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1. Design and Testing of the Front-End Electronics of WCDA in LHAASO

Author

F. Aharonian, Q. An, null Axikegu, L.X. Bai, Y.X. Bai, Y.W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X.J. Bi, Y.J. Bi, H. Cai, J.T. Cai, Z. Cao, J. Chang, J.F. Chang, X.C. Chang, B.M. Chen, J. Chen, L. Chen, M.J. Chen, M.L. Chen, Q.H. Chen, S.H. Chen, S.Z. Chen, T.L. Chen, X.L. Chen, Y. Chen, N. Cheng, Y.D. Cheng, S.W. Cui, X.H. Cui, Y.D. Cui, B.Z. Dai, H.L. Dai, Z.G. Dai, null Danzengluobu, R.S. Dong, X.J. Dong, J.H. Fan, Y.Z. Fan, Z.X. Fan, J. Fang, K. Fang, C.F. Feng, L. Feng, S.H. Feng, Y.L. Feng, B. Gao, C.D. Gao, Q. Gao, W. Gao, M.M. Ge, L.S. Geng, G.H. Gong, Q.B. Gou, J.L. Gu, M.H. Gu, J.G. Guo, X.L. Guo, Y.Q. Guo, Y.Y. Guo, Y.A. Han, H.H. He, H.N. He, J.C. He, S.L. He, X.B. He, Y. He, Z.Q. He, M. Heller, Y.K. Hor, C. Hou, X. Hou, H.B. Hu, S. Hu, S.C. Hu, X.J. Hu, D.H. Huang, Q.L. Huang, W.H. Huang, X.T. Huang, Z.C. Huang, F. Ji, X.L. Ji, H.Y. Jia, K. Jiang, Z.J. Jiang, C. Jin, D. Kuleshov, K. Levochkin, B.B. Li, C. Li, F. Li, H.B. Li, H.C. Li, H.Y. Li, J. Li, K. Li, W.L. Li, X. Li, X.R. Li, Y. Li, Y.Z. Li, Z. Li, E.W. Liang, Y.F. Liang, S.J. Lin, B. Liu, C. Liu, D. Liu, H. Liu, H.D. Liu, J. Liu, J.L. Liu, J.S. Liu, J.Y. Liu, M.Y. Liu, R.Y. Liu, S.M. Liu, W. Liu, Y.N. Liu, Z.X. Liu, W.J. Long, R. Lu, H.K. Lv, B.Q. Ma, L.L. Ma, X.H. Ma, J.R. Mao, A. Masood, W. Mitthumsiri, T. Montaruli, Y.C. Nan, B.Y. Pang, P. Pattarakijwanich, Z.Y. Pei, B.D. Piazzoli, M.Y. Qi, J.J. Qin, D. Ruffolo, V. Rulev, A. Saiz, L. Shao, O. Shchegolev, X.D. Sheng, J.R. Shi, C.X. Song, H.C. Song, Yu. V. Stenkin, V. Stepanov, Q.N. Sun, X.N. Sun, Z.B. Sun, P.H.T. Tam, Z.B. Tang, W.W. Tian, D. della Volpe, B.D. Wang, C. Wang, H. Wang, H.G. Wang, J.C. Wang, J.S. Wang, L.P. Wang, L.Y. Wang, R.N. Wang, W. Wang, X.G. Wang, X.J. Wang, X.Y. Wang, Y.D. Wang, Y.J. Wang, Y.P. Wang, Z. Wang, Z.H. Wang, Z.X. Wang, D.M. Wei, J.J. Wei, Y.J. Wei, T. Wen, C.Y. Wu, H.R. Wu, S. Wu, W.X. Wu, X.F. Wu, S.Q. Xi, J. Xia, J.J. Xia, G.M. Xiang, G. Xiao, H.B. Xiao, G.G. Xin, Y.L. Xin, Y. Xing, D.L. Xu, R.X. Xu, L. Xue, D.H. Yan, X.B. Yan, C.W. Yang, F.F. Yang, J.Y. Yang, L.L. Yang, M.J. Yang, R.Z. Yang, S.B. Yang, Y.H. Yao, Z.G. Yao, Y.M. Ye, L.Q. Yin, N. Yin, X.H. You, Z.Y. You, Y.H. Yu, Q. Yuan, H.D. Zeng, T.X. Zeng, W. Zeng, Z.K. Zeng, M. Zha, X.X. Zhai, B.B. Zhang, H.M. Zhang, H.Y. Zhang, J.L. Zhang, J.W. Zhang, L. Zhang, L.X. Zhang, P.F. Zhang, P.P. Zhang, R. Zhang, S.R. Zhang, S.S. Zhang, X. Zhang, X.P. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y.F. Zhang, Y.L. Zhang, B. Zhao, J. Zhao, L. Zhao, L.Z. Zhao, S.P. Zhao, F. Zheng, Y. Zheng, B. Zhou, H. Zhou, J.N. Zhou, P. Zhou, R. Zhou, S.Z. Zhou, X.X. Zhou, C.G. Zhu, F.R. Zhu, H. Zhu, K.J. Zhu, and X. Zuo

