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The aim of the study was to show the capabilities of endovascular occlusion of giant posttraumatic pseudo-aneurysm of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) connected to a mesenteric arteriovenous fistula (AVF) under the conditions of portal hypertension and life-threatening esophageal variceal bleeding. Materials and Methods. A 27-old male patient underwent endovascular occlusion; the patient being hospitalized with a clinical picture of gastrointestinal bleeding. The examinations: ultrasound, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, multispiral computed tomography with angiography — revealed the source of bleeding to be esophageal varices against the background of portal hypertension caused by massive arteriovenous shunt, its source being AVF with an aneurysmal component (32×35 mm in size) between SMA and superior mesenteric vein (SMV) dilated up to 50 mm in diameter. Patient’s past medical history recorded that 4.5 years ago the patient had undergone the resection of a small intestine area due to a penetrating stab wound in the abdominal cavity. Taking into consideration an extremely high operative intervention risk due to the condition severity related to blood loss, portal hypertension, and ascites, it was decided to embolize AVF with a vascular occluder — Amplatzer Vascular Plug II (USA), 14×10 mm in size. Results. A unique endovascular intervention — transcatheter occlusion of pseudo-aneurysm and AVF separation — was performed in life-threatening esophageal variceal bleeding under the condition of a giant post-traumatic aneurysm of SMA and mesenteric AVF. Due to an extremely large-sized SMV and an arterial pseudo-aneurysm, first ever we used the technique applied for transcatheter occlusion of a cardiac septum defect. Occluder implantation enabled to completely close the communication of aneurysmatic AVF with SMV, and occlude the aneurysm cavity. During an immediate postoperative period portal hypertension was arrested. No recurrent bleedings occurred within 4 postoperative months.

Hetero-duplex structure containing both structural and spatial heterogeneities has been developed in a series of Mg–Al/Cu–Zn alloys. Among these alloys, a hetero-duplex Mg72Cu5Zn23 alloy with uniform dispersion of spherical duplex colonies exhibits high yield strength of 455 MPa with a plasticity of ∼5%. On the contrary, a hetero-duplex Mg70Al3Zn22 alloy consisting of typical polygonal duplex colonies undergoes catastrophic failure without macroscopic plasticity. Based on these results, it is possible to consider that the morphology of the hetero-duplex colony plays an important role to control the macroscopic plasticity of the hetero-duplex alloys.

High rate algal ponds (HRAP) with a filamentous algae matrix (FAM) as the predominant species, were operated to evaluate the characteristics of FAM and the basic design parameters for treating polluted rural stream water. The porous and gelatinous FAM was formed like a sponge, which functions to prevent excessive loss of the algae in the effluent and can easily be retrieved from the ponds. The organic fraction of harvested FAM was about 88%, which is suitable for use as fertilizer. The HRAP system using FAM was found to be an effective nutrient removal process not requiring any artificial carbon sources for nitrification. At HRT 4 days, the T-N and T-P removal efficiencies were 85.9% and 65.8%, respectively. When the pH and water temperature were maintained above 9 and 15°C, HRT required for achieving a 70% T-N removal efficiency could be reduced by about 3 days. The oxygen production rate by FAM was calculated as 1.45 mgO2/L/m2. The design surface area of HRAP needed per rural inhabitant was about 2.72 m2.

This paper presents the process of measuring static noise margin (SNM), write noise margin (WNM) with 6 pin nanoprober, and characterization and analysis of SRAM cell stability through case studies of 45nm devices SRAM soft failures. It highlights that the local mismatch in the bit cell caused by slight variations in the transistor characteristics, such as Vth shift and Idsat, off variation, also can easily induce a soft failure. The analysis of the SNM TR characteristic is successfully demonstrated through the case study of 45nm SRAM devices. The chapter explains SNM measurement in the metal layer and transistor measurements in the CA layer. Measuring the SNM TR's characteristics is an important methodology in understanding the stability of each bit cell and failure mechanism depending on voltage, defects, and other factors. The next generation of nanoprobing analysis can be expanded.

