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Aim: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of insulin Aspart-Mix biosimilar candidate GP40081 (GP-Asp30) compared with NovoMix ® 30 (NN-Asp30). Materials & methods: In a randomized open-label, active-controlled, 26-week non-inferiority clinical trial 264 patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized 1:1 to receive once-daily GP-Asp30 or NN-Asp30. The primary safety end point was the immune response rate. Efficacy outcomes were a mean change in HbA1c (primary), frequency of achieving a glycemic g fasting plasma glucose levels, 7-point glucose profiles, and insulin doses. Results: The immune response developed in 10/126 (8%) participants in the GP-Asp30 group and in 10/125 (8%) participants in the NN-Asp30 group (p = 1.000). The mean difference in HbA1c change between groups was 0.12 (95%CI [-0.14, 0.38]). Other secondary efficacy and safety outcomes weren't statistically different between the two groups. Conclusion: GP-Asp30 demonstrated similar safety and efficacy compared with NN-Asp30 and may be considered a biosimilar insulin.

In a study of the effects of cobra cardiotoxins on myocardial tissue, both right ventricular (papillary muscle) and left ventricular contractility (isovolumic recording of left ventricular pulse pressure during Langendorff perfusion of the heart) were assessed. In papillary muscle, both toxins, at a concentration of 5 μg/mL, caused short-term increases in contractility to 200±25% and 171±15% for CTX-1 and CTX-2, respectively, at the point of maximum effect. At the same time, for CTX-1 and CTX-2, the time to peak tension (TPT) increased from 104±2 to 111±2 and from 96±2 to 104±5 ms, the relaxation time to 50%(TR50%) from 64±4 to 70±6 and from 64±6 to 69±7 ms, and the relaxation time to 95%(TR95%) from 163±10 to 190±22 and from 148±16 to 155±20 ms, respectively. This significantly differs from the positive inotropic effect of the β-adrenomimetic isoproterenol (170±31%), which causes acceleration of TPT from 106±5 to 89±4 ms, TR50% from 58±6 to 43±4 ms, and TR95% from 145±15 to 90±14 ms. When the whole heart was exposed to cardiotoxins, an increase in contractility was also observed, followed by its suppression and contracture, in contrast to isoproterenol, which caused a steady increase in contractility coupled with an increase in heart rate. Pretreatment of papillary muscles with the β-blocker propranolol (10 μM) did not prevent the development of cardiotoxin effects, but completely blocked the effects of isoproterenol. Our data indicate that the temporary increase in contractility under the action of cardiotoxins is not associated with the release of endogenous adrenaline, but rather is caused by changes in calcium homeostasis in cardiomyocytes.

Full list of authors: Jorstad, S. G.; Marscher, A. P.; Raiteri, C. M.; Villata, M.; Weaver, Z. R.; Zhang, H.; Dong, L.; Gomez, J. L.; Perel, M., V; Savchenko, S. S.; Larionov, V. M.; Carosati, D.; Chen, W. P.; Kurtanidze, O. M.; Marchini, A.; Matsumoto, K.; Mortari, F.; Aceti, P.; Acosta-Pulido, J. A.; Andreeva, T.; Apolonio, G.; Arena, C.; Arkharov, A.; Bachev, R.; Bonnoli, G.; Borman, G. A.; Bozhilov, V; Carnerero, M., I; Damljanovic, G.; Ehgamberdiev, S. A.; Elsasser, D.; Frasca, A.; Gabellini, D.; Grishina, T. S.; Gupta, A. C.; Hagen-Thorn, V. A.; Hallum, M. K.; Hart, M.; Hasuda, K.; Hemrich, F.; Hsiao, H. Y.; Ibryamov, S.; Irsmambetova, T. R.; Ivanov, D., V; Joner, M. D.; Kimeridze, G. N.; Klimanov, S. A.; Knoett, J.; Kopatskaya, E. N.; Kurtanidze, S. O.; Kurtenkov, A.; Kuutma, T.; Larionova, E. G.; Leonini, S.; Lin, H. C.; Lorey, C.; Mannheim, K.; Marino, G.; Minev, M.; Mirzaqulov, D. O.; Morozova, D. A.; Nikiforova, A. A.; Nikolashvili, M. G.; Ovcharov, E.; Papini, R.; Pursimo, T.; Rahimov, I; Reinhart, D.; Sakamoto, T.; Salvaggio, F.; Semkov, E.; Shakhovskoy, D. N.; Sigua, L. A.; Steineke, R.; Stojanovic, M.; Strigachev, A.; Troitskaya, Y., V; Troitskiy, I. S.; Tsai, A.; Valcheva, A.; Vasilyev, A. A.; Vince, O.; Waller, L.; Zaharieva, E.; Chatterjee, R., Blazars are active galactic nuclei (AGN) with relativistic jets whose non-thermal radiation is extremely variable on various timescales1,2,3. This variability seems mostly random, although some quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs), implying systematic processes, have been reported in blazars and other AGN. QPOs with timescales of days or hours are especially rare4 in AGN and their nature is highly debated, explained by emitting plasma moving helically inside the jet5, plasma instabilities6,7 or orbital motion in an accretion disc7,8. Here we report results of intense optical and γ-ray flux monitoring of BL Lacertae (BL Lac) during a dramatic outburst in 2020 (ref. 9). BL Lac, the prototype of a subclass of blazars10, is powered by a 1.7 × 108 MSun (ref. 11) black hole in an elliptical galaxy (distance = 313 megaparsecs (ref. 12)). Our observations show QPOs of optical flux and linear polarization, and γ-ray flux, with cycles as short as approximately 13 h during the highest state of the outburst. The QPO properties match the expectations of current-driven kink instabilities6 near a recollimation shock about 5 parsecs (pc) from the black hole in the wake of an apparent superluminal feature moving down the jet. Such a kink is apparent in a microwave Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) image. © 2022 Springer Nature Limited., The research reported here is based on work supported in part by US National Science Foundation grants AST-2108622 and AST-2107806, and NASA Fermi GI grants 80NSSC20K1567, 80NSSC21K1917 and 80NSSC21K1951; by Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia under contract FR-19-6174; by the Bulgarian National Science Fund of the Ministry of Education and Science under grants DN 18-10/2017, DN 18-13/2017, KP-06-H28/3 (2018), KP-06-H38/4 (2019) and KP-06-KITAJ/2 (2020), and by National RI Roadmap Project D01-383/18.12.2020 of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Bulgaria; by JSPS KAKENHI grant #19K03930 of Japan; by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract 451-03-9/2021-14/200002) and observing grant support from the Institute of Astronomy and Rozhen NAO BAS through the bilateral joint research project ‘Gaia Celestial Reference Frame (CRF) and fast variable astronomical objects’; by the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) through contracts I/037/08/0, I/058/10/0, 2014-025-R.0, 2014-025-R.1.2015 and 2018-24-HH.0 to the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF). H.Z. is supported by the NASA Postdoctoral Program at Goddard Space Flight Center, administered by ORAU. M.V.P. is partially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research grant 20-02-00490. G.B. acknowledges support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the ‘Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa’ award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709) and from the Spanish ‘Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacíon’ (MICINN) through grant PID2019-107847RB-C44. M.D.J. thanks the Brigham Young University Department of Physics and Astronomy for continued support of the extragalactic monitoring programme under way at the West Mountain Observatory. R.C. thanks ISRO for support under the AstroSat archival data utilization programme and BRNS for support through a project grant (sanction no. 57/14/10/2019-BRNS). The measurements at the Hans Haffner Observatory, Hettstadt, Germany, were supported by Baader Planetarium, Mammendorf, Germany. This study was based (in part) on observations conducted using the 1.8-m Perkins Telescope Observatory (PTO) in Arizona, USA, which is owned and operated by Boston University. These results made use of the Lowell Discovery Telescope (LDT) at Lowell Observatory. Lowell Observatory is a private, non-profit institution dedicated to astrophysical research and public appreciation of astronomy, and operates the LDT in partnership with Boston University, the University of Maryland and the University of Toledo. This paper is partly based on observations made with the IAC-80 operated on the island of Tenerife by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias in the Spanish Observatorio del Teide and on observations made with the LCOGT telescopes, one of whose nodes is located at the Observatorios de Canarias del IAC on the island of Tenerife in the Observatorio del Teide. This paper is partly based on observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope, owned in collaboration by the University of Turku and Aarhus University, and operated jointly by Aarhus University, the University of Turku and the University of Oslo, representing Denmark, Finland and Norway, the University of Iceland and Stockholm University at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma, Spain, of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. The VLBA is an instrument of the NRAO, USA. The NRAO is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.

