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The purpose of this work was to study the attitude of the Russian population to vaccination against COVID-19. Vaccination attitudes in young adults were studied both in the general population and among those who are professionally involved in sports, since attitudes towards health and the initial level of physical resources are important for forming attitudes towards vaccination. A total of 2579 people aged 18 to 40 were examined. Of these, 2233 are from the general population, 346 are high performance athletes.Methods. This was a cohort cross-sectional study. A specially designed questionnaire was used, located on Internet resources 2 months after the start of mass vaccination in Russia.Results. In the group of elite athletes, there are significantly more people who consider vaccination unnecessary or treat it indifferently, and a smaller proportion of those who consider it useful or doubt its effectiveness as compared to the general population of the same age. Low adherence to vaccination may be associated with fear of potential complications. Among elite athletes, there are significantly more people who are seriously afraid of complications from vaccination — 143 (41.3 %), compared to the first group of respondents — 745 (33.4 %) (p < 0.01, φ = 2.839). Probably, these concerns are related to the crucial importance of health and physical condition for professional athletes.Conclusions. It is advisable to develop recommendations for vaccination against COVID-19 for elite athletes, which will describe in detail the benefits of vaccination for athletes, possible side effects, their frequency and impact on the training process.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that develops as a result of a powerful psycho-traumatic effect of a threatening or catastrophic nature, accompanied by extreme stress, the main clinical manifestations are repeated experiences of elements of a traumatic event in a “here and now” situation in the form of flashbacks, recurring dreams and nightmares, which accompanied more often by anxiety and panic, but possibly also by anger, anger, feelings of guilt or hopelessness, a desire to avoid internal and external stimuli that resemble or are associated with the stressor. PTSD tends to form personality disorders, is characterized by a high prevalence of comorbidity and severe social consequences. Improving diagnostic algorithms is an important component of care provided to patients with PTSD due to the need for accurate differentiation and verification of disorders, as well as the development and improvement of personalized methods of therapy. Based on a review of domestic and foreign literature, the article highlights topical issues of PTSD classification, provides a diagnostic algorithm in the context of an interdisciplinary approach. The importance and complexity of a personalized examination are noted, the main stages, methods and diagnostic tools necessary for the clinical verification of PTSD are considered. The necessity of involving medical psychologists in professional teams to participate in the implementation of treatment and diagnostic measures in order to determine the individual psychological characteristics of the patient that are preserved and impaired due to the disease, to identify targets for psychotherapeutic effects, and to objectify the dynamics of therapeutic measures, is considered.

Based on a review of domestic and foreign literature, the article highlights the main approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The importance of rapid detection and timely provision of medical care for this disease is shown. The definition of PTSD is formulated, the etiological factors are described, the place in modern classifications, clinical features, the main groups of characteristic symptoms. The role of a medical psychologist in a multiprofessional team providing assistance to patients with PTSD is shown. Comprehensive treatment of PTSD should include psychopharmacotherapy, the first line of which are SSRIs, and psychotherapy methods that have scientifically proven effectiveness in relation to this nosology.

The article describes the psychological characteristics of the personality of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), which can be identified as the main targets of psychotherapy for comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A total of 127 patients with MS were examined, of which 61 patients had symptoms of PTSD that developed in connection with the underlying disease. The control group included 67 MS patients resistant to stress. To assess the structure of personality and psyche, Ammon’s I-structural test was used (G. Ammon, 1976, adaptation by Yu. Ya. Tupitsin, V. V. Bocharov, T. V. Alkhazova, E. V. Brodskaya, 1998). To determine the level of resilience, which is defined as the patient’s ability to navigate in a crisis situation and get out of stress with minimal damage to mental and physical health, D.A. Leontiev (D.A. Leontiev, E.I. Rasskazova, 2006).As a result of the study, it was revealed that patients of the main group have significantly lower scores on all scales of the resilience questionnaire («involvement», «control», «risk acceptance»). At the same time, patients with PTSD are characterized by a higher level of destructive and deficient manifestations of selffunctions on the Ammon scale, in contrast to patients in the control group. Decreased characteristics of hardiness, the predominance of deficient and destructive personality structures are predictors of the onset of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with MS. The revealed psychological phenomena should be the targets of psychoprophylactic and psychotherapeutic influence in complex programs for the treatment and rehabilitation of these patients.

