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Objetivo: Este trabalho avaliou a rugosidade superficial de uma Resina Acrílica Ativada Quimicamente (RAAQ) e uma Resina Bisacrílica, em diferentes técnicas de manipulação, para confecção de coroas provisórias. Materiais e Métodos: Foram confeccionadas matrizes de silicone (20x10x3mm) que serviram para confecção dos corpos de prova, que formaram 4 grupos: Grupo Panela, Grupo Pincel, Grupo Fabricante e Grupo Bisacrílica (n=12). Após a polimerização, foram realizadas 3 leituras longitudinais e 3 transversais com auxílio de um rugosímetro digital. As leituras foram repetidas após acabamento e polimento dos corpos de prova em Politriz Metalográfica. Os valores de rugosidade foram somados e criada uma média para cada corpo de prova, os quais foram somados novamente dentro do seu grupo criando uma média e desvio padrão, antes e após o polimento. Os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA a 2 critérios e Sidak's multiple comparisons test (P

This supplementary material discuss how the pressure rise time depends on calculation cell size.

In order to obtain the information about plutonium contamination in ocean environment, plutonium in the internal organs of squid collected from Japanese inshore were determined by HR-ICP-MS. Although the plutonium was detected in all samples collected in 1980"""s, the concentration is almost the same level as the detection limit (1 to 3 mBq/kg wet) in recent years. The atomic ratio of 240Pu/239Pu in all samples was slightly higher than the value of global fallout.

AIM: This cross-sectional study aimed to determine whether undergraduates in dentistry identify correctly the Bass, Scrub, Modified Stillman, Chartes, Roll and Fones brushing techniques, as well as determine which techniques are more properly identified and which have a lower rate of recognition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample consisted of undergraduates of the 9th and 10th periods over the year of 2010/02 and the 9th period of the 2011/01 year of the Dentistry course of Higher Education Institution (HEI), who answered a questionnaire on a sequence of videos about tooth brushing. The collected data were tabulated in Microsoft Excel™ spreadsheet and subsequently analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: When evaluating all the techniques, the number of all hits had a percentage 61%, before a frequency of 39% errors. CONCLUSION: Even with the higher percentage of accuracy that the error, it is possible conclude that there is a need for strengthening the control and evaluation functions on recognition of tooth brushing techniques by dentistry undergraduate students of the HEI.

The α – β coincidence measurement of β -rays from 214 Bi and α -rays from 214 Po was applied for the determination of 226 Ra in environmental samples by combining simple chemical procedures. BaSO 4 containing 226 Ra was mixed thoroughly in toluene scintillator with thixotropic gel powder. The scintillator mixture was directly counted after the growth of progeny nuclides. The analytical results were in good agreement with those obtained by the conventional method or with the certified value for standard reference materials prepared by NIST. The minimum detectable activity was estimated to be 0.75 mBq for 1 g of soil or 1 l of water for 500 min counting.

Regeneration is made through bone grafts that be one scaffold for the tecidual repairing, increasing bone tissue in the resultant defects, filling the alveolous after extraction to preserve the height and thickness of the alveolar rigde. These procedures are carried through the use of bone grafts. With the development of the osseointegrated implants, it was seen necessity to keep a good quantities and quality bone. The aim is evaluate the resistance the traction and modulus of elasticity of the mineralized and demineralized bone of calvarial of rats to determine initial standards (maximum and minimum) for comparisons with possible biomaterials of fulfilling of osteoinduction and osteoconduction. The 24 animals divided in 2 groups had been used. Group modulus of elasticity being that we will use the two parietals of the animal, having made possible 24 specimens, subdivided in mineralized (n=12) and demineralized (n=12). Group microtensile, being that 12 hemi-calvarial had been used for the demineralized sub-group and the others 12 hemi-calvarial for the mineralized sub-group. After the death of the animals, the specimens will be collected and treated in accordance with the sub-group (mineralized and demineralized). The tests had been carried through in a machine of universal test. The resistance averages the tensile of the mineralized one was mineralized 129,814 ± 34.921 MPa and the demineralized one was 18,547 ± 3,682 MPa. For the modulus of elasticity, the values of 1377,792 ± 208.331 MPa for the mineralized group and 49,669 ± 11,204 MPa for the demineralized group, when comparing the resistance and modulus of elasticity the tensile between the demineralized and mineralized sub-group observe a estatistical significant difference for the mineralized group (p

