40 results on '"T cell maturation"'
Search Results
2. PKCζ activation promotes maturation of cord blood T cells towards a Th1 IFN‐γ propensity.
- Author
-
Perveen, Khalida, Quach, Alex, Stark, Michael J., Prescott, Susan, Barry, Simon C., Hii, Charles S., and Ferrante, Antonio
- Subjects
- *
CORD blood , *T cells , *BLOOD cells , *TH1 cells , *INTERFERON gamma , *PROTEIN kinase C , *T cell receptors - Abstract
A significant number of babies present transiently with low protein kinase C zeta (PKCζ) levels in cord blood T cells (CBTC), associated with reduced ability to transition from a neonatal Th2 to a mature Th1 cytokine bias, leading to a higher risk of developing allergic sensitisation, compared to neonates whose T cells have 'normal' PKCζ levels. However, the importance of PKCζ signalling in regulating their differentiation from a Th2 to a Th1 cytokine phenotype propensity remains undefined. To define the role of PKCζ signalling in the regulation of CBTC differentiation from a Th2 to a Th1cytokine phenotype we have developed a neonatal T cell maturation model which enables the cells to develop to CD45RA−/CD45RO+ T cells while maintaining the Th2 immature cytokine bias, despite having normal levels of PKCζ. The immature cells were treated with phytohaemagglutinin, but in addition with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA), an agonist which does not activate PKCζ. This was compared to development in CBTC in which the cells were transfected to express constitutively active PKCζ. The lack of PKCζ activation by PMA was monitored by western blot for phospho‐PKCζ and translocation from cell cytosol to the membrane by confocal microscopy. The findings demonstrate that PMA fails to activate PKCζ in CBTC. The data show that CBTC matured under the influence of the PKC stimulator, PMA, maintain a Th2 cytokine bias, characterised by robust IL‐4 and minimal interferon gamma production (IFN‐γ), and lack of expression of transcriptional factor, T‐bet. This was also reflected in the production of a range of other Th2/Th1 cytokines. Interestingly, introduction of a constitutively active PKCζ mutant into CBTC promoted development towards a Th1 profile with high IFN‐γ production. The findings demonstrate that PKCζ signalling is essential for the immature neonatal T cells to transition from a Th2 to a Th1 cytokine production bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Characterization of the Transient Deficiency of PKC Isozyme Levels in Immature Cord Blood T Cells and Its Connection to Anti-Allergic Cytokine Profiles of the Matured Cells
- Author
-
Khalida Perveen, Alex Quach, Michael J. Stark, Susan L. Prescott, Simon C. Barry, Charles S. Hii, and Antonio Ferrante
- Subjects
neonate ,cord blood T cells ,CD4+ and CD8+ T cells ,T cell maturation ,Th1 and Th2/9 subsets ,PKC isozymes ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Cord blood T cells (CBTC) from a proportion of newborns express low/deficient levels of some protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, with low levels of PKCζ correlating with increased risk of developing allergy and associated decrease in interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) producing T cells. Interestingly, these lower levels of PKCζ were increased/normalized by supplementing women during pregnancy with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, at present, we have little understanding of the transient nature of the deficiency in the neonate and how PKCζ relates to other PKC isozymes and whether their levels influence maturation into IFN-γ producing T cells. There is also no information on PKCζ isozyme levels in the T cell subpopulations, CD4+ and CD8+ cells. These issues were addressed in the present study using a classical culture model of neonatal T cell maturation, initiated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2). Of the isozymes evaluated, PKCζ, β2, δ, μ, ε, θ and λ/ι were low in CBTCs. The PKC isozyme deficiencies were also found in the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subset levels of the PKC isozymes correlated between the two subpopulations. Examination of changes in the PKC isozymes in these deficient cells following addition of maturation signals showed a significant increase in expression within the first few hours for PKCζ, β2 and μ, and 1–2 days for PKCδ, ε, θ and λ/ι. Only CBTC PKCζ isozyme levels correlated with cytokine production, with a positive correlation with IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-2 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), and a negative association with IL-9 and IL-10. The findings reinforce the specificity in using CBTC PKCζ levels as a biomarker for risk of allergy development and identify a period in which this can be potentially ‘corrected’ after birth.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Intraepithelial T Cells Diverge by Intestinal Location as Pigs Age.
- Author
-
Wiarda, Jayne E., Trachsel, Julian M., Bond, Zahra F., Byrne, Kristen A., Gabler, Nicholas K., and Loving, Crystal L.
