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The transfer of useful knowledge on Good agricultural management practices and technologies to the farmers and influencing the policy decisions in India is evident in agricultural Extension and it improved the production of food grains and other agricultural commodities since long time (Sajesh, VK and A Suresh 2016 ). Number of extension techniques, tools, methods, approaches were used by the extension specialists to achieve this targets. As number of extension methodologies and approaches are available at the desk of an extension agent and a combination of extension methods and Innovative extension approaches are always proven in reaching the farming community. Thus leading to the adoption of the technologies and increasing the farm productivity further to socio economic changes in rural society. In India the state department of agriculture is looking after the job of transfer of technology and during 1974 the ICAR established the KVKs at District level to meet the Extension needs of the Department of agriculture and Farmers. As an innovation, the ANGRAU established the DAATTCs (District Agricultural Advisory and transfer of Technology centre) during 1998 at district head quarters with an objective to test the Minikits and pre released technologies, Diagnosis and immediate solution to the farmers by the Scientists, Capacity building of farmers, rural youth and grass root level Extension functionaries and to work in convergence with line Departments to increase the out reach of Agricultural Technologies.

The number of small and marginal operational land holdings has increased marginally (1.2%) during 2015-16 with 86.21% compare to 2010-11, according to the 10th Agricultural census. The total operational land holdings in India accounts for 146.45 million and the extension personnel availability in India is 1,19,048 with average number of holding per personnel is 1156 and it is 3162 holdings per extension personnel in AP with staff of 4167 during 2015. The Vizianagaram district of AP is also witness for small and marginal holdings which accounts for 92.33% and with 4.46 lakh total operational holdings where as state average small and marginal holdings is 72.00 %. With the extension staff of 211 the average holding per extension staff is 2113. This means the extension personnel needs to reach more number of farmers with agricultural technologies where small parcels of fragmented holdings which are remote, diversified in resources, soil fertility, undulated terrains to convince them for adoption with limited available time after attending other services of the Department of Agriculture. On the other hand, the mobile penetration in to small and marginal farmers is the opportunity for the extension personnel to reach the farmers timely with less cost and the timely information leads to higher adoption of Agricultural technologies.

A Drug Master File is a record that consists of detailed, correct data approximately an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) or Dosage Form of a Finished Product (FP). It is a classified document containing thorough, accurate, and up-to-date information regarding the active medicinal ingredient and medicament. A DMF is divided into two sections: (a) Open part (the Applicant's Part), which includes all of the details needed to determine the quality of a product. And (b) the Closed Part (Restricted Part). The Restricted Part (Closed Part) comprises openly undisclosed manufacturing method knowledge only given to authorized individuals. This compilation aims to offer a comparison of DMF regulatory necessities in addition to the exact data for the registration of lively pharmaceutical ingredients (API) for common drugs in various regulatory governments, including EUROPE (EDQM, EMA), BRAZIL (ANVISA), and SOUTH AFRICA (SAHPRA). This review will provide information on the differences and similarities in the DMF filing requirements in EUROPE, BRAZIL, and SOUTH AFRICA. The regulatory criteria for API registration vary by jurisdiction. Despite the existence and widespread adoption of an ICH-CTD standard format, there are also some limitations. There are a few particular requirements set provided to drug authorities along with the submission. The registration procedure is a regulatory undertaking that permits a person/organization/sponsor/innovator to get permission to participate in the regulation process for fetching marketing authorization/approval.

Repeated exposure to adverse experiences in early life, termed Early Life Stress (ELS), can increase anxiety disorders later in life. Anxiety is directly associated with curiosity, a form of intrinsic drive state associated with increased novelty-seeking behaviour and risk taking for challenging opportunities and could probably modulate learning and memory. In humans, elevated curiosity during adolescence tends to elicit increased exploration, novelty seeking, high risk-taking behaviour and heightened emotionality. Such behaviours are beneficial in maintaining social skills and cognitive functions later in life. We investigated whether ELS-induced anxiety impacts curiosity-like behaviour at adolescence in an animal model. ELS was induced by subjecting Sprague Dawley rat pups to maternal separation and isolation (MS) stress during the stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP) from post-natal days (PND) 4-PND 14. This rat model was tested for anxiety, spontaneous exploratory behaviour and curiosity-like behaviour in a custom-designed arena during adolescence (PND 30-45). ELS-induced changes in the stress were confirmed by corticosterone, while, basal dopamine level was estimated to understand the neurochemical basis of MS stress-induced changes in curiosity. We observed an increase in the levels of anxiety and intrinsic drive state such as curiosity-like behaviour, which was associated with elevated plasma corticosterone and dopamine in MS animals during adolescence suggesting the impact of ELS during SHRP on adolescent behaviour.