Objective: to measure the serum TSH level in hospitalized patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19.Material and methods: this was a retrospective study at Almazov National Medical Research Centre enrolled 133 hospitalized COVID-19 patients without known thyroid disorders. Clinical data, biochemical parameters (TSH, 25(OH)D, C-reactive protein, Lactate dehydrogenase and Ferritin), fi ndings of chest computed tomography (CT) imaging as well as obtained corticosteroids therapy were analyzed.Results: the median TSH level at the 1st-2nd day of hospitalization and at the 9-10th day was 1,15 mIU/L [0, 76; 1, 8] and 1,04 mIU/L [0,7; 1,78] respectively. Th e initial level of TSH Conclusions: in case of alteration in the serum TSH level it is necessary to take into account the personal history of thyroid disorders. Th e level of thyroid hormones and autoimmune markers as well as thyroid ultrasound results may be useful in clinical interpretation of thyroidal insults during and aft er COVID-19. Th e hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis may also be aff ected by drugs used to treat COVID-19.

Insulin aspart is a short-acting insulin analogue that is used to control postprandial glycemia levels in diabetic patients. The aim of this clinical trial was to compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of GP40071 (GP-Asp) and NovoRapid Penfill (Novo-Asp) in a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC). This trial was conducted as a part of a GP40071 biosimilar clinical development program. This was a phase I randomized, double-blind, two-period crossover study. Twenty-six healthy male volunteers aged 18 to 45 years who met the inclusion criteria underwent the procedure of an HEC following a single subcutaneous injection of 0.3 IU/kg of either GP-Asp or Novo-Asp into the abdomen. After doses, plasma glucose levels were monitored every 5 minutes for 8 hours. The adjustment of the glucose infusion rate (GIR) was based on the blood glucose measurements. The GIR values were used to evaluate the PD profiles of the studied drugs. Regular blood sampling was performed during the study to obtain sufficient pharmacokinetic data. The 90% confidence intervals for the geometric mean ratios of the pharmacokinetic (AUC

The article is devoted to the problem of the rapid growth of number of illegal migrants smuggled into the United Kingdom after the end of its exit from the European Union (Brexit, 31 December 2020) – during the transition period (1 February – 31 December 2020) and in the first part of 2021. The topic of illegal migration into the UK during its withdrawal from the EU (Brexit, 29 March 2017–31 December 2020) is considered in the article to the extent that it helps to highlight the different facets of the main subject of the research. Scrutinizing the genesis of the problem of illegal migration in the United Kingdom from 2003 to 2021, the article shows that the rapid rise of the migrants’ smugglings across the English Channel in small boats in 2020 – the first part of 2021 has become the challenge for the country. The termination of Great Britain’s membership in the European Union and the COVID 19 pandemic are regarded as the main reasons for it. The author enumerates actions made by the Boris Johnson’s cabinet which aimed at creating new legal framework for readmission of illegal migrants by the EU countries after the end of the transition period. The article pays attention to the strengthening of Anglo-French boarder cooperation as a way to cope with the transfer of illegal migrants to the UK. The creation of new British immigration law after the transition period is seen as a method of struggling with gangs of smugglers and as a means to curb rising influx of illegal migrants. The article considers the dependence of public and social security from tackling of illegal immigration as a source of the Islamist terrorism activity in the country. The author answers the question about the perspectives of the migrant transfer to Great Britain in the nearest future.

The article is devoted to the problem of ensuring the UK energy security since the 90s of the 20th century to the date (June 23, 2016) of referendum on the UK exit from the European Union (Brexit). The problem is considered in its evolution: from the moment of its emergence during the conservative government of John Major, via the attempts to define the different aspects of the problem and to outline ways to solve it by labour cabinets of Tony Blair (1997–2007) and Gordon Brown (2007–2010), and up to formulating the notion of ‘energy security’ and making concrete steps to strengthen the UK energy security during David Cameron – Nick Clegg coalition cabinet (2010–2015) and the conservative cabinet of David Cameron (2015–2016). The problem is scrutinized with the help of vast number of the official documents and White Papers on energy policy of British governments, the UK Ministry of Energy and Climate Change and the Foreign Office. The article shows that the problem of reducing greenhouse gases emissions as an important part of the international efforts for containment of global climate changes is one of the main challenges for the UK energy security and the key driving force behind diversification of the British energy sector. The author considers the rising dependence of the UK economic development, the prosperity of British consumers and industry on the guaranteed, affordable, secure supply of fossil fuels from the unstable countries of the world as the second important challenge in strengthening the UK energy security. The transition of the United Kingdom’s energy balance towards rapid implementation of the low-carbon technologies (the nuclear power and the renewable energy sources [RES]) is seen in the article as the way to meet two above-mentioned challenges and to strengthen the UK energy security.

The results of the study on the comparative assessment of different tillage methods in the field crop rotation with different levels of mineral nutrition (N30P30 and N60P30 kg of active ingredient/ ha) are presented. The experiment was carried out on low-humus low-carbonate chernozem of the forest-steppe zone of Eastern Trans-Baikal Territory in 2012–2014. The zoned variety of Buryatskaya-79 spring wheat, and Metis oat variety were used for sowing. Low-cost methods of soil tillage were studied, providing for the preservation and improvement of soil fertility, an increase in the productivity of grain and fodder crops, and a decrease in material and energy costs. Replacement of the basic tillage with a PN-4-35 plow with a ring roller in the third and fourth crop rotation fields by surface tillage with a Stepnyak-7.4 cultivator and direct sowing on the stubble with a PPM Ob4-ZT seeder when applying mineral fertilizers at a rate of N60P30 kg of active ingredient/ha had a positive effect on the condition of the soil. The following indicators of soil fertility were achieved: structural coefficient 1.28–1.38, organic matter content 3.15–3.33%, productive moisture content in the 0–50 cm layer 29.2–31.8 mm, the release of carbon dioxide 1.810–1.969 kg per 1 hour, the content of Р2О5 in the 0–20 cm layer 71–96 mg/kg of soil, the content of K2O – 57–82 mg/kg of soil. An increase in the yield of oat grain of 0.16–0.21 t/ha, the green mass of annual grasses of 3.44.0 t/ha, the collection of feed units of 0.32–0.34 t/ha, a reduction in the cost of fuel and lubricants by 31.2-36.4%, and an increase in profitability by 25.0–40.3% were achieved.