- Subjects
T cells ,SMALL intestine ,SWINE ,LARGE intestine ,EPITHELIAL cells - Abstract
T cells resident within the intestinal epithelium play a central role in barrier integrity and provide a first line of immune defense. Intraepithelial T cells (IETs) are among the earliest immune cells to populate and protect intestinal tissues, thereby giving them an important role in shaping gut health early in life. In pigs, IETs are poorly defined, and their maturation in young pigs has not been well-studied. Given the importance of IETs in contributing to early life and long-term intestinal health through interactions with epithelial cells, the microbiota, and additional environmental factors, a deeper characterization of IETs in pigs is warranted. The objective of this study was to analyze age- and intestinal location-dependent changes in IETs across multiple sites of the small and large intestine in pigs between 4- and 8-weeks of age. IETs increased in abundance over time and belonged to both γδ and αβ T cell lineages. Similar compositions of IETs were identified across intestinal sites in 4-week-old pigs, but compositions diverged between intestinal sites as pigs aged. CD2
+ CD8α+ γδ T cells and CD4− CD8α+ αβ T cells comprised >78% of total IETs at all intestinal locations and ages examined. Greater percentages of γδ IETs were present in large intestine compared to small intestine in older pigs. Small intestinal tissues had greater percentages of CD2+ CD8α− γδ IETs, while CD2+ CD8α+ γδ IET percentages were greater in the large intestine. Percentages of CD4− CD8α+ αβ IETs increased over time across all intestinal sites. Moreover, percentages of CD27+ cells decreased in ileum and large intestine over time, indicating increased IET activation as pigs aged. Percentages of CD27+ cells were also higher in small intestine compared to large intestine at later timepoints. Results herein emphasize 4- to 8-weeks of age as a critical window of IET maturation and suggest strong associations between intestinal location and age with IET heterogeneity in pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Thymus
- Author
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Kuper, C. Frieke, Wijnands, Marcel V. W., and Vohr, Hans-Werner, editor
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Cord Blood T Cells Expressing High and Low PKCζ Levels Develop into Cells with a Propensity to Display Th1 and Th9 Cytokine Profiles, Respectively
- Author
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Khalida Perveen, Alex Quach, Andrew McPhee, Susan L. Prescott, Simon C. Barry, Charles S. Hii, and Antonio Ferrante
- Subjects
cord blood T cells ,T cell maturation ,Th1 and Th2 subsets ,PKCζ ,cytokines ,allergy ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Low Protein Kinase C zeta (PKCζ) levels in cord blood T cells (CBTC) have been shown to correlate with the development of allergic sensitization in childhood. However, little is known about the mechanisms responsible. We have examined the relationship between the expression of different levels of PKCζ in CBTC and their development into mature T cell cytokine producers that relate to allergy or anti-allergy promoting cells. Maturation of naïve CBTC was initiated with anti-CD3/-CD28 antibodies and recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2). To stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production the cells were treated with Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Irrespective of the PKCζ levels expressed, immature CBTC showed no difference in lymphocyte proliferation and the production of T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Th1 cytokine, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and influenced neither their maturation from CD45RA+ to CD45RO+ cells nor cell viability/apoptosis. However, upon maturation the low PKCζ expressing cells produced low levels of the Th1 cytokines, IFN-γ, IL-2 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), no changes to levels of the Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, and an increase in the Th9 cytokine, IL-9. Other cytokines, lymphotoxin-α (LT-α), IL-10, IL-17, IL-21, IL-22 and Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) were not significantly different. The findings support the view that low CBTC PKCζ levels relate to the increased risk of developing allergic diseases.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Signatures of T and B Cell Development, Functional Responses and PD-1 Upregulation After HCMV Latent Infections and Reactivations in Nod.Rag.Gamma Mice Humanized With Cord Blood CD34+ Cells
- Author
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Sebastian J. Theobald, Sahamoddin Khailaie, Michael Meyer-Hermann, Valery Volk, Henning Olbrich, Simon Danisch, Laura Gerasch, Andreas Schneider, Christian Sinzger, Dirk Schaudien, Stefan Lienenklaus, Peggy Riese, Carlos A. Guzman, Constanca Figueiredo, Constantin von Kaisenberg, Loukia M. Spineli, Stephanie Glaesener, Almut Meyer-Bahlburg, Arnold Ganser, Michael Schmitt, Michael Mach, Martin Messerle, and Renata Stripecke
- Subjects
HCMV ,reactivation ,humanized mice ,T cell maturation ,B cell class switch ,optical imaging analyses ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) latency is typically harmless but reactivation can be largely detrimental to immune compromised hosts. We modeled latency and reactivation using a traceable HCMV laboratory strain expressing the Gaussia luciferase reporter gene (HCMV/GLuc) in order to interrogate the viral modulatory effects on the human adaptive immunity. Humanized mice with long-term (more than 17 weeks) steady human T and B cell immune reconstitutions were infected with HCMV/GLuc and 7 weeks later were further treated with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to induce viral reactivations. Whole body bio-luminescence imaging analyses clearly differentiated mice with latent viral infections vs. reactivations. Foci of vigorous viral reactivations were detectable in liver, lymph nodes and salivary glands. The number of viral genome copies in various tissues increased upon reactivations and were detectable in sorted human CD14+, CD169+, and CD34+ cells. Compared with non-infected controls, mice after infections and reactivations showed higher thymopoiesis, systemic expansion of Th, CTL, Treg, and Tfh cells and functional antiviral T cell responses. Latent infections promoted vast development of memory CD4+ T cells while reactivations triggered a shift toward effector T cells expressing PD-1. Further, reactivations prompted a marked development of B cells, maturation of IgG+ plasma cells, and HCMV-specific antibody responses. Multivariate statistical methods were employed using T and B cell immune phenotypic profiles obtained with cells from several tissues of individual mice. The data was used to identify combinations of markers that could predict an HCMV infection vs. reactivation status. In spleen, but not in lymph nodes, higher frequencies of effector CD4+ T cells expressing PD-1 were among the factors most suited to distinguish HCMV reactivations from infections. These results suggest a shift from a T cell dominated immune response during latent infections toward an exhausted T cell phenotype and active humoral immune response upon reactivations. In sum, this novel in vivo humanized model combined with advanced analyses highlights a dynamic system clearly specifying the immunological spatial signatures of HCMV latency and reactivations. These signatures can be merged as predictive biomarker clusters that can be applied in the clinical translation of new therapies for the control of HCMV reactivation.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Signatures of T and B Cell Development, Functional Responses and PD-1 Upregulation After HCMV Latent Infections and Reactivations in Nod.Rag.Gamma Mice Humanized With Cord Blood CD34+ Cells.
