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1. Transcriptome analyses and virus induced gene silencing identify genes in the Rpp4-mediated Asian soybean rust resistance pathway

Author

Kerry F. Pedley, Rex T. Nelson, Aluízio Borém, Michelle A. Graham, Thomas J. Baum, Timothy J. Bancroft, Ricardo Vilela Abdelnoor, Aguida A.M.P. Morales, Martijn van de Mortel, Dan Nettleton, Steven A. Whitham, Randy C. Shoemaker, Jamie A. O’Rourke, Reid D. Frederick, and Katherine T. Scheider

Subjects
Transcriptome, Gene expression profiling, Genetics, Microarray analysis techniques, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Gene expression, Plant Science, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Agronomy and Crop Science, Transcription factor, Gene, Developmental biology
Abstract

Rpp4 (Resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi 4) confers resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust (ASR). By combining expression profiling and virus induced gene silencing (VIGS), we are developing a genetic framework for Rpp4-mediated resistance. We measured gene expression in mock-inoculated and P. pachyrhizi-infected leaves of resistant soybean accession PI459025B (Rpp4) and the susceptible cultivar (Williams 82) across a 12-day time course. Unexpectedly, two biphasic responses were identified. In the incompatible reaction, genes induced at 12 h after infection (hai) were not differentially expressed at 24 hai, but were induced at 72 hai. In contrast, genes repressed at 12 hai were not differentially expressed from 24 to 144 hai, but were repressed 216 hai and later. To differentiate between basal and resistance-gene (R-gene) mediated defence responses, we compared gene expression in Rpp4-silenced and empty vector-treated PI459025B plants 14 days after infection (dai) with P. pachyrhizi. This identified genes, including transcription factors, whose differential expression is dependent upon Rpp4. To identify differentially expressed genes conserved across multiple P. pachyrhizi resistance pathways, Rpp4 expression datasets were compared with microarray data previously generated for Rpp2 and Rpp3-mediated defence responses. Fourteen transcription factors common to all resistant and susceptible responses were identified, as well as fourteen transcription factors unique to R-gene-mediated resistance responses. These genes are targets for future P. pachyrhizi resistance research.

Published
2012

2. RECENT RESULTS FROM AMANDA

Author

W. Wu, E. Schneider, D. M. Lowder, G. C. Hill, D. Schneider, Y. D. He, K. Rawlins, P. Askebjer, P. B. Price, D. Bierenbaum, T. Scheider, T. O. B. Schmidt, James Madsen, M. Hellwig, E. Andres, H. G. Sander, Glenn Spiczak, H. Rubinstein, Kurt Woschnagg, P. Ekström, M. M. Boyce, R. Schwarz, F. M. Newcomer, C. Walck, R. Hardtke, R. Porrata, G. B. Yodh, C. Pérez de los Heros, Albrecht Karle, I. Liubarsky, A. Mihalyi, Staffan Carius, P. Lindahl, R. C. Bay, P. Niessen, S. Young, P. Romenesko, Ariel Goobar, Christian Spiering, N. Starinsky, B. Erlandsson, H. S. Matis, D. Steele, D. F. Cowen, D. Chirkin, S. Hundertmark, A. Biron, Stefan Richter, Marek Kowalski, M. Solarz, T. Mikolajski, S. Tilav, H. Heukenkamp, P. C. Mock, P. Miocinovic, C. H. Wiebusch, J. Ludvig, D. Ross, K. H. Becker, L. Gray, Xinhua Bai, J. Booth, L. Thollander, A. Silvestri, I. Taboada, R. G. Stokstad, R. Wischnewski, H. Leich, T. C. Miller, R. Morse, J. E. Jacobsen, B. Koci, T. Thon, Lars Bergström, Kael Hanson, J. Rodríguez Martino, Hakki Ögelman, Adam Bouchta, Steven W. Barwick, A. Richards, Francis Halzen, Paolo Desiati, Allan Hallgren, J. P Dewulf, Ole Streicher, T. Neunhöffer, M. Vander Donckt, Olga Botner, V. Kandhadai, Wolfgang Rhode, P. Loaiza, A. Goldschmidt, Y. Minaeva, G. Barouch, M. Gaug, Caroline Costa, Ch. Weinheimer, Matthias Leuthold, D. R. Nygren, P. Steffen, L. Köpke, Jan Conrad, T. Feser, H. Haase, Jodi Cooley, E. Dalberg, D. Bertrand, A. Chen, Joakim Edsjö, Q. Sun, C. Reed, J. Dailing, P. Doksus, Nicholas G. Usechak, J. Kim, T. De Young, P. O. Hulth, H. Wissing, and Pawel Marciniewski

