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Çalışmamızda, sıçanlarda streptozotocin (STZ) ile oluşan diyabetik pankreas hasarındaki histopatolojik değişiklikler ve bu değişiklikler üzerine caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE)’in etkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.32 adet Wistar albino erkek sıçan 4 eşit gruba ayrıldı. Grup 1: Kontrol, Grup 2: CAPE (10 µmol/kg/ip 20 gün boyunca), Grup 3: Diabetes mellitus (DM)(55 mg/kg/ip tek doz), Grup 4: DM+CAPE. Deney sonunda sakrifiye edilen sıçanların pankreas dokuları çıkarıldı. Rutin histolojik takip işlemlerinden geçirilen dokular parafine gömüldü. Parafin bloklardan alınan 5 µm kalınlığındaki kesitler Hematoksilen-Eozin (H-E) ile boyandıktan sonra histopatolojik skorlama yapıldı. Leica DFC 280 ışık mikroskobu ve Leica Q Win Görüntü Analiz sisteminde incelenen kesitlerin fotoğrafları çekildi. Pankreas dokusunda MDA, GSH düzeyleri ve SOD, CAT aktivitelerine bakıldı. İstatistiksel analizler için SPSS 13.0 programı kullanıldı. Veriler aritmetik ortalama±standart hata olarak ifade edildi. p, In our study, we aimed to evaluate histopathological changes and therapeutic effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic pancreas damage in rats.32 male Wistar albino rats were divided into equal 4 groups. Group 1: Control, Group 2: CAPE (10 µmole/kg/ip 20 day), Group 3: Diabetes mellitus (DM)(55 mg/kg/ip single dose), Group 4: DM+CAPE. At the end of the study, pancreas tissues were removed and routin histological procedures were done. Paraffin blocks were cut at 5 µm and sections were stained with H-E and histopathological damage score was calculated. Sections were examined using a Leica DFC280 light microscope and a Leica Q Win Image Analysis system (Leica Micros Imaging Solutions Ltd., Cambridge, UK). MDA, GSH levels and SOD, CAT activities were measured in pancreatic tissue. Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, III., USA) statistical program. All data are expressed as arithmetic mean±SE. p

Objective: In this study, it was aimed that age-related morphological changes in rat esophagus and stomach was investigated with light microscopy. Materials and Methods: In this study, 21 female Sprage-Dawley rats were used. Rats were divided into three groups as follows. Group1:21 days old, Group2:2 month old and Group3:19 month old. At the end of the examination esophagus and stomach tissues were removed.The sections stained wiht hematoxylin-eosin and evaluated light microscopically. Results: The mean thickness of esophagus epithelium was measured. It was 31.85±5.7 μm in Group1, 40.95±6.7 μm in Group2 and 44.68±9.2 μm in Group3. The mean thickness of tunica muscularis in esophagus measured. It was 128.9±23.1 μm in Group 1, 207.8±38,5 μm in Group2 and 256.07±35.52 in Group3. We observed that the thickness of esophagus epithelium and tunica muscularis were significantly increased by age in all groups (p, Amaç: Bu çalışmada sıçan özefagus ve midelerinde yaşa bağlı olarak gelişen morfolojik değişikliklerin ışık mikroskobik açıdan incelenmesi amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamızda 21 adet dişi Spraque-Dawley sıçan kullanıldı. Sıçanlar, Grup 1: 21 günlük sıçanlar, Grup 2: 2 aylık sıçanlar ve Grup 3: 19 aylık sıçanlar olmak üzere 3 gruba ayrıldı. Deney sonunda çıkartılan özefagus ve mide dokuları rutin histolojik doku takibinden sonra parafine gömüldü. Kesitler Hematoksilen-eozin ile boyanıp ışık mikroskobunda incelendi. Bulgular: Çalışmamızda özefagus epitel kalınlığı Grup 1'de ortalama 31.85±5.7 μm, Grup 2'de 40.95±6.7 μm, Grup 3'de 44.68±9,2 μm olarak bulundu. Tunika muskularis kalınlığı Grup 1'de ortalama 128.9±23.1 μm, Grup 2'de 207.8±38.5 μm ve Grup 3'de 256.07±35.52 μm olarak tespit edildi. Sıçanlarda özefagusa ait epitel ve tunika muskularis kalınlığı ölçüldüğünde yaşlanmaya bağlı olarak kalınlığın anlamlı derecede arttığı gözlendi (p