In the article, we analyze the diagnosis of psychogenic overeating (ICD-10), consider the problem of its diagnostic criteria, similarities and differences with the diagnosis of binge-eating disorder (DSM-V), which complicate the work of researchers. We are looking at the need to differentiate the different types of binge eating disorder. The role of psychogenic overeating is noted as a pathogenetic factor that triggers the process of gaining excess weight. We describe in detail the biological (gender and hereditary predisposition), psychological (individual psychological personality traits, adaptive and compensatory resources) and sociocultural (style of family education, social ideas about the reference body image, features of communicative behavior, etc.) groups of factors involved in the formation of psychogenic overeating. The article emphasizes the role of psychological triggers of the disease associated with the emotional-volitional sphere, the specificity of reactions to stressful influences, psychological defenses and perception of the image of one’s body. The article also raises the problem of the lack of adapted and standardized psychodiagnostic tools aimed at studying psychogenic overeating, which complicates the formulation of an accurate diagnosis and the choice of methods of its treatment. The article also discusses such therapeutic approaches to the treatment of the described nosology, such as psychoanalysis, positive psychotherapy, gestalt therapy, transactional analysis, body-oriented therapy. Particular attention is paid to the cognitive-behavioral approach, which has shown high efficiency when working with patients with eating disorders. It is noted, that it is promising to develop algorithms for diagnostics and therapy of the described nosology, the feasibility of identifying individual targets of psychotherapeutic interventions to create personalized complex programs that increase the effectiveness of therapy in relation to immediate and long-term results.

Attitude towards the disease and quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis as a target of personalized psychotherapy for PTSDA chronic, progressive, potentially disabling disease with a poor prognosis can trigger the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The article presents the results of a survey of 127 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), of which 61 patients had PTSD symptoms that developed in connection with the underlying disease were verified. The control group included 67 patients with MS who were resistant to stress. To fulfill the objectives of the study, all patients underwent a thorough collection of anamnestic information. To study the structure of the internal picture of the disease, we used a test technique aimed at diagnosing the type of attitude toward the disease (TOBOL). The study of QOL indicators was carried out using the SF-36 questionnaire.To assess the cognitive, emotional and behavioral aspects of anxiety about progression, the following questionnaires were used: “A short questionnaire for assessing the fear of disease progression” A. Mehnert, P. Herschbach, P. Berg (2006), adapted by N.А. Sirota, D.V. Moskovchenko (2014) and “Questionnaire of cognitive ideas about the disease” A. Evers, F. Kraaimaat (1998), adapted by N.A. Sirota, D.V. Moskovchenko (2014). As a result of the study, it was revealed that the patients of the main group have significantly lower scores of both physical and mental functioning when assessing the quality of life. At the same time, patients with PTSD are characterized by a higher intensity of anxiety about progression, negative thinking, and emotional reactions associated with the disease. An inadequate internal picture of the disease, characterized by the presence of mental maladjustment due to the disease, prevails in the group of patients with PTSD. All of these factors can be predictors of the development of PTSD. It is necessary to conduct further studies of the psychological characteristics of this group of patients in order to identify the targets of psychotherapeutic influence.

The establishment of psychotherapy and clinical psychology in a Russia is a very complicated and contradictive process. B. D. Karvassarsky has played an essential, key role in the psychotherapy formation as a science and distinct discipline. The article describes the crucial points of this discipline development, presents the main key studies of this mental health field. The Leningrad-Saint-Petersburg psychotherapy school maid a serious impact in the modern Russian neurosology cornerstone issues, that allowed to consider the multidimensional aspects of this pathology. This publication emphasizes the recent research results in this field, makes a deep analysis of the target phenomena understanding in different approaches, other methods integration in personality oriented reconstructive psychotherapy, elaboration of the nosocentric target oriented psychotherapy algorithms and strategies, and also different psychotherapy interventions research.