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Muon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Solar neutrino, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Solar neutrino problem, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Neutrino detector, Measurements of neutrino speed, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Neutrino oscillation, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Charged current
Abstract

We present results based on data taken in 1997 with the 302-PMT Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array-B10 ("AMANDA-B10") array. Atmospheric neutrinos created in the northern hemisphere are observed indirectly through their charged current interactions which produce relativistic, Cherenkov-light-emitting upgoing muons in the South Pole ice cap. The reconstructed angular distribution of these events is in good agreement with expectation and demonstrates the viability of this ice-based device as a neutrino telescope.

Published
2001
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3. WIMP SEARCHES WITH AMANDA-B10

Author

C. Pérez de los Heros, T. C. Miller, K. Rawlins, D. Bertrand, A. Chen, T. Neunhöffer, Stefan Richter, J. Edsjö, T. Scheider, James Madsen, Timothy W. Schmidt, P. B. Price, James Kim, Ariel Goobar, M. M. Boyce, J. Ludvig, H. G. Sander, A. Silvestri, R. C. Bay, W. Wu, P. Ekström, G. Barouch, C. H. Wiebusch, Glenn Spiczak, Wolfgang Rhode, P. Loaiza, J. P Dewulf, S. Hundertmark, D. F. Cowen, D. M. Lowder, R. Hardtke, Dmitry Chirkin, N. Starinsky, Y. Minaeva, H. Leich, P. Steffen, Hakki Ögelman, A. Goldschmidt, Staffan Carius, P. Niessen, R. Schwarz, Tyce DeYoung, Joakim Edsjö, M. Kowalski, J. Rodriguez Martino, M. Hellwig, D. Steele, X. Bai, K.-H. Becker, Kael Hanson, L. Köpke, I. Taboada, Ch. Weinheimer, A. Biron, A. Karle, Steven W. Barwick, M. Solarz, Paolo Desiati, G. Smoot, C. Spiering, Lars Bergström, B. Koci, R. Morse, K. Woschnagg, Matthias Leuthold, G. C. Hlll, D. Ross, Olga Botner, D. R. Nygren, Jan Conrad, T. Feser, C. Walck, G. B. Yodh, P. O. Hulth, Jodi Cooley, S. Young, M. Gaug, M. Vander Donckt, Caroline Costa, P. Doksus, Pawel Marciniewski, Janet Jacobsen, H. S. Matis, H. Rubinstein, Adam Bouchta, Francis Halzen, Allan Hallgren, R. G. Stokstad, R. Wischnewski, Ole Streicher, J. I. Lamoureux, E. Dalberg, P. Romenesko, J. Dailing, P. Lindahl, Donald P. Schneider, and P. Miocinovic

Subjects
Astroparticle physics, Physics, Nuclear physics, Particle physics, WIMP, Weakly interacting massive particles
Published
2001
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4. Observation of high-energy neutrinos using Cerenkov detectors embedded deep in Antarctic ice

Author

P. Loaiza, C. Pérez de los Heros, P. B. Price, Jodi Cooley, Ignacio Taboada, P. Ekström, J. E. Jacobsen, S. Young, Yuan He, Lars Bergström, C. Reed, Staffan Carius, H. G. Sander, G. Barouch, Stefan Richter, H. S. Matis, K. Rawlins, T. Mikolajski, H. Heukenkamp, T. Thon, Matthias Leuthold, D. Ross, T. Scheider, James Madsen, P. Askebjer, R. C. Bay, P. Steffen, L. Köpke, R. G. Stokstad, Francis Halzen, N. Starinsky, R. Wischnewski, Jan Conrad, T. Feser, B. Erlandsson, R. Schwarz, H. Rubinstein, Kurt Woschnagg, David A. Schneider, A. Biron, M. Hellwig, D. M. Lowder, S. Hundertmark, J. P Dewulf, Ariel Goobar, E. Andres, Q. Sun, Markus Gaug, Dmitry Chirkin, J. Rodríguez Martino, P. Miocinovic, G. C. Hill, L. Thollander, Y. Minaeva, T. C. Miller, P. O. Hulth, L. Gray, Kael Hanson, James Kim, Albrecht Karle, J. Booth, D. Bertrand, A. Chen, A. Goldschmidt, H. Haase, Steven W. Barwick, H. Leich, Olga Botner, M. Vander Donckt, D. Bierenbaum, Caroline Costa, H. Wissing, W. Wu, E. Schneider, D. F. Cowen, R. Morse, Paolo Desiati, Glenn Spiczak, J. Ludvig, A. Silvestri, K. H. Becker, T. DeYoung, Christopher Wiebusch, M. M. Boyce, I. Liubarsky, R. Porrata, Xinhua Bai, A. Mihalyi, S. Tilav, Adam Bouchta, P. C. Mock, M. Solarz, Hakki Ögelman, Allan Hallgren, T. Schmidt, Ole Streicher, Ch. Weinheimer, T. Neunhöffer, Joakim Edsjö, V. Kandhadai, P. Romenesko, Pawel Marciniewski, F. M. Newcomer, G. B. Yodh, M. Kowalski, C. Walck, E. Dalberg, P. Doksus, P. Lindahl, Christian Spiering, Nicholas G. Usechak, J. Dailing, B. Koci, A. Richards, Wolfgang Rhode, P. Niessen, D. Steele, Dave Nygren, and R. Hardtke

