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The aim of the investigation is by conducting a survey and analysis of the percentage of students with medical reports, to assess the effectiveness of the approach introduced. We have monitored the relative proportion of students with medical protocols to determine the effectiveness of an introduced approach. The study was conducted with 4194 students – 1624 men and 2570 women from the Faculty of Economics, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and the Faculty of Agriculture at Trakia University. Applied are the following methods: Theoretical analysis; Comparative analysis of percentages; Graphic analysis. We conducted monitoring, analysis and evaluation for 19 academic years of the relative proportion of students with medical protocols. The results confirm categorically effectiveness of the approach to students with medical protocols.

SWOT-analysis has been conducted with 41 participants – lecturers from Tracian University – Stara Zagora, National Sports Academy “Vasil Levski”, Medical University – Sofia, Russe University “Angel Kanchev”, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, University of National and World Economy- Sofia; football sportsmen from the representative team of Tracian University – Stara Zagora, trainers. The purpose of the analysis is to reveal the strong and weak points, possibilities and challenges of the organization with the inclusion of the football game in the educational programme, on Physical culture and sport, for female students. SWOT-analysis has been applied for settlement of the research purpose set. Results of SWOT-analysis give us a reason for deducing practicalapplication recommendations, and namely: to realize a close contact between the institutions, preparing experts on female football and the institutions that would make use of these experts; to update the methods of education on female football with newer and current means, methods and forms; to increase the activity of institutions, responsible for creation of suitable material base in the Higher schools for practicing of football by men and women; to enhance the motive activity and motivation of female students on football study; the available preconditions for practicing the female football in Tracian University should find its realization via the inclusion of this sport in the educational programme on Physical education and sport.

Testing of 203, first and second year female students, of all specialties, at the Economic, Agrarian and Veterinarian-medical Faculties, with the Tracian University – Stara Zagora town, has been carried out, including 22 female students, educated in English language, on the specialty Veterinary Medicine. The purpose of this investigation is to establish the knowledge of female students regarding elements and rules of football game. Testing, Theoretical, Alternative, Graphic and Comparative analyses of percentage have been applied, for settlement of the research purpose set. We have conducted Testing of 12 questions, for collecting the quantitative information for establishment of the knowledge of female students, concerning football game elements and rules. Results and analysis show that female students lack serious knowledge concerning the football game technique and rules. The results got, give us a reason to deem that the including of female football in the educational programme, on Physical education and sport in the Higher School would have a serious educational effect and would fill in the shortage of knowledge with the female students, concerning the technique and rules of the most popular game in the world.

An inquiry with students from Trakia University, Stara Zagora is carried out. The aim of the study is to determine the current state of sports injuries in student sports. To realize the goal are placed the following tasks: to conduct a survey with students athletes on sports injuries; to process and analyze the results of the survey; to draw concrete conclusions from the survey; to make recommendations for practice. In order to achieve the above research purposes are applied theoretical analysis, questionnaire method, alternative analysis and graphic analysis. The survey is conducted in 2017. The questionnaire includes nineteen basic questions, some of them are open. The students-athletes have the opportunity to indicate more than one answer for some questions. Results: registered are existing injuries related to sports and it is found that some of the methods and means of treatment and prevention are not well known to students-athletes. The survey results make it necessary to seek and implement academic practice methods and tools to facilitate the recognition of sports injuries and upgrading of skills for the protection of their own health.

High photosensitivity p-type PbTe layers have been grown by an electron-beam evaporation method. Time-resoved Hall effect and conductivity measurements showed a logarithmic photoconductivity behaviour for time periods between 101 and 105s. Extrapolation of the decay- to dark conductivity yields a total lifetime of the photoconductivity more than 107s at 77 K. The time constant decreases significantly at higher temperatures. The experimental results are interpreted in terms of a tunneling-assisted recombination of the persistent holes with spatially distributed trapped electrons.

