Search

The paper presents the main years of the life and scientific work of the prominent Russian surgeon and scientistinnovator Professor A.E. Rauer (1871–1948). Little-known milestones from the scientist's life are marked. The paper analyzes the fact that from 1922 to the end of life (26 years) Alexander Eduardovich headed the maxillofacial department of the Central Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (CITO). Since 1932, Professor A.E. Rauer was the head of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery of the CIU, organized by him on the basis of the maxillofacial department of the CITO (Moscow). It is noted that Alexander Eduardovich is the author of about 100 scientific works. He summarized all his rich experience in his final work “Plastic Surgery on the face”, awarded in 1946. The Stalin Prize. The range of scientific and surgical interests of A.E. Rauer was wide and diverse. His main works were devoted to the problems of maxillofacial surgery. Rauer proposed a number of valuable ways to eliminate facial disfigurement, which have become widespread (for example, oblique osteotomy for ankylosis of the jaws, surgery for habitual dislocations, plastic surgery of through facial defects, etc.). Under the leadership of Alexander Eduardovich, the clinic also developed methods of plastic surgery for fan-shaped neck scars after thermal injuries and restoration of the pharyngeal arches with soft palate defects. It is noted that he worked a lot on plastic surgery of other organs and proposed methods of interventions for congenital malformations of the bladder, limbs, etc. During the Great Patriotic War, A.E. Rauer introduced into practice a method of treating granulating surface wounds by forming secondary plate ligatures. It is shown that after him there were many worthy students who continued his work on the further development of maxillofacial surgery, which has become an important and necessary branch of clinical medicine.

Traumatological assistance to the population of the Soviet Union is analyzed. It is shown that Soviet doctors, using the experience of field surgery of the First World War, in the post-war period sought to improve the entire system of organizing trauma care for the population. Traumatological assistance in industry and agriculture became generally accessible and gradually assumed an organized, harmonious character. Non-governmental organizations were involved in the fight against injuries - labor protection, social insurance, trade unions and police. First aid points were opened at factories, and trauma centers were set up at polyclinics and outpatient hospitals. A lot of health education was ongoing to prevent injuries and provide first aid. At the end of 1939, at the plenum of the Scientific Medical Council of the People’s Commissariat of Health of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, significant successes were noted in organizing trauma care and treating victims. At the first All-Russian meeting on combating injuries and its consequences in 1947, it was established that occupational injuries tend to decrease, despite the difficult post-war situation. The organization and treatment of trauma patients was developed not only in special institutions, but also in individual surgical clinics, in large hospitals, where special trauma departments were also created. Particular attention was paid to childhood injuries. In this case, the methodological guidance of the fight against injuries in children was entrusted to the Leningrad Children’s Orthopedic Institute. G.I. Turner with the involvement of representatives from other cities - Moscow, Sverdlovsk, Lviv, Kazan, Gorky, etc. It is shown that the teaching of traumatology as an integral part of surgery must be included in the programs of higher medical schools. The absolute need for institutes for the improvement of doctors is noted, the allocation of this discipline as an independent.

The article analyzes the scientific and practical activities of the prominent French urologist Professor Joachim Albarran (1860-1912). It is noted that a student of the founder of French urology F. Guyon I. Albarran in 1906 was elected in his place Professor of urology and head of the Department of the Necker hospital (Hopital Necker) in Paris. It is shown that in 1891 he published a work on bladder tumors, creating a new progressive classification of them. This paper presents well-known monographs by I. Albarran on the mechanism of origin of hydronephrosis, tuberculosis, and kidney tumors. He developed a method for studying the functional activity of the kidneys and proposed the method of "experimental polyuria" (1905). It is also noted that I. Albarran invented the catheterization cystoscope and this made ureteral catheterization a method widely available in practical surgery. I. Albarrans extensive operational experience was described in his manual of operative surgery of the urinary tract (1909), which still has not lost its value. I. Albarran created a brilliant scientific school, from which came a whole galaxy of outstanding clinicians and urologists.

