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Today’s Marine industries are undergoing transformation because of rapid growth of advancement in the field of automation. Shipping industries use hybrid propulsion systems to de-carbonize and orient the path towards zero emission. The renewable energy supply (RES) is utilized by reducing the dependence on imported conventional fossil fuels; greenhouse gas emissions produced by the usage of fossil fuels are reduced. Renewable green energy is used to generate power at the distribution level. Energy sources are distributed around the world. The utility's hybrid (wind/solar) power system has proven to be a reliable source of energy. In this article, PV and wind (hybrid) power used for marine applications with the reduction of fuel consumption is proposed. The hybrid buck boost converter used for regulating DC output voltage. A multi-level H bridge inverter between DC-DC converter and load provides the load's ac voltage requirement in hybrid systems. For a given output waveform quality, MLI topology provide lower THD and EMI output, higher efficiency and better output waveform. In order to design a multilevel inverter, a cascaded H-Bridge structure was adopted. PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) techniques enable the operation of Cascaded H Bridges to generate an approximate sine wave output from a multilayer inverter. To improve the hybrid system's performance, output of converter is supplied to the thirteen level H bridge inverter. This combination can maintain the appropriate voltage to load ratio. Voltage profile is improved by using H-bridge multilevel inverter. The proposed framework is re-enacted utilizing MATLAB/Simulink.

Recently, there has been an increase in the growth and advancement of electric propulsion in marine electrical drives. A maximum amount of energy is utilized by ships for propulsion drives. To be aware of it and develop an optimized structure to improve the effectiveness of the propulsion system with power consumption is necessary. The proposed paper aims to develop a model and perform functional analysis as per the above understanding and requirements. The factors considered include greenhouse gas emissions, CO2 emissions, environmental aspects, and the availability of non-renewable resources, which leads to the introduction of renewable energy as a replacement method of power generation. For this work, two different renewable sources, such as solar and wind energy, were chosen. The combination of these two resources can manipulate the voltage and satisfy the load in a desirable way. For voltage improvement, a high gain converter with a minimal number of active and passive components is selected. This system adopts a storage system to meet the needs in the future. The inverter switches are controlled by the recommended control algorithm, which can balance and provide adequate power towards the drive by a feedback control loop. The speed of propulsion in the drive is adjusted by the induction motor coupled with the propeller. The analytical study of the proposed system is carried out in MATLAB software. The simulation study revealed the effectiveness of this modern optimization technique.

Solar still is the ancient low cost device to distillate the saline water. Paraffin is a kind of phase change material which has a thermal storage characteristic and it can absorb and release a large amount of latent heat during the phase transition process. Ethylene Glycol was used as a PCM to study the thermal characteristics of water and absorption rate. A Nano phase change material plays a vital role in solar energy conversion and is used to enhance the thermal conductivity behavior on thermal energy storage systems. Materials at the nanoscale have a larger surface area and it has higher thermal properties than the macro particles. Incorporating NPCM into basin material helps to improve the productivity and the evaporation rate. The performance of the single basin double slope solar still was higher than the single slope solar still. Despite significant efforts, there are some challenges, such as the thermo physical properties of basin material, flow rate, insulation material and thickness that must be overcome in order for this technique to be useful in practice. In this paper, a detailed comparison of the various solar stills, designs, fabrications and water production analyses are discussed. Hence it is confirmed that NPCM has a higher potential than PCM for saline water desalination processes. This study confirmed that the Paraffin composites are stable up to 160°C and it increases the efficiency due to increased thermal properties of NPCM.

Time management and control are crucial for project success, and it has known an increasing interest by researchers around the world since the appearance of project management and until now. The aim of the present paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of researches in this field. A bibliometric analysis of researches in time management and control published in the Web of Science (WoS) during 2012-2021 was conducted in order to find the most influential publications in this field, as well as, the countries that contribute the most to these researches, and the most used key words. The VOS Viewer was used for mapping and visualizing bibliometric networks. The results show an increased trend of publications in this field. And that the major contributors to researches in Time Management and Control are People’s Republic of China, the United States of America, and England. Moreover, Labadie (2004) was the most cited author. Also, the results show 3 main levels of keywords, the first was related to time management in general, the second was related to the models and systems using and the third concerning the tools, the methods used in time management and control. These findings could help researchers to understand more the topic of time management and control, and it opens up the scope of view to conduct studies in related fields.

Diseases in plants accounts to major crop losses which affects the economy of farmers and in turn the country. Recent advancements in technologies like Internet of Things and Machine learning has led to the development of automated systems for crucial applications. This paper focuses on developing such a system for agricultural application mainly for early detection of diseases in plant leaves and provides solutions to the farmers. The main contribution is the novel pixel replacement-based segmentation and double feature extraction techniques for enhancing classification process. Classification is done using Support vector machine classifier and the developed system was validated using pomegranate leaves. The system is evaluated using performance metrics such as detection accuracy and classification accuracy.

