the participants. These results support an equally oriented training regimen focusing on both the left and right kicking legs to enhance overall performance in Taekwondo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The accurate prediction of strength development relies on identifying the most appropriate measurement methods. This study compared diverse strength measurement techniques to assess their effectiveness in predicting strength development. Participants were taekwondo athletes competing at the red–black belt level or above. Methods: Technical striking forces (palding, dollyeo chagi, dwit chagi, and yeop chagi) were measured using a Herman Digital Trainer fixed to a striking stand. Quadriceps and hamstring strength were assessed with a Lafayette force measuring device. Explosive leg strength was evaluated through a standing long jump test, normalized for leg length. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine relationships between measurement methods. Results: The standing long jump test showed no significant correlation with other strength assessments. A moderate positive correlation was found between Herman digital trainer measurements and Lafayette digital hand-held dynamometer results. A high positive correlation (r = 0.736, p < 0.001) emerged between hamstring strength and palding chagi technical strike force results. Technical strike kicks showed a significant positive correlation with each other and, also, a right foot–left foot correlation was observed. Conclusions: It was concluded that the standing long jump test, which was shown as one of the explosive leg strength measurement methods in field studies as an alternative to laboratory tests, did not correlate with other strength tests; therefore, this test is weak and insufficient to predict strength skills in taekwondo. In addition, this study showed that the hamstring muscle was more predictive in the measurement of technical strength. In future studies, it might be more useful to measure hamstring muscle strength or technical kick strength instead of a standing long jump field test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Injuries in combat sports can happen to any athlete, regardless of gender, age, training experience or whether he or she is an amateur or a professional. The range of injuries varies from superficial, short-term damage to severe injuries with serious consequences, including death. There are many types of combat sports, each with different rules and specific injuries. Amongst various divisions of combat sports, one of the basic ones is the division into ground and stand-up sports. In the following work, using the available literature, we wanted to present the specifications of several of the most popular combat sports and compare their most common locations of injuries, types of injuries and mechanisms of their formation, paying attention to which of these categories a given sport belongs to. We also discuss differences in the rate of injury for different age, genders, prevalence of injuries during situations of practice and competition. In the end, it is presented what are the possible long-term complications of injuries in combat sports and which actions such as protective gear, bans on certain techniques or behavioural changes might reduce the injury rate to protect the athletes health, well-being and decrease the economic burden on healthcare systems.

El artículo aborda la importancia de la fuerza relativa en el rendimiento del taekwondo y presenta una investigación para desarrollar baremos que permitan medir esta capacidad en los deportistas. La fuerza relativa, que mide la cantidad de fuerza en relación con el peso corporal, es crucial en deportes de combate como el taekwondo. A pesar de su importancia, la investigación sobre su impacto específico en el rendimiento ha sido limitada. El estudio se realizó con una muestra de 38 deportistas avanzados, tanto juveniles como seniors, utilizando pruebas de fuerza máxima en tren inferior y superior. Los datos se recolectaron en el lugar de entrenamiento y se procesaron con el software estadístico SPSS. Los resultados mostraron que el peso promedio de los deportistas fue de 65,16 kg, y la fuerza relativa en brazos y piernas presentó variaciones significativas entre géneros, con los hombres mostrando mejores resultados en ambas pruebas. El análisis reveló que la fuerza relativa en piernas fue superior en hombres con un promedio de 2,78, mientras que en mujeres fue de 1,99. La fuerza relativa en brazos también fue mayor en hombres. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la fuerza relativa entre categorías de edad, pero sí entre géneros. El estudio desarrolló un baremo que clasifica la fuerza relativa en categorías de "Débil" a "Excelente" para ambos géneros y partes del cuerpo, proporcionando una herramienta útil para entrenadores en la evaluación y mejora del rendimiento deportivo.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of neuromuscular training on balance, motor function, and knee and ankle proprioception in female taekwondo athletes aged 15 to 18 years. Methods In this study, 30 taekwondo athletes aged 15 to 18 were selected and randomly divided into two groups: control and experimental. To assess the training program's efficacy, tests related to static and dynamic balance were conducted using the stork and wow tests, while functional movements were evaluated with the screening test (FMS). Results The results of this study demonstrated a significant improvement in static balance following the implementation of the exercise program (p < 0.05). Conclusion In summary, the findings of this study indicate the efficacy of neuromuscular exercises in enhancing both static and dynamic balance, motor function, knee and ankle proprioception in female taekwondo athletes. Consequently, the adoption of this training program is recommended for coaches and athletes in this sport to mitigate injury risk and enhance sports performance.