The results of field and laboratory studies on the cultivation of triticale mixed with high-protein crops are presented. The study was carried out during the period of 2015-2017 on meadow chernozem mealy-carbonate soil, light loam by granulometric composition, in the forest-steppe zone of Trans-Baikal Territory. The assessment of triticale in single-species and mixed crops for adaptability to growing conditions and yield is given. Economically valuable traits of these crops are shown. The possibility of increasing the yield and feed qualities of agrocenoses by sowing triticale with highprotein crops was established. On average, over the years of research, mixed crops outperformed single-species triticale agrocenoses in terms of yield and feed quality, green mass by 1.6-1.9 times, digestible protein by 2.6-3.7 times. In mixed crops, triticale with fodder beans provided the best results, the yield of green mass was 40.5 t/ha, dry matter – 5.70 t/ha, feed units – 4.67 t/ha, digestible protein – 785 kg/ha, exchange energy – 57.6 GJ/ha, availability of digestible protein per one feed unit – 168 g. Triticale crops mixed with fodder beans increased productivity compared with singlespecies crops in terms of green mass yield by 1.3-1.9 times, dry matter by 1.4-1.9 times, feed units by 1.4-2.0 times, gross energy by 1.5-2.0 times. All crops are resistant to drought and lodging. The absence of pest and disease infestation in triticale was noted.

Analyzing self-similar processes in various fields requires fast and efficient processing of large amounts of data. The frequency and time scalability of self-similar processes require analysis over multiple time periods. Thus it is necessary to develop effective methods of data aggregation. The paper considers the hierarchical organization of time series and multidimensional aggregation based on a graph. The effectiveness of the proposed aggregation methods and their applicability to the analysis of self-similar processes in various fields are evaluated.

The results of research (2016-2018) into productivity, adaptability and nutritional value of poaceous crops (forage millet, Sudan grass) and legumes (fodder beans, spring vetch, garden peas) are presented and analyzed. The research was conducted on meadow chernozem mealy-carbonate soil, light loam by granulometric composition, in the forest-steppe zone of Trans-Baikal Territory. Agricultural technology used for fodder crop cultivation was common for this area. The objects of the research were legumes (Sibirskiye forage beans, Novosibirskaya spring vetch, Holik garden peas), and poaceous varieties (Bystroe forage millet, Novosibirskaya 84 Sudan grass). The experimental work was carried out in accordance with the generally accepted guidelines for field experiments. All the forage crops under study have formed a fairly high productivity: the yield of green mass was 13.0-18.2 t/ha, dry matter – 2.6-3.2, feed units – 2.2-2.7 t/ha, digestible protein – 220-567 kg/ha, gross energy – 26.5-32.2 GJ/ha, with availability of digestible protein 100-210 g per one feed unit. Among leguminous crops, spring vetch and fodder beans had an advantage with the green mass yield of 13.3-15.0 t/ha, the amount of dry matter of 3.1-3.2, feed units of 2.6-2.7 t/ha, digestible protein 494–567 kg/ha, gross energy 32.0–32.2 GJ/ha, with availability of digestible protein of 190–210 g per one feed unit. Garden peas were inferior to spring vetch and fodder beans in yield by 2.3-13.3%, dry matter – by 9.6-12.5, feed units – by 3.8-7.4, digestible protein – by 4.9-17.1, gross energy – by 8.1–8.7%. Among poaceous crops, agrocenoses of Sudan grass had an advantage in productivity and nutritional value. They formed the yield of green mass 18.2 t/ha, the amount of dry matter 3.1, feed units 2.5 t/ha, digestible protein 300 kg/ha, gross energy 31.3 GJ/ha, with availability of digestible protein of 120 g per one feed unit. Fodder millet was inferior to Sudan grass in all respects by 12.0–26.7%, respectively.

The possibility of increasing the yield of fodder-grain crops in single-species agrocenoses to provide livestock with nutritious highquality feed was studied. The results of field and laboratory studies (2016–2018) on the cultivation of traditional (barley, oats, spring and winter rye) and uncommon fodder crops (triticale, corn) sown as single crops in the forest-steppe zone of Trans-Baikal Territory are presented. The objects of the research were the following recognized varieties of the crops under study: local winter rye Zhitkinskaya, spring rye Onokhoyskaya, oats Metis, barley Anna, triticale Ukro, corn hybrid Obsky 150 CB. The experiment was conducted on meadow chernozem mealy-carbonate soil (light loam by particle size distribution). Poaceous fodder crops were assessed in terms of their adaptability to growing conditions, yield and nutritional value of grain. Their economically valuable characteristics were shown. On average over the years of research, when cultivating traditional and uncommon poaceous crops for fodder grain in single-crop sowings, triticale and corn had an advantage. The grain yield in the experiment was 3.0-5.8 t/ha, collection of fodder units – 3.39-6.13 t/ha, digestible protein 287-494 kg/ha, gross energy – 34.7-60.5 GJ/ha, availability of digestible protein – 85–77 g per one feed unit. Traditional crops were inferior to uncommon crops in terms of grain yield by 0.5-3.3 t/ ha, (on average for the variants of the experiment), feed units – by 0.99-3.73 t/ha, digestible protein – by 85-292 kg/ha, gross energy – by 0.99–35.7 GJ/ha.

The results of field and laboratory research for 2015–2017 are presented and analyzed on the cultivation of traditional and uncommon poaceous crops. Recognized varieties of barley, oats, and millet were studied in single-crop sowings and intercropped with a high-protein cabbage crop – oilseed radish. The research was conducted on meadow chernozem mealy-carbonate soil in the forest-steppe zone of Trans-Baikal Territory. Agricultural technology used for fodder crop cultivation was common for this area. The objects of the research were the following varieties: barley Anna, oats Metis, millet Bystroe, oilseed radish Tambovchanka. The experimental work was carried out in accordance with the generally accepted guidelines for field experiments. Poaceous crops and oilseed radish were assessed in terms of their adaptability to growing conditions and their economically valuable characteristics that ensure sustainable production of high-energy feed. In multi-crop agrocenoses of poaceous crops and oilseed radish, the yield increased and the quality of feed raw material improved. The best results of multi-crop sowings were achieved by oats and millet intercropped with oilseed radish. The yield of green mass was 38.8-39.7 t/ha, dry matter content – 4.88-4.90 t/ha, digestible protein – 810820 kg/ha, and gross energy – 46.3-52.2 GJ/ha with availability of digestible protein – 180-186 g per one feed unit. Multi-crop sowings of oats and millet with radish oilseed are more productive than single-crop poaceous agrocenoses in feed units by 1.5-1.7 times, digestible protein by 2.9-3.3 times, gross energy by 1.2-1.6 times, with 10.5-10.7 MJ of exchangeable energy in one kilogram of dry matter.

Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) (Greifswald, Germany) is an advanced stellarator, which uses the modular coil concept to realize a magnetic configuration optimized for fusion-relevant plasma properties. The magnet system of the machine allows a variation of the rotational transform (iota) at the boundary. In the latest W7-X operational phase a dedicated configuration scan has been performed varying the rotational transform between magnetic configurations with iota = 5/4 and iota = 5/5 at the boundary. This paper presents an overview of the experiments and of the main results with respect to confinement and stability. The main observation is an increase of the plasma energy in several intermediate configurations of the scan when the 5/5-islands are close to the plasma boundary but still inside the last-closed-flux-surface. In addition, these configurations showed marked MHD-activity with a crashing behavior related to the 5/5-islands. The corresponding mode amplitude was correlated with the size of the internal 5/5 islands.