Examination was made of ultrasonic attenuation α44 and elastic constant C44 of vanadium single crystals with hydrogen between 4.2 and 220 K, as a function of temperature, hydrogen concentration, frequency, and rates of cooling and heating. Attenuation in the V–H α phase at 210 K increased in proportion to the square of hydrogen concentration, while C44 was linear. At a cooling rate of 3.0 K/min, attenuation of the specimen with 1000 at. ppm H increased below the critical solution temperature and showed a peak. At 0.1 K/min, discontinuous decrease was observed at the temperature. During isothermal annealing below this temperature, attenuation at the higher cooling rate decreased with time in two stages and approached the value for the lower cooling rate. The results are discussed based on ultrasonic double refraction due to the volume array of hydrogens and hydride particles formed under the influence of C44‐mode ultrasonic waves.

Results from full numerical simulations of the Navier–Stokes equations for three‐dimensional, stationary, and isotropic turbulence are used (1) to study the scaling properties of two‐time modal velocity correlations and (2) to determine the dominant process in the decorrelation of the small‐scale velocities. The main results obtained are (1) that the convective sweeping of the small scales by the energy‐containing large scales determines the scaling property of the inertial‐ and near‐dissipation ranges and (2) that the sweeping effect is dominant in the decorrelation of the small scales. Reynolds‐number dependence of the decorrelation is also considered.

Diffusion coefficients of excitons and electron-hole drops in pure germanium are measured. Use is made of 35 GHz time-resolved cyclotron resonance method. The diffusion coefficient of excitons at 4.2 K turns out to be ≈ 1000 cm2/s. For electron-hole drops it is lower than ≈ 500 cm2/s at 1.6 K.

Some modification is suggested for the interpretation of the emergence of new strange peaks in time-resolved cyclotron resonance of germanium under high excitation. The excitonic polaron model suggested earlier is still kept, but the presence of electron-hole drops as the source of supply of free excitons and carriers has to be called for.

The growth mechanism of the epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) of Si by LPE has been studied in relation with the step sources. Circular and line seeds were employed to find the kind of step sources playing an important role in ELO. Growth was carried out by changing the diameter of the circular seed and the length of the line seed. It was found that for medium and large circular seeds, the growth occured at steps supplied by screw dislocations and the misoriented substrate. On the other hand, 2D nucleation is a major source of the steps in the growth with small circular seed at relatively high supersaturations. Growth from the line seeds was found to occur almost totally at steps supplied by the misoriented substrate, while sometimes the screw dislocation was introduced at the periphery of the ELO where 2D cellular structure was formed. It is concluded that to obtain good ELO with a line seed, it is important to keep the supersaturation as low as possible to prevent morphological instability and hence the introduction of screw dislocations.

