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The etiopathogenesis and cold stimulation mechanism are not fully understood in cold urticaria (CU). SubstancePatients with acquired CU were included in the study. Two punch biopsies were taken from the urticaria plaque resulting from the stimulation and the intact skin without lesions. The samples were evaluated histopathologically. All samples were stained immunohistochemically with SP, ACE and MCC antibodies.The number of patients included in the study was 21. In the plaque lesion, the presence of dermal neutrophil and eosinophil, neutrophil in the vascular lumen were found to be statistically significantly higher than intact tissue (Mast cell maintains its central role in CU pathogenesis. SP, which causes neurogenic inflammation, may not be detected due to its rapid destruction in the tissue. Strong staining of ACE, which takes part in the local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAS) system in the skin, should be documented quantitatively.

This article deals with the home and family as socio-economic projections of urban fate through the film Köprüdekiler (Men on the Bridge, 2009). Accordingly, a desire for having a better life dominates spatial expectations and triggers marital conflicts. At this point, just as family bonds do not correspond to unconditional commitments, home is no longer a mental or spiritual shelter for couples. Belongings are ambivalent; intimacies are uncanny, and ties are weak. In this article, the condition of social fragility is debated through two characters, Umut and Cemile, in the film. They are married but unhappy. Köprüdekiler is a film that zooms in the lives of those who are pushed away from the centre to the margins of society in Istanbul. In this paper, it is concentrated on the city as being both a hopeful and disappointing dilemma; on the home as a place of vulnerability; and on the family as a modern symbol of fragility. The analyzed awarded-film deepens and elaborates the socio-urban reality by reflecting it simply as it is., Bu makale Köprüdekiler (2009) filmi üzerinden evi ve aileyi kentsel yazgının sosyo-ekonomik izdüşümleri olarak ele almaktadır. Buna göre, daha iyi bir yaşam isteği, mekânsal beklentileri baskılamakta ve ailevi bölünmeyi tetiklemektedir. Gelinen noktada, aile bağları koşulsuz taahhütlere karşılık gelmediği gibi, ev de çiftler için artık mental veya manevi sığınak değildir. Aidiyetler belirsiz, yakınlıklar tekinsiz, bağlar ise zayıftır. Bu makalede bu toplumsal kırılganlık durumu, filmin iki karakteri Umut ve Cemile’nin hikâyesi üzerinden tartışılmaktadır. Umut ve Cemile evlidir, fakat mutsuzlardır. Köprüdekiler filmi İstanbul’da toplumun merkezinden kenarlarına itilen insanların yaşamına yakınlaşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada kente hem umutlu hem de hayal kırıcı ikilem; eve incinebilirlik yeri; aileye ise kırılganlığın modern sembolü olarak yoğunlaşılmaktadır. Analize konu olan ödüllü film bu sosyo-kentsel gerçekliği olduğu gibi yansıtarak derinleştirmekte ve detaylandırmaktadır.

Objectives: To evaluate the prognostic utility of inflammation-based prognostic scores in patients with ALK-positive metastatic or non-resectable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with crizotinib. Patients and Methods: A total of 82 patients with ALK-positive metastatic or non-resectable NSCLC who received ALK TKI crizotinib were included. Pre-treatment modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS), prognostic nutritional index (PNI), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) were calculated. Multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the impact of pretreatment mGPS, PNI, and SII on overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and objective response rate (ORR). Results: The ORR was 77.2%, while 1-year OS and PFS rates were 95.0% and 93.5%, respectively. The univariate analysis revealed significantly higher 1-year PFS (89.4 vs. 64.4%, p=0.043) and OS (92.0 vs. 83.3%, p=0.01) rates in patients with low (

Emotions are important on eating behaviours but the direction of the effect is unknown. The aim of this study is to evaluate eating behaviours and some related factors of first grade medical students after the university entrance exam. This study was performed in a medical faculty from Ankara, Turkey in October 2019. Researchers used a questionnaire comprising of 56 questions; 23 questions about students' sociodemographical characteristics and 33-item Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). DEBQ is a self-report questionnaire and Turkish validity and reliability was tested in 2011. Written permission from Faculty Executive Committee was obtained prior to the study and informed consent were obtained from the participants. The significance level was taken as p < 0.05. SPSS 25.0 package program was used in data analysis. Three hundred and ninety one students (80.6%) out of a total of 485 participated in the study. Of all 319 students participating in this study, the mean age was 18.53±0.71 and 52.4% were men (n = 205). Forty point two percent of the students claimed that their eating habits were healthless, while 33.8% of the students stated that they ate more when they were stressed and 50.9% of the students stated that their body weight was increased during their university entrance exam period. Mean DEBQ total points were higher in women and in students who stated that their body weight was increased during their university entrance exam period than the others (student t test, p < 0,001; ANOVA test, p < 0,001, respectively). Multiple Linear regression analysis pointed out that being women increased DEBQ total point by 9,091 point (p < 0,001, 95% CI: 5,595-12,587). This study demonstrated that nutrition and eating habits are critical issues for young people's life and their future. Therefore many students need more help and guidance about stress management and healthy eating habits especially when they are preparing for important exams and also right after the exams. Key messages This study demonstrated that nutrition and eating habits are critical issues for young people’s life and their future. Many students need more help and guidance about stress management and healthy eating habits especially when they are preparing for important exams and also right after the exams.

