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Laying ducks in cage environments face various stressors, including the fear of novelty, which negatively affects their behaviour and performance. The reasons behind the variation in behaviour under identical stress conditions are not well understood. This study investigated how different behaviours affect production performance, immune response, antioxidant capabilities, adrenal gene expression, and serum metabolite profiles in caged laying ducks subjected to the same stressor. Overall, 42-week-old laying ducks (N = 300) were selected, fed for 60 days, and simultaneously underwent behavioural tests. Based on their behavioural responses, 24 ducks were chosen and categorised into two groups: high-active avoidance (HAA) and low-active avoidance (LAA). The study utilised phenotypic, genetic, and metabolomic analyses, coupled with bioinformatics, to identify crucial biological processes, genes, and metabolites. The results indicated that ΔW (BW gain) and average daily egg weight (ADEW) were significantly lower in the HAA group compared to the LAA group (P

Melting of sea ice in the Arctic has accelerated due to global warming. The Fram Strait (FS) serves as a crucial pathway for sea ice export from the Arctic to the North Atlantic Ocean. Monitoring sea ice drift (SID) in the FS provides insight into how Arctic sea ice responds to the climate change. The SID has been retrieved from Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR), Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E), and further exploration is needed for the retrieval of SID using optical imagery. In this paper, we retrieve SID in the FS using the Chinese HaiYang1-D (HY-1D) satellite equipped with the Coastal Zone Imager (CZI). A multi-template matching technique is employed to calculate the cross-correlation, and subpixel estimation is used to locate displacement vectors from the cross-correlation matrix. The dataset covering March to May 2021 was divided into hourly and daily intervals for analysis, and validation was performed using Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) SAR-based product and International Arctic Buoy Programme (IABP) buoy. A comparison with the CMEMS SID product revealed a high correlation with the daily interval dataset; however, due to the spatial and temporal variability in the sea ice motion, differences are observed with the hourly interval dataset. Additionally, validation with the IABP buoys yielded a velocity bias of −0.005 m s−1 and RMSE of 0.031 m s−1 for the daily interval dataset, along with a flow direction bias of 0.002 rad and RMSE of 0.009 rad, respectively. For the hourly interval dataset, the velocity bias was negligible (0 m s−1), with a RMSE of 0.036 m s−1, while the flow direction bias was 0.003 rad, with a RMSE of 0.010 rad. In addition, during the validation with buoys, we found that the accuracy of retrieving the SID flow direction is distinctly interrelated with the sea ice displacement.

With the continuous development of the China ocean dynamic environment satellite series (Haiyang-2, HY-2), it is urgent to explore the potential application of HY-2B in Arctic sea ice thickness retrievals. In this study, we first derive the Arctic radar freeboard and sea ice thickness during two cycles (from October 2019 to April 2020 and from October 2020 to April 2021) using the HY-2B radar altimeter and compare the results with the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) CryoSat-2 (CS-2) products. We evaluate our HY-2B sea ice freeboard and thickness products using Operation IceBridge (OIB) airborne data and Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite 2 (ICESat-2) products. Finally, we estimate the uncertainties in the HY-2B sea ice freeboard and sea ice thickness. Here, we derive the radar freeboard by calculating the difference between the relative elevation of the floe obtained by subtracting the mean sea surface (MSS) height and sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) determined by an average of the 15 lowest points method. The radar freeboard deviation between HY-2B and CS-2 is within 0.02 m, whereas the sea ice thickness deviation between HY-2B and CS-2 is within 0.2 m. The HY-2B radar freeboards are generally thicker than AWI CS-2, except in spring (March and April). A spring segment likely has more floe points than an early winter segment. We also find that the deviations in radar freeboard and sea ice thickness between HY-2B and CS-2 over multiyear ice (MYI) are larger than those over first-year ice (FYI). The correlation between HY-2B (CS-2) sea ice freeboard retrievals and OIB values is 0.77 (0.84), with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.13 (0.10) m and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.12 (0.081) m. The correlation between HY-2B (CS-2) sea ice thickness retrievals and OIB values is 0.65 (0.80), with an RMSE of 1.86 (1.00) m and an MAE of 1.72 (0.75) m. The HY-2B sea ice freeboard uncertainty values range from 0.021 to 0.027 m, while the uncertainties in the HY-2B sea ice thickness range from 0.61 to 0.74 m. The future work will include reprocessing the HY-2B L1 data with a dedicated sea ice retracker, and using the radar waveforms to directly identify leads to release products that are more reasonable and suitable for polar sea ice thickness retrieval.