A confecção de infra-estruturas metálicas em reabilitações orais, envolvem processos criteriosos principalmente no que concerne ao processo de fundição e soldagem das mesmas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência à tração de peças fundidas em monobloco com três diferentes métodos de soldagem: solda convencional (maçarico), solda a laser e solda TIG (tungstênio Inerte Gás). Oitenta padrões de plástico pré-fabricados (vinte para cada grupo) foram fundidos em liga de Ni-Cr, sendo o grupo controle (monobloco) unido previamente à fundição. Após, os corpos-de-prova do grupo teste foram divididos aleatoriamente para posterior soldagem e teste de resistência, realizado em uma máquina de ensaios mecânicos (Kratos). Os resultados médios (MPa) foram: monobloco 784,08, solda laser 588,42, solda convencional 366,80 e solda TIG 319,78. Os dados foram submetidos á analise estatística ANOVA e teste de Tukey (p,0,05), sendo que o grupo controle (monobloco) apresentou valores de resistência estatisticamente superior a todos os do grupo teste. Entre as peças soldadas, a solda laser apresentou valores de resistência estatisticamente superior em relação aos grupos (convencional e TIG), os quais não diferiram estatisticamente entre si. Concluí-se que apesar de ter havido diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos, os três métodos de soldagem podem ser indicadas pelos resultados altamente satisfatórios. The development of metallic prosthetic framework in oral rehabilitation, involves critical processes specially related to casting and welding. The objective of this work was to evaluate the tensile strength of cast plates (monobloc) with three different welding methods: conventional welding (torch), laser welding and TIG welding (tungsten inert gas). Eighty pre fabricated plastic patterns (twenty for each group), were welded in Ni-Cr alloy, being the control group (monobloc) jointed previously to welding. The specimens of the test group were randomly divided for posterior welding and tensile strength test, which were performed in an universal testing machine (Kratos). The mean values (Mpa) were: monobloc (control) - 785.08, laser welding - 588.42, conventional welding - 366.80 and TIG 319.78. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Tukey test (p.0.05). The control group (monobloc) presented tensile strength values statistically superior compared to all test groups. Between the welded patterns, the laser welding presented tensile strength values statistically superior compared to the other welding groups (conventional and TIG), which did not show any statistically difference between them. Therefore, it can be concluded that despite of the statistical difference between the groups, the three welding methods can be indicated by the highly satisfactory results.

This paper presents an experimental verification of a self-excitation control of a resonance- type vibration energy harvester with a Duffing-type nonlinearity which is designed to perform effectively in a wide frequency range. For the conventional linear vibration energy harvester, the performance of the power generation at the resonance frequency and the bandwidth of the resonance peak are trade-off. The resonance frequency band can be expanded by introducing a Duffing-type nonlinear oscillator in order to enable the harvester to generate larger electric power in a wider frequency range. However, since such nonlinear oscillator can have multiple stable steady-state solutions in the resonance band, it is difficult for the nonlinear harvester to maintain the high performance of the power generation constantly. The principle of self-excitation and entrainment has been utilized to provide the global stability to the highest-energy solution by destabilizing other unexpected lower-energy solutions by introducing a switching circuit of the load resistance between positive and the negative values depending on the response amplitude of the oscillator. It has been experimentally validated that this control law imparts the self-excitation capability to the oscillator to show an entrainment into the highest-energy solution.

The automatic extraction and evaluation of phonetic-acoustic rules for continuous speech recognition are described. The rules account for phonemic variations, segment spectra, and segment durations in continuous speech. The authors previously reported that the phonemic variations in 10000 words spoken by ten males can be represented using 317 phonemic variation rules, and they reported the evaluation results of the rules on top-down phoneme segmentation. The authors introduce the automatic extraction of rules for segment spectra and segment duration and report the evaluation results for the phonetic-acoustic rules used for recognizing a 1000-word vocabulary. >

Thanks to recent advances, performance of liver resection is now possible using laparoscopic procedures. However, still there are some difficulties to overcome. The hand-assisted method lends safety and reliability to the laparoscopic procedure. A 54-year-old man diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was referred for hepatectomy. Angiography with computed tomography (CT) scans revealed a 2-cm hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at segment V, close to the gallbladder. A hand-assisted laparoscopic hepatic resection was performed. Four 10-mm trocars, one for wall lifting and three for working, were placed in the upper abdomen. A small incision was added at the right side of umbilicus, and the operator's left hand was inserted through it. A microwave tissue coagulator and laparoscopic ultrasonic dissector were used for liver resection. Total operation time was 162 min; blood loss was 20 g. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the postoperative hospital stay was 7 days. We thus demonstrated that laparoscopic liver resection is safer and easier when the hand of the operator can be inserted into the abdomen. The small incision does not greatly diminish the benefits that accrue from minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery. The hand-assisted procedure allows better access to the tumor. In addition, hand assistance restores the sense of touch to the operator and is an effective means of controlling sudden and unexpected bleeding.