The article presents the main stages of life and work of the professor L.S. Rosenstrauch (1918–2016). L.S. Rosenstrauch is the author of more than 300 scientific papers including 10 monographies. The important direction of his scientific works was development of new radiological techniques such as parasternal mediastinography, and development and integration of the domestic contrast agents. L.S. Rosenstrauch intensively engaged in teaching. More than 30 doctoral and more than 60 candidate dissertations were defended under his guidance or consultation. Professor was a honorary member of domestic and foreign societies of radiology, editorial Board member of the “Journal of radiology and nuclear medicine” and the international journal “Radiology – diagnostics”, coeditor of radiological section of the BME. Under his guidance a unified program of postgraduate medical education in radiology was developed.

The main years of the life and scientific creativity of I.P. Pavlova. Illuminated little-known facts from the life of a scientist. It is noted that IP Pavlov is one of the most prominent representatives of modern natural science, the creator of the materialistic theory of higher nervous activity of humans and animals, the founder of the largest physiological school of modernity and new approaches and methods of research in physiology. Pavlov I.P, studied many topical problems of physiology and medicine, but his most systematic and thorough research relates to the physiology of the circulatory and digestive systems, as well as the higher parts of the central nervous system: they are rightfully considered classic, which opened new pages in the relevant sections of physiology and medicine. New and valuable were the results of his research also on individual issues of the physiology of the endocrine system, comparative physiology, physiology of labor and pharmacology. Being deeply convinced that “for a natural scientist, everything is in a method,” IP Pavlov elaborated and introduced the practice of physiological research into the method of a chronic experiment, based on the need for a multilateral and detailed study of the body’s functions in natural conditions, in inseparable communication and interaction with the environment. This method brought the physiology out of the impasse created by a one-sided, analytical method of acute vivisection experiment that prevailed for a long time. Used in the early works of Pavlov on the physiology of blood circulation, the method of chronic experiment was elevated to the rank of a new scientific experimental principle in basic research on the physiology of digestion and then perfected when studying the functions of the higher parts of the central nervous system. Pavlov I.P comprehensively researched and studied the dynamics of the secretory process of the gastric and salivary glands, pancreatic glands, the work of the liver in the use of food of different quality, proved their ability to adapt to the nature of the causative agents of secretion. Created by Pavlov’s theory of higher nervous activity is one of the greatest achievements of natural science in the 20th century. It is a system of the most reliable, complete, accurate and deep knowledge of brain functions and is of great practical importance for medicine, psychology, pedagogy, and scientific organization of complex labor processes.

The main milestones of life and scientific activity of professor A.E. Prozorov are provided. It is noted that Alexander Evgrafovich organized the first X-ray radiotherapeutic office at Gynecologic institute. From 1918 to 1924 served in the Red Army as the radiologist in various military institutions. It is shown that since 1925 until the end of life directed radiological office of the Central scientific research institute of tuberculosis M3 of the USSR. That circumstance that Prozorov along with 1926 for 1940 managed radiological office of hospital of S.P. Botkin is analyzed; in 1947-1949 headed department of a radiology of the 2nd MMI. A.E. Prozorov published more than 60 scientific works, including the monograph “Radiodiagnosis of a Pulmonary Tuberculosis” (1940), long time serving as one of the main guides to this question. A.E. Prozorov showed that the essential value in development of tubercular process has aggravation of the calmed-down tuberculous focuses (rein-fekt). It is noted that he paid attention to possibility of an atelectasis at tubercular bronchadenites. Its researches in the field of studying of the normal pulmonary drawing and roots of lungs and also descriptions of versions of the pulmonary drawing played a significant role for specification of early radiological manifestations of tuberculosis and other pulmonary diseases. A.E. Prozorov offered a method of the sliding mark for specification of localization of pleurisy, paid attention to a phenomenon of shift and change of a form of a shadow of an exudate at pleurisy in connection with breath phases. A number of works devoted to nonspecific diseases of lungs.