PURPOSE By analyzing trends in Taekwondo demonstrations, specifically in breaking and performances, to date, this study aims to offer timely insights and set the groundwork for future research. METHODS We used Korean abstracts from a total of 425 papers containing the keyword “Taekwondo demonstrations” spanning 20 years from April 2004 to April 2023. We employed Python 3.5.2 to conduct dynamic topic modeling (Latent Dirichlet Analysis, LDA) and to examine the correlation between the topic distribution by section and the publication year. RESULTS The main findings from the LDA are as follows. Topic 1 (10%): “The development of demonstrations: performance in culture and art, ” Topic 2 (11%): “The development of formalized rules and judgments in a demonstration event,” Topic 3 (08%): “A study on the educational courses and professionalism of Taekwondo coaches,” Topic 4 (11%): “Technical movements and kinematic characteristics,” Topic 5 (09%): “A study on marketing perspectives of demonstration performances,” and Topic 7 (33%): “Global exchange: the development and rise of internationalization.” In the correlation analysis between the topic share by section and the publication year, Topics 1 to 5 exhibited no statistically significant correlation. However, Topic 6, “A study on the attainment of events, training, and the psychological factors influencing athletes” and Topic 7, “Global exchange: the development and rise of internationalization,” also displayed a very statistically significant but negative correlation. CONCLUSIONS Future research should focus on studies on the psychological management of athletes during the performance of specific techniques and training methods. Further research considering the global characteristics of Taekwondo may be required.

The ATP-PCr system represents the main source of energy during high-intensity attack actions in taekwondo matches. In contrast, the glycolytic system supports the maintenance of these actions when repeated techniques are performed. Given the close relationship between anaerobic energy systems and attack activity in combat, the literature relating to the use of sport-specific test protocols for anaerobic assessment has experienced a remarkable increase. This narrative review aims to illustrate the sport-specific anaerobic tests available in taekwondo by retracing and examining development and validation process for each test. Forty-one articles published between 2014 and 2023 were selected via the MEDLINE and Google Scholar bibliographic databases. These tests are the Taekwondo Anaerobic Test and Adapted Anaerobic Kick Test (i.e., continuous mode testing); the 10 s and multiple Frequency Speed of Kick Tests; the chest and head Taekwondo Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Tests; and the Taekwondo-Specific Aerobic–Anaerobic–Agility test (i.e., intermittent mode testing). Coaches and strength and conditioning professionals can use all the tests described in taekwondo gyms as they feature short and easy-to-implement protocols for monitoring and prescribing specific anaerobic training. The guidelines in this review evaluate each test from several perspectives: basic (e.g., validity, reliability, and sensitivity), methodological (e.g., continuous or intermittent mode testing) and application (e.g., time–motion structure and performance parameters). This comprehensive approach aims to assist stakeholders in selecting the most appropriate test.