Subjects
Physics, Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array, Multidisciplinary, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Solar neutrino, Astronomy, Astrophysics, Solar neutrino problem, Cosmic neutrino background, Neutrino detector, Measurements of neutrino speed, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Neutrino astronomy
Abstract

Neutrinos are elementary particles that carry no electric charge and have little mass. As they interact only weakly with other particles, they can penetrate enormous amounts of matter, and therefore have the potential to directly convey astrophysical information from the edge of the Universe and from deep inside the most cataclysmic high-energy regions. The neutrino's great penetrating power, however, also makes this particle difficult to detect. Underground detectors have observed low-energy neutrinos from the Sun and a nearby supernova2, as well as neutrinos generated in the Earth's atmosphere. But the very low fluxes of high-energy neutrinos from cosmic sources can be observed only by much larger, expandable detectors in, for example, deep water3,4 or ice5. Here we report the detection of upwardly propagating atmospheric neutrinos by the ice-based Antarctic muon and neutrino detector array (AMANDA). These results establish a technology with which to build a kilometre-scale neutrino observatory necessary for astrophysical observations1.

Published
2001

5. Observation of high energy atmospheric neutrinos with AMANDA

Author

P. Lindahl, K. Rawlins, T. Scheider, James Madsen, P. Ekström, P. Miocinovic, J. Rodriguez Martino, Kael Hanson, M. Hellwig, Staffan Carius, C. Pérez de los Heros, Steven W. Barwick, Q. Sun, Paolo Desiati, A. Karle, P. B. Price, A. Richards, T. C. Miller, Nicholas G. Usechak, Yuan He, R. G. Stokstad, R. Wischnewski, D. Bierenbaum, T. Thon, M. M. Boyce, Glenn Spiczak, A. Mihalyi, D. M. Lowder, D. F. Cowen, J. P Dewulf, M. Solarz, J. Ludvig, G. C. Hill, L. Thollander, Wolfgang Rhode, T. Neunhöffer, E. Andres, K.-H. Becker, A. Silvestri, C. M. Reed, Timothy W. Schmidt, Y. Minaeva, H. Leich, G. Barouch, M. Gaug, James Kim, Dmitry Chirkin, M. Vander Donckt, Tyce DeYoung, I. Taboada, D. Bertrand, A. Chen, Caroline Costa, H. Haase, I. Liubarsky, P. Steffen, Joakim Edsjö, Matthias Leuthold, Ch. Weinheimer, B. Koci, K. Woschnagg, D. Ross, E. Dalberg, W. Wu, E. Schneider, C. H. Wiebusch, V. Kandhadai, R. Morse, R. Hardtke, Jodi Cooley, S. Young, P. Loaiza, N. Starinsky, H. S. Matis, D. R. Nygren, P. Niessen, F. M. Newcomer, Francis Halzen, Jan Conrad, T. Feser, C. Walck, G. B. Yodh, S. Tilav, P. C. Mock, D. Steele, Lars Bergström, L. Köpke, X. Bai, Ariel Goobar, A. Goldschmidt, Olga Botner, Stefan Richter, T. Mikolajski, H. Heukenkamp, Pawel Marciniewski, P. Askebjer, Janet Jacobsen, H. Rubinstein, R. Schwarz, P. O. Hulth, M. Kowalski, S. Hundertmark, L. Gray, R. Porrata, Hakki Ögelman, H. G. Sander, J. Booth, P. Doksus, J. Dailing, Donald P. Schneider, P. Romenesko, Adam Bouchta, Allan Hallgren, Ole Streicher, B. Erlandsson, A. Biron, C. Spiering, and R. C. Bay