We aimed to evaluate whether there was a relationship between endocan (human endothelial cell-specific molecule-1) levels and disease prognosis in patients who presented to the emergency department with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A total of 60 patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized from the emergency department to clinical wards and a control group consisting of healthy adult individuals (n = 28), were included in the study. The majority (93.3%) of the patients were discharged after recovery; 6.7% died. The median endocan value was 243.5 ng/mL in the patient group versus 201.5 ng/mL in the control group ( P = .002). The median endocan level was 240.5 ng/mL in those discharged with recovery and 558 ng/mL in those who died ( P = .001). There was no significant relationship in hospitalization duration, sex, tomography findings, and clinical outcomes. A 202 ng/mL serum endocan level had 86.7% sensitivity and 50% specificity for COVID-19. Serum endocan levels may be a useful biomarker both for the diagnosis of COVID-19 and to predict mortality.

Kovid-19 pandemisiyle ivmelenen ve bir bakıma meşruiyet kazanan sanal trendler, artık etrafımıza örülen küresel bir ağı değil; eylemlerimize, düşüncelerimize, hatta bilincimize ve ruhumuza sinen yeni bir insanlık durumunu ifade etmektedir. Geldiğimiz noktada, adına büyük veri denen ve kendi aleyhimize kullanılmaya meyli ve kudreti olan bir şeyi bizzat kendi ellerimizle büyüttüğümüzü fark ediyoruz. Her geçen saniye katlanarak büyüyen ve tümüyle bizden taşan bu dijital görünümlerin gün gelip de salt kötülük üretmeyeceğinden emin olabilecek miyiz? Şurası açık ki algoritmalarla şekil bulan bu devasa portrenin yeni bir dünya tasarlama meşruiyeti yoksa bile, fazlaca imkânı bulunmaktadır. Nitekim bizimkisi, “Yapabiliriz.” eyleminin “Öyleyse yapmalıyız.” sözüne temel oluşturduğu bir çağdır. Öte yandan, büyük veriye öncülük eden odakların, son birkaç yıldır iyiden iyiye yükselen, “İnsan iradesine, özgürlüğüne ve mahremiyetine ne olacak?” sorusu hakkında açık ve güçlü bir yanıt vermemiş olmaları nasıl yorumlanmalıdır? Bu çalışma, takip ettiği akademik geleneğin kendisine yüklediği sorumlulukla meseleyi “insanın akıbeti” sorunsalına getirmekte ve büyüyen verinin modern insanın küçülmesine eşlik ettiğini öne sürmektedir. Bu amaçla, büyük veri ile modern insan arasındaki yapıcı/yıkıcı ilişki Netflix yapımı Black Mirror dizisinin Nosedive adlı epizotu üzerinden ele alınmakta ve Günther Anders, Jean Baudrillard, Zygmunt Bauman ve Byung Chul-Han gibi dikkat çekici düşünürlerin teorileri etrafında incelenmektedir., Virtual trends that have gained momentum and legitimacy with the COVID-19 pandemic are no longer a global network woven around us; rather it expresses the new human condition that permeates our actions, thoughts and even our consciousness and soul. At the point we have reached, we have just realised that we have enhanced with our own hands something that has power and tendency to be used against ourselves, which this is called big data. Can we be sure that these digital appearances, which grow exponentially with each passing second and completely overflow from us, will not produce pure evil when the day comes? Obviously, this gigantic portrait, shaped by digital algorithms, has many possibilities, even if it has no legitimacy to design a new world. Indeed, ours is the era when the action “we can” underpins the saying “Then we should do it”. Besides, how should it be interpreted that the pioneers of Big Data have not given a clear and strong answer to the question of “what will happen to human will, freedom and privacy”, which has been rising for the last few years? This study, with the responsibility imposed by the academic tradition it follows, gathers the issue around the problem of “human fate” and asserts that growing data accompanies the shrinkage of the modern human. For this purpose, the constructive/destructive relationship between big data and modern human is dealt with through the episode titled Nosedive of Netflix’s Black Mirror series and examined around the theories of significant thinkers such as Günther Anders, Jean Baudrillard, Zygmunt Bauman and Byung Chul-Han.