Copyright of Sport-Orthopadie - Sport-Traumatologie is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Taekwondo is a widely practised martial art and an Olympic sport. In Taekwondo, Poomsae movements are essential, as they form the foundation of the sport and are fundamental for success in competitions. The evaluation of Poomsae movements in Taekwondo has been a subjective process, relying heavily on human judgments. This study addresses the above issue by developing a systematic approach to evaluate Poomsae movements using computer vision. A long short-term memory-based (LSTM-based) machine learning (ML) model was developed and evaluated for its effectiveness in Poomsae movement evaluation. The study also aimed to develop this model as an assistant for self-evaluation, that enables Taekwondo players to enhance their skills at their own pace. For this study, a dataset was created specially by recording Poomsae movements of Taekwondo players from the University of Colombo. The technical infrastructure used to capture skeleton point data was cost-effective and easily replicable in other settings. Small video clips containing Taekwondo movements were recorded using a mobile phone camera and the skeleton point data was extracted using the MediaPipe Python library. The model was able to achieve 61% of accuracy when compared with the domain experts' results. Overall, the study successfully achieved its objectives of defining a selfpaced approach to evaluate Poomsae while overcoming human subjectivity otherwise unavoidable in manual evaluation processes. The feedback of domain experts was also considered to finetune the model for better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the inherent relationship between lower limb biomechanical indicators and effective scoring values of double roundhouse kick (DRK) by taekwondo athletes, and to find key biomechanical factors that trigger effective scoring. Methods: Using the DAEDO Protector and Scoring System (PSS) in conjunction with the Vicon optical motion capture system and Kistler 3D force plate, kinematic and dynamic indicators of the front kicking motion were obtained from 12 professional taekwondo athletes (18.00 ± 2.20 years, 182.15 ± 8.62 cm and 70.00 ± 14.82 kg). The correlation between kinematics, dynamics, and scoring values was initially analyzed using bivariate linear correlation. Subsequently, based on the results of the linear correlation analysis, a stepwise regression analysis was performed to establish a stepwise regression equation. Results: The results reveal that during the First Hit, there is a significant positive correlation (r > 0, p < 0.05) between peak hip flexion angular velocity of the dominant leg, knee abduction angle, and peak foot horizontal plane linear velocity of the non-dominant leg with effective score. On the other hand, peak ankle flexion angular velocity of the non-dominant leg, peak foot sagittal plane linear velocity, peak hip abduction angle, and peak hip flexion angle of the dominant leg exhibit a significant negative correlation (r < 0, p < 0.05) with effective score. These correlations hold statistical significance (DW> 1.023). During the Second Hit, there is a significant positive correlation (r > 0, p < 0.05) between peak ankle internal rotation angular velocity of the dominant leg, foot coronal plane linear velocity, hip adduction angular velocity, and peak ankle internal rotation moment of the non-dominant leg with effective score. Conversely, peak hip flexion angle of the dominant leg shows a significant negative correlation (r < 0, p < 0.05) with effective score. All these variables have a statistically significant impact on effective score (DW > 1.023). Conclusion: Explosive power, body posture, adequate terminal velocity, and body rotation have an association with effective scoring of the electronic protector. The peak angular velocity of the ankle joint of the dominant leg and the peak linear velocity of the foot horizontal plane of the non-dominant leg significantly contribute to the effectiveness score of the electronic protector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of different durations of Swedish massage on the static and dynamic balance at different times of the day in taekwondo athletes. Twelve taekwondo athletes who had been practicing on a regular basis for more than 5 years participated in this study. Taekwondo athletes completed static and dynamic balance tests either after a no-massage protocol (NMP), a five-minute massage protocol (5MMP), a ten-minute massage protocol (10MMP), or a fifteen-minute massage protocol (15MMP) two times a day in the morning (08:00–12:00) and in the evening (16:00–20:00), on non-consecutive days. The findings of this study suggest that the duration of the massage has a discernible impact on dynamic balance, particularly with regard to the right foot. Taekwondo athletes who received a 10MMP or 15MMP displayed significantly improved dynamic balance compared to those in the NMP. Importantly, these improvements were independent of the time of day when the massages were administered. It underscores the potential benefits of incorporating short-duration Swedish massages into taekwondo athletes' pre-competition routines to enhance dynamic balance. These findings highlight the potential benefits of incorporating short-duration Swedish massages into taekwondo athletes' pre-competition routines to enhance dynamic balance, a critical component of their performance, regardless of the time of day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study sought to explore the psycho-motor abilities of individuals practicing Kalaripayattu and Taekwondo, specifically focusing on practitioners aged 13 to 19 years with a minimum of one and a half years of experience. The study included a total of 250 participants, evenly distributed between the two disciplines, with 125 individuals from each. This sample consisted of 75 males and 50 females. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the total sample's age were 15.89 ± 2.05 for males and 15.29 ± 1.82 for females. The chosen participants underwent testing for reaction time using Allen's (2002) reaction time test and speed of limb movement through the plate tapping test. Statistical analysis, including mean, standard deviation, and two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), was conducted. The SPSS package was utilized for data analysis, with a significance level set at 0.05. The study's findings indicated no significant difference in selected psycho-motor abilities between the two martial arts disciplines. However, a significant difference was observed between genders in terms of reaction time and speed of limb movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]