Reconstruction of chest wall using myocutaneous flap has been performed in 2 cases. A 72-year-old female referred to our hospital for locally recurrent left breast cancer without any distant metastases. The other patient was a 77-year-old female, having locally recurrent liposarcoma of the left lateral chest wall. Chest wall was resected with wide margin of normal tissue, and myocutaneous flaps of latissimus dorsi were used for reconstruction of skin defect (13 x 8 cm and 14 x 10 cm) in both cases. Although additional split-thickness skin graft was required for one of them, myocutaneous flaps were useful for the reconstruction of widely defected chest wall. By using this technique, wider margin can be obtained, which could decrease the risk for local recurrence of malignant tumor.

The dependence of indoor radon concentration on the year of house construction was studied using the results of two nationwide indoor radon surveys in Japan. The data of radon concentration in the surveys were classified into structure type as well as year of construction to obtain the current radon concentration for each structure type as a function of year of construction. The indoor radon concentration in wooden houses was found to be relatively constant with year of house construction until 1960, and then decreased, whereas the radon concentration in concrete houses increased sharply in houses constructed after 1970. The concentration in concrete houses built before 1975 was almost the same as that in contemporary wooden houses. However, the concentration in concrete houses built at present was about two times higher than that in wooden houses. The time trends found for wooden and concrete houses in the first nationwide indoor radon survey were confirmed by the second nationwide survey. In addition, these same time trends were mostly observed in the data classified into 7 districts in Japan. The increase of indoor radon concentration in concrete houses provides relatively high dose, and this increasing trend seems to continue, judging from the results of two nationwide surveys.

We report two patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who recovered after hypothermia therapy. A 25-year-old man and a 16-year-old boy were transferred to our hospital after cardiopulmonary arrest due to idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, respectively. We carried out hypothermia therapy using cooling blankets, and the patients were maintained at 32-33 degrees C for 96 and 36 h, respectively. After slow rewarming, they regained consciousness and recovered. During hypothermia, hypokalemia and arrhythmia occurred. Their arrest times (no spontaneous circulation and no CPR) were 10 min and 8 min, and CPR times (no spontaneous circulation while CPR was being performed) were 24 min and 20 min, respectively. In cases where the duration of ischemia is prolonged, the prognosis is expected to be poor. Therefore, we believe that hypothermia therapy is beneficial for such patients.

This is a case report of anesthetic management of abdominal gunshot wound. Two patients had upper abdominal wound involving the liver and the inferior vena cava. They died of uncontrolled bleeding. Third patient had lower abdominal injury involving the ascending colon and small intestine. The patient survived the injury and showed good recovery. In a case of the abdominal gunshot injury, prompt diagnosis and laparotomy are mandatory. Multiple intravenous routes are necessary in the upper part of the body for massive infusion and transfusion. Unusual hemostasis methods such as atrio-caval shunt or abdominal clamping of the aorta must be considered in case of injury in the inferior vena cava.

Genetic variation is essential for crop breeding. Induction of mutations is an effective method to enhance natural genetic resources. Induced and spontaneous mutations have played an important role in developing improved cultivars of various fruit trees as a supplementary method to conventional breeding. One of the earliest attempts to induce mutations was made by Stadler and Murneek (Stadler, 1930) by treating apple scions with X-rays. Thereafter, many mutants were induced in fruit trees, and a large number of reports were published. Out of induced and spontaneous mutants, some new genes such as self-compatible sweet cherry and Japanese pear, and thornless bramble were obtained, and have been widely used as breeding materials, as described in this review. Other examples include mutants such as russet-free fruit in apple, seedless Citrus, disease resistance in Japanese pear, and compactness in sweet cherry. These have been developed and released as new cultivars. Thus, mutation induction has been one of the important breeding methods especially in fruit trees which are vegetatively propagated, and have a high degree of heterozygosity.