We present recent highlights from the most recent operation phases of Wendelstein 7-X, the most advanced stellarator in the world. Stable detachment with good particle exhaust, low impurity content, and energy confinement times exceeding 100 ms, have been maintained for tens of seconds. Pellet fueling allows for plasma phases with reduced ion-temperature-gradient turbulence, and during such phases, the overall confinement is so good (energy confinement times often exceeding 200 ms) that the attained density and temperature profiles would not have been possible in less optimized devices, since they would have had neoclassical transport losses exceeding the heating applied in W7-X. This provides proof that the reduction of neoclassical transport through magnetic field optimization is successful. W7-X plasmas generally show good impurity screening and high plasma purity, but there is evidence of longer impurity confinement times during turbulence-suppressed phases. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 and 2019-2020 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. Peer Reviewed Article signat per 497 autors/es: Thomas Sunn Pedersen1,2,∗ , I. Abramovic3, P. Agostinetti4, M. Agredano Torres1, S. Äkäslompolo1, J. Alcuson Belloso1, P. Aleynikov1, K. Aleynikova1, M. Alhashimi1, A. Ali1, N. Allen5, A. Alonso6, G. Anda7, T. Andreeva1, C. Angioni8, A. Arkhipov8, A. Arnold1, W. Asad8, E. Ascasibar6, M.-H. Aumeunier9, K. Avramidis10, E. Aymerich11, S.-G. Baek3, J. Bähner1, A. Baillod12, M. Balden1, M. Balden8, J. Baldzuhn1, S. Ballinger3, M. Banduch1, S. Bannmann1, A. Banon Navarro8, A. Bañon Navarro ´ 1, T. Barbui13, C. Beidler1, C. Belafdil9, A. Bencze7, A. Benndorf1, M. Beurskens1, C. Biedermann1, O. Biletskyi14, B. Blackwell15, M. Blatzheim1, T. Bluhm1, D. Böckenhoff1, G. Bongiovi16, M. Borchardt1, D. Borodin17, J. Boscary8, H. Bosch1,18, T. Bosmann19, B. Böswirth8, L. Böttger1, A. Bottino8, S. Bozhenkov1, R. Brakel1, C. Brandt1, T. Bräuer1, H. Braune1, S. Brezinsek17, K. Brunner1, S. Buller1, R. Burhenn1, R. Bussiahn1, B. Buttenschön1, A. Buzás7, V. Bykov1, I. Calvo6, K. Camacho Mata1, I. Caminal20, B. Cannas11, A. Cappa6, A. Carls1, F. Carovani1, M. Carr21, D. Carralero6, B. Carvalho22, J. Casas20, D. Castano-Bardawil17, F. Castejon6, N. Chaudhary1, I. Chelis23, A. Chomiczewska24, J.W. Coenen13,17, M. Cole1, F. Cordella25, Y. Corre9, K. Crombe26, G. Cseh7, B. Csillag7, H. Damm1, C. Day10, M. de Baar27, E. De la Cal6, S. Degenkolbe1, A. Demby13, S. Denk3, C. Dhard1, A. Di Siena8,28, A. Dinklage12, T. Dittmar17, M. Dreval14, M. Drevlak1, P. Drewelow1, P. Drews17, D. Dunai7, E. Edlund3, F. Effenberg29, G. Ehrke1, M. Endler1, D.A. Ennis5, F.J. Escoto6, T. Estrada6, E. Fable8, N. Fahrenkamp1, A. Fanni11, J. Faustin1, J. Fellinger1, Y. Feng1, W. Figacz4, E. Flom13, O. Ford1, T. Fornal24, H. Frerichs13, S. Freundt1, G. Fuchert1, M. Fukuyama30, F. Füllenbach1, G. Gantenbein10, Y. Gao1, K. Garcia13, J.M. García Regaña6, I. García-Cortés6, J. Gaspar31, D.A. Gates29, J. Geiger1, B. Geiger13, L. Giudicotti32, A. González6, A. Goriaev26,33, D. Gradic1, M. Grahl1, J.P. Graves12, J. Green13, E. Grelier9, H. Greuner8, S. Groß1, H. Grote1, M. Groth34, M. Gruca24, O. Grulke1,35, M. Grün1, J. Guerrero Arnaiz1, S. Günter8, V. Haak1, M. Haas1, P. Hacker1, A. Hakola36, A. Hallenbert1, K. Hammond29, X. Han17,37, S.K. Hansen3, J.H. Harris38, H. Hartfuß1, D. Hartmann1, D. Hathiramani1, R. Hatzky8, J. Hawke39, S. Hegedus7, B. Hein8, B. Heinemann8, P. Helander12, S. Henneberg1, U. Hergenhahn8,40, C. Hidalgo6, F. Hindenlang8, M. Hirsch1, U. Höfel1, K.P. Hollfeld17, A. Holtz1, D. Hopf8, D. Höschen17, M. Houry9, J. Howard19, X. Huang41, M. Hubeny17, S. Hudson29, K. Ida9, Y. Igitkhanov10, V. Igochine8, S. Illy10, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser42, M. Isobe39, M. Jabłczynska ´ 24, S. Jablonski24, B. Jagielski1, M. Jakubowski1, A. Jansen van Vuuren1, J. Jelonnek10, F. Jenko8, F. Jenko8, T. Jensen35, H. Jenzsch1, P. Junghanns8, J. Kaczmarczyk24, J. Kallmeyer1, U. Kamionka1, M. Kandler8, S. Kasilov43, Y. Kazakov26, D. Kennedy1, A. Kharwandikar1, M. Khokhlov1, C. Kiefer8, C. Killer1, A. Kirschner17, R. Kleiber1, T. Klinger12, S. Klose1, J. Knauer1, A. Knieps17, F. Köchl44, G. Kocsis7, Ya.I. Kolesnichenko45, A. Könies1, R. König1, J. Kontula34, P. Kornejew1, J. Koschinsky, M.M. Kozulia14, A. Krämer-Flecken17, R. Krampitz1, M. Krause1, N. Krawczyk24, T. Kremeyer1, L. Krier10, D.M. Kriete5, M. Krychowiak1, I. Ksiazek46, M. Kubkowska24, M. Kuczynski1, G. Kühner1, A. Kumar15, T. Kurki-Suonio34, S. Kwak1, M. Landreman47, P.T. Lang8, A. Langenberg1, H.P. Laqua12, H. Laqua1, R. Laube1, S. Lazerson1, M. Lewerentz1, C. Li17, Y. Liang17, Ch. Linsmeier17, J. Lion1, A. Litnovsky17,48, S. Liu37, J. Lobsien1, J. Loizu12, J. Lore38, A. Lorenz1, U. Losada6, F. Louche26, R. Lunsford29, V. Lutsenko45, M. Machielsen12, F. Mackel8, J. Maisano-Brown3, O. Maj8, D. Makowski49, G. Manduchi50, E. Maragkoudakis6, O. Marchuk17, S. Marsen1, E. Martines4, J. Martinez-Fernandez6, M. Marushchenko1, S. Masuzaki41, D. Maurer5, M. Mayer8, K.J. McCarthy6, O. Mccormack4, P. McNeely1, H. Meister8, B. Mendelevitch8, S. Mendes1, A. Merlo1, A. Messian26, A. Mielczarek49, O. Mishchenko1, B. Missal1, R. Mitteau9, V.E. Moiseenko14, A. Mollen1, V. Moncada9, T. Mönnich1, T. Morisaki41, D. Moseev1, G. Motojima41, S. Mulas6, M. Mulsow1, M. Nagel1, D. Naujoks1, V. Naulin35, T. Neelis19, H. Neilson29, R. Neu8, O. Neubauer17, U. Neuner1, D. Nicolai17, S.K. Nielsen35, H. Niemann1, T. Nishiza1, T. Nishizawa1, T. Nishizawa8, C. Nührenberg1, R. Ochoukov8, J. Oelmann17, G. Offermanns17 K. Ogawa41, S. Okamura41, J. Ölmanns17, J. Ongena26, J. Oosterbeek1, M. Otte1, N. Pablant29, N. Panadero Alvarez6, N. Panadero Alvarez6, A. Pandey1, E. Pasch1, R. Pavlichenko14, A. Pavone1, E. Pawelec46, G. Pechstein1, G. Pelka24, V. Perseo1, B. Peterson41, D. Pilopp1, S. Pingel1, F. Pisano11, B. Plöckl8, G. Plunk1, P. Pölöskei1, B. Pompe2, A. Popov51, M. Porkolab3, J. Proll19, M.J. Pueschel19,27, M.-E. Puiatti52, A. Puig Sitjes1, F. Purps1, K. Rahbarnia1, M. Rasinski ´ 17, J. Rasmussen35, A. Reiman29, F. Reimold1, M. Reisner8, D. Reiter17, M. Richou9, R. Riedl8, J. Riemann1, K. Riße1, G. Roberg-Clark1, V. Rohde8, J. Romazanov17, D. Rondeshagen1, P. Rong1, L. Rudischhauser1, T. Rummel1, K. Rummel1, A. Runov1, N. Rust1, L. Ryc24, P. Salembier20, M. Salewski35, E. Sanchez6, S. Satake41, G. Satheeswaran17, J. Schacht1, E. Scharff1, F. Schauer8, J. Schilling1, G. Schlisio1, K. Schmid8, J. Schmitt5, O. Schmitz13, W. Schneider1, M. Schneider1, P. Schneider8, R. Schrittwieser42, T. Schröder1, M. Schröder1, R. Schroeder1, B. Schweer26, D. Schwörer1, E. Scott1, E. Scott8, B. Shanahan1, G. Sias11, P. Sichta29, M. Singer1, P. Sinha29, S. Sipliä34, C. Slaby1, M. Sleczka53, H. Smith1, J. Smoniewski54, E. Sonnendrücker8, M. Spolaore4, A. Spring1, R. Stadler8, D. Stanczak24, T. Stange1, I. Stepanov26, L. Stephey13, J. Stober8, U. Stroth8,55, E. Strumberger8, C. Suzuki41, Y. Suzuki41, J. Svensson1, T. Szabolics7, T. Szepesi7, M. Szücs7, F.L. Tabares6, N. Tamura41, A. Tancetti35, C. Tantos10, J. Terry3, H. Thienpondt6, H. Thomsen1, M. Thumm10, J.M. Travere9, P. Traverso5, J. Tretter8, E. Trier8, H. Trimino Mora1, T. Tsujimura41, Y. Turkin1, A. Tykhyi45, B. Unterberg17, P. van Eeten1, B.Ph. van Milligen6, M. van Schoor26, L. Vano1, S. Varoutis10, M. Vecsei7, L. Vela56, J.L. Velasco6, M. Vervier17, N. Vianello50, H. Viebke1, R. Vilbrandt1, G. Vogel8, N. Vogt1, C. Volkhausen1, A. von Stechow1, F. Wagner1, E. Wang17, H. Wang57, F. Warmer1, T. Wauters26, L. Wegener1, T. Wegner1, G. Weir1, U. Wenzel1, A. White3, F. Wilde1, F. Wilms1, T. Windisch1, M. Winkler1, A. Winter1, V. Winters1, R. Wolf118, A.M. Wright29, G.A. Wurden39, P. Xanthopoulos1, S. Xu17, H. Yamada58, H. Yamaguchi41, M. Yokoyama41, M. Yoshinuma41, Q. Yu8, M. Zamanov14, M. Zanini1, M. Zarnstorff29, D. Zhang1, S. Zhou17, J. Zhu1, C. Zhu29, M. Zilker8, A. Zocco1, H. Zohm8, S. Zoletnik7 and L. Zsuga7 // 1 Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching and Greifswald, Germany: 2 University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; 3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America; 4 Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti, 4-35127 Padova, Italy; 5 Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America; 6 CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense, 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain; 7 Center for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thegeut 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; 8 Max-Planck-Institute for Plasma Physics, Boltzmannstraße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany; 9 CEA Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France; 10 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; 11 University of Cagliari, Via Universita, 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; 12 École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Swiss Plasma Center, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; 13 University of Wisconsin–Madison, Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America; 14 Institute of Plasma Physics, National Science Center ‘Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology’, Kharkiv, Ukraine; 15 The Australian National University, Acton ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia; 16 Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 6, Palermo, 90128, Italy; 17 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie-und Klimaforschung—Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany; 18 Technical University of Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany; 19 Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands; 20 Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. BarcelonaTech, C. Jordi Girona, 31, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; 21 Culham Center for Fusion Energy, Abingdon OX14 3EB, United Kingdom; 22 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusao Nuclear, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; 23 Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; 24 Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, 23 Hery Str., 01-497 Warsaw, Poland; 25 ENEA—Centro Ricerche Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi, 45, 00044 Frascati RM, Italy; 26 Laboratory for Plasma Physics, LPP-ERM/KMS, TEC Partner, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; 27 Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, PO Box 6336, 5600 HH Eindhoven, Netherlands; 28 University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States of America; 29 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States of America; 30 Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; 31 Aix-Marseille University, Jardin du Pharo, 58 Boulevard Charles Livon, 13007, Marseille, France; 32 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Padova University, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy; 33 Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; 34 Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland; 35 Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark; 36 VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd., PO Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland; 37 Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031 Hefei, Anhui, China; 38 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States of America; 39 Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM 87545, United States of America; 40 Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany; 41 National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 322-6 Oroshi-cho, Toki, Gifu Prefecture 509-5292, Japan; 42 Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; 43 Graz University of Technology, Rechbauerstraße 12, 8010 GRAZ, Austria; 44 Austrian Academy of Science, Doktor-Ignaz-Seipel-Platz 2, 1010 Wien, Austria; 45 Institute for Nuclear Research, prospekt Nauky 47, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine; 46 University of Opole, plac Kopernika 11a, 45-001 Opole, Poland; 47 University of Maryland, Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MA 20742, United States of America; 48 National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation; 49 Department of Microelectronics and Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 221/223, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; 50 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 7, 00185 Roma, Italy; 51 Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation; 52 Istituto di Fisica del Plasma Piero Caldirola, Via Roberto Cozzi, 53, 20125 Milano, Italy; 53 University of Szczecin, 70-453, aleja Papieza Jana Pawła II 22A, Szczecin, Poland; 54 Lawrence University, 711 E Boldt Way, Appleton, WI 54911, United States of America; 55 Physik-Department E28, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany; 56 Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Av. de la Universidad, 30 Madrid, Spain; 57 Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America; 58 University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chhiab 277-0882, Japan Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant::7.a - Per a 2030, augmentar la cooperació internacional per tal de facilitar l’accés a la investigació i a les tecnolo­gies energètiques no contaminants, incloses les fonts d’energia renovables, l’eficiència energètica i les tecnologies de combustibles fòssils avançades i menys contaminants, i promoure la inversió en infraestructures energètiques i tecnologies d’energia no contaminant