In Agaricus bisporus all cytological studies performed until now concerned the pseudohomothallic and bisporic var. bisporus. In the past 12 y two tetrasporic varieties have been described, the heterothallic var. burnettii and the homothallic var. eurotetrasporus. Our aim was to compare the behavior of the nuclei in the vegetative and reproductive cells of the three varieties with light microscopy (Feulgen and DAPI staining) and transmission electron microscopy. Most of the vegetative cells contained 3-5 nuclei in the three varieties. Nuclear migrations through the septum were detected. In the basidia relative locations of nuclei and vacuoles, meiotic spindle alignments, relative content of nuclear DNA and synaptonemal complexes were measured or observed. From the observation of numerous asynchronous second division of meiosis within basidia of var. bisporus and var. burnettii a new hypothesis emerges to explain the nonrandom distribution of the four meiotic products in the two spores of the bisporic basidia. Karyogamy and meiosis similarly occurred in the three varieties. In the case of A. bisporus var. eurotetrasporus this implies that the reproductive mode is sexual and therefore homothallic in the strict sense. The three different types of life cycles are described.

Publisher Summary The genes whose products cause a number of the defense responses in infected plants are called “Avr-genes.” This chapter explains in detail Avr-genes and their products. The suppressor molecules only prevent the manifestation of resistance by allowing pathogens to penetrate a plant and grow in it. The suppressors can be less toxic for the cells, without causing a visual damaging effect, or highly toxic, causing damage and death of plant cells. Suppressors can be present both in the tissues of infected plants and in the pathogen cells. The suppressor glucans, isolated from the parasite races compatible with particular potato cultivars, do not cause irreversible suppression of the defense responses but only their temporary delay. Any parasite toxins, including nonspecific vivotoxins, are immunosuppressors. The secondary factors that intensify pathogenicity for particular plant species or cultivars are pathotoxins. This chapter discusses pathotoxin producers and pathotoxin-caused diseases. The characteristic features of all pathotoxins investigated so far include very low toxic concentrations toward the susceptible plants and high selectivity. In terms of the chemical composition, pathotoxins are classified into cyclic peptides, linear polyketols, glycoside, etc. Specificity and toxicity mechanism have also been explained in the chapter with examples. Plant resistance to pathotoxins is mostly determined by the absence of reception. This chapter also explains the biological role of pathotoxins and ecology of the producer along with the relationship between the two fundamental properties of parasites: induction and suppression. Also included are some pathways and degradation by phytopathogens such as degradation of phenol phytoalexins and degradation of terpenoid phytoalexins.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the molecular basis of plant immunization. There are several major areas of practical use of plant vaccinations such as the method of protection against viral diseases, prevention of tree infection by root rot causal agents, treatment of the chestnuts infected by the fungus Criphonrectria parasitica and treatment of seeds with rhizospheric bacteria. The principal ideas of studying immunization are based on the experimental data showing that the treatment of plants with attenuated strains of phytopathogenic microorganisms can induce resistance to more pathogenic strains. The section on immunization in plants explains how the chemical protection of plants has been traditionally based on the use of pesticides toxic for pathogenic organisms and how the use of fungicides has undergone three stages in its history. The first- and second-generation fungicides are nonspecific; they possess a broad range of effects on various fungi and do not damage plants. The third-generation fungicides are systemic organic products specific for particular groups of fungi and not toxic for plants. The chapter also describes the agents affecting parasite pathogenicity and the agents influencing plant resistance. Some of the ways of enhanced plant resistance against disease induced by chemical treatment are the building of a protecting film on the leaf surface; enhancement of cell wall resistance against pectolytic enzyme attack; and activation of phenol metabolism, oxidative enzymes, and phytoalexins.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses resistance genes and susceptibility genes and their products in detail with examples. Attempts have been made to describe the investigation of genes by the methods of classical genetics. Illustrations explain the different methods and their combinations to isolate the resistance genes from different plants. The process of recognition of extracellular substances is carried out using the “signaling systems” that determine the cellular response to various chemical and physical exposures. This chapter explains signal transduction and the various signaling systems present. An essential role in this signaling system is played by salicylic acid with its concentration growing not only in infection sites but also in the tissues far from the infection site. A signaling transcription of a plant defense response involves more than 1500 transcript factors. This chapter also describes the interactions of the signaling systems induced by nonspecific and specific elicitors. Signaling systems can be activated or inactivated by the secondary messengers of the other signaling systems. Plant cells possess a coordinated signaling network where some signaling systems can activate or, alternately, inactivate the other systems. One of the features of the signaling systems is not only signal transfer to the genetic system but also its considerable amplification. Interaction of one signaling molecule with a receptor can lead to a million molecules governing the cell response. All the signaling systems known to date can be classified into evolutionarily earlier and later ones. It is very likely that efforts of the researchers studying plant signal transduction will lead to the discovery of both the new signaling systems and their interactions.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the fungal plant pathogens, bacterial plant pathogens, plant viruses, and viral plant diseases. Fungi are not autotrophs and they have no chloroplasts; they can only use the energy stored in organic compounds. This chapter explains the properties and characteristics of fungi along with the system of fungi and fungal plant disease. Properties of phylogenetically independent taxons including fungi and fungaceous organisms are also explained. Bacteria are the smallest cellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell structure. Some bacteria (genus Bacillus) form endospores inside the cells, which are covered with a thick wall and can withstand harsh environments without losing viability. The chapter also explains a system of phytopathogenic bacteria and bacterial plant diseases. It outlines plant viruses and viral plant diseases, the structure of plant viruses, and symptoms of viral diseases. It also sheds light on the survival and propagation of phytopathogenic viruses. The parasitic nematodes as plant pathogens and the role of the nematode discharge in a plant–nematode relationship are also described in this chapter. Investigation of the feeding processes of the cyst nematode H. schachtii showed that the secretory proteins released by amphids in intercellular space between the nematode head and cell wall fix the nematode head to the syncytium wall.