AMAÇ: Düşük doz radyasyon gastrointestinal sistem üzerinde zararlı etkiler göstermektedir.YÖNTEMLER: Bu çalışmada, 60 adet Sprague-Dawley sıçan 6 gruba ayrıldı. Grup 1: 28 hafta normal diyet alan grup. Grup 2: 20 hafta normal diyet alıp, son 8 hafta normal diyet+radyasyon alan grup. Grup 3: 28 hafta kayısılı diyet alan grup. Grup 4: 20 hafta kayısılı diyet alıp, son 8 hafta kayısılı diyet+radyasyon alan grup. Grup 5: 8 hafta normal diyet alıp, devam eden 20 hafta kayısılı diyet alan grup. Grup 6: 8 hafta normal diyet alıp, devam eden 20 hafta kayısılı diyet+radyasyon alan grup. Deney sonunda mide dokuları çıkarıldı. Doku örnekleri rutin histolojik prosedürden geçirildi. Kesitlere hematoksilen-eozin (H-E) boyası yapıldı. Histopatolojik hasar (mukoza hasar, konjesyon, infiltrasyon, gastrik bezlerin dilatasyonu, hemoraji) skoru hesaplandı. Maksimum skor 15 idi. İstatistiksel analizler için SPSS 13.0 ve MedCalc 11.0 programları kullanıldı. Tüm veriler aritmetik ortalama±Standart hata olarak ifade edildi. BULGULAR: Grup 1, 3 ve 5’e ait kesitler normal histolojik görünümdeydi. Grup 2’de radyasyona bağlı yaygın mide hasarı tespit edildi. Ortalama histopatolojik hasar skoru 8.20±0.32 idi. Grup 4 ve 6’ya ait hasar skoru sırasıyla 2.30±0.47 ve 2.20±0.66 idi. Grup 4 ve 6’ya ait hasar skoru, grup 2’den anlamlı derecede düşüktü (P=0.0001).SONUÇ: Sonuç olarak, radyasyon ile oluşan mide hasarında kayısının faydalı olduğunu düşünmekteyiz., OBJECTIVE: Low-dose of radiation is harmful effects to the gastrointestinal system.METHODS: 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 6 groups. Group 1: Rats on a regular diet for 28 weeks. Group 2: Rats on a regular diet for 28 weeks, X-Ray on last day of eighth week. Group 3: Rats on an apricot diet for 28 weeks, Group 4: Rats on an apricot diet for 28 weeks, X-Ray on last day of eighth week. Group 5: Rats on a regular diet for 8 weeks, followed by an apricot diet for the following 20 weeks, Group 6: Rats on a regular diet for 8 weeks, X-Ray on last day of eighth week, followed by an apricot diet for 20 weeks. At the end of the experimentation stomach tissuses were removed. The tissue samples were processed routine histological procedures. Sections stained with H-E. Histopathologic damage score was calculated in regard to damage of mucosa, vascular congestion, infiltration, dilatation of the gastric glands and hemorrhage. Maximum score was 15. Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS 13.0 and MedCalc 11.0 statistical programs. All data are expressed as arithmetic mean±SE. RESULTS: The sections from group 1, 3 and 5 were normal in histological appearance. In group 2, severe radiation-induced gastric damage was detected. The MHDS was 8.20±0.32 in this group. Findings in Group 4 and 6, were significantly lower than Group 2 (P=0.0001). The MHDS of Group 4 and 6 was 2.30±0.47 and 2.20±0.66, respectively.CONCLUSION: We concluded that apricot administration reduced radiation-induced stomach injury.