The work presents the results of research into productivity of traditional and uncommon silage crops – sunfl ower and Sudan grass – sown as a single crop and intercropped with broad beans, spring rape and oil radish. The study was carried out on meadow chernozem mealy-carbonate soil in the forest-steppe zone of Trans-Baikal Territory. The objects of the research were the following recognized varieties: Yenisei sunfl ower, Sudan grass Novosibirsk 84, broad beans Sibirskiye, spring rape Spat, oil radish Tambovchanka. Agricultural technology used for fodder crop cultivation was common for this area. Sunfl ower was sown both as a single crop and intercropped with broad beans in the third ten-day period of May in wide alternating rows. Sudan grass was sown both as a single crop and intercropped with spring rape and oil radish in the second ten-day period of May in rows. The experimental work was carried out alongside laboratory observations and analyses in accordance with the generally accepted guidelines for fi eld experiments on fodder crops. The possibility of increasing fodder productivity and nutritional value of silage agrocenoses was established by means of intercropping sunfl ower and Sudan grass with broad beans and cabbage crops (spring rape and oil radish) and sowing them in herbage in alternating rows. The experiment noted the maximum collection of feed units of 2.96-5.22 t/ha, digestible protein of 414.2-621.1 kg/ha and gross energy of 35.467.1 GJ/ha with the availability of digestible protein in the amount of 118.9-139.9 g per one feed unit and 10.0-10.7 MJ of metabolic energy per 1 kg of dry matter.