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photomultiplier, Dynamic range, Cherenkov detector, Detector, law.invention, Root mean square, Air shower, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Observatory, law, Environmental science, Electronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Remote sensing
Abstract

Water Cherenkov detector array (WCDA) is one of the key parts of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), the construction of which was completed by the end of 2020. The WCDA covers a 78 000-m2 area and there exist 3120 large size photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) in three ponds: 8-in PMTs are used in WCDA pond No. 1 and 20-in PMTs are used in ponds No. 2 and No. 3. The front-end electronics (FEE) system based on multigain measurement technique is designed to achieve both high-precision time and charge measurements over a large dynamic range from single photon electron (S.P.E.) to 4000 P.E. (for water pond No. 1)/1800 P.E. (for water ponds No. 2 and No. 3). To achieve a high-quality clock distribution and phase alignment as well as mixed transmission of data, clock, and commands in one fiber over a long distance, an enhanced white rabbit (WR) technique is used. Testing of all the 350 FEE modules for the WCDA is presented in this article. Test results indicate that the charge resolution is better than 20% at S.P.E. and 1% at 1800/4000 P.E. and the time resolution is better than 300 ps root mean square (rms), which successfully meets the application requirement. All the FEE modules have been fabricated and installed for the LHAASO WCDA from 2018 to 2020, and the initial commissioning operation indicates that the FEEs function well.

Published
2021
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2. Corrigendum to 'Performance test of the electromagnetic particle detectors for the LHAASO experiment' [Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 1001 (2021) 165193]

Author

F. Aharonian, Q. An, null Axikegu, L.X. Bai, Y.X. Bai, Y.W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X.J. Bi, Y.J. Bi, H. Cai, J.T. Cai, Z. Cao, J. Chang, J.F. Chang, X.C. Chang, B.M. Chen, J. Chen, L. Chen, M.J. Chen, M.L. Chen, Q.H. Chen, S.H. Chen, S.Z. Chen, T.L. Chen, X.L. Chen, Y. Chen, N. Cheng, Y.D. Cheng, S.W. Cui, X.H. Cui, Y.D. Cui, B.Z. Dai, H.L. Dai, Z.G. Dai, null Danzengluobu, D. della Volpe, B. D’Ettorre Piazzoli, X.J. Dong, J.H. Fan, Y.Z. Fan, Z.X. Fan, J. Fang, K. Fang, C.F. Feng, L. Feng, S.H. Feng, Y.L. Feng, B. Gao, C.D. Gao, Q. Gao, W. Gao, M.M. Ge, L.S. Geng, G.H. Gong, Q.B. Gou, M.H. Gu, J.G. Guo, X.L. Guo, Y.Q. Guo, Y.Y. Guo, Y.A. Han, H.H. He, H.N. He, J.C. He, S.L. He, X.B. He, Y. He, M. Heller, Y.K. Hor, C. Hou, X. Hou, H.B. Hu, S. Hu, S.C. Hu, X.J. Hu, D.H. Huang, Q.L. Huang, W.H. Huang, X.T. Huang, Z.C. Huang, F. Ji, X.L. Ji, H.Y. Jia, K. Jia, K. Jiang, Z.J. Jiang, C. Jin, D. Kuleshov, K. Levochkin, B. Li, B.B. Li, C. Li, F. Li, H. Li, H.B. Li, H.C. Li, H.Y. Li, J. Li, K. Li, W.L. Li, X. Li, X.R. Li, Y. Li, Y.Z. Li, Z. Li, E.W. Liang, Y.F. Liang, S.J. Lin, B. Liu, C. Liu, D. Liu, H. Liu, H.D. Liu, J. Liu, J.L. Liu, J.S. Liu, J.Y. Liu, M.Y. Liu, R.Y. Liu, S.M. Liu, W. Liu, Y.N. Liu, Z.X. Liu, W.J. Long, R. Lu, H.K. Lv, B.Q. Ma, L.L. Ma, X.H. Ma, J.R. Mao, A. Masood, W. Mitthumsiri, T. Montaruli, Y.C. Nan, B.Y. Pang, P. Pattarakijwanich, Z.Y. Pei, M.Y. Qi, D. Ruffolo, V. Rulev, A. Sáiz, L. Shao, O. Shchegolev, X.D. Sheng, J.R. Shi, H.C. Song, Yu.V. Stenkin, V. Stepanov, Q.N. Sun, X.N. Sun, Z.B. Sun, P.H. T. Tam, Z.B. Tang, W.W. Tian, B.D. Wang, C. Wang, H. Wang, H.G. Wang, J.C. Wang, J.S. Wang, L.P. Wang, L.Y. Wang, R.N. Wang, W. Wang, X.G. Wang, X.J. Wang, X.Y. Wang, Y.D. Wang, Y.J. Wang, Y.P. Wang, Z. Wang, Z.H. Wang, Z.X. Wang, D.M. Wei, J.J. Wei, Y.J. Wei, T. Wen, C.Y. Wu, H.R. Wu, S. Wu, W.X. Wu, X.F. Wu, S.Q. Xi, J. Xia, J.J. Xia, G.M. Xiang, G. Xiao, H.B. Xiao, G.G. Xin, Y.L. Xin, Y. Xing, D.L. Xu, R.X. Xu, L. Xue, D.H. Yan, C.W. Yang, F.F. Yang, J.Y. Yang, L.L. Yang, M.J. Yang, R.Z. Yang, S.B. Yang, Y.H. Yao, Z.G. Yao, Y.M. Ye, L.Q. Yin, N. Yin, X.H. You, Z.Y. You, Y.H. Yu, Q. Yuan, H.D. Zeng, T.X. Zeng, W. Zeng, Z.K. Zeng, M. Zha, X.X. Zhai, B.B. Zhang, H.M. Zhang, H.Y. Zhang, J.L. Zhang, J.W. Zhang, L. Zhang, L.X. Zhang, P.F. Zhang, P.P. Zhang, R. Zhang, S.R. Zhang, S.S. Zhang, X. Zhang, X.P. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y.F. Zhang, Y.L. Zhang, B. Zhao, J. Zhao, L. Zhao, L.Z. Zhao, S.P. Zhao, X. Zhao, F. Zheng, Y. Zheng, B. Zhou, H. Zhou, J.N. Zhou, P. Zhou, R. Zhou, X.X. Zhou, C.G. Zhu, F.R. Zhu, H. Zhu, K.J. Zhu, and X. Zuo