A cohort cross-sectional study of the attitude of the population to vaccination against coronavirus infection COVID-19 was carried out using a specially designed questionnaire for mass filling, located on Internet resources 2 months after the start of mass vaccination in Russia. A total of 4172 people were examined at the age from 18 to 81 years. Among the respondents, there were different tendencies in relation to vaccination. Of the total sample, 35.7% of respondents consider vaccination useful, 32.2%—doubt its effectiveness, 8.7%—consider vaccination unnecessary, 12.2%—dangerous, indifference to vaccination was formed in 5.9% of respondents. They indicated that they do not plan to be vaccinated, 30.8%, postpones their decision until more remote data on the results and effectiveness of vaccination are obtained—34.7%, were vaccinated at the time of the study—12.2%. Young people are less focused on vaccination than middle-aged and older people. Among the factors that are associated with the attitude towards vaccination are age, gender, education, fear of possible complications, fear of contracting a coronavirus infection, concern for the health of their loved ones, anxiety about the current situation with coronavirus in general. The reports of scientists, doctors and experts in this field are essential for shaping attitudes towards vaccination. The study results should be considered as the targets for vaccination behavior improvement psychosocial interventions for different social and age population groups

The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual on Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) recognizes the existence of a disease as a potential life-threatening stressor capable of causing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This research is one of the first works dedicated to the study of PTSD in patients diagnosed with «multiple sclerosis» (RS). A total of 724 complete sample patients were screened for outpatient treatment at the «City MS Center» in Saint Petersburg. According to the results of the screening survey and the expert clinical interview for the verification of the diagnosis of PTSD, the clinic—psychopathological signs sufficient for the diagnosis of PTSD have been identified in 61 patients, which is 8.4% of the total number of screened patients. The presence of PTSD is confirmed by high indices of sub-scales «avoidance», «intrusion», «physiological excitability» on the WOVTS scale, as well as higher indicators of dissociation level compared to control group. The lack of correlation between PTSD and the duration of RS, the degree of disability of patients, as well as socio-demographic data was found. Thus, the development of PTSD is more related to the premorbid personality characteristics than to the characteristics of the disease. These findings suggest that RS may have PTSD-type reactions. Further studies of the psychological characteristics of this group of patients are needed to identify the targets for psychotherapy.

This problematic article considers the role of the psychosocial factors on neurotic disorders manifestation in metropolis citizens. The specific factors impact on the neurotic disorders incidence is analyzed. The role of the metropolis psychological and social influence on the ones global functioning is represented. The article describes the specific of the development and course of the neurasthenic, histrionic, obsessive anxiety disorders and non-chemical addictions.Problems highlighted in this article belongs to the main modern life challenges, taking by WHO as the global problems, that were included in the targeted Healthy Cities program also aimed to treat and prevent metropolis mental disorders.

The review of data from the available literature cites the results of studies of psychological disorders comorbid to multiple sclerosis and highlights scientific papers detailing domestic and foreign research. The high prevalence of affective and adaptive impairment is linked both to the neurophysiological particularities of this chronic, progressive, neurodegenerative illness and to psychological factors — individual personality traits and the attitude of those afflicted to their illness, to the change in their social functioning and to their prognosis. It is demonstrated that patients with multiple sclerosis have a significantly higher frequency of depressive and anxiety disorders than the general population, which suggests the need for an integrated, personalized approach to people with this illness.