The article noted that on 20 November 1907, awarded by the conference of the Academy degree of doctor of medicine, after public defence of a thesis on the theme: pathology and treatment of lateral curvature of the knee. One after another began to appear in print: the question of fluoroscopy and radiography gunshot injury, traumatic separation of the lower epiphysis of the radius, Apitizers as a method for the treatment of genu valgum, Pathology and treatment of hallux valgus, the technique of treatment of coxitis tuberculosae, Isolated fracture of the trochleae humeri with a bloody reduction method, the technique of treatment of pseudoarthrosis autoplastic way. German Alexandrovich considered the prosthesis as a special area of medicine and technology that have important national economic significance. The primary means of training was surgery. In addition, in medical institutions was to be made, fitting, final fitting of prosthetic devices and training in their use patients. Also provides a broad familiarization of surgeons with the essential requirements of the prosthesis. It was also noted that in 1928, the opening of the Institute for medical and orthopedic hospital with 30 beds in addition to the hostel with 50 places, intended for the waiting of prostheses. In this way organized a uniform system of preparation for prosthetics, supply of prostheses and learning to use them in a special institution, which has for this purpose the necessary medical and technical personnel and equipment. German Alexandrovich was a highly qualified physician, research worker and teacher is not unusual for the time, however, harmonically the current profile. After 10 years in the clinic of Professor G. I. Turner, he acquired a comprehensive knowledge of orthopedics, which formed the basis for his later activities. Having a brilliant operative technique, Albrecht has developed its own methods of arthrodesis of the ankle and knee joints, modification kinaesthesia operations on stumps of the upper arm and forearm, as well as highly desirable variation of talangsari the first metacarpal and the splitting of the stump of the forearm by Krukenberg.

Analysed in the article are scientific priorities of Russian cardiovascular surgeons in the first half of the 20th century, showing rapid and successful development of surgery of the lungs, heart, and great vessels over a comparatively short time period, also underlining the fundamental works of Yu.Yu. Dzhanelidze, S.S. Bryukhonenko, N.N. Terebinsky and their contribution to the development of Soviet cardiovascular surgery, highlighting the pioneering developments of A.A. Vishnevsky, N.K. Galankin, D.A. Donetsky in surgery of the heart and large vessels. Mention is made that during those years, Russian scientists carried out a series of interesting experimental global-level studies on cardiovascular surgery. It was demonstrated that in the middle of the 20th century vascular surgery strengthened its position as an independent branch of clinical medicine. In connection with the increased range and scope of operative interventions on vessels, it was essential to develop the previously existing and to establish new vascular surgical approaches. They should be maximally simple, possibly less aggressive, taking into account the location of nerves and vascular collaterals, as well as sufficient for exposing a neurovascular bundle and creating the possibilities for drainage of the wound, if necessary. Determination of rational operative approaches to blood vessels turned out to be significant for solving the problem of surgical management of acute arterial obstruction. The subsequent rapid development of medical science confirmed groundlessness of a sceptical attitude towards vascular surgery.В работе анализируются научные приоритеты отечественных сердечно-сосудистых хирургов в первой половине XX века. Показано быстрое и успешное развитие хирургии легких, сердца и крупных сосудов за сравнительно короткое время. Отмечены фундаментальные работы Ю.Ю. Джанелидзе, С.С. Брюхоненко, Н.Н. Теребинского и их вклад в развитие советской сердечно-сосудистой хирургии. Освещены пионерские разработки А.А. Вишневского, Н.К. Галанкина, Д.А. Донецкого в хирургии сердца и крупных сосудов. Обозначено, что в эти годы отечественные ученые выполнили ряд интересных экспериментальных исследований мирового уровня по сердечно-сосудистой хирургии. Продемонстрировано, что в середине XX столетия сосудистая хирургия усилила свое положение как самостоятельная отрасль клинической медицины. В связи с увеличением диапазона и широты оперативных вмешательств на сосудах существенным стало развитие прежних и развитие новых оперативных доступов к ним. Они должны быть максимально простыми, возможно, менее агрессивными, учитывающими расположение нервов и сосудистых коллатералей, достаточными для выделения сосудисто-нервного пучка и создающими возможность дренирования раны при необходимости. Установление рациональных оперативных доступов к кровеносным сосудам явилось существенным для решения проблемы хирургического лечения острой артериальной непроходимости. Последующее бурное развитие медицинской науки подтвердило необоснованность скептического отношения к сосудистой хирургии.