Bu çalışmada, Galaktozamin (GAL) ile hepatit oluşturulan sıçanlarda, karaciğer dokusunda meydana gelen histolojik değişiklikler ve bu değişiklikler üzerine Pentoxifylline (PTX) ve Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE)'in etkilerinin histolojik ve biyokimyasal yöntemlerle incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.Çalışmada İnönü Üniversitesi Deney Hayvanları Araştırma Laboratuvarından temin edilen toplam 49 adet Wistar Albino cinsi erkek sıçan kullanıldı. Denekler 1. Grup: Kontrol grubu 2. Grup: GAL (24) grubu 3. Grup: GAL(dev) grubu 4. Grup: GAL+PTX grubu 5. Grup: GAL+CAPE grubu 6. Grup: PTX grubu 7. Grup: CAPE grubu olarak 7 gruba ayrıldı. 21. Gün sonunda 2. grubun dışında bütün sıçanlar ketamin/ksilazin anestezisi altında sakrifiye edildi ve karaciğerleri çıkarıldı. Karaciğerin sağ lobu biyokimyasal analizlerde, sol lobu histolojik analizlerde kullanıldı. Alınan dokular, rutin doku takip işlemlerinden geçirilerek parafine gömüldü. Parafin bloklardan alınan kesitlere histokimyasal (Mayer's Hemotoksilen-Eozin, PAS, Masson Trikrom, Toluidin mavisi) ve immunohistokimyasal (Ki-67 ve kaspaz-3) boyama yöntemleri uygulandı. Boyanan kesitler ve Leica DFC-280 ışık mikroskobunda incelendi.Histolojik analizlerde; Galaktozamin uygulanan grupların karaciğer parankimi içerisinde normal histolojik yapıdan farklı olarak izlenen, sınırları düzensiz alanlar izlendi. Bu lokal alanlar inflamatuvar, nekrotik ve apoptotik hücreler içermekteydi. Lobülün periferinde yer alan hepatositlerde glikojen kaybı gözlendi. Menekşe renginde boyanan granülleri ile mast hücreleri sadece portal alanlarda izlendi. Portal alanlardaki bağ dokusu içerisinde izlenen mast hücre sayısının GAL gruplarında diğer gruplara göre istatiksel olarak anlamlı derecede arttığı tespit edildi (p=0.0001). Ayrıca Ki-67 ve kaspaz-3 boyama metodu uygulanan kesitlerde Ki-67 ve kaspaz-3 (+) boyanan hücre sayılarının kontrol grubuna göre, GAL gruplarında anlamlı derecede arttığı tespit edildi (p=0.0001).Biyokimyasal analizlerde; Galaktozamin uygulanan gruplarda, kontrol grubuna göre MDA ve MPO seviyelerinde artış gözlenirken, GSH ve GPx aktivitelerinde azalma izlendi. Diğer yandan GAL uygulanan sıçanlara PTX ve CAPE verilmesiyle karaciğerde izlenen histolojik ve biyokimyasal hasarın düzeldiği izlendi. Bu gruplarda karaciğer parankimasında GAL'in neden olduğu inflamatuvar, apoptotik ve nekrotik hücreleri içeren lokal alanların sınırları önemli derecede küçüldü. Ayrıca mast ve kaspaz-3 (+) hücre sayılarının azaldığı, Ki-67 (+) hücre sayısının ise anlamlı derecede arttığı tespit edildi. Biyokimyasal analizlerde ise, GAL grubuna göre MDA, MPO seviyesi azalırken, GSH ve GPx seviyesi anlamlı derecede arttı.Bu çalışma GAL'in neden olduğu karaciğer hasarı üzerine PTX ve CAPE'nin iyileştirici etkileri olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak karaciğer hastalıklarının tedavisinde PTX ve CAPE gibi antioksidan ve antiinflamatuvar özelliği olan ajanların kullanılmasının, olumlu etkileri olabileceğini düşünmekteyiz.Anahtar Kelimeler: Hepatit, Galaktozamin, Pentoxifylline, CAPE The aim of this study was to investigate histological changes occurred in hepatic tissue and effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on these changes by using histological and biochemical methods in rats, in which hepatitis was established by galactosamine (GAL).In this study, forty-nine Wistar Albino male rats which were provided from Inonu University Laboratory Animals Research Center were used. Rats were divided into 7 groups as follows: Group 1, control group; Group 2, Gal (24) group; Group 3, GAL (continue) group; Group 4, GAL+ PTX group; Group 5, GAL+ CAPE group; Group 6, PTX group; and Group 7, CAPE group. Rats, other than those in Group 2, were sacrified under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia and liver of the rats were removed after 21 days. Right lobe of liver was used for biochemical analysis, whereas left one for histological analysis. Removed tissue samples were appied to routine tissue processes and embedded in paraffin. Histological (Mayer?s Hematoxylin-eosine, PAS, Masson?s trichrome, Toluidine blue) and immunohistochemical (Ki-67 and kaspaz-3) staining methods were applied to sections obtained from paraffin blocks and preparations were examined by using Leica DFC-280 light microscope.In histological evaluations, irregular areas with discrete appearance than normal histological structure were seen in the liver parenchyma of groups treated to galactosamine. These focal areas were comprised of inflammatory, necrotic and apoptotic cells. Glycogen loss was observed in the hepatocytes localized at the periphery of lobule. Mast cells stained to violet were solely observed in portal areas. It was found that number of mast cells in the connective tissue of portal areas were significantly higher in GAL groups compared to other groups (p=0.0001). In addition, number of cells with positive staining by Ki-67 and caspase-3 was significantly increased in GAL groups compared to control group (p=0.0001).In biochemical analyzes, there was an increase in MDA and MPO levels, while a decrease was observed in GSH and GPx activity in groups treated to GAL compared to control group. On the other hand, it was seen that, in the groups treated to GAL, histological and biochemical injuries in the liver were recovered by administration of PTX and CAPE. In these groups, borders of GAL-induced focal areas involving inflammatory, apoptotic and necrotic cells were regressed. Moreover, it was found that numbers of mast cells and caspase-3 positive cells were decreased, while number of Ki-67 positive cells was significantly increases. In the biochemical analysis, MDA and MPO levels were decreased compared to GAL group, while GSH and GPx levels were significantly increased.In this study showed that ameliorative effects of PTX and CAPE on GAL-induced liver injury. In conclusion, we think that the treatment of liver diseases the use of agents with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties such as PTX and CAPE have beneficial effects.Key Words: Hepatitis, Galactosamine, Pentoxifylline, CAPE 129

We evaluated the effects of melatonin on acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) induced gastroduodenal and jejunal mucosal injury. We used 40 postpubertal rats divided randomly into five groups of eight animals. The control group consisted of untreated animals. The Mel group was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 5 mg/kg melatonin. The ASA group was injected i.p. with 200 mg/kg ASA. The ASA + Mel group was injected i.p. with 5 mg/kg melatonin 45 min after administering 200 mg/kg ASA i.p. The Mel + ASA group was injected i.p. with 5 mg/kg melatonin 45 min before administering 200 mg/kg ASA i.p. We found no statistically significant differences in mean histopathological scores in the ASA + Mel group compared to the ASA group. ASA caused shortened villi and loss of the apical villus in the duodenum. The histopathological score was increased and villus height was decreased in the ASA group compared to untreated controls. Treatment with melatonin attenuated the histological damage. In the ASA group, occasional areas showed erosion of villi in the jejunum; however, differences in mean histopathological score in ASA group compared to the other groups were not statistically significant. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured in stomach, duodenal and jejunum tissue. We found increased MDA activity in both stomach and duodenal tissues in the ASA group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). We found no statistically significant changes in MDA levels in jejunal tissue in the ASA group compared to the control group. We found no change in SOD activity in either stomach or duodenal tissues in the ASA group compared to the control group. We observed decreased SOD activity in jejunal tissue in the ASA group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). We detected no change in GSH activity in stomach, duodenal or jejunal tissues in the ASA group compared to the control group. The stomach damage was less in melatonin treated groups, but the lesions were not completely eliminated. The jejunum in the ASA group retained a nearly normal appearance. We found that melatonin exhibited some healing effects on ASA induced duodenal mucosal injury.