AIM To determine whether there was a relationship between the neutrophil/lymphocyte (NLR), monocyte//lymphocyte (MLR), and the platelet/lymphocyte ratios (PLR) measured in blood samples taken at admission and clinical outcomes (CO) on the 90th day in patients, who were diagnosed as acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in the emergency department (ED) and underwent a mechanical thrombectomy (MT). METHOD Patients aged ≥ 18 years, who were diagnosed as AIS in the ED and underwent MT were included in the study. Patients, who received diagnostic codes of "Cerebrovascular Diseases" (CVD) according to the ICD-10 diagnostic codes were identified. One hundred fifty patients were enrolled in the study. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was used to determine neurologic status on the 90th day. The patients were divided into the two groups: good and poor CO (mRS 0-2 and mRS 3-6, respectively). The groups were compared in terms of age, sex, and NIHSS, ASPECT, and mRS scores. RESULTS The rates of successful recanalization and good CO were 81.3 % and 38.7 %, respectively. The mortality rate was 22 %. The recanalization rates in the good and poor CO groups were 100 % and 69.6 %,respectively. Recanalization was achieved in 73.6 % of those with hyperlipidaemia and 88.5 % of those without hyperlipidaemia, which was statistically significant (p = 0.034). We observed a statistically significant relationship between the clinical outcome and NLR, MLR, PLR (p < 0.05). As the result of multivariate analysis, we found only NLR as an independent risk factor for poor CO (p = 0.043). There was also a statistically significant difference between mortality and NLR, PLR (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION We found that NLR, MLR, PLR values were associated with CO after 90 days; high rates were associated with poor CO and low rates were associated with good CO (Tab. 7, Ref. 38). Text in PDF www.elis.sk Keywords: acute ischemic stroke; neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, monocyte/lymphocyte ratio; platelet/ /lymphocyte ratio; thrombectomy.

To investigate the effects of halofuginone and pirfenidone on wound healing in experimental glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS).Animal experimentation.A total of 42 male New Zealand albino rabbits were separated into 6 equal groups. A limbal-based trabeculectomy was performed on 5 groups, and Group I (control group) underwent no surgery and received no postoperative medication. For Group II (sham group), 1 drop 0.9% NaCl was instilled qid for 14 days. For Group III, 1% topical corticosteroid (prednisolone acetate) was instilled 1 drop qid for 14 days. For Group IV, 0.4mg/mL mitomycin-C (MMC) was applied intraoperatively to the region of the scleral flap. For Group V, 0.5% pirfenidone was instilled 1 drop qid for 14 days postoperatively. For Group VI, a sponge soaked in 10ng/mL halofuginone was applied to the surgical region for 3 mins. In addition, 1% topical corticosteroid was instilled ×1 drop qid for 14 days postoperatively for Groups IV, V and VI. After 14 days, sections prepared from the bleb regions of the enucleated eyes were evaluated histopathologically and immunohistochemically. Statistical analyses of the study were performed with Kruskal-Wallis variance analysis and the Mann-Whitney U test.With regard to fibroblasts, suppression of the number of mononuclear cells and immunohistochemical staining intensity of transforming growth factor-b (TGF-β), fibroblast growth factor-b (FGF-β) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), the corticosteroid, MMC, pirfenidone and halofuginone groups were seen to exhibit more effect than the sham group (P0.05). Compared to the pirfenidone and fuginone groups, inhibition of fibroblast and monocyte proliferation was determined to be lower in the MMC group (P0.05). The intensity of TGF-β and FGF-β staining was seen to be lower in these two treatment groups than in the MMC group (P0.05).Halofuginone and pirfenidone may be used as effective alternative agents in delaying wound healing in glaucoma filtration surgery.

WOS: 000459055600006 PubMed: 30793616 OBJECTIVES: We aimed to compare the plasma levels of biomarkers such as: serum Gal-3, H-FABP, cTnI, and CK-MB in patients, who were admitted to the emergency room with chest pain, and to determine whether these biomarkers have early diagnostic value of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS: The study was performed in 60 patients aged >= 18 years, who were admitted to emergency room. These patients were divided into 3 groups: patients with STEMI (group I, n = 20), patients with NSTEMI (group II, n = 20), and patients with USAP (group III, n = 20). Serum Gal-3, H-FABP, cTnI, and CK-MB levels were measured at admission, and at the 2nd and 4th hours. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of Gal-3 levels at admission, and the 2nd and 4th hours (p = 0.007, p = 0.002, and p = 0.001, respectively). There were statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of H-FABP levels at admission, and the 2nd and 4th hours (p = 0.001, p = 0.003, and p = 0.003, respectively). There were statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of cTnI levels at admission, and the 2nd and 4th hours (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of the study, cTnI, H-FABP, and Gal-3 are useful parameters that can be used in the early diagnosis of ACS (Tab. 4, Ref. 36). Text in PDF www.elis.sk.