Subjects
Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array, Astroparticle physics, Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Solar neutrino, Monte Carlo method, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Neutrino detector, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Zenith
Abstract

In 1997 the Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA) started operating with 10 strings. In an analysis of data taken during the first year of operation 188 atmospheric neutrino candidates were found. Their zenith angle distribution agrees with expectations based on Monte Carlo simulations. A preliminary upper limit is given on a diffuse flux of high energy neutrinos of astrophysical origin.

Published
2000
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6. Results from the AMANDA High Energy Neutrino Detector

Author

E. Andres, P. Askebjer, X. Bai, G. Barouch, S.W. Barwick, R.C. Bay, K.-H. Becker, L. Bergström, D. Bertrand, A. Biron, J. Booth, O. Botner, A. Bouchta, M.M. Boyce, S. Carius, D. Chirkin, J. Conrad, C.G.S. Costa, D.F. Cowen, J. Dailing, E. Dalberg, T. DeYoung, P. Desiati, J.-P. Dewulf, P. Doksus, J. Edsjö, P. Ekström, B. Erlandsson, T. Feser, M. Gaug, A. Goldschmidt, A. Goobar, H. Haase, A. Hallgren, F. Halzen, K. Hanson, R. Hardtke, Y.D. He, M. Hellwig, H. Heukenkamp, G.C. Hill, P.O. Hulth, S. Hundertmark, J. Jacobsen, A. Karle, J. Kim, B. Koci, L. Köpke, M. Kowalski, H. Leich, M. Leuthold, P. Lindahl, I. Liubarsky, P. Loaiza, D.M. Lowder, J. Ludvig, J. Madsen, P. Marciniewski, H. Matis, T. Mikolajski, T.C. Miller, Y. Minaeva, P. Miocinovic, P. Mock, R. Morse, T. Neunhöffer, F.M. Newcomer, P. Niessen, D.R. Nygren, C. Pérez de los Heros, R. Porrata, P.B. Price, K. Rawlins, C. Reed, W. Rhode, A. Richards, S. Richter, J. Rodriguez Martino, P. Romenesko, D. Ross, H. Rubinstein, H.-G. Sander, T. Scheider, T. Schmidt, D. Schneider, E. Schneider, R. Schwarz, A. Silvestri, M. Solarz, G. Spiczak, C. Spiering, N. Starinski, D. Steele, P. Steffen, R.G. Stokstad, O. Streicher, Q. Sun, I. Taboada, L. Thollander, T. Thon, S. Tilav, M. Vander Donckt, C. Walck, C. Weinheimer, C.H. Wiebusch, R. Wischnewski, K. Woschnagg, W. Wu, G. Yodh, and S. Young

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Point source, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, media_common.quotation_subject, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Astrophysics (astro-ph), FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Air shower, Neutrino detector, Sky, Angular resolution, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, media_common
Abstract

This paper briefly summarizes the search for astronomical sources of high-energy neutrinos using the AMANDA-B10 detector. The complete data set from 1997 was analyzed. For E_mu>10 TeV, the detector exceeds 10,000 m^2 in effective area between declinations of 25 and 90 degrees. Neutrinos generated in the atmosphere by cosmic ray interactions were used to verify the overall sensitivity of the detector. The absolute pointing accuracy and angular resolution has been confirmed by the analysis of coincident events between the SPASE air shower array and the AMANDA detector. Preliminary flux limits from point source candidates are presented. For declinations larger than +45 degrees, our results compare favorably to existing limits for sources in the Southern sky. We also present the current status of the searches for high energy neutrino emission from diffusely distributed sources, GRBs, and WIMPs from the center of the earth., 8 pages, 9 figures, submitted to Int. Conf. Neut. Phys. Astro. (Neutrino 2000)

Published
2000
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7. Sesame seed anaphylaxis

Author

C, James, A, Williams-Akita, Y A, Rao, L T, Chiarmonte, and A T, Scheider

Subjects
Adult, Airway Obstruction, Resuscitation, Seeds, Humans, Female, Respiratory Insufficiency, Anaphylaxis, Food Hypersensitivity
Published
1991