The article is devoted to the development and testing of methods for screening and diagnosis of risk factors for the development of neurotic disorders and their initial clinical manifestations. Modern approaches to medicine are aimed at the prevention and early diagnosis of borderline mental disorders in order to provide more effective and personalized care. 87 people were examined, which, on the basis of a preliminary examination, were divided into individuals with low and high levels of neuropsychics resistance. The results of the study show significant differences in the indicators of ECG, EEG, speech signal on the psycho-activating effect between these groups. The data obtained can be used to develop a neuro-interface that has in its structure the ability to record and process ECG, EEG and speech signals, which will allow for holter monitoring of the state of mental health, thereby increasing the percentage of verified diagnosis of diseases of the neurotic spectrum.

The results of meta-analysis of constitutional-biological, personal, microsocial and somatogenic factors of binge-eating are discussed in this paper. The meta-analysis involved 38 studies published in English language between 2000 and 2016. The random effects model was chosen for meta-analysis and the following methods were used: Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and Fisher’s Z-test. As additional procedures, an I2- test was conducted to assess the homogeneity of the studies, a publication bias analysis to level the error of unpublished data, and a «trim-and-fill» test. As a result of the meta-analysis, the leading psychosocial factors, influencing the formation and development of compulsive overeating were identified — these are depressive symptoms, negative affect, perception of body image, stress and personal predictors (anxiety, temper, impulsiveness, reduced level of emotional intelligence, psychological rigidity). However, no significant gender differences were found.

The article presents a supporting medico-psychological program for multiple sclerosis patients that can be used in the framework of center specialized in MS treatment. It encompasses the definition of medico-psychological support of MS and presents the content of psycho-social interventions depending not only on the MS stage but also on the interrelationship of the MS period and patients mental and physical capacities. The supporting program consists of four consequent stages: information-diagnostic, psycho-correction, psychotherapy, psycho-rehabilitation. Implementation of each stage has its specific tasks, interventions and specialists team. The defined stages of the supporting program allow the specialists to provide personalized intensity and specific of psycho-social interventions and also elaborate a long-term treatment plan for each patient.

Te article describes clinical and psychological issues of the PTSD development in breast cancer patients afer surgical treatment (mastectomy). Te results of comparative analysis with the use of the psychodiagnostic tests battery of the breast cancer related PTSD symptoms group and the well coped with cancer related distress group are presented. Te regression analysis results allowed to distinguish psycho-social risk factors for breast cancer related PTSD manifestation

Modern development of psychotherapy involves conceptual integration of methods that allows to increase efciency and provide quality personalized treatment for patients with neurotic disorders, taking into account specifc impact targets. Te article describes the application of short-term individual analyticalcathartic therapy, combining various techniques of dynamic approach. Clinical and individual psychological characteristics of patients with disturbing neurotic disorders in the dynamics reflecting the result of the applied therapy were studied. Positive changes in the severity of symptoms, the intensity of psychological defenses, the range of constructive coping mechanisms used, self-esteem and interpersonal relationships are shown. Predictors of successful application of this model of psychotherapy are singled out.

Te article describes the results of a study of risk factors for the development of PTSD in patients with rectum cancer, who underwent colostomia. Te results of a comparative analysis of social characteristics and developmental peculiarities among patients with PTSD and stress-resistant pations are presented. It was found that in the group of patients with PTSD previous traumatic events related to physical violence, the experience of divorce, and participation in road accidents were more frequent. As a result of the regression analysis, it was revealed that the following factors affect the level of PTSD severity: the «Constructive external I-delineation» scale of the «I-structural test of Ammon», the value of the dysfunctional fault indicator of the «SGSS», the «Risk» scale of « Te Hardness Lifestyle Test «. Risk factors for the development of PTSD were identifed: difculties in establishing boundaries with others, the presence of dysfunctional guilt, the tendency to avoid mistakes instead to accepting risk, an insufciently formed personal identity

The article covers specification of beliefs and defining of rationality rate among contemporary patients with neurotic level anxiety-phobic disorders. It includes descriptions for basic irrational beliefs which can occur among patients with neurotic level anxiety-phobic disorders at present times and which could be considered targets for cognitive behavioural psychotherapy and as one of stages of person-centered psychotherapy in patients of this group.