In this paper, the authors question the value of a required calculus class for undergraduate business students. We use the tenets of Transfer of Learning theory along with the Theory of Formal Disc...

This paper describes an experimental corrosion study performed on austenitic stainless steel deposited mild steel substrate in 0.5 M sodium chloride medium. The study was performed with an aim to improve the corrosion resistance of mild steel substrate through surface deposition of a thin film of asutenitic stainless steel. The thin SS film was deposited by pulse laser deposition technique while using 316 L grade stainless steel foil as a target. Thin film deposition of 316 L stainless steel on mild steel brought about relative improvement in its resistance against corrosion. However, with respect to 316 L stainless steel foil, the specimen exhibited poor corrosion resitance in terms of corrosion rate (corrosion current density), lack of passivity and pitting potential. The reason for the inferior corrosion behaviour of deposited specimen is attributed to defective ferritic microstructure of the thin film and lack of nickel constituent which was associated with lower resistance and higher capacitance with respect to 316 L stainless steel foil. Similarly, with respect to mild steel, deposited mild steel showed better corrosion resistance due to passive role of chromium enriched film.

Early motor and sensory developmental delays precede Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnosis and may serve as early indicators of ASD. The literature on sensorimotor development in animal models is sparse, male centered, and has mixed findings. We characterized early development in a prenatal valproic acid (VPA) model of ASD and found sex-specific developmental delays in VPA rats. We created a developmental composite score combining 15 test readouts, yielding a reliable gestalt measure spanning physical, sensory, and motor development, that effectively discriminated between VPA and control groups. Considering the heterogeneity in ASD phenotype, the developmental composite offers a robust metric that can enable comparison across different animal models of ASD and can serve as an outcome measure for early intervention studies.

A series of novel 1,2,4-triazole nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) derived from etodolac were designed and synthesized. The synthesized compounds were identified using 1H and 13C NMR, IR, and mass spectra and elemental analyses and evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-positive microorganisms like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae and Gram-negative strains such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae with pefloxacin as a reference drug. Some compounds showed a potent activity at a concentration 50 mg/mL with inhibition zones of 30 to 36 mm against S. pneumoniae. Etodolac-derived N-isobutyl- and N-ethyl-1,2,4-triazoles containing 4-methoxybenzylsulfanyl and 3-nitrobenzylsulfanyl groups were active against P. aeruginosa with inhibition zones of 25–29 mm at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. All compounds showed excellent antioxidant activity with IC50 values ranging from 72.39±0.25 µg/mL to 16.39±0.65 µg/mL in comparison with ascorbic acid (IC50 16.81±0.18 µg/mL). Molecular docking studies revealed strong hydrogen bonding, π–π, and π–σ interactions of 3-nitro-, 4-methoxy-, and 4-methylbenzyl moieties with Ser421, Val120, Tyr124, Phe319, Ala44, and Val120 amino acid residues of the active site of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) protein.

Lead (PbThe mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium

Regional-scale air quality models are being used for studying the sources, composition, transport, transformation, and deposition of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). The availability of decadal air quality simulations provides a unique opportunity to explore sophisticated model evaluation techniques rather than relying solely on traditional operational evaluations. In this study, we propose a new approach for process-based model evaluation of speciated PM2.5 using improved complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (improved CEEMDAN) to assess how well version 5.0.2 of the coupled Weather Research and Forecasting model–Community Multiscale Air Quality model (WRF-CMAQ) simulates the time-dependent long-term trend and cyclical variations in daily average PM2.5 and its species, including sulfate (SO4), nitrate (NO3), ammonium (NH4), chloride (Cl), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC). The utility of the proposed approach for model evaluation is demonstrated using PM2.5 data at three monitoring locations. At these locations, the model is generally more capable of simulating the rate of change in the long-term trend component than its absolute magnitude. Amplitudes of the sub-seasonal and annual cycles of total PM2.5, SO4, and OC are well reproduced. However, the time-dependent phase difference in the annual cycles for total PM2.5, OC, and EC reveals a phase shift of up to half a year, indicating the need for proper temporal allocation of emissions and for updating the treatment of organic aerosols compared to the model version used for this set of simulations. Evaluation of sub-seasonal and interannual variations indicates that CMAQ is more capable of replicating the sub-seasonal cycles than interannual variations in magnitude and phase.