Aim: We aimed to determine whether Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (MLR), Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR), D-dimer, and troponin values were correlated with the simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (sPESI) in patients diagnosed as having Pulmonary Embolism (PE) in the emergency room. Material and Methods: Forty-three patients diagnosed as having PE in the emergency departmentwere divided into low and high-risk groups according to the sPESI. We investigated whether NLR, MLR, and PLR, d-dimer, troponin-I, and Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAP) had any effect in determining the severity of PE. Also, patients were divided into groups as those with PAP ≤20 or >20 mm Hg, Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) ≤100 or >100 mm Hg, and those receiving or not receiving thrombolytic treatment, and compared. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between patients with low sPESI (n=10) and those with high sPESI (n=33) in terms of age (p=0.001), pulse (p=0.016), oxygen saturation (p=0.039), troponin-I (p=0.029) and PAP (p=0.032), but there was no difference between the groups in terms of NLR (p=0.796), MLR (p=0.656), PLR (p=0.863), and d-dimer (p=0.343). There was a statistically significant difference between patients who did (n=6) and did not (n=37) receive thrombolytic treatment in terms of troponin-I (p=0.012), but there was no difference between the groups in terms of NLR (p=0.861), MLR (p=0.335), and PLR (p=0.277). Conclusion: NLR, MLR, PLR and d-dimer levels were found not to be effective in determining the severity of PE. Troponin-I was associated with sPESI and was considered as an effective marker in determining the thrombolytic treatment.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) on corpus callosum (CC) morphometry in patients with TLE. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey between November 2010 and December 2013. The epileptic syndrome diagnosis was based on International League Against Epilepsy criteria, and this study was conducted on the MRIs of 25 epilepsy patients and 25 control subjects. We classified the patients according to their duration of epilepsy: < 10 and >= 10 years. The projection area length (PAL) of the CC was also estimated. Total brain volumes (TBV) were measured on CT images. Results: The mean values of TBV for patients with TLE and the control group were not statistically different, but the CC PAL values were statistically different. The mean CC PAL values of under and over 25 years of age in patients with TLE were statistically different. The mean values of TBV of under and over 10 years duration of TLE were small statistically, but the CC PAL values were statistically different. Conclusion: The results indicate a clear influence of TLE on the structure of the CC rather than TBV.

Although it is known that bacterial mechanisms are involved in dental calculus formation, which is a predisposing factor in periodontal diseases, there have been few studies of such associations, and therefore, information available is limited. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify aerobic bacteria responsible for direct calcification from supragingival calculus samples.The study was conducted using supragingival calculus samples from patients with periodontal disease, which was required as part of conventional treatment. Isolations were performed by sampling the supragingival calculus with buffer and inoculating the samples on media on which crystallization could be observed. The 16S recombinant DNA of the obtained pure cultures was then amplified and sequenced.A few bacterial species that have not previously been associated with mineralization or identified on bacterial plaque or calculus were detected. The bacteria that caused mineralization an aerobic environment are identified as Neisseria flava, Aggregatibacter segnis, Streptococcus tigurinus, and Morococcus cerebrosus.These findings proved that bacteria potentially play a role in the etiopathology of supragingival calculus. The association between the effects of the identified bacteria on periodontal diseases and calculus formation requires further studies.

BAYDIN, AHMET/0000-0003-4987-0878 WOS: 000444369100009 PubMed: 30160160 INTRODUCTION: In this study, our aim was to evaluate clinical utilities of Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and Ischemia-modified Albumin (IMA) in diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and compare these two biomarkers with a conventional diagnostic marker, cardiac troponin I (cTnI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty adult patients with ACS diagnosis were involved into this prospective study. Additionally, 20 healthy subjects were determined as control group (Group IV). Patients were divided into 3 groups as follows: Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction (STEMI Group, n = 20, Group I), patients without ST elevation but with elevated cTnI levels (NSTEMI Group, n = 20, Group II), and patients with unstable angina pectoris (USAP Group, n = 20, Group III). Blood measurements were obtained for each marker at admission and in the 4th hour. RESULTS: Troponin level was significantly different between groups I and II at both admission and in the 4th hour. Additionally, PTX 3 level was significantly different at admission and 4th hour between groups II and III. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that cTnI is the most sensitive test in ACS diagnosis at the admission to Emergency Department. Our results also revealed that PTX 3 may be a useful diagnostic tool for ACS at admission, however, IMA alone cannot be used for diagnosis of ACS. Similarly, in the 4th hour, cTnI was found to be the most useful marker in ACS diagnosis, however, PTX 3 and IMA were found to be inadequate for diagnosis of ACS (Tab. 3, Ref. 19). Text in PDF www.elis.sk.

Objectives: To investigate the origin, prevalence, and possible effects of peroneus digiti quinti muscle (PDQ) on the fifth toe, to find out the variations of PDQ by determining the relationship between peroneus brevis muscle (PB) and PDQ, and to reveal its importance for the applications in foot and ankle surgery. Methods: This study was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey between September 2013 and June 2014. The study was a prospective dissection of cadaveric lower limbs. Twenty-five amputated lower limbs were stored in the freezer at -15°C. The legs were dissected; prevalence and variations of peroneus digiti quinti were investigated. Results: Peroneus digiti quinti muscle was found in 8 (32%) of 25 dissected lower limbs. However, 2 different tendon extensions were found at 3 (37.5%) of 8, and 5 (62.5%) of them were determined to have a single tendon. Conclusion: The incidence, dimensions, length, and insertions of peroneus digiti quinti are important in the evaluation and treatment of functional loss of the fifth toe, lateral foot deformities, and tendon problems behind the lateral malleolus of the ankle. Saudi Med J 2015; Vol. 36 (11): 1285-1289 doi: 10.15537/smj.2015.11.12657