We investigated possible healing effects of melatonin (MEL) on biochemical and histological changes in the lungs of rat offspring caused by exposure to nicotine (NT) in utero. Pregnant rats were divided randomly into five groups. The SP group was treated with physiological saline. The EA group was treated with ethyl alcohol. The MEL group was treated with MEL. The NT group was treated with NT. The NT + MEL group was treated with NT and MEL. At the end of the study, the biochemistry and histopathology of lung tissue of the offspring were examined. Reduced alveolar development and increased numbers of alveolar macrophages and mast cells were observed in the NT group compared to the SP, EA and MEL groups. We also found increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decreased total glutathione (GSH) levels in the NT group. Application of MEL ameliorated the histological and biochemical damage caused by NT. The number of alveoli was greater in the NT + MEL group than in the NT group. Also, the increased numbers of alveolar macrophages and mast cells resulting from exposure to NT were decreased following MEL treatment. We found that MEL caused a significant decrease in the level of MDA. Maternal exposure to NT caused significant structural and biochemical changes in the lungs of the offspring and administration of MEL ameliorated the changes.

Epithelial components of the organs of the digestive system are derived from the endoderm, whereas connective tissue and muscle components are derived from the mesoderm. At the 3rd-4th week of development, as a result of cephalocaudal and lateral foldings of the embryo, a portion of the endoderm-lined yolk sac cavity is incorporated in the embryo to form the primitive gut. Primitive gut is composed of four main regions: pharyngeal gut, foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The esophagus and stomach are derived from the foregut. The development of the esophagus is characterized by lengthening, widening, thickening, and histological changes. The development of the stomach is characterized by widening, thickening, and histological changes as well as positional changes. In the present study, we tried to review the morphological and functional development of the esophagus and stomach with the aid of pictures obtained from various stages of prenatal and postnatal development of the organs of rats. Previous reviews lack information on both histological and functional development of the organs.

Beta-glucans (βg), that have many useful effects on human health, are natural polysaccharides. Our aim in this study was to determine useful effect of βg against oxidative and neuronal damage caused by global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (IR) in stroke imitated mice via surgical operation. A total of 40 mice divided into four equal groups randomly. The group 1 (sham operated) was kept as control. Bilateral carotid arteries of subjects in group 2 (I/R) and group 4 (I/ R + βg) were clipped for 15 min, and the mice in group 4 (I/R + βg) were treated with βg (50 mg/kg/day), while the mice in group 2 (I/R) were treated with only vehicle for 10 days. The mice of group 3 (βg) were treated with βg for 10 days without carotid occlusion. Global cerebral I/R significantly increased oxidative stress and decreased members of antioxidant defense system. In addition, I/R caused histopathological damage in the brain tissue. However, βg treatment ameliorated both oxidative and histopathological effects of I/R. Our present study showed that βg treatment significantly ameliorated oxidative and histological damage in the brain tissue caused by cerebral I/R. Therefore, βg treatment can be used as supportive care for ischemic stroke patients. © 2019, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas (Biblioteca). All rights reserved.

Ozyalin, Fatma/0000-0001-6486-6389; WOS: 000376813300007 PubMed ID: 27215964 The aim of the present study was to clarify the role of oxidative stress in streptozotocin induced liver injury and the possible protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) using histological and biochemical parameters. 32 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups as follows: Group 1: Control animals, Group 2: Control animals given CAPE Group 3: STZ-induced diabetic animals (DM group), Group 4: STZ-induced diabetic rats given CAPE (DM+CAPE group). All the injections started on the same day of single-dose STZ injection and continued for 20 days. At the end of this period, livers were removed and processed for routine histological procedures. Biochemical parameters and morphological changes were examined. In DM group, blood glucose levels were significantly increased compared with the control group. Significant increases in tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) level and decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total glutathione (GSH) activities were detected in DM group. Administration of CAPE significantly reduced these values. STZ-induced histopathological alterations including inflammatory cell infiltration around portal triad, congestion, loss of glycogen in the hepatocytes. Additionally, degenerative cellular alterations, such as numerous vacuolizations including myelinic figure formation, pyknotic nuclei with peripheral localization of heterochromatin condensation and mitochondria! elongation were observed in cytoplasm of hepatocytes. CAPE significantly reduced these histopathological changes. Our results indicate that CAPE should be considered in the prevention of oxidative stress in diabetic liver (Tab. 3, Fig. 4, Ref. 47). Text in PDF www.elis.sk.

Ciprofloxacin is a common, broad spectrum antibacterial agent; however, evidence is accumulating that ciprofloxacin may cause liver damage. Quercetin is a free radical scavenger and antioxidant. We investigated histological changes in hepatic tissue of rats caused by ciprofloxacin and the effects of quercetin on these changes using histochemical and biochemical methods. We divided 28 adult female Wistar albino rats into four equal groups: control, quercetin treated, ciprofloxacin treated, and ciprofloxacin + quercetin treated. At the end of the experiment, liver samples were processed for light microscopic examination and biochemical measurements. Sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and a histopathologic damage score was calculated. The sections from the control group appeared normal. Hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration and intracellular vacuolization were observed in the ciprofloxacin group. The histopathological findings were reduced in the group treated with quercetin. Significant differences were found between the control and ciprofloxacin groups, and between the ciprofloxacin and ciprofloxacin + quercetin groups. Quercetin administration reduced liver injury caused by ciprofloxacin in rats. We suggest that quercetin may be useful for preventing ciprofloxacin induced liver damage.