Article presents modern approaches to the psychotherapy of neurotic level anxiety disorders with the use of the evidence based outcome-oriented research. It considers the main targets, steps and contraindications for psychotherapy. Algorithms of the main psychotherapeutic methods used for the treatment of patients with neurotic level anxiety disorders (CBT, interpersonal and personality-oriented (reconstructive) psychotherapy) are described. The article reviews and appraises the strength and weight of the research findings of the definite methods effectiveness and strength of the recommendations.

The work is devoted to the description of the main principles and tasks of medical and psychological support of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). These principles include: the principle of continuity and phase, the principle of complexity, the principle of accessibility, the principle of differentiation, the principle of integrativity and the principle of system-style. The tasks of medical and psychological support of MS patients are related to period of the disease, key characteristics of the clinical picture and therapeutic problems.

Aim. To investigate formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and their impact on fibrinolysis in patients with colon cancer.Materials and methods. The study was performed in two groups. The experimental group consisted of patients with stage 2–3 non-metastatic colon cancer (n = 17, average age – 67 years). The control group included healthy volunteers matched by sex and age (n = 30, average age – 68 years). An experimental model was created from the whole blood. It included platelet-poor plasma and an isolated culture of neutrophils, previously induced to NETosis by adding 100 nmol PMA. The samples were incubated for 4 hours, then the test tubes were centrifuged to pellet cells and their remnants, and the plasma was transferred for subsequent examination. The plasma incubated with intact neutrophils was used as a control. The levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) were used to determine the degree of cell activation. NETosis was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fluorescent microscopy. Fibrinolysis was assessed using the thrombodynamics test. The results were compared with the levels of fibrinolytic system components measured by flow cytometry.Results. In the control group, NETosis induction contributed to pronounced neutrophil activation that was accompanied by an increase in the IL-8, PSGL-1, and plasminogen levels, a decrease in PAI-1, and enhancement of fibrinolysis, compared with the intact samples. Higher levels of IL-8, PSGL-1, plasminogen, and PAI-1 and intensified fibrinolysis were detected in the intact samples. However, PMA-induced NETosis did not result in an increase in the degree of activation and significant changes in the given parameters.Conclusion. NETosis promotes both formation and lysis of fibrin clots. However, in cancer patients, suicidal NETosis does not contribute to fibrinolysis due to intracellular protease depletion, which may be one of the mechanisms causing hypercoagulation and insufficient fibrinolysis in cancer.

Aim. To determine the saliva level of immunoregulatory proteins in patients with rampant caries and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency and evaluate the association of their concentration with 25(OH)D plasma level.Materials and methods. The study was performed in two groups. The experimental group included 15 patients aged 20–22 years with rampant caries and the 25(OH)D plasma level of < 20 ng / ml. The control group encompassed 15 healthy age-matched volunteers with the 25(OH)D plasma level of 20–100 ng / ml. The concentrations of B7.2 (CD86), free active TGF-β1, CTLA-4, PD-1, Tim-3, LAG-3, IGFBP-4, and ICAM-1 were assessed using flow cytometry. The levels of LL-37 and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) were measured using ELISA. The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to reveal a correlation between the indicated proteins and the 25(OH)D plasma level.Results. A decrease in B7.2 (CD86), PD-1, Tim-3, sIgA, and LL-37 and elevation of IGFBP-4 and ICAM-1 saliva levels were detected in patients with rampant caries and 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency. A positive Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was revealed between plasma 25(OH)D and saliva levels of free active TGF-β1, CTLA4, B7.2 (CD86), LL-37, and sIgA. A negative correlation was revealed between 25(OH)Dand ICAM-1.Conclusion. 25(OH)D deficiency in patients with rampant caries is associated with decreased levels of B7.2 (CD86), PD-1, Tim-3, sIgA, and LL-37 and elevated levels of IGFBP-4 and ICAM-1 in the saliva.

