Search

Plants are one of the most abundant sources of potentially useful chemical compounds and medicinal properties. As a result, over the last few decades, the market for plant research has been steadily increasing all over the world. The future pharmacological behaviours of Cyperus rotundus Linn. are assessed using a literature review as a basis. Extracts from various sections of the plant (aerial component, tuber, rhizomes, etc.) produce significant amounts of medicinal active compounds, as well as the chemical structures of phytochemical constituents. The aim of this analysis was to look into the thrombolytic action of Cyperus rotandus methanolic extracts. The fraction's thrombolytic effect was studied in clot lysis experiment. In a thrombolytic activity test, the extract caused 60 % lysis of the blood clot, compared to 70.10 % and 4.70 % lysis for the positive control (streptokinase) and negative control (saline water), respectively. As a result, the extract possessed significant thrombolytic activity. To determine which compounds are responsible for the current pharmacological activities, detailed pharmacological and phytochemical studies are needed. The phytochemical research revealed the presence of phytochemical constituents in various solvent fractions. The presence of these phytochemicals was found to be responsible for the plants' in-vitro thrombolytic action.

The principle reason for the examination article is to assess the genoprotective action of the herbal source leaves extract of Indigofera tinctoria against insecticidal such as transfluthrin using Allium cepa as a biomarker. Indigofera tinctoria has the potential secondary metabolites, inorganic elements in phytochemical screening and different functional groups also. So that It possesses excellent anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, antitumor, anti mycobacterial, mosquitocidal, immunostimulatory properties. Normally for mutation, chemotherapy and radiation treatments are used. Here we used herbal remedy as Indigofera tinctoria against transfluthrin by using Allium cepa as a biomarker and the mitotic record and DNA discontinuity likewise determined. It contains high amount of secondary metabolites, inorganic elements and functional groups. The mitotic index remains exactly same at before and after treatment by calculating the number of roots and its length in segments like dividing and non-dividing cells. We concluded that Indigofera tinctoria repaired the mutation act against insecticidal transfluthrin. So it acts as an excellent mutant repair mechanism against insecticidal.

Nannochloropsis gaditana is a microalga, constituting cellulose 33 ± 1.3% and hemicellulose 18.2 ± 0.8%; used for the biofuel production. The cellulose in microalgal biomass would contribute to protecting the environment and constitute an attractive renewable raw material for bioethanol production. Ethanol production from N. gaditana microalgal biomass was investigated through Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP) using Hangateiclostridium thermocellum KSMK1203 bacterial isolate. Screening and optimization of biomass pretreatment with different acids in different dosages, various hydrolysis time at 100 °C were performed and statistically validated using one-way ANOVA for efficient hemicellulose removal from NaClO2-treated N. gaditana biomass. Medium components and process parameters were statistically optimized by Response Surface Methodology. The maximum cellulase of 13.96 ± 1.354 IU/mL and ethanol of 12.90 ± 0.987 g/L were obtained in pretreated N.gaditana biomass. This study demonstrates that N. gaditana is a substitution for vegetal cellulose and these optimized conditions could be successfully used for commercial ethanol production using H. thermocellum KSMK1203.

Spent oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) compost as tremendous source for isolation of industrial significant enzymes such as Amylase, Protease and Cellulase. This study was conducted in order to achieve efficient extraction of lignocellulolytic enzymes amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), Cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) and Protease (EC 3.4.21.14) from spent oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) compost waste. Optimal enzyme recovery was achieved when spent oyster mushroom compost wastes and concentrated by acetone precipitation. The purification was performed by column chromatography. The enzymes such as cellulase, amylase and protease released from oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) compost waste were showed activities of 15.78 U/ml, 3.42 U/ml and 0.042 U/ml respectively. These were utilized in various industrial and environmental applications such as Starch processing in potato waste from food industry using amylase and Biotreatment of cotton waste using cellulase.

Nanoparticles are particles, with sizes ranging from 100 nm to 1000 nm, that have numerous methods of synthesizing them. Depending upon their size, morphology, and physical and chemical properties they are classified as follows. They include semiconductor nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles, ceramic nanoparticles, etc., These nanoparticles are characterized based on their uses and applications, especially in the fields of medicine and drug delivery etc. Characterization can be done using electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy. Also, newer methods such as dark-field microscopy with hyperspectral imaging provide high-contrast images. Spectroscopy enables classification according to the concentration, size, and shape, and X-ray diffraction is a nondestructive method to illustrate the structure of any nanocentered crystalline material. As well as the structure, the orientation and gross size of the preferred material can be seen, with the added advantage that a smaller sample is required. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis is used to identify the functional groups present in nanoparticles by producing an infrared absorption spectrum. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies are used to analyze the elemental composition of a material. Dynamic light scattering is mainly based on the Brownian motion of the dispersed nanoparticles. These are the main characterization methods for nanoparticles.

Bioalcohols are considered as an alternative renewable and eco-friendly fuel for future generation around the world. Recently, many investigators have focused their research on fuel preparation techniques, with various benefits such as lower level of smoke, better performance and emission characteristics, economical production, and lower sequestration cost. Sustainable production of such biofuels can be enhanced when they are synthesized by a nanotechnology-based approach. Biofuels and bioalcohols are synthesized using carbohydrates, vegetable oils, and animal fats with the help of fermentation and transesterification processes commercially at an industrial level. To increase the biofuels and bioalcohols production rates, many nanocatalysts and nanomaterials have been used. Biofuel production, such as bioethanol/biobutanol, is influenced by different types of nanoparticles and various nanocomposites. This chapter deals with the recent trends on the use of nanoparticles in the prospective and development of bioalcohols (bioethanol/biobutanol) production.

The present study was carried out to optimize the production of pullulanase from Klebsilla aerogenes NCIM 2239, a new strain of the bacterium. The organism was screened for its ability to synthesize and secrete extracellular pullulanase, by analysis of pullulan degrading activity. Environmental (pH and temperature) and nutritional (carbon and nitrogen) factors influencing growth and product formation were optimized through fermentation trials in shake flasks. Maximum pullulanase production (78.62 U/ml) was observed at 48 h. Optimized pH and temperature were 7.0 and 37°C, respectively. Different carbon sources (pullulan, starch, sucrose, maltose and glucose) and nitrogen sources (peptone, beef extract, yeast extract and casein) were analysed for maximum production of pullulanase. This bacterium was found to exhibit maximum pullulanase production using starch and peptone as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. In addition, pullulanase production by solid substrate fermentation (SSF) was investigated using K. aerogenes NCIM 2239. The extracellular pullulanase was purified by ultrafiltration method of membrane separation. The pullulanase activity after ultrafiltration was 130.21 U/ml when compared with its crude (83.08 U/ml). Key words: Pullulanase, α-1,6 glucosidic linkages, Klebsilla aerogenes NCIM 2239, solid state fermentation, ultrafiltration.

Mushrooms are type of white-rot fungi such as basidiomycetes, which degrades a lot of agro wastes by the secretion of precious bioconversion enzymes and produce the final enriched product. These enzymes take part in organic and inorganic waste remediation in the environment. This review analysed from the standpoint of scientists reserching in lignolytic enzyme production from various mushroom cultivation and also highlights the role of recent approaches within the production of giant volume of commercially important enzymes from biodegradable wastes. Then the proceeding work is to survey the novel lignolytic enzyme production aspects and their major characteristics, microbial sources such as basidiomycetes (white-rot fungi), downstream processing, relevant biochemical properties, diverse applications, enzyme mycotechnology and some recent research developments.