Agriculture is one of the primary sources of Indian economy as majority of the population depends on agriculture. Early detection of plant stress functions an evident role in smart agriculture. In order to improve the quality and quantity of food crop and to prevent the damage caused to the plant, it is necessary to detect the stress in plant using environmental parameters. Visual sensor along with environmental sensors helps to identify the colour change in leaves of the plant at the initial stage thereby reducing the damage. An efficient plant stress detection framework is proposed which is automated for ease of use for farmers. The framework makes use of camera for capturing the images of the leaves in the field and machine learning for classifying the leaves as healthy or unhealthy. Support vector machine algorithm makes use of the features extracted from the leaves for training the system and the input features are alone transmitted to the cloud. The agricultural consultant at the other end retrieves the features and the stress is detected with the help of classification. Gray level co-occurrence matrix textures are used for extracting the features from the healthy and unhealthy leaves. Metrics such as Accuracy in classification and stress detection is validated in the proposed system.

Digital communication plays a vital role in transmitting and receiving the information. With the advent of advancements in telecommunications, requirement of high data rate is in evident in Digital communication for the transmission of the signal. The information which has to be transmitted over a long distance needed to be error free while receiving in order to obtain the quality of the information. Emphasizing on the high data rate and also error free requirements, the role of Multiple Input Multiple Output and Wavelet as a combination makes progress towards high extent in achieving successful transmission. The proposed work emphasizes on the application of Discrete wavelet transform for filtering the Quadrature Amplitude modulated wave for the internet telephonic communication where the digital communication plays a major role. This proposed work purely concentrates on the digital communication part of the internet telephony communications. Stein’s Unbiased Risk Estimate is used to obtain the information samples with soft thresholding. The Bit to Error rate performance is measured for various modulation order and the simulated results are shown and also the values of the Bit to Error rate are tabulated.

Automatic Speech Recognition plays an evident role in extracting the voice signal in the noisy background. The reduction of noise in the signal is susceptible to the information which is to be transmitted since not all the information is emphasized. This leads to the deterioration in the transmitted information and paved furtherance for automatic speech recognition. Prevalent feature extraction techniques are applied to extract the speech signal with the trade off of complexity, compression ratio. For the application of voice communication, filter bank analysis is applied to extract the voice signals in the noisy environment. This work emphasized on the attributes of the perceptual quality of Loudness, Pitch Intensity, Timing. Band pass filtering provides reliable extraction of the voice signal features in the noisy environment. The power distribution of the extracted signals for the selected audio signal with the length of more than 20 seconds wave file with a sampling rate of 16 Khz along with the background noises has been plotted and its respective spectrogram also been plotted.

Adders and multipliers are the two important arithmetic units in any form of digital filters. Though the adders and multipliers are the fundamental arithmetic units in digital FIR filters, the multipliers are more responsible for power consumption. In existing fast FIR algorithm based digital filters, the number of multipliers is reduced at the expense of adder circuits. This paper presents an arithmetic optimization of reconfigurable digital FIR filters using fast FIR algorithm and modified carry save addition to reduce the power consumption. The modified carry save addition is incorporated to efficiently combine the partial products of the multiplication process. The mathematical analysis reveals that significant amount of hardware savings can be achieved using the proposed design. The ASIC implementation using TSMC 65 nm technology shows that the proposed methodology occupies less area and consumes less power while comparing with conventional approach.

Drinking a glass of fresh juice every morning helps in detoxifying our body. The regular intake of fresh fruit juice keeps us away from ailments. Enriched with vitamins a glass of juice promotes weight loss. Water, green tea, and hibiscus tea are listed among the healthiest drinks. We should be away from zero-calorie beverages. Many people do not need sports drinks. We can drink green juice every day. Besides water, we can take sweet tea, orange juice, chai latte, and lemonade. Various types of drinks, such as ginger juice, cucumber juice, green tea, and lemon juice with honey, are good for health. The current trend of health consciousness is a general one across the globe. Many ingredients are introduced in the beverage products. Researchers mainly concentrate on healthy and harmless ingredients. Several clinical trials and results of the researches support the use of prebiotic ingredients. The current trend of health consciousness is a general one across the globe. Ingredient manufacturers are focusing on catering the changing consumption demand for food and beverage products and are opting for new product launches, increasing research/development investments, new technologies, and collaborations with research institutes trying to offer healthy ingredients, which are in line with the health-conscious trend of consumers. A large number of clinical trials and scientific investigations performed by the research organizations provide a strong base for the use of prebiotic ingredients and their benefits on human intestinal health. Prebiotic ingredients are also used as low-calorie fat replacers as they help reduce obesity and diabetes. Enhancement of the nutritional value of food products with the usage of prebiotic ingredients provides various health benefits to the end user. This is possible not only in food and beverage applications but also in nonfood applications such as dietary supplements and animal feed. Moreover, prebiotic ingredients allow for the use of natural ingredients in various applications without compromising on quality, texture, and nutritional value of the products. With further biotechnology advancements, it is expected that prebiotic ingredients will become the key natural ingredient of choice for most food and beverage manufacturers across the globe.