Coronavirus condition (COVID-19) is a contagious illness brought on by a freshly discovered Coronavirus Most individuals contaminated with the COVID-19 infection will certainly experience moderate to modest respiratory system health problems and recoup without needing unique therapy Older people and those with underlying clinical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetic issues, persistent respiratory conditions, and cancer are more likely to create a significant health problem Aim and Objective: This paper gives the best way to prevent and reduce transmission is to be well educated about the COVID-19 infection, its causes, and its spread Protect your own and others from infection by cleaning your hands or using an alcohol-based rub frequently and not touching your face The COVID-19 infection spreads out primarily via beads of saliva or dis-charge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes, so it is vital that you additionally exercise breathing rules (for instance, by coughing right into a flexed elbow joint) Right now, there are no detailed vaccinations or therapies for COVID-19 Nevertheless, there are several ongoing professional trials assessing capacity treatments Method: The study aimed to develop a statistical model to predict how the cases are growing exponentially in various parts of the world Even after starting from a low base, there is no proper statistical analysis of cases we can expect It is an ambiguous thing that numbers of cases are exponentially increasing We have analyzed the mortality rate, the number of deaths per country, and the number of recovery cases Conclusion: By comparing the statistical analysis of confirmed cases vs deaths within a short period, nCov-19 affected the most compared with Zoonotic viruses The coronavirus disease remains to spread out throughout the globe, adhering to a trajec-tory that is challenging to predict The health, altruistic, and socio-economic policies have taken on by nations will certainly figure out the rate and stamina of the healing There has to be a global human-centred reaction that is based on solidarity © IJCRR

Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is one of the most common viral infections among all the enteric pathogens of dogs affecting all age groups causing high morbidity (100 percent) and frequent mortality up to 10 percent in adult dogs and 91 percent in pups. Early detection of the infection is of significant importance for the confirmation of the Canine parvovirus. In the present study, it was aimed to detect the parvovirus using various diagnostic tools like haemato-biochemical studies, pathological changes, isolation in cell cultures, transmission electron microscopy and molecular characterization by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 59 samples were screened out of which 39 tested positive for CPV-2 by the molecular assay polymerase chain reaction and an amplicon size of 630 bp was obtainedwith VP2 (Viral protein) specific primers. The common haematological andbiochemical findings were anaemia,thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia andhypoproteinaemia. The virus produced amarked cytopathic effect in Madindarby canine kidney (MDCK)cell lines and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) revealed spherical virus like particles of approximately 20 nm in diameter. Thus, the above tools used in the diagnosis of Canine parvovirus (CPV) were very useful for providing a better therapy in protecting the dogs.

Objective. Choosing the optimal electrode trajectory, stimulation location, and stimulation amplitude in subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) for Parkinson’s disease remains a time-consuming empirical effort. In this retrospective study, we derive a data-driven electrophysiological biomarker that predicts clinical DBS location and parameters, and we consolidate this information into a quantitative score that may facilitate an objective approach to STN DBS surgery and programming. Approach. Random-forest feature selection was applied to a dataset of 1046 microelectrode recordings (MERs) sites across 20 DBS implant trajectories to identify features of oscillatory activity that predict clinically programmed volumes of tissue activation (VTAs). A cross-validated classifier was used to retrospectively predict VTA regions from these features. Spatial convolution of probabilistic classifier outputs along MER trajectories produced a biomarker score that reflects the probability of localization within a clinically optimized VTA. Main results. Biomarker scores peaked within the VTA region and were significantly correlated with percent improvement in postoperative motor symptoms (Part III of the Movement Disorders Society revision of the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale, R = 0.61, p = 0.004). Notably, the length of STN, a common criterion for trajectory selection, did not show similar correlation (R = −0.31, p = 0.18). These findings suggest that biomarker-based trajectory selection and programming may improve motor outcomes by 9 ± 3 percentage points (p = 0.047) in this dataset. Significance. A clinically defined electrophysiological biomarker not only predicts VTA size and location but also correlates well with motor outcomes. Use of this biomarker for trajectory selection and initial stimulation may potentially simplify STN DBS surgery and programming.