- Author
-
Theobald, Sebastian J., Khailaie, Sahamoddin, Meyer-Hermann, Michael, Volk, Valery, Olbrich, Henning, Danisch, Simon, Gerasch, Laura, Schneider, Andreas, Sinzger, Christian, Schaudien, Dirk, Lienenklaus, Stefan, Riese, Peggy, Guzman, Carlos A., Figueiredo, Constanca, von Kaisenberg, Constantin, Spineli, Loukia M., Glaesener, Stephanie, Meyer-Bahlburg, Almut, Ganser, Arnold, and Schmitt, Michael
- Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) latency is typically harmless but reactivation can be largely detrimental to immune compromised hosts. We modeled latency and reactivation using a traceable HCMV laboratory strain expressing the Gaussia luciferase reporter gene (HCMV/GLuc) in order to interrogate the viral modulatory effects on the human adaptive immunity. Humanized mice with long-term (more than 17 weeks) steady human T and B cell immune reconstitutions were infected with HCMV/GLuc and 7 weeks later were further treated with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to induce viral reactivations. Whole body bio-luminescence imaging analyses clearly differentiated mice with latent viral infections vs. reactivations. Foci of vigorous viral reactivations were detectable in liver, lymph nodes and salivary glands. The number of viral genome copies in various tissues increased upon reactivations and were detectable in sorted human CD14
+ , CD169+ , and CD34+ cells. Compared with non-infected controls, mice after infections and reactivations showed higher thymopoiesis, systemic expansion of Th, CTL, Treg, and Tfh cells and functional antiviral T cell responses. Latent infections promoted vast development of memory CD4+ T cells while reactivations triggered a shift toward effector T cells expressing PD-1. Further, reactivations prompted a marked development of B cells, maturation of IgG+ plasma cells, and HCMV-specific antibody responses. Multivariate statistical methods were employed using T and B cell immune phenotypic profiles obtained with cells from several tissues of individual mice. The data was used to identify combinations of markers that could predict an HCMV infection vs. reactivation status. In spleen, but not in lymph nodes, higher frequencies of effector CD4+ T cells expressing PD-1 were among the factors most suited to distinguish HCMV reactivations from infections. These results suggest a shift from a T cell dominated immune response during latent infections toward an exhausted T cell phenotype and active humoral immune response upon reactivations. In sum, this novel in vivo humanized model combined with advanced analyses highlights a dynamic system clearly specifying the immunological spatial signatures of HCMV latency and reactivations. These signatures can be merged as predictive biomarker clusters that can be applied in the clinical translation of new therapies for the control of HCMV reactivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Multidimensional Analysis Integrating Human T-Cell Signatures in Lymphatic Tissues with Sex of Humanized Mice for Prediction of Responses after Dendritic Cell Immunization
- Author
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Valery Volk, Andreas I. Reppas, Philippe A. Robert, Loukia M. Spineli, Bala Sai Sundarasetty, Sebastian J. Theobald, Andreas Schneider, Laura Gerasch, Candida Deves Roth, Stephan Klöss, Ulrike Koehl, Constantin von Kaisenberg, Constanca Figueiredo, Haralampos Hatzikirou, Michael Meyer-Hermann, and Renata Stripecke
- Subjects
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ,cord blood ,dendritic cell ,T cell maturation ,lymphatic ,humanized mice ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
Mice transplanted with human cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) became a powerful experimental tool for studying the heterogeneity of human immune reconstitution and immune responses in vivo. Yet, analyses of human T cell maturation in humanized models have been hampered by an overall low immune reactivity and lack of methods to define predictive markers of responsiveness. Long-lived human lentiviral induced dendritic cells expressing the cytomegalovirus pp65 protein (iDCpp65) promoted the development of pp65-specific human CD8+ T cell responses in NOD.Cg-Rag1tm1Mom-Il2rγtm1Wj humanized mice through the presentation of immune-dominant antigenic epitopes (signal 1), expression of co-stimulatory molecules (signal 2), and inflammatory cytokines (signal 3). We exploited this validated system to evaluate the effects of mouse sex in the dynamics of T cell homing and maturation status in thymus, blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes. Statistical analyses of cell relative frequencies and absolute numbers demonstrated higher CD8+ memory T cell reactivity in spleen and lymph nodes of immunized female mice. In order to understand to which extent the multidimensional relation between organ-specific markers predicted the immunization status, the immunophenotypic profiles of individual mice were used to train an artificial neural network designed to discriminate immunized and non-immunized mice. The highest accuracy of immune reactivity prediction could be obtained from lymph node markers of female mice (77.3%). Principal component analyses further identified clusters of markers best suited to describe the heterogeneity of immunization responses in vivo. A correlation analysis of these markers reflected a tissue-specific impact of immunization. This allowed for an organ-resolved characterization of the immunization status of individual mice based on the identified set of markers. This new modality of multidimensional analyses can be used as a framework for defining minimal but predictive signatures of human immune responses in mice and suggests critical markers to characterize responses to immunization after HSC transplantation.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. T Cell Maturation Stage Prior to and During GMP Processing Informs on CAR T Cell Expansion in Patients.