Noise in a signal is an unwanted Distribution occurred which disrupts the original signalduring transmission, Depuration or conversion. Also noise may be random, with an unspecific mean or white noise with an independently interleaved distribution, zero mean by the processing algorithms. Performance degradation of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing system with Multiple Input and Multiple Output would have ensued due to the noise distribution in an original signal, so it is inevitable to reduce the unwanted noise distribution in an original signal to recover the original information which is sent at the transmitter. Various filtering techniques in channel estimation have been proposed in this literature to denoise a signal in Multiple Input Multiple Output – OFDM system effectively. The main intent of this survey is to provide the better insight of various denoising techniques in channel estimation to reduce unknown noise distributions in a signal with the tradeoff complexity in MIMO – OFDM systems.

Objective: To detect the sinkhole attack in AODV routing in wireless sensor network and provides the security. Methods: This employs an energy power consumption mechanism in AODV routing with external energy supplied through the battery. Security is achieved through pure MD5 algorithm detects sinkhole attack and prevents the network from severe attack. This approach provides better performance compared with normal AODV routing. The energy power consumption AODV routing selects the node in the network based on the node which is having more energy to transmit, as a neighbour. This implies that the network continues routing even though any one node in routing possesses less energy to transmit. Findings/Result: Simulation result obtained through Ns2 shows that the detection of sinkhole attack using MD5 security algorithm achieves 93% packet delivery rate, 80% throughput and 500 ms end to end delay in the network.

Power dissipation and area are the important constraints in VLSI design. Various techniques are employed in reducing the power dissipation of the logic circuits. Dynamic CMOS circuits are one of the techniques in VLSI to lower the power dissipation. All gates can be designed using dynamic CMOS to lower the power dissipation. In this paper wide AND OR gates are implemented using Dynamic circuits, where keeper architecture is employed in order to prevent leakage current and to ensure that correct output is obtained. The performance analysis of Wide AND OR structures implemented in dynamic CMOS with mandatory keeper architectures in ultra submicron range are analyzed. A comparative analysis of Power dissipation and area of the keeper architectures employed in dynamic CMOS in different lower nanometer such as 120 nm, 90 nm, 70 nm and 50 nm is analyzed.

Stereovision is a system used to remake 3D perspective of a protest from two or extra 2d visual observation by using either neighborhood-based generally or features based extraction strategies. This paper proposes a local stereo matching algorithmic rule for correct disparity estimation by using the salient features and novel back propagation maximum neural network. The 3D image is obtained by using different types of algorithms. Once the 3D picture is gotten the improvements in sub-base recognizable proof brings 3D reflection seismic, constantly utilized in a natural compound investigation, to the shallow study advertise by down-scaling the regular strategies to acknowledge decimeter determination imaging of the most noteworthy several meters of the sub-surface in three measurements. Shallow high determination sub-base profiling depends for the most part on single-channel 2d techniques. In qualification of the 2d strategies that produce singular vertical cross areas of the sub-surface, the 3D strategy joins information gathered over the review space into a data volume. The information will then be seen in any introduction autonomous of the obtaining course, depicting structures and questions in three measurements with expanded quality and determination.

Surveillance is a serious problem for border control, protection of sea surface areas, port protection and other security of commercial facilities. It is specifically challenging to secure the border areas, battlefields from human and nonhuman intruders and to protect sea surface areas from trespassing of unlicensed marine vessels. In this paper, a review is made on various ship intrusion detection systems. The review analyzes the whole active ship intrusion detection system. Through the extensive survey, the whole pose of the active ship intrusion detection system is analyzed. Since the security issues are at an increased level, the study and survey about ship intrusion detection system have paid a lot of attention.

In this paper, our objective to design a system on chip with multiple numbers of antennas for high speed and efficient transmission of data in marine communication fields. This survey paper explains many in-depth problems to design a multiprocessor system on chip with antennas for to improve the communication and integration of electronics in marine based equipments. This paper analyze the performance of various design and it gives clear idea about how to design a low power, low frequency, noise less, low return loss and path loss chip antenna with high gain, high directivity and less complicated properties.