Objective. With this study we aimed to research the effects of immunosuppressive drugs, their cumulative doses, and viral infections on development of malign tumors in patients who have undergone treatment for 5 years. Methods. We examined 100 patients who underwent renal transplantation from 2004 to 2009. Patients had mycophenolate mofetil and steroid in addition to cyclosporine, sirolimus, or tacrolimus as immunosuppressive treatment. For malignancy screening, physical examination, radiologic and endoscopic screening were done, and immunosuppressive drugs and their cumulative doses, age, sex, body mass index (BMI), dialysis history, and viral infection history were investigated. Results. The mean age of patients was 42.03 � 11.30 years. There were 1 colon cancer patient, 1 retroperitoneal liposarcoma, 1 renal oncocytoma, 3 Kaposi sarcoma patients treated with cyclosporine; in those treated with Tac there were 1 basal cell carcinoma, 1 Kaposi sarcoma, 2 thyroid carcinoma, 1 breast carcinoma, 1 bladder carcinoma, 1 renal cell carcinoma, and 1 colon carcinoma patients. The mean age of patients having carcinoma was statistically significant compared with those without cancer (P < .01). The prednisolone cumulative dose was significantly higher in carcinoma patients than in patients without carcinoma (P < .01). Results. The use of long-term chronic immunosuppressive therapy may increase the development of cancer. The risk of carcinoma increases with increasing drug dose and time period of the immunosuppressive drug. There was not a negative effect on cancer prevalence in patients with cyclosporine or tacrolimus. But the cumulative dose of steroids significantly increased malignancy occurence.

Introduction: Today, depletion of natural stocks and overfishing have led to an increase in demand of aquaculture. Consequently the rapid development of aquaculture has made fish meal and feed strategies very important. The most important issue in fish feeding is providing the biological requirements of fish in an enough and economical way. In order for the fish feeding principles to be understood sufficiently, first of all the relationship between the fish meal and fish must be known. In a way fish meal are substances which are digested, absorbed and used after being consumed by fish. When their origins are examined, it is seen that some of them are vegetal and animal origin Feeding strategies are great importance together the content of fish meal in aquaculture. Factors affecting the feeding of fish can be divided into two as internal and external. Internal factors are fish’s genetics, age, species and biology and external factors are light intensity, season, water temperature, type and amount of nutrient and changes in water criteria. Material and Methods: Fish nutrients and formulations are determined on the basis of each individual energy requirement and especially energy / protein ratios. If nutrient is insufficient in protein-bound energy, a proportional amount of protein will be used as energy for the development of tissues. Becouse of minerals are’nt synthesized by the organism like vitamins, they should be given daily in small quantities. One of the biggest expenses of businesses in aquaculture is fish meal. There are three basic features related to meal that is very important for the sector; precise determination of nutrient requirement of fisheries to be produced, selection of quality fish meal source, making fish meal with suitable methods. Discussion and Conclusion: The intensively sustainable development of aquaculture based on controlled feeding of fish, depends on the use of cultivated species at the highest level and protection of water quality. The main fact in fish feeding is how, when, how much and what nutrients are given in different species and breeding. For control of nutritional balance, suitable feeding and successful production, it is necessary to know the availability of raw materials and necessary nutrients, tastiness, digestibility and suitable physical characteristics of fish meal. In aquaculture there are important subjects as the fish meal should be followed, feeding times should be considered, the fish meal should be distributed evenly, the feeding technique should’nt be changed suddenly, the water temperature and diseases should be taken in care.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the relationship among the cerebrum, cerebellum and corpus callosum in migraine patients. Methods: This work was conducted with cooperation of the Turgut Özal Medical Faculty, Department of Anatomy and Neurology. Migraine patients were divided into four groups: new patients; 1-5 years; 5-10 years; and, more than 10 years. All patients (n=75) and control subjects (n=20) underwent Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and brain images were processed by ONIS and Image J. Data were analyzed using the planimetric method. Results: Cerebrum, cerebellum and corpus callosum volume were calculated for all subjects. The footprints of the callosum were as follows: healthy control subjects, new patients and 1-year patients: 12.8%, 5 years: 11.7% and more than 10 years: 10.7%. The cerebrum volume was as follows: healthy control subjects: 1152 cm3, 5-10 years: 1102 cm3 and more than 10 years: 1002 cm3. Discussion: The results of our study showed atrophy in the cerebrum, cerebellum and corpus callosum of chronic migraine patients. This atrophy was greater in the patients with aura migraines. Conclusion: Our study confirmed that a migraine is an episodic disease that seriously affects the CNS.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of the analgesic effect of diclofenac sodium injected epidurally in single or repeated doses and whether tolerance develops in long‑term use. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 rats were included in the study. The rats were anesthetized using intraperitoneal ketamine hydrochloride and an epidural catheter (EC) was inserted at the level of 13 th dorsal thoraco‑lumbar vertebrae (T13). Eleven rats were excluded from the study. The remaining 19 rats were randomly divided into three groups; Group Control (Group C) ( n = 6) received 20 μL normal saline solution (NS) via EC for 10 days; Group Single Dose (Group SD) ( n = 6) received 20 μL NS for 9 days and 6 μg diclofenac via EC on 10 th day; Group Ten Doses (Group TDs) ( n = 7) received 6 μg diclofenac via EC in 20 μL NS for 10 days. On the 10 th day, 30 min after epidural diclofenac sodium, 300 mg/kg of 3% acetic acid was injected via intraperitoneal route, and the rats were observed for 30 min and number of writhing reflex (WR) was recorded. Results: The values of total number of Writhing Reflex (WRT) and Writhing reflex per minute(WR/min) were found to be significantly higher in Group C compared with Groups SD and TD ( P = 0.009). Conclusion: Single and repeated doses of diclofenac sodium via epidural route have an analgesic effect in a visceral pain model in rats without developing tolerance. Keywords: Diclofenac sodium, epidural administration, visceral pain