- Author
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Klaver, Yarne, van Steenbergen, Sabine C. L., Sleijfer, Stefan, Debets, Reno, and Lamers, Cor H. J.
- Subjects
T cells ,CANCER cells ,ANTIGEN receptors - Abstract
Autologous T cells were genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) directed toward carboxy-anhydrase-IX (CAIX) and used to treat patients with CAIX-positive metastatic renal cell carcinoma. In this study, we questioned whether the T cell maturation stage in the pre-infusion product affected CAIX CAR expression and function in vitro as well as in vivo CAR T cell numbers and expansion. During the 14 days expansion of CAR T cells prior to administration, we observed shifts from a predominant CD4 to a CD8 T cell phenotype and from a significant fraction of naïve to central effector T cells. Surface expression of the CAR was equally distributed among different T cell subsets and T cell maturation stages. During T cell culture days 14-18 (which covered patient treatment days 1-5), T cells demonstrated a decline in CAR expression level per cell irrespective of T cell maturation stage, although the proportion of CAR-positive T cells and CAR-mediated T cell effector functions remained similar for both CD4 and CD8 T cell populations. Notably, patients with a higher fraction of naïve CD8 T cells at baseline (prior to genetic modification) or central effector CD8 T cells at 2 weeks of CAR T cell culture demonstrated a higher fold expansion and absolute numbers of circulating CAR T cells at 1 month after start of therapy. We conclude that the T cell maturation stage prior to and during CAR T cell expansion culture is related to in vivo CAR T cell expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Immunological Responses through Riboclustering
- Author
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Nooruddin eKhan, Koelina eGanguly, Jeevan eGiddaluru, and Avery eAugust
- Subjects
Inflammation ,T cell ,mRNA stability ,stress granules ,polysomes ,T CELL MATURATION ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
Immunological programming of immune cells varies in response to changing environmental signals. This process is facilitated by modifiers that regulate the translational fate of mRNAs encoding various immune mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, which in turn determine the rapid activation, tolerance, and plasticity of the immune system. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) recruited by the specific sequence elements in mRNA transcripts are one such modifier. These RBPs form RBP-RNA complexes known as Riboclusters. These riboclusters serve as RNA sorting machinery, where depending upon the composition of the ribocluster, control translation, degradation or storage of mRNA. Recent findings suggest that this regulation of mRNA homeostasis is critical for controlling the immune response. Here, we present the current knowledge of the ribocluster-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of immune mediators, and highlight recent findings regarding their implications for the pathogenesis of acute or chronic inflammatory diseases.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Characterization of the Transient Deficiency of PKC Isozyme Levels in Immature Cord Blood T Cells and Its Connection to Anti-Allergic Cytokine Profiles of the Matured Cells
- Author
-
Michael Stark, Simon C. Barry, Susan L. Prescott, Alex Quach, Khalida Perveen, Antonio Ferrante, and Charles S. T. Hii
- Subjects
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ,Male ,medicine.medical_treatment ,CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ,cord blood T cells ,Pregnancy ,Biology (General) ,Spectroscopy ,Protein Kinase C ,Phytohaemagglutinin ,biology ,Chemistry ,Interleukin ,General Medicine ,Fetal Blood ,Computer Science Applications ,Interleukin-10 ,Cytokine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Cord blood ,Female ,T cell maturation ,medicine.medical_specialty ,QH301-705.5 ,T cell ,Gestational Age ,Th1 and Th2/9 subsets ,Isozyme ,Catalysis ,Article ,CD4+ and CD8+ T cells ,Inorganic Chemistry ,Interferon-gamma ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Phytohemagglutinins ,QD1-999 ,Molecular Biology ,Protein kinase C ,PKCζ ,Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ,Organic Chemistry ,PKC isozymes ,Infant, Newborn ,Interleukin-9 ,allergy ,cytokines ,Endocrinology ,biology.protein ,Interleukin-2 ,neonate ,CD8 - Abstract
Cord blood T cells (CBTC) from a proportion of newborns express low/deficient levels of some protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, with low levels of PKCζ correlating with increased risk of developing allergy and associated decrease in interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) producing T cells. Interestingly, these lower levels of PKCζ were increased/normalized by supplementing women during pregnancy with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, at present, we have little understanding of the transient nature of the deficiency in the neonate and how PKCζ relates to other PKC isozymes and whether their levels influence maturation into IFN-γ producing T cells. There is also no information on PKCζ isozyme levels in the T cell subpopulations, CD4+ and CD8+ cells. These issues were addressed in the present study using a classical culture model of neonatal T cell maturation, initiated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2). Of the isozymes evaluated, PKCζ, β2, δ, μ, ε, θ and λ/ι were low in CBTCs. The PKC isozyme deficiencies were also found in the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subset levels of the PKC isozymes correlated between the two subpopulations. Examination of changes in the PKC isozymes in these deficient cells following addition of maturation signals showed a significant increase in expression within the first few hours for PKCζ, β2 and μ, and 1–2 days for PKCδ, ε, θ and λ/ι. Only CBTC PKCζ isozyme levels correlated with cytokine production, with a positive correlation with IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-2 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), and a negative association with IL-9 and IL-10. The findings reinforce the specificity in using CBTC PKCζ levels as a biomarker for risk of allergy development and identify a period in which this can be potentially ‘corrected’ after birth.