8. Status of the neutrino telescope AMANDA: Monopoles and WIMPs

Author

K.-H. Becker, P. O. Hulth, Ch. Weinheimer, H. Wissing, S. Hundertmark, J. P Dewulf, Y. Minaeva, G. Barouch, Matthias Leuthold, D. R. Nygren, T. Neunhöffer, Timothy W. Schmidt, Jodi Cooley, P. Miocinovic, David A. Schneider, Jan Conrad, T. Feser, James Kim, S. Young, R. Morse, D. M. Lowder, M. M. Boyce, G. C. Hill, M. Solarz, H. Rubinstein, P. Ekström, T. DeYoung, E. Dalberg, Xinhua Bai, H. Leich, P. Romenesko, Joakim Edsjö, P. Steffen, J. Rodríguez Martino, J. I. Lamoureux, Pawel Marciniewski, P. Sudhoff, D. F. Cowen, Lars Bergström, P. B. Price, K. Rawlins, Kael Hanson, Staffan Carius, D. Bertrand, A. Chen, T. Scheider, P. Doksus, Kurt Woschnagg, James Madsen, Olga Botner, A. Karle, M. Hellwig, Hakki Ögelman, R. Schwarz, H. S. Matis, Paolo Desiati, A. Goldschmidt, H. G. Sander, Dmitry Chirkin, Adam Bouchta, Allan Hallgren, P. Lindahl, Janet Jacobsen, M. Kowalski, Ole Streicher, Francis Halzen, R. Hardtke, C. Walck, N. Starinsky, J. Dailing, G. B. Yodh, W. Wu, I. Taboada, J. Ludvig, C. H. Wiebusch, A. Silvestri, R. G. Stokstad, R. Wischnewski, S. W. Barwick, C. Pérez de los Heros, M. Gaug, P. Niessen, M. Vander Donckt, Caroline Costa, T. Miller, D. Steele, L. Köpke, Wolfgang Rhode, G. Smoot, B. Koci, D. Ross, P. Loaiza, A. Biron, C. Spiering, Stefan Richter, Ariel Goobar, Glenn Spiczak, and R. C. Bay

Subjects
Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Solar neutrino, Dark matter, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Solar neutrino problem, Neutrino detector, Measurements of neutrino speed, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Neutrino astronomy, Cherenkov radiation
Abstract

The neutrino telescope AMANDA has been set up at the geographical South Pole as first step to a neutrino telescope of the scale of one cubic kilometer, which is the canonical size for a detector sensitive to neutrinos from Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), Gamma Ray Bursts (GRB) and Topological Defects (TD). The location and depth in which the detector is installed is given by the requirement to detect neutrinos by the Cherenkov light produced by their reaction products and to keep the background due to atmospheric muons as small as possible. However, a detector optimized for this purpose is also capable to detect the bright Cherenkov light from relativistic Monopoles and neutrino signals from regions with high gravitational potential, where WIMPS are accumulated and possibly annihilate. Both hypothetical particles might contribute to the amount of dark matter. Therefore here a report about the status of the experiment (autumn 2000) and about the status of the search for these particles with the AMANDA B10 sub-detector is given.

9. Sequential treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with intravenous immunoglobulins and pembrolizumab.

Author

Boesl F, Allers K, Herm J, Scheider T, and Franke C

Subjects
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized therapeutic use, Humans, Immunoglobulins, Intravenous therapeutic use, JC Virus, Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal complications
Abstract

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare demyelinating disease of the CNS caused by the human polyomavirus 2 (JCV). PML predominantly occurs in immunocompromised patients. To date, no specific antiviral treatment exists, leaving only restoration of the immune system as possible treatment. In 2019, the monoclonal antibody pembrolizumab was reported as a potential treatment option in PML in a case series. Following case reports could not thoroughly confirm a positive outcome. Pembrolizumab targets the inhibitory programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) receptor on lymphocytes and is associated with beneficial expansion of pre-existing virus-specific T cells. Here we describe a patient with PML who benefited from combined treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins, maraviroc, and pembrolizumab., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Published
2022
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10. Observation of high-energy neutrinos using Cerenkov detectors embedded deep in Antarctic ice.