The effects of chronic treatment with an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, candesartan cilexetil (TCV-116, 0.1, 1, 10 mg/kg), and an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril maleate (enalapril, 10 mg/kg), on the development of end-organ damage were examined in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). The control SHRSP developed severe hypertension with stroke signs and increased urinary protein excretion. TCV-116 (0.1 mg/kg) reduced the stroke incidence and urinary protein excretion without affecting the blood pressure. TCV-116 (1 and 10 mg/kg) and enalapril reduced blood pressure, the stroke incidence, the urinary indices and left ventricular weight. Circulating renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and renal renin mRNA expression were significantly accelerated or tended to be accelerated in the control SHRSP with end-organ damages. A low dose of TCV-116 tended to reduce the RAS indices in plasma by improving the damages, whereas a high dose (10 mg/kg) increased them by the reflexes with blocking RAS. The present results indicate that chronic All blockade reduces the increase in blood pressure, end-organ damages and RAS related to the damages in SHRSP.

The effect of radiographic exposure factors such as the photographic film density, X-ray tube voltage, and focus-film distance on the indices of bone mineral obtained by computed X-ray densitometry (CXD), a newly developed X-ray microdensitometric system, was investigated. sigma GS/D, which corresponded to the bone mineral density divided the integrated bone mineral by the bone width of the second metacarpal bone, was influenced by these exposure factors, whereas MCI, which represented the ratio of the cortical bone to whole bone, was independent of them. Present results indicated that the focus-film distance between 85 and 115 cm, the X-ray tube voltage in 45-60 kV, and a photographic density of lower than 1.82-1.86 of the screen-film combination should be used to assess quantitatively bone mineral of the second metacarpal bone using the CXD system.

The antihypertensive effects of (+-)-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxy)ethyl2-ethoxy-1-[[2'-(1H- tetrazol-5- yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl]-1-H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylate (TCV-116), an angiotensin II (AII) subtype-1 receptor antagonist, were studied in various hypertensive and normotensive rats, using 2-n-butyl-4-chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-1-[(2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)bip hen yl-4- yl)methyl]-imidazole, potassium salt (losartan) as a reference compound. TCV-116 is a prodrug, which is converted in vivo to the active component, 2-ethoxy-1-[[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl)]methyl]-1H- benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid (CV-11974). In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) p.o. TCV-116 (0.1 mg/kg) demonstrated a sustained antihypertensive effect that lasted for more than 10 hr and the dose that reduced the blood pressure by an average of 25 mm Hg for 24 hr (ED25), was 0.68 mg/kg. Intravenous CV-11974 reduced the blood pressure with an ED25 of 0.0027 mg/kg. Repeated p.o. administration of TCV-116 (1 mg/kg) to SHR once daily for 2 weeks reduced the blood pressure by 30 to 50 mm Hg over 24 hr without any heart rate changes. The antihypertensive effects of TCV-116 correlated well with the inhibition of angiotensin II-induced contractile responses of aortic strips prepared ex vivo after p.o. administration of TCV-116. Oral TCV-116 had a sustained antihypertensive effect with ED25 of 0.03 and 0.23 mg/kg in two-kidney, one-clip and one-kidney, one-clip hypertensive rats, respectively, and was much more potent in SHR and renal-hypertensive rats than losartan.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The angiotensin II (AII) antagonistic action of CV-11974 (2-ethoxy-1-[[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl] benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid) was investigated in an AII-receptor binding assay using rabbit aortic membranes and an AII-induced contraction assay using rabbit aortic strips. A single class of [125I]AII-(Sar1,Ile8) binding sites was found in the membranes with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.15 nM and a receptor concentration (Bmax) of 86.9 fmol/mg protein. CV-11974 markedly reduced Kd without affecting Bmax. The specific binding of [125I]AII-(Sar1,Ile8) in this preparation was inhibited completely by CV-11974 [the inhibition constant (Ki) = 0.64 nM], DuP 753 [an angiotensin II type I (AT1) receptor-selective antagonist] (Ki = 51 nM) and EXP3174 (an active metabolite of DuP 753) (Ki = 6.8 nM), but was not affected by PD123177 (an AT2 receptor-selective antagonist). These results suggest that the single binding site in rabbit aortic membranes is an AT1 receptor subtype. The affinity of CV-11974 to these AT1 receptors was approximately 80 and 10 times higher than that of DuP 753 and EXP3174, respectively. CV-11974 showed no appreciable affinity for the AT2 receptors found in bovine cerebellum. In the in vitro functional study, CV-11974 markedly reduced the AII-induced maximal contractile response of rabbit aortic strips (pD'2 = 9.97). In contrast, Compound 7-H, which lacks the carboxyl group at the benzimidazole ring of CV-11974, inhibited the contraction in a competitive manner. The inhibition by CV-11974 was long lasting. These results suggest that CV-11974 is a potent and long-acting AT1 receptor-selective, competitive antagonist. The carboxyl group at the benzimidazole ring plays an important role in the interaction between CV-11974 and the AT1 receptor.