Objective. Suboptimal electrode placement during subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) surgery may arise from several sources, including frame-based targeting errors and intraoperative brain shift. We present a computer algorithm that can accurately localize intraoperative microelectrode recording (MER) tracks on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in real-time, thereby predicting deviation between the surgical plan and the MER trajectories. Approach. Random forest (RF) modeling was used to derive a statistical relationship between electrophysiological features on intraoperative MER and voxel intensity on preoperative T2-weighted MR imaging. This model was integrated into a larger algorithm that can automatically localize intraoperative MER recording tracks on preoperative MRI in real-time. To verify accuracy, targeting error of both the planned intraoperative trajectory (‘planned’) and the algorithm-derived trajectory (‘calculated’) was estimated by measuring deviation from the final DBS lead location on postoperative high-resolution computed tomography (‘actual’). Main results. MR imaging and MERs were obtained from 24 STN DBS implant trajectories. The cross-validated RF model could accurately distinguish between gray and white matter regions along MER trajectories (AUC 0.84). When applying this model within the localization algorithm, the calculated MER trajectory estimate was found to be significantly closer to the actual DBS lead when compared to the planned trajectory recorded during surgery (1.04 mm vs 1.52 mm deviation, p < 0.002), with improvement shown in 19/24 cases (79%). When applying the algorithm to simulated DBS trajectory plans with randomized targeting error, up to 4 mm of error could be resolved to p < 0.0001). Significance. This work presents an automated system for intraoperative localization of electrodes during STN DBS surgery. This neuroengineering solution may enhance the accuracy of electrode position estimation, particularly in cases where high-resolution intraoperative imaging is not available.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem in Andhra Pradesh and Indian diabetes risk score (IDRS) is a cost-effective tool for screening of undiagnosed diabetic individuals in the community. The objectives of this study were to assess the sensitivity and specificity of IDRS method as a screening tool in community as well as to determine the importance of stress scale in relation with diabetes. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2022 to May 2022 among 18 years and above residing in select areas of Prakasam and Visakhapatnam districts. House to house survey was done for collecting data on IDRS with pretested questionnaire. Cohen's perceived stress scale was used to assess the level of stress. Results: Out of 200 study subjects, 53.5% were males, mean age was 40.13±15 years and 23% were illiterate. The overall prevalence of diabetes was 21.0%, as per IRDS, 20.5% were in low-risk category. 44.5% and 31.5% were in moderate and high-risk category respectively. No physical exercise- 45 (71.7%), consumption of non-vegetarian food- 43 (65%), low consumption of fruits- 47 (74.6%) among high-risk category. Sensitivity of IDRS was 50.6%, specificity 71.6%, positive predictive value 33.8% and negative predictive value 86.3%. Mean perceived stress score was found to be 19.5±4.03.Conclusions: This study estimated the usefulness of Indian diabetes risk score for identifying high risk diabetic subjects in Indian urban population so that proper intervention can be done to reduce the burden of disease. Stress may be included in the IDRS.

Integrating technology in education can be advantageous for universities and help engage better results for students. An understanding of students' perceptions will help identify obstacles and promote online tests at universities, it is, therefore, important to understand from students about their perspective for the online test and paper-based test. To achieve this goal, a 22-item questionnaire was prepared to understand and study the perception of online and paper-based test for university students and was administered to 476 students (379 were male, 96 were female, and 1 were other). The set of research questions comprises – demographic information, students' perception for the paper-based test, and students’ perception for the online test were analyzed through statistical measures like one-way ANOVA, and t-Test with p-value. After careful analysis through various responses across various dimensions, the results of the study indicated that the difference between the perception of students on the paper-based test and the online test is statistically significant. Overall, students' perception of the online test was positive with the mean trend of 3.42. In India, the online test doesn't have a positive approach, universities refrain from online test and continue to make a traditional approach which does not achieve the targeted result. The major concerns highlighted were the technological incompetence of students and teachers alongside distrust in the technology infrastructure. Using our study, universities can identify obstacles, and prepare an appropriate result-driven plan of action for implementing the online test and make easy migration from paper-based test to online test.