- Published
- 2021
13. Post-transcriptional Regulation of immunological Responses through Riboclustering.
- Author
-
Ganguly, Koelina, Giddaluru, Jeevan, Khan, Nooruddin, and August, Avery
- Subjects
INFLAMMATION ,MESSENGER RNA ,T cells - Abstract
Immunological programing of immune cells varies in response to changing environmental signals. This process is facilitated by modifiers that regulate the translational fate of mRNAs encoding various immune mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, which in turn determine the rapid activation, tolerance, and plasticity of the immune system. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) recruited by the specific sequence elements in mRNA transcripts are one such modifiers. These RBPs form RBP-RNA complexes known as "riboclusters." These riboclusters serve as RNA sorting machinery, where depending upon the composition of the ribocluster, translation, degradation, or storage of mRNA is controlled. Recent findings suggest that this regulation of mRNA homeostasis is critical for controlling the immune response. Here, we present the current knowledge of the ribocluster-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of immune mediators and highlight recent findings regarding their implications for the pathogenesis of acute or chronic inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency Complicated by Autoimmune Phenomena Have Lymphopenia and Reduced Treg, Th17, and NK Cells
- Author
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Ewa Więsik-Szewczyk, Elżbieta Rutkowska, Marcelina Korzeniowska, Dariusz Sołdacki, Karina Jahnz-Różyk, and Iwona Kwiecień
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,animal diseases ,T cell ,Recent Thymic Emigrant ,chemical and pharmacologic phenomena ,medicine.disease_cause ,Article ,Flow cytometry ,Autoimmunity ,primary immune deficiency ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immune system ,medicine ,CD4+ cells ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Common variable immunodeficiency ,B cell maturation ,autoimmunity ,General Medicine ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,medicine.disease ,Peripheral blood ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Immunology ,bacteria ,Biomarker (medicine) ,Medicine ,T cell maturation ,connective tissue diseases ,business - Abstract
Most patients with primary immune deficiency suffer from recurrent infections, however, paradoxical autoimmune phenomena can also manifest. The aim of this study was to identify immunological markers of autoimmune phenomena associated with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). The study included 33 adults with CVID divided into two groups: (1) those with noninfectious autoimmune complications (CVID-C (n = 24)) and (2) those with only infectious symptoms (CVID-OI (n = 9)). Flow cytometry of peripheral blood was performed and compared with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients (n = 17) and healthy controls (n = 20). We found that all lymphocytes were lower in CVID-C and SLE. NK cells were lowest in CVID-C. Th17 cells were significantly reduced in CVID-C and SLE. Tregs were significantly lower in CVID-C and SLE. Bregs did not significantly differ between any groups. Class-switched memory B cells were significantly lower in CVID-C and CVID-OI. Lastly, plasmablasts were significantly higher in SLE. Among the T cell subsets, CVID-C patients had lower naive and recent thymic emigrant CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, reduced Treg, Th17, and NK cells are features of CVID with autoimmune complications, and class-switched memory B cells can help distinguish patients with different causes of autoimmunity. Future studies are needed to confirm whether reductions of Treg, Th17, and NK cells might be a biomarker of more complicated CVID cases.