Scan chain failure analysis is more difficult and complicated compared to memory analysis and analysis of defect monitoring test element group (DTEG) which has a large area is also difficult. This paper has verified that various defects of logic process sub 65nm device are easily analyzed through Resistive Contrast Imaging (RCI) and nanoprobe. In addition, Metal5 (M5) bridge defect (Short case) was detected in failure of scan ATPG (Automatic Test Pattern Generation) which has long failing nets and by discovering Via4 (V4) open defect (Open case) by Unetch, it was confirmed that it is possible to analyze high resistance Via failure. And it was verified that position of Cu line void of metal7 (M7) can be localized at high level metal layer. It is judged that it will be used usefully in failure analysis sub 65nm in the future as a technique utilizing principle of RCI and nanoprobe and also it will make lots of contributions to improvement of yield.

Background The evaluation of radiographic damage in inflammatory arthritis has been considered important, because structural damage of affected joints impairs the functional status of patients with various inflammatory rheumatic diseases and increases their economic problems and mortality [1, 2]. However, there has still been no relevant radiographic index for damage of affected joints in patients with chronic gouty arthritis. Modified SvdH scoring method has been proposed to be an alternative method [3], however, it seems to be so complex and also lack of relevance to use in clinical practice. Objectives The aim of this study was to develop and validate more a simple method to score radiographic damage measurement in patients with chronic gout. Methods Two independent observers read foot x-rays using the DAmagE index of GoUt score method (DAEGU score) and the modified Sharp/van der Heijde (SvdH) method. The 10 metatarsophalangeal (MTP) and 2 interphalangeal (IP) joints of the first toes of both feet from 15 patients with chronic gout were scored on plain radiography for erosion and joint space narrowing (JSN) (180 total joints). The intraobserver and interobserver reliability were analyzed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and minimal detectable change (MDC). The correlation between the DAEGU and SvdH methods was analyzed using Spearman9s correlation coefficients and Kappa coefficients. Results The intraobserver and interobserver ICCs for the DAEGU method were 0.945–0.987 and 0.993–0.996, respectively. The MDC at the 95% confidence interval (MDC95) showed 0.5–2.1 and 0.3–0.7 in the intra- and interobserver analyses, respectively. Strong positive correlations were represented between the DAEGU and SvdH methods for each radiological abnormality including erosion, JSN, and total score (correlation coefficients: r =0.870–0.985, p Conclusions This study demonstrated that the DAEGU score had a high reproducibility and strongly correlated with SvdH. The DAEGU method may provide a more easy assessment of structural damage in patients with chronic gout. References Kavanaugh A, et al. J Rheumatol 2004;31:849–55. Gladman DD, et al. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1103–10. Dalbeth N, et al. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:1067-73. Disclosure of Interest None declared

This paper proposes a new voltage regulation coordination method of DGS (distributed generation system) for proper voltage regulation in distribution system using LCT (load-tap changing transformer) and LDC (line drop compensator). The method is that DGS coordinates the distribution system voltage regulation by controlling its reactive power output according to its real power output. The proposed method is applied to the power distribution system model, and its effectiveness is verified through simulation results.

This paper describes a new method for determining the introduction limit of DGS (distributed generation system) when DGS is introduced into distribution system of which the voltage is generally controlled by LCT (load-tap changing transformer) and LDC (line drop compensator). Nowadays, small scale DGS is being introduced into power distribution systems. But in that case, it is difficult to properly maintain the terminal voltage of low voltage customers within a permissible range. This paper reveals some correlations between the traditional voltage regulation method by LCT and LDC and the output of DGS, and also presents a method for determining the permissible introduction limit of DGS under proper voltage regulation of the power distribution system. This proposed method is applied to a 22.9 kV class power distribution system, and its validity is proofed through the simulation results.