This research highlights the use of poly(a- crylic acid) (PAAc) cryogels as a pH oscillator in oscilla- tory bromate-sulfite-ferrocyanide reactions. The cryogels were prepared from frozen aqueous solutions of acrylic acid monomer and N,N 0 -methylenebis(acrylamide) cross- linker at � 18 � C. Fast responsive macroporous PAAc cryo- gels were obtained at or below 4 w/v % initial monomer concentration. SEM images of PAAc cryogel networks exhibited a heterogeneous morphology consisting of pores of sizes 10 1 lm, typical for macroporous networks formed by the cryogelation technique. PAAc cryogels coupled with the bromate oscillator oscillate between swollen and collapsed states, during which a cyclic three-fold change in the gel volume was observed. The results show that, due to the fast response rate of cryogels, macroscopic gel samples can be used as a pH oscillator which would pro- vide generation of significant amount of mechanical energy. V C 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 118: 2981-2988, 2010

Self-burial of finite-length cylinders under pure oscillatory flow was studied with a large oscillating water-sediment tunnel (LOWST). Cylindrical models were placed on a 60 cm deep sandy bed and measurements of cylinder burial were made with the aid of video cameras. Thirty experiments were completed for a wide range of flow conditions to investigate burial due to scour of cylinders having length-to-diameter ratios between two and four. Experimental results showed a strong correlation between the Shields parameter and the equilibrium burial depth. On the other hand, the correlation between the equilibrium burial depth and the Keulegan-Carpenter number, commonly used to determine equilibrium scour depth of pipelines, was found to be less strong for the current case of short cylinders. Length-to-diameter ratio, density, and initial burial of the models were not found to influence the equilibrium burial depth. A time interval, necessary for burial initiation, was defined. The time scale for the burial of a cylindrical object was also identified and characterized by a semiempirical equation. Based on the observations, a new equation to estimate the burial of finite-length cylinders is advanced and a procedure to estimate the burial process is proposed.

Since Turkish apricot varieties are sensitive to Sclerotinia laxa, a hybridization programme was performed to get resistant hybrids with high economical value. 'Boccuccia', 'Ivonne Liverani', 'Nugget' and 'San Castrese' were used as pollinitors for 'Hacihaliloglu'. After artificial inoculation of one year old shoots, resistant types were selected. As a result of the evaluation of fruits characteristics for three years, some apricot hybrids were selected as promising in terms of dried and table apricot production.

The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical features and frequency and importance of related co-morbid disorders of social phobia in a clinical sample. Eighty-seven patients meeting DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for social phobia were studied. All patients were assessed by using a semi-structured socio-demographic form, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety. Sixty-eight (78.2%) of the group were male, 19 (21.8%) were female. The ages varied between 16–58 years, with a mean of 26.2 years (SD = 8.5). Fifty-one point seven percent of the subjects were assessed as having a co-morbid axis I disorder, of which 12.6% consisted of panic disorder and 10.3% agoraphobia. An additional axis II disorder had been found in 67.8% of the subjects, and 54.0% of them had been diagnosed as having avoidant personality disorder. The frequency of co-morbid disorders in our social phobic sample is lower than most of the studies in the literature. The interface between social phobia and avoidant personality disorder needs to be studied and discussed further.

Epilepsy is one of the most important central nervous system disorder and 1% of the total world population suffers from this disorder which require a chronic drug treatment. Most of the researchers suggested that excessive calcium entry into neurons is the main triggering event in the initiation of epileptic discharges but the role of L type calcium channels has not been clarified in absence epilepsy.In this study, it is aimed to investigate the antiepileptic effects of nifedipine, an L type calcium channel blocker and BAY K8644, an L type calcium channel opener in a genetic model of absence epilepsy in WAG/Rij rats.Thirty two WAG/Rij rats were allocated into four groups; sham (only saline injected), only nifedipine (an L type calcium channel blocker) injected group (40 µg/2 µl; 60 µg/2 µl; 80 µg/2 µl), only BAY K8644 (1,4 Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-trifluoromethyl- phenyl-3-pyridine carboxylic acid methyl ester) (L-type Ca2+-channel activator) injected group (40 µg/2 µl; 60 µg/2 µl; 80 µg/2 µl) and combination of their most effective doses BAY K8644 (60 µg/2 µl) after nifedipine (60 µg/2 µl) injected group. All agents were given by intracerebroventricular injection. The beta, alpha, theta and delta wave ratios of electroencephalogram recordings and the frequency and duration of SWDs (spike and wave discharges) were analyzed and compared between four groups.Nifedipine increased the number and duration of spike wave discharges whereas BAY K8644 decreased both of them. When BAY K8644 was given after nifedipine, there was no significant difference with control group.L type calcium channels play an activator role on spike wave discharges and have positive effects on the duration and frequency.