Dexpanthenol (Dxp) plays a major role in cellular defense and in repair systems against oxidative stress and inflammatory response and it has not yet been evaluated in treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We tested the hypothesis that proposes whether Dxp decreases the severity of lung injury in an animal model of BPD.Forty rat pups were divided into four groups: control, control + Dxp, hyperoxia and hyperoxia + Dxp. All animals were processed for lung histology and tissue analysis. The degree of lung inflammation, oxidative and antioxidant capacity was assessed from lung homogenates.Lung injury score and alveol diameter increased in the hyperoxia group (p 0.001). Median level of malondialdehyde, total oxidant status and oxidative stress indexes was significantly higher in the hyperoxia group compared to the other groups. The median superoxide dismutase activity in the hyperoxia group was notably less than those of control + Dxp and hyperoxia + Dxp groups (p 0.01). Similarly, lung catalase, glutathione (GSH) peroxidase and reduced GSH activities in the hyperoxia group were significantly lower than other groups. Furthermore, the hyperoxia + Dxp group had lower tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β median levels compared to the hyperoxia group (p = 0.007).Dxp treatment results in less emphysematous change as well as decrease in inflammation and oxidative stress markers in an animal model of BPD.

The aim of this study was to investigate histological changes in hepatic tissue and effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on these changes using histochemical and biochemical methods in rats, in which hepatitis was established by d-galactosamine (d-GAL). Rats were divided into five groups as follows: control group, d-GAL (24 h) group, d-GAL group, d-GAL + PTX group, and d-GAL + CAPE group. In histological evaluations, the control group showed normal appearance of the liver cells. However in the d-GAL groups, focal areas consisting of inflammatory, necrotic, and apoptotic cells were detected in parenchyma. Glycogen loss was observed in the hepatocytes localized at the periphery of lobule. It was found that number of mast cells of portal areas were significantly higher in d-GAL groups compared with other groups ( p = 0.0001). In addition, the number of cells with positive staining by Ki-67 and caspase-3 were significantly increased in GAL groups compared with the control group ( p = 0.0001). In biochemical analysis, there was an increase in malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase levels, while a decrease was observed in glutathione level and glutathione peroxidase activity in groups treated with d-GAL compared with the control group. On the other hand, it was seen that, in the groups treated with d-GAL, histological and biochemical injuries in the liver were reduced by administration of PTX and CAPE. In this study, we demonstrated the ameliorative effects of PTX and CAPE on d-GAL-induced liver injury.

WOS: 000429263200006 PubMed ID: 29192844 Introduction: Hepatotoxicity is amajor complication of acetaminophen (APAP), a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug. Resveratrol (RSV) is a naturally occurring diphenol and it has anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Objectives: In this study, the beneficial effects of RSV on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity was investigated in rats. Materials and methods: Group 1: Ethanol, Group 2: Saline, Group 3: RSV (10 mg/kg/ip), Group 4: APAP (1000 mg/kg/ip/single dose), Group 5: APAP+RSV (20 min after administration of APAP). The rats were sacrificed 24 h after administration of APAP. Light and electron microscopic changes were evaluated. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were determined in liver tissue. Results: Rats of the ethanol, saline, and RSV groups did not present any histopathological alterations. In the APAP group, we observed vascular congestion, necrosis, inflammation, sinusoidal dilatation, and loss of glycogen content. In the APAP+RSV group, these changes were markedly reduced. iNOS immunostaining showed very weak positive stained hepatocytes the sections of control, saline, and RSV groups. However, in the APAP group, iNOS immunostaining was most evident in pericentral hepatocytes. In the same areas in APAP+RSV group, intensity of iNOS immunostaining decreased. A significant increase in MDA and decreases in GSH level, CAT, and SOD activity indicated that APAP-induced hepatotoxicity was mediated through oxidative stress. Significant beneficial changes were noted in tissue oxidative stress indicators in rats treatedwith RSV. Conclusion: These biochemical, histopathological, and ultrastructural findings revealed that RSV reduced the severity of APAP-induced alterations in liver. Scientific Research Fund of Inonu University, TurkeyInonu University [2012/85] This study was financially supported by Scientific Research Fund of Inonu University, Turkey [Grant number: 2012/85].

Dexmedetomidine (dex) is a potent, highly selective and specific α2-adrenoreceptor agonist. This experimental study was designed to investigate protective and therapeutic effect of two different doses of dex, on kidney damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups, each including 10 animals: control group, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) group; treated groups with 10 μg/kg of dex and 100 μg/kg of dex. After removing right kidney of the rats, the left kidney has performed ischemia during 40 min and reperfusion in the following 3 h. The histopathological findings, and also tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cre) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were determined. In the I/R group, compared to the control group, levels of BUN, Cre and kidney tissue MDA have increased significantly, SOD, CAT enzyme activity and glutathione levels have decreased significantly. In the dex10 group, compared to the I/R group, levels of Cre and TNF-α have decreased significantly, while the SOD activity has increased significantly. In the dex100 group, compared to the I/R group, levels of BUN, Cre have decreased significantly, while the SOD activity has increased significantly. In the I/R group, there was also extensive tubular necrosis, glomerular damage in the histological evaluation. Dex ameliorated these histological damages in different amounts in two treatment groups. In this study, the protective effects of dex against renal I/R injury have been evaluated by two different amount of doses.