Publisher Summary The nonspecific resistance factors in the horizontal pathosystem are divided into axeny and true resistance. Axeny is the resistance that occurs before a pathogen–plant cell contact, and true resistance is manifested after the pathogen contact with the cellular protoplast. The chapter explains how anatomical–morphological resistance factors are affected by plant habitus, downy leaves, structure and arrangement of stomata, and anatomic features of internal plant tissues. It also explains the regulation of ontogenesis and damage reparation in pathogens. Many plant parasites can penetrate into tissues only through wounds, and the rate of suberization of wound surfaces correlates with plant resistance. It also explains the nutrient value of infected organs and tissues. The chemical factors available to the plants for their own defense against diseases are diverse in chemical composition, conditions of production, and mechanisms of toxicity. This chapter discusses the chemical classification of phytoanticipins, which includes phenols, terpenoids, proteins, and amino acids. Plants possess not only chemically diverse defense compounds but also various strategies of their application. Protein inhibitors of viruses are a special group of vegetal antibiotic substances. The antiviral activity of a particular inhibitor is usually tested by mixing it with the viral suspension, the mix is used for inoculation of the leaves of a supersusceptible host plant, and then the number of infection spots that occurs is counted. Plant treatment with ribosome inhibitory proteins (RIPs) some time after the inoculation will not prevent development of the viral infection.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the general and specific aspects of plant and animal immunity. Stepping up from the primitive plant immunity mechanisms toward the perfect mechanisms, the characteristic of animals, probably, consists in the separation of functions. In plants, every cell is able to synthesize the molecules that recognize foreign matter to transduce signals to the nuclear parts, to produce toxic action on the parasite, etc. In phytopathology, attention was concentrated on identification of the causal agents of disease—the parasitic fungi. This chapter discusses the various immunomodulators of pathogenic microorganisms: fungal immunomodulators (polysaccharides, lipids, and peptides), viral immunomodulators, and bacterial immunomodulators. Explanations on host immune molecules and signal transduction and immune response have also been given. Signal transduction is a stage between the receptor excitation and immune response gene activation, during which the signal is repeatedly multiplied. The process is carried out by the signaling systems involved in regulation of various aspects of the organism's life activity. Plants do not produce antibodies; therefore, their disease resistance was evolving along the line of exploitation of the mechanisms of natural or innate immunity. Research in recent years has revealed many common features between apoptosis in animals and hypersensitive response in plants.

Publisher Summary From the phenomenological point of view, plant pathologists discovered at least two types of resistance to many diseases: vertical and horizontal resistance. Variations in any trait of an organism, including its response to infection, depend both on its genotype and conditions of its life. The contribution of the environmental variance is estimated from the behavior of the same genotype in different life conditions. Resistance to fungi is usually dominant resistance, while resistance to viruses is often recessive. The principal genetic difference between horizontal and vertical resistance does not contain a number of genes that control resistance but the ratio of interacting and noninteracting effects. In the presence of only the additive variance, even heterozygosis in one resistance locus can result in a continuous series of phenotypic segregation corresponding to the horizontal resistance. Qualitative and quantitative manifestation of vertical and horizontal resistance influences the signs of diseases in the plants. The chapter explains the horizontal and vertical resistance assessment of systemic diseases, which is even more complex. The relations of resistances with parasites are explained with the help of separate subheadings, including the phenomenology of relations. Investigation of the genetics of plant–parasite relations includes a parallel genetic analysis of the plant resistance and virulence of its parasite. The most important conclusion that is drawn from the parallel studies of resistance and virulence genes is that the interaction occurs between partners on the genomic level and not the gene level. Hence, there is the necessity to study the genetics of partners only in interaction.