In this study we have correlated the frequency shifts of the acoustic modes to the volume changes by means of our γ-Gruneisen relations near the λ-phase transitions in NH 4 Cl. Using the acoustic frequencies and the length-change data for NH 4 Cl from the literature, we first calculated the Gruneisen gamma values for the LA modes along the 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 directions and for the TA mode along the 〈110〉 direction. We then predicted the acoustic mode frequencies across the λ-phase transitions in NH 4 Cl. Our calculated frequencies are in good agreement with the observed frequencies of those acoustic modes studied for the NH 4 Cl crystal. This indicates that our γ-Gruneisen relations are adequate for predicting the observed behaviour of NH 4 Cl near its λ-phase transitions.

Invasive meningococcal disease is a recognized public health problem worldwide, with a dynamic and changeable epidemiology. In Turkey, the second most common pathogenic meningococcal serogroup (after serogroup B) is W-135, including an epidemic in 2005, which has been strongly associated with Hajj pilgrims and their close contacts. In two studies conducted in 2010, we assessed meningococcal carriage in intending Turkish pilgrims to the Hajj when they attended to receive a plain polysaccharide vaccine against serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y and, upon their return, to determine the acquisition of meningococcal carriage by the pilgrims themselves and subsequently their household contacts. Nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from pilgrims before the Hajj and upon their return. Swabs were then obtained from 39 household contacts of pilgrims who were shown to have acquired carriage during the Hajj. Of the 472 pilgrims before the Hajj, 63 (13%) were positive for meningococcal carriage, of which 52 cases (83%) were serogroup W-135. In the 296 pilgrims tested after the Hajj, 81 (27%) were positive for meningococcal carriage, including 74 (91%) with W-135. In 11 family members of pilgrims who acquired W-135 carriage at the Hajj, 10 (91%) had acquired carriage of serogroup W-135. This study illustrates the acquisition of meningococcal carriage, predominantly of serogroup W-135 by pilgrims attending the Hajj, and the transmission of this carriage to their family members on their return, explaining the source of W-135 meningococcal disease in Turkey.

Objective The object of this study was to better define the relevant anatomy and innervation of the anterolateral abdominal wall musculature seeking to avoid abdominal wall complication after open donor nephrectomy. We dissected four cadavers and retrospectively assessed donor ultrasonographic imaging of anterolateral abdominal muscle atrophy after donor nephrectomy with a lumbotomy incision. Methods Anatomic study was performed on four cadavers using bilateral dissections. The 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th (subcostal) intercostal nerves were dissected from the intercostal space to the rectus sheath. With the experience gained from anatomic study, we performed 40 living donor incisions 1.5 to 2 cm medial to the tip of 12th rib, toward the lateral border of the rectus muscle and the umbilicus. Donors were invited to the hospital at 1 year postoperative to examine abdominal wall complications. Ultrasonography (USG) was performed to assess the thickness of the abdominal wall muscles bilaterally to ascertain whether there was atrophy. Results All distal intercostal nerves ran as multiple mixed segmental nerves, communicating with each other widely within the neurovascular plane. The thick 12th nerve was located at 1.5 to 2 cm medial and under the tip of the 12th rib, running to the suprapubic area. Postoperative USG confirmed that the mean percent thickness of the abdominal muscles of the operative side was not significantly different from the other side ( P Conclusion Most significant intercostal nerve contributions to the anterolateral abdominal wall arise from T12. Damage to the intercostal nerves will be minimal if the lombotomy incision is performed above the safe line between the tip of the 12th rib and the umblicus.

The management of nonunion following high tibial osteotomy by total knee replacement (TKR) has been reported previously. We have extended the treatment to embrace cases with an infected high tibial osteotomy by performing an initial debridement with a period of antibiotic treatment followed by TKR. We have reviewed the results of seven knees in six patients with a mean follow-up of 40.5 months (20 to 57) after the staged TKR. At the latest follow-up, all the pseudarthroses had healed and there had been no recurrence of infection. The mean Hospital for Special Surgery knee score improved from 51.2 (35 to 73) to a mean of 91.7 (84 to 98) at final review. Management of nonunion following high tibial osteotomy with a TKR can be extended to infected cases when treated in two stages with a debridement and antibiotic therapy prior to TKR.