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Detector, Particle, Instrumentation
Published
2022
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3. Performance of LHAASO-WCDA and observation of the Crab Nebula as a standard candle *

Author

F. Aharonian, Q. An, 克古 Axikegu, L.X. Bai, Y.X. Bai, Y.W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X.J. Bi, Y.J. Bi, H. Cai, J.T. Cai, Z. Cao, J. Chang, J.F. Chang, X.C. Chang, B.M. Chen, J. Chen, L. Chen, M.J. Chen, M.L. Chen, Q.H. Chen, S.H. Chen, S.Z. Chen, T.L. Chen, X.L. Chen, Y. Chen, N. Cheng, Y.D. Cheng, S.W. Cui, X.H. Cui, Y.D. Cui, B.Z. Dai, H.L. Dai, Z.G. Dai, 罗布 Danzengluobu, D. della Volpe, B. D'Ettorre Piazzoli, X.J. Dong, J.H. Fan, Y.Z. Fan, Z.X. Fan, J. Fang, K. Fang, C.F. Feng, L. Feng, S.H. Feng, Y.L. Feng, B. Gao, C.D. Gao, Q. Gao, W. Gao, M.M. Ge, L.S. Geng, G.H. Gong, Q.B. Gou, M.H. Gu, J.G. Guo, X.L. Guo, Y.Q. Guo, Y.Y. Guo, Y.A. Han, H.H. He, H.N. He, J.C. He, S.L. He, X.B. He, Y. He, M. Heller, Y.K. Hor, C. Hou, X. Hou, H.B. Hu, S. Hu, S.C. Hu, X.J. Hu, D.H. Huang, Q.L. Huang, W.H. Huang, X.T. Huang, Z.C. Huang, F. Ji, X.L. Ji, H.Y. Jia, K. Jiang, Z.J. Jiang, C. Jin, D. Kuleshov, K. Levochkin, B.B. Li, C. Li, F. Li, H.B. Li, H.C. Li, H.Y. Li, J. Li, K. Li, W.L. Li, X. Li, X.R. Li, Y. Li, Y.Z. Li, Z. Li, E.W. Liang, Y.F. Liang, S.J. Lin, B. Liu, C. Liu, D. Liu, H. Liu, H.D. Liu, J. Liu, J.L. Liu, J.S. Liu, J.Y. Liu, M.Y. Liu, R.Y. Liu, S.M. Liu, W. Liu, Y.N. Liu, Z.X. Liu, W.J. Long, R. Lu, H.K. Lv, B.Q. Ma, L.L. Ma, X.H. Ma, J.R. Mao, A. Masood, W. Mitthumsiri, T. Montaruli, Y.C. Nan, B.Y. Pang, P. Pattarakijwanich, Z.Y. Pei, M.Y. Qi, B.Q. Qiao, D. Ruffolo, V. Rulev, A. Sáiz, L. Shao, O. Shchegolev, X.D. Sheng, J.R. Shi, H.C. Song, Yu.V. Stenkin, V. Stepanov, Q.N. Sun, X.N. Sun, Z.B. Sun, P.H.T. Tam, Z.B. Tang, W.W. Tian, B.D. Wang, C. Wang, H. Wang, H.G. Wang, J.C. Wang, J.S. Wang, L.P. Wang, L.Y. Wang, R.N. Wang, W. Wang, X.G. Wang, X.J. Wang, X.Y. Wang, Y.D. Wang, Y.J. Wang, Y.P. Wang, Z. Wang, Z.H. Wang, Z.X. Wang, D.M. Wei, J.J. Wei, Y.J. Wei, T. Wen, C.Y. Wu, H.R. Wu, S. Wu, W.X. Wu, X.F. Wu, S.Q. Xi, J. Xia, J.J. Xia, G.M. Xiang, G. Xiao, H.B. Xiao, G.G. Xin, Y.L. Xin, Y. Xing, D.L. Xu, R.X. Xu, L. Xue, D.H. Yan, C.W. Yang, F.F. Yang, J.Y. Yang, L.L. Yang, M.J. Yang, R.Z. Yang, S.B. Yang, Y.H. Yao, Z.G. Yao, Y.M. Ye, L.Q. Yin, N. Yin, X.H. You, Z.Y. You, Y.H. Yu, Q. Yuan, H.D. Zeng, T.X. Zeng, W. Zeng, Z.K. Zeng, M. Zha, X.X. Zhai, B.B. Zhang, H.M. Zhang, H.Y. Zhang, J.L. Zhang, J.W. Zhang, L. Zhang, L.X. Zhang, P.F. Zhang, P.P. Zhang, R. Zhang, S.R. Zhang, S.S. Zhang, X. Zhang, X.P. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y.F. Zhang, Y.L. Zhang, B. Zhao, J. Zhao, L. Zhao, L.Z. Zhao, S.P. Zhao, F. Zheng, Y. Zheng, B. Zhou, H. Zhou, J.N. Zhou, P. Zhou, R. Zhou, X.X. Zhou, C.G. Zhu, F.R. Zhu, H. Zhu, K.J. Zhu, X. Zuo, and (The LHAASO Collaboration)