- Published
- 2021
15. Ultrasound-Guided Intra-thymic Cell Injection.
- Author
-
Georgiev H, Chopp LB, and Hogquist KA
- Subjects
- Animals, Cell Movement, Adoptive Transfer, Ultrasonography, Interventional, Thymus Gland, T-Lymphocytes
- Abstract
Intra-thymic injection is a powerful tool for adoptive transfer of cells, cellular tag reagents for tracking recent thymic emigrants (RTEs), or other substances directly into the thymus. The traditional approach developed decades ago requires an invasive surgery to open the thoracic cavity and visualize the thymus. Subsequently, a technique was developed requiring only a small skin incision needed to identify the precise injection site. Nevertheless, both techniques require surgical intervention, and this can lead to elevated animal stress levels and pain which necessitates analgesic medication administration. Here we describe a less invasive technique allowing in situ visualization and transfer of cell suspensions or substances into the thymus via an ultrasound-guided intra-thymic injection approach., (© 2023. This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Intraepithelial T Cells Diverge by Intestinal Location as Pigs Age
- Author
-
Jayne E. Wiarda, Zahra F Bond, Kristen A. Byrne, Nicholas K. Gabler, Crystal L. Loving, and Julian Trachsel
- Subjects
lcsh:Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,0301 basic medicine ,porcine T cells ,Swine ,T cell ,Immunology ,Ileum ,Biology ,intestinal T cells ,Andrology ,pig T cells ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immune system ,T-Lymphocyte Subsets ,intraepithelial lymphocytes ,medicine ,Animals ,Immunology and Allergy ,Barrier integrity ,Large intestine ,intestinal development ,Intestinal Mucosa ,Original Research ,pig intestine ,Intestinal epithelium ,Small intestine ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Immune System ,Intraepithelial lymphocyte ,T cell maturation ,intraepithelial T cells ,lcsh:RC581-607 ,030215 immunology - Abstract
T cells resident within the intestinal epithelium play a central role in barrier integrity and provide a first line of immune defense. Intraepithelial T cells (IETs) are among the earliest immune cells to populate and protect intestinal tissues, thereby giving them an important role in shaping gut health early in life. In pigs, IETs are poorly defined, and their maturation in young pigs has not been well-studied. Given the importance of IETs in contributing to early life and long-term intestinal health through interactions with epithelial cells, the microbiota, and additional environmental factors, a deeper characterization of IETs in pigs is warranted. The objective of this study was to analyze age- and intestinal location-dependent changes in IETs across multiple sites of the small and large intestine in pigs between 4- and 8-weeks of age. IETs increased in abundance over time and belonged to both γδ and αβ T cell lineages. Similar compositions of IETs were identified across intestinal sites in 4-week-old pigs, but compositions diverged between intestinal sites as pigs aged. CD2+CD8α+ γδ T cells and CD4−CD8α+ αβ T cells comprised >78% of total IETs at all intestinal locations and ages examined. Greater percentages of γδ IETs were present in large intestine compared to small intestine in older pigs. Small intestinal tissues had greater percentages of CD2+CD8α− γδ IETs, while CD2+CD8α+ γδ IET percentages were greater in the large intestine. Percentages of CD4−CD8α+ αβ IETs increased over time across all intestinal sites. Moreover, percentages of CD27+ cells decreased in ileum and large intestine over time, indicating increased IET activation as pigs aged. Percentages of CD27+ cells were also higher in small intestine compared to large intestine at later timepoints. Results herein emphasize 4- to 8-weeks of age as a critical window of IET maturation and suggest strong associations between intestinal location and age with IET heterogeneity in pigs.
- Published
- 2020
17. Improved T and B cell recovery by the transfer of slowly dividing human hematopoietic stem cells
- Author
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Vitacolonna, Mario, Schubert, Mario, Herbert, Nicolás, Taubert, Isabel, Singh, Rahul, Ho, Anthony, and Zöller, Margot
- Subjects
- *
HEMATOPOIETIC stem cells , *LABORATORY mice , *CELL differentiation , *THYMUS , *LYMPH nodes , *T cells , *B cells - Abstract
Abstract: Human hematopoietic stem cells giving rise to long term initiating cells in vitro are enriched in a CD34+ slow dividing fraction (SDF). Here, we tested reconstitution and multilineage differentiation of this CD34+ SDF in NOD/SCID mice. In the bone marrow a slightly higher percentage of human hematopoietic progenitors were recovered after the transfer of the SDF compared to the fast dividing fraction. Instead, T cell maturation in the rudimentary thymus and lymph node repopulation was only initiated by the SDF. The capacity of the SDF to differentiate and mature in the patients’ thymus could provide an advantage in immunocompetence recovery. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. The CXCL12/CXCR4 Pair in Aged Human Thymus.