Aim. To study such circulating angiogenesis factors as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), as well as the cytokine profile (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-23) and their soluble receptors (SRp55 TNF-α, SR IL-6) in the blood serum of gout patients having various obesity phenotypes.Material and methods. The study included 112 male patients with intercritical gout. The patients were divided into 2 study groups: the 1st group consisted of 39 patients with a metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) phenotype and body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2; the 2nd group included 73 people having metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) with impaired immune status, hypertension (HTN) and class 1 abdominal obesity. The control group consisted of 25 metabolically healthy subjects with normal body weight. Serum concentration of uric acid, CRP, insulin, leptin, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), cytokine status, plasma levels of VEGF-A, HGF, IGF-1 were studied. To assess the left ventricular (LV) diastolic function, tissue Doppler imaging of the mitral annulus was used.Results. In the group of patients with MUO, an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23, TNF-α, SRp55 TNF-α) was revealed, while the level of TNF-α and IL-1β exceeds the control values in 4,7 and 6,8 times, respectively (p

Aim. To study the effect of ivabradine and bisoprolol on cardiac hemodynamics and diastolic remodeling in gout patients with coronary artery disease and hypertension and without left ventricular systolic dysfunction.Material and methods. The open randomized parallel clinical trial of 35 men with intercritical gout at the age of 41,4±3,3 years, with class II-III stable angina, hypertension and sinus rhythm without data suggestive of heart failure was performed. All patients included in the study were randomly divided into two groups: eighteen patients took bisoprolol at a dose of 2,5 to 10 mg/day, 17 subjects received bisoprolol 2,5 mg/day with ivabradine (Coraxan, SERVIER, France) 5 mg 2 times a day. Adjustment of the therapy was carried out every 2 weeks until the target heart rate (HR) was reached at 55-60 beats/min and then remained unchanged until 12 weeks of therapy. All patients underwent echocardiography, 24-hour Holter and central aortic blood pressure monitoring, and 3-minute cycle ergometer test with a power of 25, 50, 75 and 100 watts.Results. There was a comparable decrease in the maximum and minimum 24-hour average heart rates in patients receiving only bisoprolol and those taking bisoprolol+ivabradine. Patients taking bisoprolol+ivabradine had a decrease of central systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP). Pulse pressure in the bisoprolol group increased by 17,7% (p=0,02), and when ivabradine was added, on the contrary, it decreased by 7,0% (p=0,04). Twelve-week therapy with beta-blockers and ivabradine was accompanied by an effective decrease in the pulse wave velocity in both groups (p

The feasibility of usage the alluvial-technogenic alluvial deposits developed in river valleys for the purification of wastewaters from suspended solids is considered. Practical use of alluvial-technogenic deposits of natural-technogenic systems is implemented in the form of filtration fields. Results of experimental industrial tests of the proposed system for water purification from suspended solids using filtration fields are presented. The results of usage of the developed purification system have shown its high efficiency in various geological, hydrological and technological conditions.

The regulation documentation for engineering and environmental survey assesses the soil as a resource, but not as a natural system with habitat functions. According to results of analysis of theoretical foundation of the functioning of biotic communities, it is proposed to estimate the ecological soil quality by the change of microbial respiration activity compared with baseline values of zonal soils

Практика оценки состояния природной среды при инженерно-экологических изысканиях в основном ориентирована на изучение компонентов среды как ресурса, в частности на загрязнение воды, почвы, растительности. В экологическом отношении средообразующая функция природной среды часто является более приоритетной, чем ресурсная. Методическая основа изучения средообразующей функции принципиально отличается от традиционных способов изучения ресурсной функции тем, что объектом изучения является основной самостоятельный структурный элемент биосферы – биогеоценоз, а предметом – качество выполняемых экологических функций. Функциональное состояние биогеоценозов предлагается оценивать по интегральным показателям: экологическая норма лесистости, фрагментация площади продуцирования биомассы, активность микробного дыхания почвы. Показатели отражают экологическое состояние природной среды, достоверно определяются для каждой природной зоны без существенных затрат времени и ресурсов, могут быть использованы в качестве нормативных зональных характеристик. Средообразующая функция биогеоценозов оценивается в градациях: экологически недостаточная, достаточная и оптимальная, что позволяет принимать решение о допустимости ожидаемых воздействий на природную среду в связи с планируемым использованием территории.