The first scientific and practices works in ophthalmology of Professor Albreht Grephe are possibilities. Notes, that in 1850 Hermann Helmholtz introduced the ophthalmoscope into clinical practice, this tool allowed Albrecht Gref to make a number of discoveries and scientific proposals concerning the pathology of the fundus. He described the embolism of the retinal artery, differentiated central recurrent syphilitic retinitis from diffuse, described optic neuritis and much more. Seven years of his scientific work, A. Gref has devoted to the study of the functioning of the eye muscles, strabismus and its correction by surgery, the study of amblyopia. Later, he described in detail the symptoms of ocular muscle paralysis and the clinical manifestations of diphtheria and benign renal conjunctivitis, outlined the ways of drug treatment of these diseases. Gref considered eye pressure the main cause of glaucoma. In his opinion, reducing pressure, it was possible to save the patient from glaucoma. During the treatment of the patient with complete infection of the pupil, A. Grefe made iridectomy (excision of the iris part) and noticed that the eye after the operation became softer. This prompted the doctor to think about the possibility of using such an operation for glaucoma. It is important to note that at the first International Ophthalmological Congress in Brussels in 1857 Gref made a report «On the nature and treatment of glaucoma by iridectomy». This operation brought him world fame and saved many glaucoma patients from blindness. Iridectomy is used in ophthalmic practice and at the present time. In 1859 Grefe proposed a method for peripheral linear extraction of cataracts. He made a peripheral linear cut, thanks to which the divergence of the edges of the wound of the patch cut was eliminated. For such a cut Grefe invented a special long and narrow scalpel, behind which the name Grefevsky was preserved. As time has shown, the basic theoretical and practical provisions and discoveries of Grefe still form the foundation of our knowledge in ophthalmology.

The article presents the main milestones of the life of the outstanding scientist G.I. Turner (1858-1941) - a man who made an invaluable contribution to the formation and development of domestic orthopedics, military surgery. At the beginning of medical activity as a general surgeon, he mastered the basic principles of treatment of pathology of the musculoskeletal system, which played an important role in all its subsequent activities. It was G.I. Turner who had the idea of creating specialized hospitals for the wounded and special institutions for the rehabilitation of war invalids. It should be noted his active participation in the popularization of information on the prevention of diseases and injuries, in the practical training of methods of primary care to victims. Much effort and energy has been devoted to helping sick children with physical defects and restoring the working ability of crippled children. For many years he led the work of the orphanage in St. Petersburg, which in 1932 was transformed into the Institute of rehabilitation of physically defective children and adolescents, named after G.I. Turner.

The article contains the main milestones of life and career of professor Filatov. It was noted that during 25 years of scientific and teaching activity N.F. Filatov has made a significant contribution to the development of world Pediatrics. He is the author of over 70 scientific works, including “a Short textbook of pediatric diseases” (1893), aged 12 editions, and “Clinical lectures” (1900). His monograph “Lectures on acute infectious diseases” (1885) through 4 editions, “Semiotics and diagnosis of childhood diseases” (1890) - 9 editions, it is translated into German, Czech, Italian, Hungarian and French. In the monographs and manuals N.F. Filatov studied many of pokoleniya-pediatricians. He described the infectious disease named Filatov scarlatinal rubella. She was later described by the British physician Duxom; one of the presently used names of the disease - a disease Filatov-Dukes. In the first edition of “Lectures on infectious diseases” N.F. Filatov described is not known until the time of infectious mononucleosis, which he called idiopathic inflammation of the cervical lymphatic glands. The disease is now often called a disease Filatov. In 1895 N. F. Filatov, described an important diagnostic sign of measles is the appearance of catarrhal period of illness 1 - 2 days before appearance of rash spot grayish-white lesions on the mucosa of lips and cheeks. As was established later, this sign was first described by A.P. Belsky in 1890, then regardless of him. F. Filatov, and in 1896 Aplicom. In the literature, this symptom is known as spots Belsky-Filatova-Koplik. N.F. Filatov described the pathogenesis of some forms of edema syndrome in children, published works on prolonged afebrile forms of the flu. N. F. Filatov developed a clinical-physiological direction in Pediatrics. He created a large school of domestic pediatricians. Among his students were V.I. Molchanov and G.N. Speransky.