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Cherenkov detector, Point source, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Cosmic distance ladder, Gamma ray, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Crab Nebula, law, 0103 physical sciences, Spectral energy distribution, Angular resolution, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation
Abstract

The first Water Cherenkov detector of the LHAASO experiment (WCDA-1) has been operating since April 2019. The data for the first year have been analyzed to test its performance by observing the Crab Nebula as a standard candle. The WCDA-1 achieves a sensitivity of 65 mCU per year, with a statistical threshold of 5 . To accomplish this, a 97.7% cosmic-ray background rejection rate around 1 TeV and 99.8% around 6 TeV with an approximate photon acceptance of 50% is achieved after applying an algorithm to separate gamma-induced showers. The angular resolution is measured using the Crab Nebula as a point source to be approximately 0.45° at 1 TeV and better than 0.2° above 6 TeV, with a pointing accuracy better than 0.05°. These values all match the design specifications. The energy resolution is found to be 33% for gamma rays around 6 TeV. The spectral energy distribution of the Crab Nebula in the range from 500 GeV to 15.8 TeV is measured and found to be in agreement with the results from other TeV gamma ray observatories.

Published
2021
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4. Investigation of energy levels and local lattice for LuLiF4: Yb3+ laser crystal

Author

X.M. Li, T.X. Zeng, Mingfu Zhao, and W.L. Feng

Subjects
Physics, Crystal structure, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Bond length, Superposition principle, Tetragonal crystal system, Crystal field theory, Lattice (order), Quantum mechanics, Electron configuration, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Atomic physics, Spectroscopy
Abstract

The complete energy matrix of 4f(1)/4f(13) electronic configuration has been established by using the complete (energy matrix) diagonalization method and superposition model. The calculated energy levels agree well with experimental findings. The structure parameters have been determined in the present work and given as follows: R-1 approximate to 0.23 nm, R-2 approximate to 0.24 nm, theta(1) approximate to 127.58, theta(2) approximate to 31.85. Comparing with the host crystal structure data, the varieties of bond lengths and angles are, respectively, Delta R-1 = Delta R-2 = 0.0004 nm, Delta theta(1) = 1.5 degrees and Delta theta(2) = -0.5%degrees. Thus, there is slightly tetragonal distortion. What is more, the intrinsic parameters are given in |(A) over bar (2)(R-0)| > |(A) over bar (4)(R-0)| > |(A) over bar (6)(R-0)| which are agreement with the results of many studies. (C) 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Published
2012
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