The angiotensin II (AII) antagonistic action of 2-ethoxy-1-[[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl-1H-benzi mid azole-7 - carboxylic acid (CV-11974) was examined in in vitro assay systems, including AII receptor binding assay using membrane fractions of bovine adrenal cortex or rabbit aorta and AII-induced contraction assay using rabbit aortic strips, and CV-11974 and its prodrug, (+/-)1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxy)ethyl 2-ethoxy-1-[[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl]-1H- benzimidazole-7-carboxylate (TCV-116), were examined in an in vivo system of AII-induced pressor response in conscious rats. DuP 753 or EXP3174 (the main active metabolite of DuP 753) was used as the reference compound. CV-11974 inhibited the binding of [125I] AII to the bovine adrenal cortical membrane and rabbit aortic membrane with IC50 values of 1.12 x 10(-7) and 2.86 x 10(-8) M, respectively. Similar results were obtained with EXP3174. CV-11974 interacted with AII in these membrane fractions with subtype 1 receptor in a competitive manner. CV-11974 at 10(-5) M did not affect the binding of [125I]AII to subtype 2 (AT2) receptor in bovine cerebellum. CV-11974 selectively inhibited the AII-induced contraction of rabbit aortic strips in a noncompetitive manner (pD' 2, 9.97); it had no effects on the contraction induced by norepinephrine, KCl, serotonin, prostaglandin F2 alpha or endothelin. EXP3174 showed a pD'2 value of 8.95 for the AII-induced contraction. CV-11974 given intravenously and TCV-116 given orally inhibited the AII-induced pressor response in rats with ID50 values of 0.033 mg/kg and 0.069 mg/kg, respectively. These effects of CV-11974 and TCV-116 were 12 and 48 times more potent than those of EXP3174 and DuP 753, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

We present a case treated with aprindine and metoprolol combined with a DDD type pacemaker for repetitive monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. A 50-year-old man was admitted because of palpitation and near syncope attack. Electrocardiogram showed repetitive monomorphic ventricular tachycardias (RBBB LAD type) and R-R interval of about 440 msec and I degree A-V block in sinus rhythm. Electrophysiologic study disclosed that overdrive pacing in HRA suppressed ventricular tachycardias. Left ventriculography revealed a dilated left ventricular and decreased contractility. Antiarrhythmic agents such as quinidine sulfate, procainamide, disopyramide, mexiletine, lidocaine and propranolol were not effective. But, the combination of propranolol and aprindine decreased the rate of the ventricular tachycardia. With aprindine 60 mg/day and metoprolol 60 mg/day combined with the atrioventricular sequential pacing at 85/min, ventricular tachycardia completely disappeared.

Calcium is critically important in the normal and in the pathological metabolism of cerebrovascular cells, glial cells, and neurons, and elevated concentrations of intracellular calcium may cause cell death by activation of proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes. Traumatic spinal cord [25] and brain injuries [22] cause rapid falls in extracellular calcium, with sudden rises in intracellular calcium which likely contribute to overall cell injury and death. Antagonists of both voltage-sensitive and receptor-operated calcium channels have been shown to improve outcome after a variety of central nervous system insults including focal cerebral ischemia [7, 9, 18], spinal cord injury [6, 20], and experimental brain trauma [17]. The present study was performed to examine the effect of the dihydropyridine voltage-sensitive calcium channel antagonist nimodipine on outcome after a combination of fluid percussion brain impact and postimpact hypoxia.