Background: Oxidative stress has been shown to play a principal role in the pathogenesis of stress-induced gastric injury. Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) contains many antioxidants such as flavanoids, carotenoids and ascorbic acid. Aims: In this study, the histopathological and biochemical results of nutrition with a parsley-rich diet in terms of eliminating stress-induced oxidative gastric injury were evaluated. Study Design: Animal experimentation. Methods: Forty male Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups: control, stress, stress + standard diet, stress + parsley-added diet and stress + lansoprazole (LPZ) groups. Subjects were exposed to 72 hours of fasting and later immobilized and exposed to the cold at +4 degrees for 8 hours to create a severe stress condition. Samples from the animals’ stomachs were arranged for microscopic and biochemical examinations. Results: Gastric mucosal injury was obvious in rats exposed to stress. The histopathologic damage score of the stress group (7.00±0.57) was higher than that of the control group (1.50±0.22) (p

Background Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, a cause of cirrhosis, is characterized by fatty infiltration of the liver, inflammation, hepatocellular damage and fibrosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of melatonin and quercetin on CCl4-induced steatosis characterized by fatty infiltration of the liver, inflammation, hepatocellular damage and fibrosis. Methods Rats were divided into 5 groups: Ethanol, Olive oil, CCl4, CCl4+Melatonin (CCl4+Mel), CCl4+Quercetin. Rats were sacrificed and livers were removed for being evaluated by histopathological, immunohistochemical and biochemical methods. Results In CCI4 group, vacuolization, vascular congestion, haemorrhage, necrosis, and inflammatory infiltration were identified. The mean tissue MDA level was increased, whereas GSH level and SOD and CAT activities were decreased in comparison with ethanol and olive oil groups. MDA levels were decreased in CCI4+Quercetin and CCI4+Mel groups versus CCI4 group. CAT activity of CCI4+Mel group was higher than that of CCI4 and CCI4+Quercetin groups. The mean tissue GSH level of CCI4+Mel group versus CCI4 group was significantly increased. Conclusions By the means of histopathological examination, we suggest that both agents are beneficial against necrotic and apoptotic cell death during steatosis. Thus, melatonin and quercetin might be beneficial in the improvement of hepatic steatosis by supporting conventional therapy in humans (Tab. 1, Fig. 5, Ref. 53).

WOS: 000424145900003 Urinary tract infections are common in pregnant women and ciprofloxacin frequently is used as a broad spectrum antibiotic. It has been suggested that ciprofloxacin causes liver damage in fetuses. Quercetin is a flavonoid with antioxidant properties. We investigated the efficacy of quercetin treatment for preventing fetal liver damage caused by ciprofloxacin. Pregnant rats were divided into four groups: untreated control group (C), 20 mg/kg quercetin for 21 days group (Q), 20 mg/kg twice/day ciprofloxacin for 10 days group (CP), and 20 mg/kg, ciprofloxacin + quercetin for 21 days group (CP + Q). Fetal livers were removed on day 21 of gestation to measure antioxidants and for histological observation. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were measured in tissue samples. GSH-Px, SOD and CAT activities were significantly lower in the CP group compared to group C. A significant increase in MDA was observed in the CP group compared to group C. There was no significant difference in GSH levels in any group. MDA levels were lower and CAT, SOD and GSH-Px enzyme activities were higher in the CP + Q group compared to group CP. Liver samples of the CP group exhibited central vein dilation, portal vein congestion, pyknotic nuclei and cytoplasmic vacuolization in some hepatocytes. Histological changes were less prominent in the rats treated with quercetin. Use of ciprofloxacin during pregnancy caused oxidative damage in fetal liver tissue. Oxidative stress was ameliorated by quercetin. Quercetin supports the antioxidant defense mechanism and it is beneficial for treating fetal liver damage caused by ciprofloxacin.

BACKGROUND: Obstruction and inflammation of the appendix lumen is the leading physiopathological process during acute appendicitis (AA). Although the relationship between inflammation and endothelial nitric oxide synthases (eNOS) has been well described, no recent data describing the relationship between inflammation during AA and polymorphism of the eNOS gene has been reported. Given the limited data available, we believed that defining the relationship between AA and eNOS would be a beneficial contribution. METHODS: A total of 201 patients admitted to the emergency department with AA and 201 healthy volunteers selected from among the relatives of patients were included. Polymorphism of the eNOS was assessed. RESULTS: Intron 4a/4a was positive in 119 participants, genotype G894T GT was positive in 71 patients with AA, and 786-1 was positive in 71 patients with AA. These results suggest that no statistically significant correlation exists between genotypes of AA patients and control subjects regarding 4a/b, G894-GT, and 786-1 eNOS polymorphisms. CONCLUSION: Though the present results suggest that no statistically significant correlation exists between AA and eNOS gene polymorphism, to claim otherwise is also impractical. We believe that the present results will lay the groundwork for future, larger studies.

Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum quinolone antibiotic commonly used in clinical practice. Quercetin is an antioxidant belongs to flavonoid group. It inhibits the production of superoxide anion. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of quercetin on renal injury and oxidative stress caused by ciprofloxacin. Twenty-eight female Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: control, quercetin (20 mg kg−1 day−1 gavage for 21 days), ciprofloxacin (20 mg kg−1 twice a day intraperitoneally for 10 days), and ciprofloxacin + quercetin. Samples were processed for histological and biochemical evaluations. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were measured in kidney tissue. The ciprofloxacin group showed histopathological changes such as infiltration, dilatation in tubules, tubular atrophy, reduction of Bowman’s space, congestion, hemorrhage, and necrosis. In the ciprofloxacin + quercetin group, these histopathological changes markedly reduced. MDA levels increased in the ciprofloxacin group and decreased in the ciptofloxacin + quercetin group. SOD and CAT activities and GSH levels significantly decreased in the ciprofloxacin group. On the other hand, in the ciprofloxacin + quercetin group, SOD and CAT activities and GSH levels significantly increased with regard to the ciprofloxacin group. We concluded that quercetin has antioxidative and therapeutic effects on renal injury and oxidative stress caused by ciprofloxacin in rats.