- Author
-
Hernández-López, Carmen, Varas, Alberto, Sacedón, Rosa, Martínez, Victor G., Hidalgo, Laura, Valencia, Jaris, Zapata, Agustín G., and Vicente, Ángeles
- Abstract
CXCL12 is an important CXC chemokine involved in numerous biological processes. We had previously demonstrated the synergistic participation of CXCL12 and IL-7 in the control of both survival and proliferation of CD34
+ human thymic lymphoid progenitors. On this basis, we hypothesize a presumptive role for CXCL12 and its receptor, CXCR4, in the thymus involution. In this respect, in the current report we describe the expression of both molecules in the human thymus during aging. Our results demonstrate that, despite the profound alterations observed in the thymic epithelial microenvironment of aged thymuses, the proportions of different CD4/CD8 thymocyte subsets do not undergo significant variations. Remarkably, a strong CXCL12 expression was found in older thymuses, which appeared in the same locations as in younger thymuses: the subcapsulary and medullary areas. The proportions of CXCR4+ cells, most of them belonging to the CD3– compartment, showed no important variations in the older thymuses. However, within the CD34+ cell population, a significant reduction in the expression of CXCR4 molecules was observed. Copyright © 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
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19. Cord Blood T Cells Expressing High and Low PKCζ Levels Develop into Cells with a Propensity to Display Th1 and Th9 Cytokine Profiles, Respectively
- Author
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Andrew J McPhee, Susan L. Prescott, Charles S. T. Hii, Khalida Perveen, Antonio Ferrante, Simon C. Barry, and Alex Quach
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Low protein ,T-Lymphocytes ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Apoptosis ,Lymphocyte proliferation ,0302 clinical medicine ,cord blood T cells ,Biology (General) ,Protein Kinase C ,Spectroscopy ,Phytohaemagglutinin ,biology ,Chemistry ,Cell Differentiation ,General Medicine ,Fetal Blood ,Computer Science Applications ,Cytokine ,Cord blood ,Tumor necrosis factor alpha ,T cell maturation ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cell Survival ,QH301-705.5 ,Article ,Catalysis ,Inorganic Chemistry ,03 medical and health sciences ,Th2 Cells ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Viability assay ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,QD1-999 ,Molecular Biology ,Cell Proliferation ,PKCζ ,Organic Chemistry ,Th1 and Th2 subsets ,Th1 Cells ,allergy ,cytokines ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,Lymphotoxin ,biology.protein ,030215 immunology - Abstract
Low Protein Kinase C zeta (PKCζ) levels in cord blood T cells (CBTC) have been shown to correlate with the development of allergic sensitization in childhood. However, little is known about the mechanisms responsible. We have examined the relationship between the expression of different levels of PKCζ in CBTC and their development into mature T cell cytokine producers that relate to allergy or anti-allergy promoting cells. Maturation of naïve CBTC was initiated with anti-CD3/-CD28 antibodies and recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2). To stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production the cells were treated with Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Irrespective of the PKCζ levels expressed, immature CBTC showed no difference in lymphocyte proliferation and the production of T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Th1 cytokine, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and influenced neither their maturation from CD45RA+ to CD45RO+ cells nor cell viability/apoptosis. However, upon maturation the low PKCζ expressing cells produced low levels of the Th1 cytokines, IFN-γ, IL-2 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), no changes to levels of the Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, and an increase in the Th9 cytokine, IL-9. Other cytokines, lymphotoxin-α (LT-α), IL-10, IL-17, IL-21, IL-22 and Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) were not significantly different. The findings support the view that low CBTC PKCζ levels relate to the increased risk of developing allergic diseases.
- Published
- 2021
20. Characterization of the Transient Deficiency of PKC Isozyme Levels in Immature Cord Blood T Cells and Its Connection to Anti-Allergic Cytokine Profiles of the Matured Cells.
- Author
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Perveen, Khalida, Quach, Alex, Stark, Michael J., Prescott, Susan L., Barry, Simon C., Hii, Charles S., and Ferrante, Antonio
- Subjects
- *
CORD blood , *BLOOD cells , *CYTOKINES , *OMEGA-3 fatty acids , *UNSATURATED fatty acids , *GLUCOSE-6-phosphate dehydrogenase - Abstract
Cord blood T cells (CBTC) from a proportion of newborns express low/deficient levels of some protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, with low levels of PKCζ correlating with increased risk of developing allergy and associated decrease in interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) producing T cells. Interestingly, these lower levels of PKCζ were increased/normalized by supplementing women during pregnancy with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, at present, we have little understanding of the transient nature of the deficiency in the neonate and how PKCζ relates to other PKC isozymes and whether their levels influence maturation into IFN-γ producing T cells. There is also no information on PKCζ isozyme levels in the T cell subpopulations, CD4+ and CD8+ cells. These issues were addressed in the present study using a classical culture model of neonatal T cell maturation, initiated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2). Of the isozymes evaluated, PKCζ, β2, δ, μ, ε, θ and λ/ι were low in CBTCs. The PKC isozyme deficiencies were also found in the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subset levels of the PKC isozymes correlated between the two subpopulations. Examination of changes in the PKC isozymes in these deficient cells following addition of maturation signals showed a significant increase in expression within the first few hours for PKCζ, β2 and μ, and 1–2 days for PKCδ, ε, θ and λ/ι. Only CBTC PKCζ isozyme levels correlated with cytokine production, with a positive correlation with IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-2 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), and a negative association with IL-9 and IL-10. The findings reinforce the specificity in using CBTC PKCζ levels as a biomarker for risk of allergy development and identify a period in which this can be potentially 'corrected' after birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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21. Comparison between HIV- and CMV-specific T cell responses in long-term HIV infected donors.
- Author
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PAPAGNO, L., APPAY, V., SUTTON, J., ROSTRON, T., GILLESPIE, G. M. A., OGG, G. S., KING, A., MAKADZANHGE, A. T., WATERS, A., BALOTTA, C., VYAKARNAM, A., EASTERBROOK, P. J., and ROWLAND-JONES, S. L.