Detailed temporal and spatial distributions of lactate production are presented for graded fluid-percussion brain injury in the rat. A one-dimensional proton spin-echo spectroscopic imaging (1D SESI) technique, performed with a surface coil, is presented and evaluated. This technique, which represents a practical compromise, provides spatially localized proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) brain spectra from a series of small voxels (less than 0.15 cm3) in less than 10 min, thus enabling both spatial and temporal monitoring of lactate production. These high-resolution lactate maps are correlated with hyperintense regions observed in T2-weighted images taken 10 h after impact, which, in turn, correlate with histology. The data demonstrate that, following severe trauma there is delayed production and propagation of lactate to regions of the brain that are remote from the trauma site. The extent of lactate production depends on the severity of impact. More significantly, the data show that following severe trauma, local lactate concentrations exceed 15 mumol/g, the concentration that has been claimed as the threshold for brain injury. Therefore high lactate levels cannot be ruled out a priori as a possible factor in brain injury following severe head trauma.

The present study examined the influence of subtotal esophagectomy through r-thoracal and abdominal approach on plasma atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) and postoperative cardiopulmonary function using the Swan-Ganz Catheter in patients with thoracic esophageal cancer. The cardiac output (CO), left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and plasma atrial natriuretic polypeptide levels (ANP) were measured during the perioperative period till the 3rd day. Subjects were divided into 2 groups by preoperative PVR values, those over 100 dynes.sec.cm-5 (PVR group), and those less than 100 dynes.sec.cm-5 (N group). Significant correlations were observed between ANP and CO (r = -0.63, P = 0.028), PVR (r = 0.66, P = 0.018), LVSWI (r = -0.71, P = 0.0009) and SVR (r = 0.71, P = 0.009) at 3 hours after operation. And the correlations between ANP and CO (r = 0.54, P = 0.049), PVR (r = -0.69, P = 0.019) and LVSWI (r = 0.65, P = 0.031) were observed on the 2nd POD. Moreover, the patients indicating high PVR values preoperatively showed significantly higher PVR values than those seen in the N group during the postoperative days. Postoperative complications were significantly seen in the PVR group. Primary water and sodium balance tended to be the higher accumulation in the PVR group than those of the N group, and the cardiovascular parameters in the PVR group revealed hypodynamic characteristics in the early period after the operation. With these results, it is suggested that perioperative fluid therapy and respiratory management should be performed more strictly in the PVR group.

In 17 patients with gastric cancer undergoing total gastrectomy, the effect of postoperative hypertonic sodium infusion were studied. The subjects were divided into 2 groups by concentration in the postoperative infusions. Group 1(Na group): over 5.0 mEq/Kg/day of sodium were infused in the postoperative days (POD). (End of operation to POD-4), Group 2 (Control group): 2.0-2.5 mEq/Kg/day of sodium (End of Op. to POD-1), 1.5-2.0 mEq/Kg/day (POD-2-4). 2.0-2.5 mEq/Kg/day were infused after POD-5 in both groups. In the Na group, NAG-Index, FENa and BUN were higher than those of control group. And cumulative primary Na balance (from end of operation to POD-5) indicated positive balance in Na group, and negative in control group. Furthermore, the cumulative infused sodium dose correlated with cumulated urinary sodium dose, potassium dose and cumulative NAG dose (from end of operation to POD-5). Significant difference was observed between two groups in urinary nitrogen. These findings suggest that the sodium dose in the postoperative infusion were suitable with 2.0-2.5 mEq/Kg/day.