To analyse the response and recovery characteristics of forest to forest fire, this paper selected the forest fire in the Greater Khingan Mountains (GKM) in China in 1987 and the forest fire in the Yellowstone National Park (YSP) in the United States in 1988. We first used Landsat-5 TM images before and after the fire to extract the burned area and calculate burn severity based on the Differential Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR). Next, we analysed the response of forest vegetation to forest fire with different burn severity using the anomaly value of Leaf area index (LAI) derived from Global Land Surface Satellite (GLASS) products. And the recovery of forest vegetation after forest fire were revealed using time – series LAI data and MODIS Land cover data. The results showed that the LAI decreased rapidly after the forest fire, and the greater the burn severity, the higher the decreasing amplitude of LAI. The maximum decreasing amplitude of LAI in the burned areas with high burn severity were 1.3–3.8 times higher than that in low burn severity areas. The recovery time of LAI is affected by burn severity and manual interference. The recovery time of LAI in burned areas in the GKM is about 5–10 years, which in the burned areas with high burn severity is 2 times than that with low burn severity. The recovery time of LAI in the burned areas with low burn severity in the YSP is at least 20 years, while that with high burn severity will take longer time to recovery. And the manual interference accelerated the recovery of LAI in the GKM. Our research on the response and recovery of vegetation is helpful for formulating and implementing adaptation and mitigation strategies in response to forest fire.

Abstract Background Lipids in rapeseed is of great significance to human health, and ‘Fangyou 777’ (No. GPD-2019-510073) has been identified as an excellent cultivar with high oil content. However, the change of lipid profile at different ripening stages remain unclear. Herein, UPLC-MS/MS was utilized for comprehensive lipidomics analysis of ‘Fangyou 777’ and its parents at four ripening stages. Results 778 lipids components across 25 subclasses were identified, and triglycerides (TGs), diglycerides (DGs), phosphatidylserines (PSs), phosphatidylinositols (PIs), phosphatidylglycerols (PGs), phosphatidylcholines (PCs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), and free fatty acids (FFAs) were identified as the dominant lipid subclass. Due to heterotic vigor, the total lipids, TGs, FFAs, lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPGs) and PSs contents in ‘Fangyou 777’ were significantly higher than its parents. The PCA and OPLS-DA results elucidated that lipids in ‘Fangyou 777’ differed obviously from its parents at S1 (17 April, 2023; 28 days before ripening, 28 DBR), S2 (1 May, 2023; 14 DBR), and S3 (15 May, 2023; ripening day). TG(18:1_18:3_22:1), TG(18:1_22:1_18:2), TG(16:0_18:1_20:1), TG(16:0_18:1_22:1), TG(20:1_18:2_20:2), TG(18:1_18:1_20:1), and FFA(24:4) were recognized as key differential lipids. The glycerolipid metabolism and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis were the differential metabolic pathways at S1 and S3, while glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis and glycerophospholipid metabolism were the differential metabolic pathways at S2 and S4 (7 days after ripening/physiologically ripened for one week). Conclusion This study provided a comprehensive profile to facilitate the understanding lipids accumulation in ‘Fangyou 777’ and its parents during ripening stages, and offered a foundation to comprehend lipid metabolism.