Developing biocompatible tissue adhesives with high adhesion properties is a highly desired goal of the tissue engineering due to adverse effects of the sutures. Therefore, our work involves synthesis, characterization, adhesion properties, protein adsorption, in vitro biodegradation, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility properties of xylose-based semisynthetic polyurethane (NPU-PEG-X) bioadhesives. Xylose-based semisynthetic polyurethanes were developed by the reaction among 4,4'-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (MCI), xylose and polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG). Synthesized polyurethanes (PUs) showed good thermal stability and high adhesion strength. The highest values in adhesion strength were measured as 415.0 +/- 48.8 and 94.0 +/- 2.8 kPa for aluminum substrate and muscle tissue in 15% xylose containing PUs (NPU-PEG-X-15%), respectively. The biodegradation of NPU-PEG-X-15% was also determined as 19.96 +/- 1.04% after 8 weeks of incubation. Relative cell viability of xylose containing PU was above 86%. Moreover, 10% xylose containing NPU-PEG-X (NPU-PEG-X-10%) sample has favorable tissue response, and inflammatory reaction between 1 and 6 weeks implantation period. With high adhesiveness and biocompatibility properties, NPU-PEG-X can be used in the medical field as supporting materials for preventing the fluid leakage after abdominal surgery or wound closure.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the tissue inflammation caused by three endodontic repair materials.Materials and Methods: The materials included micro mega‑mineral trioxide aggregate (MM‑MTA), bioaggregate (BA), and biodentine (BD), which were implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of rats. The tissue samples for histological examination were prepared. The infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages into the tissue was examined to assess the inflammatory response.Results: Lymphocyte infiltration: A significant increase was detected in the MM‑MTA and BA groups on the 7th and 14th days as compared with the control (7th day P = 0.0001, 14th day P = 0.0176). There was no difference between the groups on the 45th day (P = 0.1730). Lymphocyte infiltration had decreased over time in all groups. Macrophage infiltration: There was a significant increase by the 7th day in the test groups as compared to the control group (P = 0.007). However, there was no difference between the experimental groups on the 14th (P = 0.2708) and 45th (P = 0.1291) days.Conclusion: While MM‑MTA and BA showed a similar biocompatibility, BD was more biocompatible than MM‑MTA and BA in the 1st week of the experiment. However, there was no difference between the materials at the end of the 45th day. MM‑MTA, BA, and BD can be considered suitable endodontic repair materials.Keywords: Bioaggregate, Biocompatible Materials, Biodentine, Endodontics

In this study, effects of melatonin, quercetin and resveratrol on hepatocellular injury in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced experimental diabetes were aimed to be investigated by histological and biochemical methods. Thirty-five male Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups, namely, control, diabetes (STZ 45 mg/kg/single dose/intraperitoneally (ip)), diabetes + melatonin (10 mg/kg/30 days/ip), diabetes + quercetin (25 mg/kg/30 days/ip) and diabetes + resveratrol (10 mg/kg/30 days/ip). Initial and final blood glucose levels and body weights (BWs) were measured. At the end of the experimentation, following routine tissue processing procedure, sections were stained with haematoxylin–eosin (H-E), periodic acid Schiff and Masson’s trichrome. Tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were examined. The diabetic rats had significantly higher blood glucose levels than those of control rats ( p = 0.0001). Mean BWs of diabetic rats were significantly decreased when compared with the control rats ( p = 0.0013). Histopathological alterations including cellular glycogen depletion, congestion, sinusoidal dilatation, inflammation and fibrosis were detected in diabetes group. On the other hand, histopathological changes markedly reduced in all of the treatment groups ( p = 0.001). Mean tissue MDA level was increased but mean tissue CAT and SOD activities and GSH levels were decreased in the diabetes group. Melatonin, quercetin and resveratrol administered diabetic rats showed an increase in CAT activities and GSH levels and a decrease in MDA levels ( p < 0.05, for all). Melatonin, quercetin and resveratrol administrations markedly reduced hepatocellular injury in STZ-induced experimental diabetes.

In pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), both oxidative stress and inflammation are considerable risk factors. The study was designed to evaluate whether administration of dexpanthenol (Dxp) is able to attenuate intestinal injury through the antioxidant and antiinflammatory mechanisms in a neonatal rat model of NEC.Forty newborn pups divided into four groups were included in the study: control, control+Dxp, NEC, and NEC+Dxp. NEC was induced by hyperosmolar formula and additionally the pups were exposed to hypoxia/hyperoxia and cold stress. They were sacrificed on postnatal day four, and their intestinal tissues were analyzed biochemically and histopathologically.Dxp caused a significant decrease in intestinal damage as determined by the histological score, villus height and number of goblet cells in NEC groups (p0.0001). Tissue malondialdehyde, total oxidant status, and oxidative stress indexes levels were higher in the NEC group than in the control and control+Dxp groups (p0.001). These values were reduced in the pups treated with Dxp (p≤0.004). Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and reduced glutathione activities were significantly reduced in the NEC group compared to the others (p0.005). Treatment with Dxp significantly reduced elevations in tissue homogenate levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β in the NEC+Dxp group (p=0.002 and p=0.01, respectively).Dexpanthenol seems to have antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties. Prophylaxis with Dxp has a potential to reduce the severity of intestinal damage in NEC in the animals.