Productivity and nutritional value of poaceous crops sown as a single crop and intercropped with spring rape have been studied. Field and laboratory studies were conducted in 2012–2014 on meadow chernozem mealy-carbonate soil in the forest-steppezone of Trans-BaikalTerritory. Agricultural technology used for fodder crop cultivation was common for this area. The objects of the research were the following recognized varieties: oats Metis, spring rye Onokhoiskaya, spring triticale Ukro, spring rape Shpat. The experimental work was carried out in accordance with the generally accepted guidelines for fi eld experiments. Poaceous crops and spring rape were assessed in terms of their adaptability to growing conditions and their economically valuable characteristics were shown. The possibility of increasing the productivity and nutritional value of fodder agrocenoses by intercropping spring rape with poaceous crops was established. In multi-crop agrocenoses, the yield increased and the quality of feed raw material improved. The best results of agrocenoses in multi-crop sowings were achieved by spring triticale intercropped with spring rape and oats intercropped with spring rape: the yield of green mass was 22.1-23.5 t/ha, the amount of dry matter 5.09-5.19, feed units 3.65-3.83 t/ha, digestible protein 598.6-654.9 kg/ha, gross energy 54.055.5 GJ/ha, availability of digestible protein164171 gper feed unit. In terms of productivity, spring triticale and oats intercropped with spring rape surpassed single-crop poaceous agrocenoses by the following parameters: feed units by 1.1-1.9 times, digestible protein by 1.8-3.6 times, gross energy by 1.3-2.6 times, with 10.6-10.7 MJ of dry matter in one kilogram of exchangeable energy.

The results of field and laboratory studies into the cultivation of oats in single crops as well as mixed with legumes in the forest-steppe zone of Trans-Baikal during the period of 2014-2016 are presented. The studies were performed on meadow chernozem powdery carbonate soil. Agricultural technology used for fodder crop cultivation was common for this area. Mineral fertilizers were applied in the phase of pre-sowing cultivation. Fodder crops were planted in the optimum recommended period (in the second ten-day period of May). The objects of the research were the following recognized varieties: oats Metis, garden peas Batrak, spring vetch Novosibirskaya. The seeding rate of fodder in single-crop sowings was as follows: oats -5.0, peas - 0.8, spring vetch - 1.5 million of viable seeds/ha; in mixed sowings: oats - 65%, grain legumes - 40% of the total norm. The experiment was conducted in accordance with the common methodological guidelines for field experiments. Fodder crops were assessed in terms of their adaptability to growing conditions and by a set of economically valuable characteristics. Among leguminous plants, spring vetch agrocenoses was characterized by the highest productivity, which exceeded garden peas by 9-20%. The possibility of increasing the productivity and quality of fodder agrocenoses by using legumes in mixed crops was established. In terms of productivity and nutritional value, the green mass of mixed crops surpassed the single-crop cenoses of oats by 1.1-1.3 times, dry matter - by 1.5 times, feed units - by 1.5-1.6 times, digestible protein – by 3.1-3.4 times, gross energy - by 1.7 times. In mixed crops, the best results were achieved by mixings oats with spring vetch, whereby the yield of green mass was 20.9 t/ha, dry matter - 4.78 t/ha, content of digestible protein - 575.9 kg/ha, feed units -3.49 t/ha, gross energy - 51.1 GJ, availability of digestible protein - 165 g per feed unit.

The edge island domain in Wendelstein 7-X consists of divertor islands whose position coincide with the location of rational values of the rotational transform - ι ≈ ( 5 / 6 , 5 / 5 , 5 / 4 ) and surround the main confinement volume (the ‘main plasma’), providing the magnetic topology for an island divertor. The 5/5 edge consists of five individual islands that are unconnected. In contrast, a single island connects onto itself after 6 or 4 toroidal transits in the 5/6 or 5/4 edge, respectively. Many interesting phenomena are related to these islands and diagnostic analyses require a mapping from ‘laboratory’ or real space coordinates to the island coordinate system (ICS). A procedure is described here to calculate several scalar and vector quantities for closed island structures which can be utilized in fast interpolation schemes for inverse maps. For the 5/5 edge, a fixed-boundary vacuum (zero beta) magneto-hydrodynamic solution of the 5/5 island is found with the Variational Moments Equilibrium Code, VMEC. The solution is compatible with already existing routines which determine the radial and binormal vectors of VMEC solutions at arbitrary laboratory coordinates. VMEC does not support solutions for the 5/4 and 5/6 islands, but the radial and binormal vectors are available in a local 2D Fourier ICS.

During the research, non-traditional fodder crops that have high fodder productivity and adaptability to natural and climatic conditions of Trans-Baikal Territory were studied. The results of field and laboratory studies for 2014–2016 are presented on the cultivation of annual poaceous fodder crops – feed millet, Sudan grass and barley in single-crop sowings, as well as mixed with high-protein spring rape, in the forest-steppe zone of Trans-Baikal Territory. The research was conducted on meadow-chernozem mealycarbonate soil. Fodder crops were assessed by their adaptability to growing conditions and by a set of economically valuable characteristics. The possibility of increasing productivity and quality of fodder of poaceous agrocenoses by means of cabbage crops was established. Joint sowings of annual fodder crops: feed millet + spring rape, Sudan grass + spring rape provided the maximum collection of green mass – 24.4-25.9 t/ha, dry matter – 3.55-3.78 t/ha, feed units – 3.17-3.30 t/ha, digestible protein – 506-545 kg/ha, gross energy – 37.3-39.3 GJ., with a high supply of digestible protein to a feed unit – 160-165 g/k per unit. Mixed sowings of Sudan grass and feed millet with spring rape increased collection of feed units by 22.3%, digestible protein – by 86.8%, gross energy – by 18.5% compared to single-crop sowings. Barley, when cultivated under the same conditions, was inferior in productivity to feed millet and Sudan grass in single-crop sowings by 1.2-1.7 times, in mixed sowings – by 1.0-1.5 times.

Experimental data on the creation of fodder agrocenoses for the production of green feed in the spring and early summer period is presented. The research was conducted in 2014-2016 in the forest-steppe zone of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The study included winter and spring rye crops and cabbage. It was established that the promising crop that gives the earliest green feed is the winter rye of autumn sowing. It was characterized by a high regrow capacity and formed two yield cuttings in the tillering phase. The yield of green mass was 7.7 t/ha, dry matter – 1.36 t/ha, output of feed units was 1.34 t/ha, the amount of digestible protein – 279 kg/ha. In the phase of stem elongation, the figures were 10.0 t/ ha, 2.17 t/ha, 1.93 t/ha, 287 kg/ ha, respectively; in the earing phase (one cutting) – 9.3 t/ha, 3.30 t/ha, 2.65 t/ha, 287 kg/ha, respectively. Feed biomass was of higher quality when used in the period of tillering, where the content of digestible protein per one feed unit was 206-210 g. The spring sowings of winter rye were inferior to the autumn sowings in the amount of two cuttings in the tillering phase: green mass by 3.3 t/ha, dry matter 0.58 t/ha, feed units 0.58 t/ha, digestible protein 113 kg/ha; in the stem elongation phase: 5.5 t/ha, 1,27 t/ha, 1.15 t/ ha, 168 kg/ha, respectively. Crops of spring rape, oil radish and spring rye are also important, since they allow to obtain a sufficiently high yield in the early summer period. In the budding phase the yield of green mass of cabbage crops was 22.8 and 18.3 t/ ha, dry matter – 2.69 and 2.78 t/ha, feed units – 2.70 and 2.25 t/ha, digestible protein – 648 and 599 kg/ ha; in the flowering phase the figures for oil radish were 21.5 t/ha, 2.56 t/ha, 2.57 t/ha, 499 kg/ ha, respectively. In the tillering phase the figures for spring rye in the amount of two cuttings were 7.3 t/ ha, 1.31 t/ha, 1.11 t/ha, 210 kg/ ha, respectively; in the phase of stem prolongation – 3.8 t/ha, 0.82 t/ ha, 0,87 t/ha, 105 kg/ha, respectively.