Publisher Summary The chapter describes parasitism. Parasitism is the ability of an organism to develop in/on another organism while consuming the host's nutrients for its own growth and reproduction. Plants can host various species of parasites: fungal, bacterial, viral, and so on. They can be isolated and identified. In a living plant, we observe obligate parasites, facultative saprotrophs, and much less frequently, facultative parasites. In a dead plant, we can find obligate saprotrophs, facultative parasites, and less frequently, facultative saprotrophs. To explain these facts, the chapter discusses the essential features of parasites. According to the type of feeding, microorganisms are classified into saprotrophs, necrotrophs, and biotrophs. Saprotrophs extract nutrients from dead tissues, that is, they are saprophytes, while necrotrophs and biotrophs are parasites. Necrotrophs kill a plant or its part with toxic secretion before occupying it, which actually means that they feed on dead cells, similar to saprophytes. Biotrophs extract nutrients directly from living cells. This type of nutrition causes considerable changes in a parasite's metabolism and morphogenesis. Therefore, trophicity is an important taxonomic property for dividing some bacterial and fungal species. Pathogenicity is the main feature of pathogenic organisms. Pathogenicity is viewed as a complex trait distinguishing parasites from nonparasites or the ability to cause damage in the infected plant.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the parasite attack factors of the horizontal pathosystem. Different groups of parasites have both similar and different stages of pathogenesis and, therefore, similar and different weapons of attacking the host, such as germination on a plant surface, release of vivotoxins, development of infection structures, and so on. The only enzymes possessed by viruses are those necessary for their reproduction; therefore, they penetrate into plants in a passive way. This chapter discusses biosynthetic processes during fungal differentiation and penetration. It also explains mode of fungal attachment and mode of pathogen penetration into plant tissues as well as cell wall and cuticle degradation by pathogen-specific enzymatic machinery and penetration through the cell wall. The suppression of plant defenses has also been discussed. Regulation of the synthesis of the low-molecular secondary metabolites possessing vivotoxin properties are exemplified here by the trichothecene toxins of fusarial fungi. The significance of toxins in pathogenesis has been shown through mutants deficient in the ability of toxin production. This chapter also provides an explanation into the changes in metabolism of infected cells and tissues. Fungi and bacteria usually spread in the plant locally, in a short distance from the site of infection, through the intercellular spaces. The movement of viruses in the plant poses some particular problems, which have also been described in the chapter.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the molecular interpretation of genetic data. A combination of two genes resulting in incompatibility is called definitive, and the other combinations are indefinitive. Abiogenic elicitors are the substances that are involved not in pathogenesis processes but in inducing defense responses in plants, usually in relatively small concentrations. This chapter also describes polypeptides and glycoproteins and the roles they play. Flagellins also possess elicitor activity. Lipids play an extremely important role in adaptation of all forms of life. Best explored are the lipid-containing elicitors of P. infestans. This chapter provides details on the endogenous plant or secondary elicitors and also explains the regulation of oligosaccharine formation in plants. Discovery of oligosaccharines explained the elicitor properties of some carbohydrases. The data obtained suggests the possible elicitor activity of the oligosaccharines generated at early stages of enzymatic degradation. The chapter describes avirulence genes and specific elicitors along with hemicellulose oligomers. An illustration in the chapter explains the possible changes in the plant response to inoculation with the pathogen after its transformation by the specific pathogenicity gene. The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has been used as an example to explain the methodology of searching for avr-genes in the phytopathogenic viruses. A group of genes regulating the relations between the phytopathogenic bacteria and plants is called hrp-genes. This chapter also attempts to throw some light on the fitness of elicitors and parasites.

Investigation des proprietes electriques a optiques de couche de PbTe obtenues par evaporation sous bombardement electronique sur deux types de supports: (111) BaF 2 et (100) KBr. Variation de conditions operatoires, telles que la temperature du support, la distance cible-support et la puissance du faisceau electronique. Etude de l'influence de ces parametres sur la vitesse de croissance, la qualite et les proprietes des couches