The article describes the achievements of James Israel and Max Nitze, who were successfully developing European medicine for more than 30 years of their scientific and practical activities, enriching it with both experimental and large clinical experience. Their scientific and practical accomplishments greatly contributed to the development of modern urology. The author analyzes the fact that the history of medicine gives rich material not only for understanding evolution but also for the possibility to foresee its further development. The current state of clinical urology has been achieved by the progress of basic research in biology, physics, biochemistry, bacteriology, immunology, pharmacology. At the same time, the personality of the scientist-physician, his observation, non-standard view, the ability to see the opening perspectives, to bring up worthy successors and create a scientific and clinical school of urologists, is of utmost importance. The great German urologists J. Israel and M. Nitze had all these fundamental characteristics of a great scientist-physician.

It was noted that during 25 years of scientific and teaching activity N. F. Filatov has made a significant contribution to the development of world Pediatrics. He is the author of over 70 scientific works, including «A short textbook of pediatric diseases» (1893), that was published in 12 editions, and «Clinical lectures» (1900). His monograph «Lectures on acute infectious diseases» (1885) was published in 4 editions, «Semiotics and diagnosis of childhood diseases» (1890) – 9 editions, it istranslated into German, Czech, Italian, Hungarian and French. Many generations of pediatricians have studied on N.F. Filatov’s monographs and manuals. He described the infectious disease named Filatov scarlatinal rubella. Later it was described by the British physician Dukes; one of the presently used names of the disease is Filatov-Dukes disease. In the first edition of «Lectures on infectious diseases» N. F. Filatov described not known until that time infectious mononucleosis, which he called idiopathic inflammation of the cervical lymphatic nodes. The disease is now often called the Filatov’s disease. In 1895 N. F. Filatov, described an important diagnostic sign of measles – the appearance in the catarrhal period of illness of grayish-white lesions on the mucose membrane of lips and cheeks 1–2 days prior to the appearance of rash. As was established later, this sign was first described by A. P. Belsky in 1890, then, independently, by N.F. Filatov, and in 1896 by Koplik. In the literature, this symptom is known as Belsky-Filatov-Koplik spots. N.F. Filatov described the pathogenesis of some forms of oedema syndrome in children, published works on prolonged afebrile forms of the flu. N.F. Filatov was developing a clinical-physiological direction in Pediatrics. He created a large school of native pediatricians. Among his students were famous pediatricians V.I. Molchanov and G.N. Speransky.

End-results of surgery for stomach cancer conducted at the Institute Clinic have been evaluated. In 1982-2002, 260 patients with gastrointestinal tumors underwent subtotal distal resection of the stomach (Billroth-1) and another 220--Billroth-2. Functional outcome was assessed in 122 (46.9%) (Billroth-1) and 78 (Billroth-2). The end-results appeared to be identical: 5- and 10-year survival rate after Billroth-1 was 65.1 and 24.7%, and Billroth-2--63.4 and 27.1%, respectively.

An analysis of results of surgical treatment was made on the basis of experiences of performing 260 operations with gastroduodenal anastomosis for distal gastric cancer under conditions of the same hospital for 20 years. Postoperative lethality was 2.69%. Different complications after surgery were noted in 34.2% of the patients. Dumping syndrome after Billroth-1 operations developed in 12.3%. The 5 and 10 year survival after operations among 215 followed-up patients was 65.1% and 24.7% respectively. Original methods of operations were developed and introduced into practice for the improvement of immediate and long-term functional results of the surgery on the stomach.

The experience with 260 Bilrot-I resections for cancer of a distal part of the stomach is analyzed. Postoperative lethality was 2.69%, rate of dumping-syndrome -- 12.3%. Among 215 followed-up patients treated surgically 5- and 10-year survival was 65.1 and 24.7%, respectively. Original surgical methods for improvement of immediate and long-term functional results have been developed and applied in clinical practice.

The author has analyzed the nearest and long-term results of treatment of 260 patients operated on by the Billroth-I method and 220 patients operated on by the Billroth-II method. It was found that after the Billroth-I resection the frequency of disease of the operated stomach was less, the other indices such as postoperative lethality rate, complications, survival up to 10 years, had no substantial difference.

The data on the results of therapy for gastric stump cancer in 176 patients were evaluated. Reoperation was carried out in 81 (46.0%); postoperative lethality was 7.4%. Combined abdominothoracic or thoracic alone access was available in all cases. It is suggested that relatively high radicality is assured when combined surgery for gastric stump recurrence is used. Overall 5-year survival was reported in patients radically operated on for relapse.