We aimed to investigate the preventive and therapeutic effect of apocynin (APO) on bleomycin (BLC)-induced lung injury in rats. Rats were assigned into groups as follows: control group; APO group, 20 mg/kg APO was given intraperitoneal for 29 days; BLC-1 and BLC-2 groups, a single intratracheal injection of BLC (2.5 mg/kg); APO+BLC-preventive group, 20 mg/kg APO was administered 12 h before the intratracheal BLC injection and continued for 14 days; BLC+APO-treatment group, 20 mg/kg APO was given on the 14th day after the intratracheal BLC injection and continued to sacrifice. The BLC-1 group was sacrificed on the 14th day of BLC administration to validate BLC-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis on the 14th of study initiation. All other groups were sacrificed on the 29th day after BLC administration. The semiquantitative histopathological assessment, tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured. An addition to the serum myeloperoxidase (MPO), the cell count and cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were assayed. BLC-provoked histological changes were significantly detected compared to the control group. APO restored these histological damages in different quantity in the treatment and prevention groups. BLC caused a significant decrease in GSH, CAT, and GPX, which were accompanied with significantly the increased MDA, TOS levels, and OSI in the lung tissue concomitant with increased levels of the cellular account and proinflammatory cytokines in the BAL fluid. Otherwise, APO administration, both before and after BLC, reversed all biochemical markers and cytokine as well as histopathological changes induced by BLC. Interestingly, APO treatment reversed MPO activity in serum increased by BLC. In this study, both protective and therapeutic effects of APO against BLC-induced lung fibrosis were demonstrated for the first time.

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the subcutaneous biocompatibility of two root canal sealers. Materials and Methods: Thirty female rats were distributed into two groups of 15 animals. Each received subcutaneous dorsal implants: Silicone tubes filled with AH Plus or Obtuseal. After the 11th, 14th, and 45th days, tissues were collected for biopsy and fixed and processed for histologic evaluation. Observations of the cellular inflammatory components, such as lymphocytes and macrophages, were made. The data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Connover tests (P < 0.05). Results: By the 7th day, lymphocyte infiltration increased in both groups (P = 0.0104). However, macrophage infiltration increased only in the AH Plus group (P = 0.0011). By the 14th and 45th days, lymphocyte and macrophage infiltrations were reduced. At the end of the experimental period, no statistically significant differences were found between the AH Plus group and the Obtuseal group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: After 45 days, Obtuseal yielded a satisfactory tissue reaction; it was biocompatible when tested in subcutaneous rat tissue. On the basis of the obtained results, it was concluded that Obtuseal root canal sealer caused a satisfactory tissue reaction as AH plus, because it was biocompatible when tested in the subcutaneous tissue of rats.

OBJECTIVE Diabetes mellitus is one of the chronic metabolic diseases which is characterized by microvascular and macrovascular complications. This study was designed to investigate the improving the effects of amnioguanidine on aortic damage in a streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rat model. METHODS Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into four groups as follows: Control, Aminoguanidine, Diabetes, and Diabetes+Aminoguanidine. Experimental diabetes was induced by single dose STZ (45 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. After administration of STZ, the DM+AMG group began to receive AMG (1 g/L) was prepared by dissolving in tap water during 10 weeks. At the end of the study, blood glucose levels were determined and rats were sacrified by ketamine anesthesia. Following routine tissue process, aortas were embedded in paraffin. Histochemical (H-E and Orcein) and immunohistochemical α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) stains were applied and the sections examined by light microscope. Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS 13.0 statistical program. RESULTS The rats in diabetes group had significantly higher blood glucose levels than the rats of control. The main histological alterations were detected in tunica media such as extensive thickening (414.32±9.62 μm), irregular of elastic fibers and intensive α-SMA staining in diabetic rats. The thickness of tunica media was statistically increased in DM group, when compared with the control group (p

Exposure to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), a well-known toxicant, causes tissue damage by inducing oxidative stress via formation of free radicals. The fundamental structure of the organs of rats and humans is similar, so administration of CCl4 to rats is an accepted experimental model to produce oxidative damage to various tissues including pulmonary tissue. In this study, we evaluated the protective capacity of melatonin and quercetin against CCl4-induced oxidative lung damage in rats.Rats were divided into five groups each containing seven rats as follows: Control group, Olive oil group CCl4 group, CCl4+Melatonin, and CCl4+Quercetin group. The tissue samples were processed by routine histological and biochemical procedures. Sections were stained with Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome. Histopathologic damage score was calculated. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels and catalase (CAT) activities were assayed.The lung sections of control groups showed normal histological characteristics. Fibrosis, interstitial hemorrhage, epithelial desquamation in bronchiole and alveoli, intra-alveolar edema, leukocyte, and macrophage infiltration were observed in lung sections of rats exposed to CCl4 alone. The findings were reduced in the treatments groups. The MDA level in the CCI4 group were significantly higher than in the other groups (p.001), and the CAT and GSH levels in the CCI4+Mel and CCI4+Quer groups were significantly higher than in the CCI4 group (p.05).In conclusion, we suggest that agents with antioxidant properties such as melatonin and quercetin may have positive effects in the treatment of pulmonary diseases characterized by especially edema, inflammation, and fibrosis.