Resume Le syndrome de Hennekam est caracterise par des lymphangiectasies intestinales, une dysmorphie faciale et une deficience mentale moderee. Huit cas ont ete rapportes a ce jour. Observation Une fillette âgee de 17 mois a consulte pour des odemes generalises. L'enfant avait un developpement psychomoteur normal. Outre des œdemes generalises, elle presentait une dysmorphie caracterisee par un visage et une racine nasale plats, des fissures palpebrales antimongoloides, un hypertelorisme, un epicanthus, une pointe nasale bulbeuse, une petite bouche et des oreilles bas implantees. On observait egalement un pli palmaire unique et des hemangiomes sur l'avant-bras droit, le tronc et la jambe gauche. Il n'y avait pas d'organomegalie. Le bilan biologique montrait une anemie ferriprive, une hypoprotidemie, une hypo-gammaglobulinemie et une augmentation de l'excretion d'alpha-1-antitrypsine dans les selles. L'examen endoscopique et les biopsies intestinales ont confirme le diagnostic de lymphangiectasies intestinales. L'enfant a beneficie d'une nutrition enterale des 24 heures avec un regime riche en triglycerides a chaine moyenne et de perfusions d'albumine humaine. Conclusion A propos de ce cas, nous avons voulu rappeler le syndrome de Hennekam, qui se caracterise par l'association de lymphangiectasies intestinales et d'une dysmorphie faciale.

A major concern in sensor networks is to reduce the data traffic and the energy consumption to extend the lifetime of the network. In this regard, radio transmission is the dominant factor in energy consumption. Therefore, the routing policy has a significant impact on the overall lifespan of the sensor network. For instance, pure multi-hop routing, e.g., tree-based routing, has the drawback that nodes closest to the data collection point (sink node) consume their energy and die first. In this paper, we propose an opportunistic routing mechanism that aims to extend network lifespan by balancing energy consumption. Our approach distributes the power consumption in the network by altering the communication range when applicable. Our experiment results suggest significant improvements when compared to tree-based routing pure multihoping and LEACH based routing.

To estimate the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in an urban area in Izmir, Turkey.The study was conducted in the Balcova and Narlidere districts of Izmir and a total of 2,887 people aged 20 years or older were contacted with a 98.2% acceptance rate. Nine medical doctors administered an RA questionnaire by face-to-face interview. Subjects reporting a history of swelling in at least 2 joints lasting more than 4 continuous weeks or a history of a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory joint rheumatism or joint rheumatism were considered as screening positive and they were invited to come in for an examination. RA cases were defined by the 1987 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria modifiedfor use in population studies.A total of 301 subjects (243 women, 58 men), or 10.6% of those who received the questionnaire were screening positive. 240 (79.7%) of these agreed to undergo a clinical examination either in the clinic or at home. Among these, 14 (12 female, 2 male) patients fulfilled the ACR criteria for RA. The prevalence of RA was 0.49% (95% CI 0.27-0.83) in the total population interviewed, 0.77% (95% CI 0.40-1.35) in women and 0.15% (95%CI 0.02-0.60) in men. The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence for the general population was estimated as 0.36%. Five of the 14 RA (36%) cases had not been diagnosed previouslyThese data are consistent with the results of other Mediterranean countries. A significant proportion of RA cases remain undiagnosed in the community.

Background. This study aimed to detect if intrathecal (i.t.) ropivacaine and levobupivacaine provided anaesthesia (satisfactory analgesia and muscular relaxation) and postoperative analgesia of similar quality to bupivacaine in patients undergoing Caesarean section. Methods. Ninety parturients were enrolled. A combined spinal-epidural technique was used. Patients were randomly assigned to receive one of the following isobaric i.t. solutions: bupivacaine 8 mg (n=30), levobupivacaine 8 mg (n=30), or ropivacaine 12 mg (n=30), all combined with sufentanil 2.5 mug. An i.t. solution was considered effective if an upper sensory level to pinprick of T4 or above was achieved and if intraoperative epidural supplementation was not required. Sensory changes and motor changes were recorded. Results. Anaesthesia was effective in 97, 80, and 87% of patients in the bupivacaine 8 mg, levobupivacaine 8 mg, and ropivacaine 12 mg groups, respectively. Bupivacaine 8 mg was associated with a significantly superior success rate to that observed in the levobupivacaine group (P

To determine and compare the effectiveness of octreotide, mitomycine-C and corticosteroids on wound-healing reaction after glaucoma surgery.A full thickness scleral trephination was carried out by the same surgeon on tour groups of six rabbits. A sponge soaked in mytomicine-C was applied subconjunctivally in group 1 before trephination. Group 2 received corticosteroid drops tid topically for 14 days. Group 3 received subcutaneous octreotide injections tid for 14 days. The control group (group 4) was not given any drug that may interfere with wound healing. All groups received gentamycine drops tid for seven days. The rabbits were Sacrificed on the fourteenth day and the trephination area with overlying conjunctiva was excised. The samples were prefixed with glutaraldehyde, dehydrated and embedded in Araldite Cy 212. Ten semithin sections stained with toluidin blue were analysed for each group. Fibroblast and macrophage counts were performed on the surgical site and subconjunctival area.Intensive fibroblastic activity, increased number of vessels and active macrophages were observed only in group 4. The fibroblast and macrophage densities in this group were significantly higher than the other three groups in which wound healing was modulated (p0.001). Mean number of fibroblasts in group 1 was also significantly less than the ones of groups 2 and 3 (p0.01). Macrophage densities were similar in groups 1, 2 and 3. No statistical significance was found between groups 2 and 3 by means of fibroblast and macrophage densities.Octreotide reduced wound-healing reaction in a similar fashion to corticosteroids or mitomycine-C. These initial results seem promising.