Author

Andrés E, Askebjer P, Bai X, Barouch G, Barwick SW, Bay RC, Becker KH, Bergström L, Bertrand D, Bierenbaum D, Biron A, Booth J, Botner O, Bouchta A, Boyce MM, Carius S, Chen A, Chirkin D, Conrad J, Cooley J, Costa CG, Cowen DF, Dailing J, Dalberg E, DeYoung T, Desiati P, Dewulf JP, Doksus P, Edsjö J, Ekström P, Erlandsson B, Feser T, Gaug M, Goldschmidt A, Goobar A, Gray L, Haase H, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Hardtke R, He YD, Hellwig M, Heukenkamp H, Hill GC, Hulth PO, Hundertmark S, Jacobsen J, Kandhadai V, Karle A, Kim J, Koci B, Köpke L, Kowalski M, Leich H, Leuthold M, Lindahl P, Liubarsky I, Loaiza P, Lowder DM, Ludvig J, Madsen J, Marciniewski P, Matis HS, Mihalyi A, Mikolajski T, Miller TC, Minaeva Y, Miocinović P, Mock PC, Morse R, Neunhöffer T, Newcomer FM, Niessen P, Nygren DR, Ogelman H, Pérez de los Heros C, Porrata R, Price PB, Rawlins K, Reed C, Rhode W, Richards A, Richter S, Martino JR, Romenesko P, Ross D, Rubinstein H, Sander HG, Scheider T, Schmidt T, Schneider D, Schneider E, Schwarz R, Silvestri A, Solarz M, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Starinsky N, Steele D, Steffen P, Stokstad RG, Streicher O, Sun Q, Taboada I, Thollander L, Thon T, Tilav S, Usechak N, Vander Donckt M, Walck C, Weinheimer C, Wiebusch CH, Wischnewski R, Wissing H, Woschnagg K, Wu W, Yodh G, and Young S

Abstract

Neutrinos are elementary particles that carry no electric charge and have little mass. As they interact only weakly with other particles, they can penetrate enormous amounts of matter, and therefore have the potential to directly convey astrophysical information from the edge of the Universe and from deep inside the most cataclysmic high-energy regions. The neutrino's great penetrating power, however, also makes this particle difficult to detect. Underground detectors have observed low-energy neutrinos from the Sun and a nearby supernova, as well as neutrinos generated in the Earth's atmosphere. But the very low fluxes of high-energy neutrinos from cosmic sources can be observed only by much larger, expandable detectors in, for example, deep water or ice. Here we report the detection of upwardly propagating atmospheric neutrinos by the ice-based Antarctic muon and neutrino detector array (AMANDA). These results establish a technology with which to build a kilometre-scale neutrino observatory necessary for astrophysical observations.

Published
2001
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11. The HIV-1 Nef protein shares an antigenic determinant with a T-cell surface protein.

Author

Scheider T, Beck A, Röpke C, Ullrich R, Harthus HP, Bröker M, and Pauli G

Subjects
Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Antigens, Surface genetics, Cell Line, Epitopes, Gene Products, nef genetics, HIV-1 genetics, Humans, Membrane Proteins genetics, Membrane Proteins immunology, Mice, Molecular Sequence Data, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Gene Products, nef immunology, HIV Antigens genetics, HIV-1 immunology, T-Lymphocytes immunology
Abstract

Objective: To characterize antigens on uninfected T lymphocytes reactive with monoclonal antibodies (MAb) directed against the HIV-1 Nef protein, and to search for antibodies directed against this epitope in HIV-1-infected individuals., Design: Murine MAb directed against an epitope of Nef defined by amino acids 60-73 reacted with cell surface antigens of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes and permanent human T-cell lines., Methods: The specificity of the MAb reaction was investigated by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. The antigen was precipitated from lysates or uninfected cells using MAb or sera from HIV-1-infected individuals and analysed by Western blot and isoelectrofocusing., Results: An antigen with an apparent relative molecular mass of 137,000 and an isoelectric point of 8.45 was immunoprecipitated with the cross-reactive MAb from uninfected human T cells. Sera from HIV-positive individuals recognizing a Nef epitope partially overlapping with the binding site of the cross-reactive MAb stained the 137 kD protein precipitated with the MAb in Western blot analysis, while HIV-positive sera without antibodies to this Nef region and sera from uninfected individuals were negative., Conclusion: The induction of autoantibodies cross-reactive with cellular surface proteins may play a role in the pathogenesis of AIDS.

Published
1993
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12. [The psychologist at the mental health clinic].

Author

Scheider T and Gaurian MC

Subjects
Female, France, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders therapy, Psychotherapy, Community Mental Health Centers organization & administration, Psychology
Published
1983

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