This article considers the background of state peasant reform, its ideological sources, and practical outcome. The Great Reforms are not described as a single act but as a long process reflecting the complex character of Russian modernisation. With reference to previously unstudied documents, both official and private, the author analyses Nicholas I’s policy regarding the peasant question. It was based on the principle of gradual social change and the rejection of a single abrupt abolition of serfdom. It also focused on laying the foundations for future emancipation. The committees of 6 December 1826 and 1828 maintained the idea of a complex reform based on transforming the management of state peasants through a gradual and controlled change of their status. The committee of 1835 also drafted a programme of changes in state-owned villages. The author regards the reform of state peasants as a comprehensive process reflecting the progressive character of the social and economic development of Russia: it was aimed at rationalising income-generating systems of land management and use, taxation, and the administration of state-owned villages. Despite the differences between the drafts worked out by the secret committees of 1826, 1828, and 1835, they can be characterised by certain similarities, i. e. their strategic aims (the strengthening of the Russian state). Thus, they included the development of the legal status of state peasants and state control of all the spheres of their lives. The article pays close attention to the model of the two-pronged reform formulated by M. M. Speransky and perfected by P. D. Kiselev. Although the methods proposed to solve the peasant question did not rely on the peasant population, they were aimed at eliminating the extreme features of serfdom, thus illustrating the desire of the autocratic government to nurture bourgeois social relations. The official reform of the agrarian sphere of the second half of the 1820s and the early 1830s was characterised by its consecutive incremental nature and the modernisation of the social structure and state management at the central and local levels., Рассматриваются предыстория реформы государственных крестьян, ее идейные истоки и практический результат. Великая реформа предстает не одномоментным актом, а длительным процессом, отражавшим сложный характер российской модернизации. Политика Николая I по крестьянскому вопросу представлена на основании анализа и введения в научный оборот важнейших источников официального и личного происхождения. Она базировалась на принципе постепенности социальных изменений и на отрицании единовременного и резкого уничтожения крепостного права, была направлена на подготовку условий для будущей эмансипации. В основе работы комитетов 6 декабря 1826 г. и 1828 г. была идея о двуединой реформе, идущей от преобразований устройства и управления государственными крестьянами к постепенному и контролируемому государством сближению с ними положения помещичьих поселян. Разработкой ее первой части, то есть программы преобразований в казенной деревне, занимался также Комитет 1835 г. Автор видит реформу государственных крестьян как целостный процесс, отражавший поступательный характер социально-экономического развития России и направленный на формирование рационализированных доходных систем землеустройства, землепользования, налогообложения, а также административного управления казенной деревней. При всех особенностях и отличительных чертах проектов реформы, разрабатываемых в секретных комитетах 1826, 1828, 1835 гг., прослеживается единство как их стратегической цели (укрепление российской государственности), так и тактических установок ее достижения. Они включали развитие правового статуса государственных крестьян, контроль со стороны государства над всеми сферами их жизни. Особое внимание уделено модели двуединой реформы, теоретически проработанной М. М. Сперанским и усовершенствованной П. Д. Киселевым. И хотя методы решения крестьянского вопроса в политике Николая I исключали опору на крестьянское население, тем не менее, она была направлена на уничтожение крайних черт крепостного права и олицетворяла стремление верховной власти к формированию буржуазных социальных отношений. Официальное реформаторство в аграрной сфере второй половины 1820-х – начала 1830-х гг. носило последовательный взаимосвязанный характер и являлось составной частью модернизации социального строя и государственного управления России центрального и местного уровня.

This paper represents the second part of the previously published article. It covers Great Britain's role in generating of a consolidated international view on Russia's influence on the Ukrainian crisis during Petr Poroshenko's presidency (2014–2015), further explores the worsening of bilateral relations between the UK and Russia in a wide context of antagonism between the US and Russia. The author also investigates Britain's role in imposing of the gravest economic sanctions on Russian economy after the Malaysian aircraft crush, and their impact on the Western countries' economies, especially on the British economy key industries. The attention is given to popularity of Vladimir Putin and his policy in Russian society and business community, which rose after the introducing of western sanctions. The article examines the damage done to cooperation between Russian and British business by deterioration in bilateral political relations. Assessing the scope of this damage, the author notes that for quite a long time Britain disinclined to start a new Cold War with Russia. The author further scrutinizes the impact of the Ukrainian crisis on strengthening of Anglo-American “special relations”, on the revival of the NATO's strategic task of being a tool to hamper Russia's influence in the world: for this purpose joint military exercises in the Baltic region were organized, and special NATO Response Force was created. The main questions raised in this research are: when can the UK–Russia relations become better again, and what can help improve the relationship between two countries?

A newly developed recombinant factor IX (BAX326(1) ) was investigated for prophylactic use in paediatric patients aged12 years with severe (FIX level1%) or moderately severe (FIX level 1-2%) haemophilia B. The aim of this prospective clinical trial was to assess the safety, haemostatic efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile of BAX326 in previously treated paediatric patients. BAX326 was administered as prophylaxis twice a week for a period of 6 months, and on demand for treatment of bleeds. Safety was assessed by the occurrence of related AEs, thrombotic events and immunologic assessments. Efficacy was evaluated by annualized bleeding rate (ABR), and by treatment response rating (excellent, good, fair, none). PK was assessed over 72 h. None of the 23 treated paediatric subjects had treatment-related SAEs or AEs. There were no thrombotic events, inhibitory or specific binding antibodies against FIX, rFurin or CHO protein. Twenty-six bleeds (19 non-joint vs. 7 joint bleeds) occurred (mean ABR 2.7 ± 3.14, median 2.0), of which 23 were injury-related. Twenty subjects (87%) did not experience any bleeds of spontaneous aetiology. Haemostatic efficacy of BAX326 was excellent or good for96% of bleeds (100% of minor, 88.9% of moderate and 100% of major bleeds); the majority (88.5%) resolved after 1-2 infusions. Longer T1/2 and lower IR were observed in younger children (6 years) compared to those aged 6 to 12 years. BAX326 administered as prophylactic treatment as well as for controlling bleeds is efficacious and safe in paediatric patients aged12 years with haemophilia B.

Background Vatreptacog alfa, a recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) analog with three amino acid substitutions and 99% identity to native FVIIa, was developed to improve the treatment of hemophilic patients with inhibitors. Objectives To confirm the safety and assess the efficacy of vatreptacog alfa in treating bleeding episodes in hemophilic patients with inhibitors. Patients and methods In this international, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, crossover, confirmatory phase III trial (adept™2) in patients with hemophilia A or B and inhibitors, bleeds were randomized 3 : 2 to treatment with vatreptacog alfa (one to three doses at 80 μg kg−1) or rFVIIa (one to three doses at 90 μg kg−1). Treatment failures after three doses of trial product (TP) were managed according to the local standard of care. Results In the 72 patients enrolled, 567 bleeds were treated with TP. Both vatreptacog alfa and rFVIIa gave 93% effective bleeding control at 12 h. Vatreptacog alfa was superior to rFVIIa in secondary efficacy outcomes, including the number of doses used to treat a bleed and sustained bleeding control 24–48 h after the first dose. Eight patients (11%) developed antibodies against vatreptacog alfa, including four with cross-reactivity against rFVIIa and one with an in vitro neutralizing effect to vatreptacog alfa. Conclusions This large randomized controlled trial confirmed the well-established efficacy and safety profile of rFVIIa, and showed that vatreptacog alfa had similar or better efficacy than rFVIIa. However, because of the development of anti-drug antibodies, a positive benefit–risk profile is unlikely to be achieved with vatreptacog alfa.