Significant aspect in the provision of anti-epidemic readiness for Ebola fever importation into the Russian Federation is to determine the scope of measures to be undertaken toward individuals who have been in contact with index case. Analyzed have been the published data on the imported case records resultant in the secondary transmission of the disease; measures, performed in relation to contact persons in non-endemic countries; possible mechanisms of transmission; presence of virus in biological material from an infected individual; risk of exposure to virus onboard the aircraft. Based on the results of the analysis of publications, WHO, CDC and Rospotrebnadzor recommendations, with due consideration of the current regulations, put forward is an approximate procedure for individuals who have been in contact with EVD case onboard the plane, including transportation of persons, exposed to the increased risk of infection into a specialized hospital.

Climate changes determine dynamics of epizootic activity of natural plague foci in the XX and XXI centuries. Obvious shift to continentality in the Northern hemisphere can put an end to inter-epizootic period in lowland steppe and semi-desert natural foci of the Pre-Caucasian region, North and North-West Caspian Sea regions. Presently observed conjoined development of inter-epizootic periods in natural plague foci with different biocoenotic structure in the territory of Pre-Caspian Lowland gives the grounds for assuming the presence of a common cause preconditioning parasitic system depression in the region. One of the key elements of this phenomenon is a change of status of little souslik – formerly the main plague carrier in the region. Subsequent to the climate change the key role of plague carrier is more often played by non-hibernating rodent species nowadays. Thus a significant increase in epizootic potential of steppe natural plague foci in the territory of Kazakhstan and Central Asia is prognosticated. With the further temperature fall during wintertime, snow cover height increase and glacial area extension epizootic activity of the mountain and high mountain foci must drop off significantly. Alongside with this updated data on plague agent ecology, predetermining possibility of its existence in the soil biota, confirm the key role of climactic factors in the plague enzootic outbreak.

Considered are modern principles of prokaryotes classification, definition and limits of prokaryotic species as classification and identification unit, criteria of validity of scientific names of the microorganisms. Traced are main alterations in classification of some pathogenic representatives of the Bacillus, Brucella, Burkholderia, Francisella, Vibrio, Yersinia genera, first of all - of I-II groups pathogens, after Validation Lists of Bacterial Names were issued in 1980. Prospects of development and refinement of prokaryotic classification based on 16S rRNA phylogeny are discussed.

The retrospective epidemiologic analysis of HFRS morbidity carried out from 2001 to 2007 showed that the highest sickness rate was registered in Privolzhsky federal district with 20.4±2.3 average index that exceeded the similar one countrywide 4-fold and the incidence specific weight was 88.0 % of the total number of cases. The indexes of HFRS incidence in the rest 6 dis­tricts were lower than the Russia wide one 3-4-fold and more. During the analyzed period the tendency to increase the HFRS incidence level was observed in Privolzhsky, Ural and Far East districts and in the country.

The development of two deep depressions in the numbers of small sousliks, observed in the 50ths - 60ths and 80ths - 90ths of the twentieth century, was shown to be significantly contributed to by the climatic factors in the North-Western Pre-Caspian region. The important role of the present-day climate warming upon the evolution of the inter-epidemic period in the North-Western Pre-Caspian steppe natural plague focus was ascertained, too. Search for Yersinia pestis strains in the rodent burrows soil in the areas of stable plague manifestations was recognized as a perspective surveillance measure to be practiced.