We derive tropospheric column BrO during the ARCTAS and ARCPAC field campaigns in spring 2008 using retrievals of total column BrO from the satellite UV nadir sensors OMI and GOME-2 using a radiative transfer model and stratospheric column BrO from a photochemical simulation. We conduct a comprehensive comparison of satellite-derived tropospheric BrO column to aircraft in-situ observations of BrO and related species. The aircraft profiles reveal that tropospheric BrO, when present during April 2008, was distributed over a broad range of altitudes rather than being confined to the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Perturbations to the total column resulting from tropospheric BrO are the same magnitude as perturbations due to longitudinal variations in the stratospheric component, so proper accounting of the stratospheric signal is essential for accurate determination of satellite-derived tropospheric BrO. We find reasonably good agreement between satellite-derived tropospheric BrO and columns found using aircraft in-situ BrO profiles, particularly when satellite radiances were obtained over bright surfaces (albedo >0.7), for solar zenith angle

Global-scale chemical transport model simulations indicate lightning NOx dominates upper tropospheric O3 production above Eastern North America during summertime but vary in their estimates. To improve our understanding, a regional-scale model (REAM) with higher resolution is applied. To examine the uncertainties in modeling the impact of convective transport and lightning NOx production on upper tropospheric chemical tracer distributions, REAM simulations of chemical tracers are driven by two meteorological models, WRF and MM5, with different cumulus convective parameterizations. The model simulations are evaluated using INTEX-A aircraft measurements and satellite measurements of NO2 columns and cloud top pressure, and we find that mid and upper tropospheric trace gas concentrations are affected strongly by convection and lightning NOx production. WRF with the KF-eta convection scheme simulates larger convective updraft mass fluxes below 150 hPa than MM5 with the Grell scheme. The inclusion of the entrainment and detrainment processes leads to more outflow in the mid troposphere in WRF than MM5. The ratio of C2H6/C3H8 is found to be a sensitive parameter to convective outflow; the simulation by WRF-REAM is in closer agreement with INTEX-A measurements than MM5-REAM, implying that convective mass fluxes by WRF are more realistic. WRF also simulates lower cloud top heights (10–12 km) than MM5 (up to 16 km), and hence smaller amounts of estimated (intra-cloud) lightning NOx and lower emission altitudes. WRF simulated cloud top heights are in better agreement with GOES satellite measurements than MM5. Simulated lightning NOx production difference (due primarily to cloud top height difference) is mostly above 12 km. At 8–12 km, the models simulate a contribution of 60–75% of NOx and up to 20 ppbv of O3 from lightning, although the decrease of lightning NOx effect from the Southeast to Northeast and eastern Canada is overestimated. The model differences and biases found in this study reflect some major uncertainties of upper tropospheric NOx and O3 simulations driven by those in meteorological simulations and lightning parameterizations.

Group I Paks, like Pak1, are required for the activation of several key oncogenic signaling pathways. Here the authors study an inducible peptide mimicking the auto-inhibitory domain of Pak1 and show promising anti-tumor effects in a mouse model of colorectal cancer.

Landslide disasters are the most frequent geological disasters in Fujian Province. They are also the type of geological disasters that cause the most serious economic and population losses each year. This study uses the fuzzy mathematics method to carry on the hazard assessment of landslide disaster in Fujian Province, in order to explore the mechanism of the landslide disaster, and provides the reference for the construction land expansion in Fujian Province. The calculation results show that landslide disasters in Fujian Province have a high correlation with external forces, that is, long-term precipitation and short-term strong precipitation are likely to trigger landslide disasters. Among the internal stress factors, the correlation between the occurrence of landslides and slopes is the highest, and the probability of landslides occurs in areas with steep slopes. The evaluation results show that the areas with high landslide hazards are mainly distributed in the central region of Fujian Province. From the remote sensing images, it can be seen that most of the dangerous areas are in rapidly developing cities, and their vegetation coverage is relatively low, and the environment is greatly affected by humans.

Collaboration plays an increasingly important role in promoting research productivity and impact. What remains unclear is whether female and male researchers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) disciplines differ in their collaboration propensity. Here, we report on an empirical analysis of the complete publication records of 3,980 faculty members in six STEM disciplines at select U.S. research universities. We find that female faculty have significantly fewer distinct co-authors over their careers than males, but that this difference can be fully accounted for by females' lower publication rate and shorter career lengths. Next, we find that female scientists have a lower probability of repeating previous co-authors than males, an intriguing result because prior research shows that teams involving new collaborations produce work with higher impact. Finally, we find evidence for gender segregation in some sub-disciplines in molecular biology, in particular in genomics where we find female faculty to be clearly under-represented.