The paper is devoted to the Great Britain's stance on the promoting of European integration towards creation of a federal state, after the euro crisis. It focuses on advantages and losses of the British policy in the EU. There are standpoints and views of four main political parties of Great Britain on the country's secession from the EU as well as the results of both local elections and elections for the European Parliament which reveal the rise of the right secessionist and anti-European moods in British society. The author also considers the European nations' present views and attitudes to the European idea. The following questions are answered in the article: Do the anti-European moods exert the crucial and lasting effect on British European policy? Is it better and more profitable for Britain to stay within the organization taking an active part in the integration process, or to withdraw from it?

The article is devoted to the problem of the Scottish nationalists coming into power, the beginning of discussion on the possible Scotland’s secession from Great Britain and its impact on international influence of the Kingdom.

The article is devoted to the problem of relationship improvement between UK and Russia under David Cameron’s – Nick Clegg's coalitional government, before the Crimea crisis of 2014. The author scrutinizes history and peculiarities of bilateral political and economic relations, which include the Britain's accusations of human rights violation against Russia, on one side, and the contracts between BP and Russian oil corporations, on the other side. Also the positions of the two states on such issues as the beginning of international intervention in Libya, the adjustment of matters with the civil war in Syria, and the settlement of situation in Afghanistan are highlighted in the paper. The article answers two main questions: what contributed to improvement of bilateral relationship, and what could help to make it better again in the nearest future?

The examination of residents of St. Petersburg and Petrozavodsk revealed a high frequency of vitamin D deficiency and according to the criteria of the International Society of Endocrinology (ENDO, 2011), normal levels of vitamin D sufficiency had only 16.8% of residents of the north-western region of the Russian Federation, while vitamin D insufficiency was seen in 37.5%, and deficit — in 45.7% of patients. When reviewing the results using the criteria proposed by the U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM, 2011), normal values of 25(OH)D in serum were detected in 49.6% insufficient levels — in 40.0% and deficit — in 10.4%. The decrease ofvitamin D levels was independent of age, but more frequent in women and people who are overweight. Given the lack of national standards for assessing the sufficiency ofvitamin D, as well as the average level of 25(OH)D in the blood serum in the study population, to assess vitamin D status in the northwestern region of Russia is preferable to use the criteria proposed by the U.S. Institute of Medicine in 2011.

The subjects of the article are the doctrine and the practice of the British participation in international peace-keeping, peace-building and peace-making operations. The article also highlights peculiarities of this participation in 1990-2000 years, which is closely interconnected with significant changes in the international relations system as a whole, political objectives and opportunities in this system for US, EU, NATO and UN.

Summary Some progress has been made regarding availability of recombinant factor VIII concentrates and prophylaxis for haemophilia A in emerging countries, where plasma-derived concentrates were used in the vast majority. Clinical studies to document their introduction and effectiveness are so far not widely available in literature. This non-interventional study evaluates the real-life effectiveness and safety of prophylactic and on-demand treatment with recombinant factor VIII formulated with sucrose (rFVIII-FS) for bleed control and preservation of joints in emerging countries from Eastern Europe, North Africa and Middle East area. One hundred and eighty-six patients from 11 countries were enrolled, mean ± SD age 12.8 ± 12.7 years. At enrolment, majority (79.6%) had severe haemophilia A (

Purpose To estimate the possibilities and indication for optico-reconstructive surgery after blockexcision of iridociliar tumors. Methods 68 patients with iridociliary tumors and complicated cataract were treated. 41 patients underwent combined surgery – block excision with cataract extraction (IOL implantation performed in 37 cases). In 14 of these patients iridectomy was performed using a tunnel corneal incision (in cases of small tumors of iris pupillary margin) followed by simultaneous phacoemulsification+IOL. The other patients underwent cataract extracapsular extraction. Simultaneous operations were carried out only in benign tumors. 27 patients underwent delayed cataract extraction after blockexcision (9 patients with malignant tumors, 18 patients - benign). In 5 cases surgery were performed with implantation of artificial iris, in 17 cases - with IOL implantation. Results In all cases we detected increase the visual acuity, depending on the type of surgery and the tumor’s sizes. Conclusion Indications for simultaneous optico-reconstructive surgery are benign tumors, for delayed – even malignant ones. In cases of small benign tumors of iris papillary margin simultaneous surgery could be done using FEC + IOL, for large benign tumors (no more than 1/3 of iris) – with simultaneous cataract extracapsular extraction, if more than 1/3 of iris – delayed surgery with implantation of artificial iris.

The next step in the Wendelstein stellarator line is the large superconducting device Wendelstein 7-X, currently under construction in Greifswald, Germany. Steady-state operation is an intrinsic feature of stellarators, and one key element of the Wendelstein 7-X mission is to demonstrate steady-state operation under plasma conditions relevant for a fusion power plant. Steady-state operation of a fusion device, on the one hand, requires the implementation of special technologies, giving rise to technical challenges during the design, fabrication and assembly of such a device. On the other hand, also the physics development of steady-state operation at high plasma performance poses a challenge and careful preparation. The electron cyclotron resonance heating system, diagnostics, experiment control and data acquisition are prepared for plasma operation lasting 30 min. This requires many new technological approaches for plasma heating and diagnostics as well as new concepts for experiment control and data acquisition.

It is found that herpetic keratoconjunctivitis in rabbits and generalized herpes infection in humans is associated with virus-specific arterial damage. Experiments on rabbits show that virus-induced morphological changes in the aorta can be corrected with furavir. The role of herpes infection as a possible risk factor in atherogenesis is considered.

The effect of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and influenza virus (IV) on lipid metabolism was studied. In conditions of acute herpetic infection of rabbits we detected typical dyslipidemia, characterized by increased contents of total cholesterol, beta-cholesterol and triglycerides in the absence of trustworthy differences in concentrations of alpha-cholesterol. The use of antiherpetic preparation furavir, on the background of infection, corrected lipid spectrum of the infected animals. Blood lipid disturbances in acute influenza virus infection of mice were not detected. HSV infection of cell culture of human aorta was accompanied by increased accumulation of free lipids in cells. IV infection, in the same conditions of experiment, did not change the contents of intracellular lipids. The obtained data deepen the existing notions of herpetic and influenza infections pathogenesis and may be useful in understanding etiopathogenesis of certain somatic metabolism diseases.

We have shown by mathematical analysis of the links between structure and anti-influenza activity that a number of benzimidazole derivatives, containing substitutions as position 2 are portentially useful agents, especially those containing aminoand alkyl(cycloalky)amino groups [4, 6]. We report here the synthesis and studies of the antiviral and antimicrobial activities of 5,6-dinitro derivatives of benzimidazole, containing amino residues in position 2 (compounds V-XVIII).

Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) during pregnancy covers a diverse spectrum of pathological conditions provoked by physiological changes in maternal organism and growing fetus. Most of the symptoms (sleepiness, fatigue, vomiting, snoring, obstructed nasal breathing, etc.) are considered to be „normally“-related to the physiological changes during pregnancy. In fact, that subtle complains could be a harbinger of more complex disorders, which could remain neglected and undiagnosed by the consulting obstetric and gynecology specialist or primary physician. In view of the potential serious complications related to the SDB during pregnancy it is essential to consider even the mild complains of the pregnant woman as prospective alarming symptoms. Interdisciplinary consultation with otorhinolaryngologist and subsequent detailed polysomnographic study are essential for proper diagnosis in order to avoid possible life threatening complications.