Monolithic waveguide/photodetector coupling is essential for optoelectronic integration using waveguide optical signal processing. Previous coupling approaches have restricted applicability because of poor detector bandwidth for thick waveguide layers,1 difficult fabrication (multiple material-growth cycles on nonplanar surfaces),2-4 or strongly wavelength-dependent coupling.3,4 Here we describe two alternatives suitable for thick waveguides; they exhibit low input coupling loss from optical fibers (< 1 dB) at 1.5 μm wavelength. Our approaches are variants of conventional butt-coupling2 or vertical-coupling1 schemes and achieve efficient absorption with minimal detector area for high-bandwidth detection. Our butt-coupling variant uses integrated mirrors to couple guides on one wafer surface to detectors on the opposite surface, as was first suggested by Trommer.5 In contrast to Trommer's system, however, our large waveguide size minimizes diffraction in the substrate. This reduces the detector area (50 × 80μm2) and capacitance (0.25 pF) and maintains low optical insertion loss (~1 dB). Our vertical-coupling variant uses impedance-matching for coupling enhancement, resulting in a low input coupling loss (0.8 dB), a guide/diode coupling of 70–99%, and bandwidths of 5.5-11 GHz.

The selective epitaxial growth of InP was studied using atmospheric MOVPE. The selective embedded growth of the mesa stripe and the calculation of the diffusion equation around the mesa stripe were performed. In addition to the facet growth of the {111}B planes, the diffusion process of the source species in the vapor phase is a dominant factor in controlling the shape in the vicinity of the mesa. To achieve planar selective growth of the mesa stripe, the use of a SiO2 mask with eaves on the top of the mesa is effective. This suppresses the anomalous growth at the top of the mesa as predicted from the calculations. A mesa height of less than 3 μm was found to be essential to planar growth. A high-performance planar InGaAsP/InP buried heterostructure laser was successfully fabricated using this process.

The performance and reliability of InGaAsP/InP double heterostructure (DH) light emitting diodes (LED's) have been investigated over a wide range of emission wavelengths 1.15-1.5 \mu m. High radiance performance has been achieved by growing optimized DH structures and adopting a method of coupling a monolithic-lensed LED to a spherical-ended fiber. Interface instability previously encountered in the liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) to grow a DH for 1.5 μm wavelength has been eliminated by a new growth method using a reduced temperature. LED's exhibiting typical output powers of 50, 44, and 21 μW at 100 mA, measured at the end of a 50 μm core 0.20 NA graded-index fiber with a length of 1 m, have been realized, respectively, at wavelengths of 1.15, 1.27, and 1.5 μm. The spectral width, coupled power and its temperature dependence, and the cutoff frequency have been analyzed in terms of the emission wavelength. Operating lives of LED's at three different wavelengths have been estimated from the result of accelerated aging carried out at the ambient temperature of 200°C and at a constant current of 100 mA. It has been found that the degradation rate exhibits no dependence on the wavelength confirming the same value of half-lives in excess of 109h for the 60°C operation.

Two new absorptions which are believed at least partially connected with magnetoplasma resonance within high density exciton drops are observed below 2.2.K in 35GHz cyclotron resonance at germanium under the configuration that E ∥ 〈100〉 and H ∥ 〈001〉. One of them appears very close to the light hole cyclotron resonance signal and is qualitatively interpreted in terms of a simplified magnetoplasma theory, while the other shoots up near zero magnetic field and remains yet unexplained.

The electron leakage through the heterobarrier consisting of a thin InGaAsP active layer and a p‐InP confining layer was directly observed by using a novel InGaAsP/InP light‐emitting diode (LED) structure. In the present structure, electrons leaking from the active layer were confined in a subsidiary quaternary layer having a crystal composition different from that of the active layer, and the recombination emission caused by these electrons was optically detected. Experimental results showed that significant electron leakage can occur in the present InGaAsP/InP double heterostructure (DH) system, suggesting a possibility of the electron leakage being one of the dominant mechanisms of sublinearity in the light intensity‐current characteristics in InGaAsP/InP DH LED’s operating at wavelengths shorter than 1.3 μm and also of the temperature dependence of threshold current in laser diodes.