The major trouble with national security is "Terrorism" happening in borders. In border areas, regular forces or even satellites cannot monitor accurately intruding. The wireless sensor network scheme gives a possible way to explain this issue. To outline a wireless remote system of estimated sensor motes that contains various installed sensors and a processor to detect and impart an adversary interruption crosswise over a border and war zones. The idea is to distribute many smartdust motes inside an enormous geological region. Every one of these motes shapes a remote system, and one of them will go about as the system organiser that can control the whole system and furthermore goes about as a passage to the outside world. The preferred standpoint with these little motes is that it can be conveyed in a couple of hours by a pair of men or even dropped from an airborne helicopter. Every mote comprises of an assortment of sensors to distinguish every single potential type of interruption.

Current control systems and emulation systems (Hardware-in-the-Loop, HIL or Processor-in-theLoop, PIL) for high-end power-electronic applications often consist of numerous components and interlinking busses: a micro controller for communication and high level control, a DSP for real-time control, an FPGA section for fast parallel actions and data acquisition, multiport RAM structures or bus systems as interconnecting structure. System-on-Chip (SoC) combines many of these functions on a single die. This gives the advantage of space reduction combined with cost reduction and very fast internal communication. Such systems become very relevant for research and also for industrial applications. The SoC used here as an example combines a Dual-Core ARM 9 hard processor system (HPS) and an FPGA, including fast interlinks between these components. SoC systems require careful software and firmware concepts to provide real-time control and emulation capability. This paper demonstrates an optimal way to use the resources of the SoC and discusses challenges caused by the internal structure of SoC. The key idea is to use asymmetric multiprocessing: One core uses a bare-metal operating system for hard real time. The other core runs a “real-time” Linux for service functions and communication. The FPGA is used for flexible process-oriented interfaces (A/D, D/A, switching signals), quasi-hard-wired protection and the precise timing of the real-time control cycle. This way of implementation is generally known and sometimes even suggested–but to the knowledge of the author’s seldomly implemented and documented in the context of demanding real-time control or emulation. The paper details the way of implementation, including process interfaces, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the chosen concept. Measurement results demonstrate the properties of the solution.

This paper focuses on the modified design, and implementations of single ended and differential mode low noise amplifiers targeted for wireless sensor network applications. Key issues in wireless sensor network receivers are discussed and the existing circuit level implementations of low noise amplifiers are compared. Emphasis was placed on observing device reliability constraints at low power to maximize the life time of the wireless sensor nodes. The proposed single ended and the differential LNA can operate at 2.4 GHz and dissipates a power of 22.6 and 30.3 μ W , respectively, from a 1 V supply. The noise performance at input, output and the frequency response is presented.

The Galois field multiplier finds extensive use in cryptographic solutions and applications. The Galois field multiplier can be implemented as fixed bitwise or reconfigurable. For fixed length, the data is restricted to the fixed length. But in reconfigurable GF multipliers, the bit length of the multiplier is flexible and is independent of hardware architecture. This paper proposes a method to implement a reconfigurable GF multiplier for various bit values from 8 to 128 bits. This paper compares the area complexity of various bit size in Xilinx Spartan 3E family FPGA and estimates the resources required for the implementation.

Problem statement: Power consumption was one of the most challenging aspects to design low power wireless sensor nodes. The objectives of the study were to (i) Design low voltage, low power transmitters for wireless sensor nodes and (ii) Compare and analyze the performance of the transmitters. Approach: The transmitters employed direct digital modulation scheme to reduce the power consumption of the sensor nodes. Emphasis was placed on observing device reliability constraints at low power to maximize the life time of the wireless sensor nodes. Results: The Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) transmitter consumed a power of 400.104 μw from the 1.2 V supply. The Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) and Phase Shift Keying (PSK) transmitters consumed 520 μw and 5.2 mw respectively at 2.4 GHz. The transmitters suitable for low voltage, low power wireless sensor nodes were designed and implemented in 120 nm CMOS technology Conclusion: The performances of the ASK, FSK and PSK transmitters were analyzed and were compared with the previously reported low power approaches operated in similar frequency ranges.

Cardiac vascular is a disease which plays a high risk factor in the world, where many people leads to death due to sudden cardiac arrest. Doctor uses several test to detect the factors that put people at high risk of Sudden Cardiac Attack like Echocardiography (ECG), Multi Gated Acquisition Scan (MUGA) Test or Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI), Cardiac Catheterization, and Blood Test which all are in off line analysis of cardiac patient but recently proposed the method of real time Cardiac monitoring system which is used to analyze the abnormality of ECG signal using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and send comments to the receiver using short message service(SMS) through Global System Mobile(GSM), where the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) used in this has more delay, which takes much time in computation due to the presence of multiplier in it. Thus to increase the speed of FFT the Advanced booth algorithm is proposed here, in which the number of slice, number of 4-input LUTs and number of bonded IOB gets reduced when compare to the other existing FFT speed increment algorithm, Hence it is proved that the proposed FFT analyzer improved the overall performance of existing system.