- Subjects
- *
T cells , *HIV - Abstract
Summary The mechanisms underlying non-progression in HIV-1 infection are not well understood; however, this state has been associated previously with strong HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses and the preservation of proliferative CD4+ T cell responses to HIV-1 antigens. Using a combination of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ ) ELISpot assays and tetramer staining, the HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell populations were quantified and characterized in untreated long-term HIV-1-infected non-progressors and individuals with slowly progressive disease, both in relation to CD4+ T cell responses, and in comparison with responses to cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens. High levels of CD8+ T cell responses specific for HIV-1 or CMV were observed, but neither their frequency nor their phenotype seemed to differ between the two patient groups. Moreover, while CMV-specific CD4+ T cell responses were preserved in these donors, IFN-γ release by HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells was generally low. These data raise questions with regard to the role played by CD8+ T cells in the establishment and maintenance of long-term non-progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
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22. Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency Complicated by Autoimmune Phenomena Have Lymphopenia and Reduced Treg, Th17, and NK Cells.
- Author
-
Więsik-Szewczyk, Ewa, Rutkowska, Elżbieta, Kwiecień, Iwona, Korzeniowska, Marcelina, Sołdacki, Dariusz, and Jahnz-Różyk, Karina
- Subjects
- *
KILLER cells , *COMMON variable immunodeficiency , *LYMPHOPENIA , *B cells , *AUTOIMMUNE diseases , *T helper cells , *DYSTHYMIC disorder , *T cells - Abstract
Most patients with primary immune deficiency suffer from recurrent infections; however, paradoxical autoimmune phenomena can also manifest. The aim of this study was to identify immunological markers of autoimmune phenomena associated with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). The study included 33 adults with CVID divided into two groups: (1) those with noninfectious autoimmune complications (CVID-C (n = 24)) and (2) those with only infectious symptoms (CVID-OI (n = 9)). Flow cytometry of peripheral blood was performed and compared with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients (n = 17) and healthy controls (n = 20). We found that all lymphocytes were lower in CVID-C and SLE. NK cells were lowest in CVID-C. Th17 cells were significantly reduced in CVID-C and SLE. Tregs were significantly lower in CVID-C and SLE. Bregs did not significantly differ between any groups. Class-switched memory B cells were significantly lower in CVID-C and CVID-OI. Lastly, plasmablasts were significantly higher in SLE. Among the T cell subsets, CVID-C patients had lower naive and recent thymic emigrant CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, reduced Treg, Th17, and NK cells are features of CVID with autoimmune complications, and class-switched memory B cells can help distinguish patients with different causes of autoimmunity. Future studies are needed to confirm whether reductions of Treg, Th17, and NK cells might be a biomarker of more complicated CVID cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Cord Blood T Cells Expressing High and Low PKCζ Levels Develop into Cells with a Propensity to Display Th1 and Th9 Cytokine Profiles, Respectively.
- Author
-
Perveen, Khalida, Quach, Alex, McPhee, Andrew, Prescott, Susan L., Barry, Simon C., Hii, Charles S., Ferrante, Antonio, and Roth, Michael
- Subjects
- *
CORD blood , *BLOOD cells , *T cells , *CYTOKINES , *PROTEIN kinase C - Abstract
Low Protein Kinase C zeta (PKCζ) levels in cord blood T cells (CBTC) have been shown to correlate with the development of allergic sensitization in childhood. However, little is known about the mechanisms responsible. We have examined the relationship between the expression of different levels of PKCζ in CBTC and their development into mature T cell cytokine producers that relate to allergy or anti-allergy promoting cells. Maturation of naïve CBTC was initiated with anti-CD3/-CD28 antibodies and recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2). To stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production the cells were treated with Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Irrespective of the PKCζ levels expressed, immature CBTC showed no difference in lymphocyte proliferation and the production of T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Th1 cytokine, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and influenced neither their maturation from CD45RA+ to CD45RO+ cells nor cell viability/apoptosis. However, upon maturation the low PKCζ expressing cells produced low levels of the Th1 cytokines, IFN-γ, IL-2 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), no changes to levels of the Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, and an increase in the Th9 cytokine, IL-9. Other cytokines, lymphotoxin-α (LT-α), IL-10, IL-17, IL-21, IL-22 and Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) were not significantly different. The findings support the view that low CBTC PKCζ levels relate to the increased risk of developing allergic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Constitutive expression of transgenic heat stable antigen (mCD24) in lymphocytes can augment a secondary antibody response.
- Author
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Nielsen, Peter J., Eichmann, Klaus, Köhler, Georges, and Iglesias, Antonio
- Abstract
The murine heat stable antigen (HSA, mouse CD24) is a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored cell surface protein which is primarily expressed in immature but not mature cells of several hematopoletic lineages and in neuronal tissue. The function of HSA is not known but there is evidence in lymphocytes that it is involved in cell adhesion and in cell activation. We examined the effect of constitutive HSA expression on the maturation and on the function of B and T cells in transgenic mice. Transgenic HSA was strongly expressed throughout all stages of T cell maturation without changes in absolute cell number or proportions of subpopulations both in the thymus and in the periphery. The size of the B cell compartment was also unchanged. Thus, we conclude that in the T lineage the loss of HSA expression is not mandatory for maturation. On the functional level, two parameters of immune function were measured. When the ability to activate peripheral T cells expressing transgenic HSA was tested in a mixed lymphocyte reaction, no significant difference in the stimulation index and cytolytic activity was detected between transgenics and control littermates. However, when immunized with a T cell dependent antigen, transgenic mice showed 10-fold higher serum lgG1 titers. This suggests that the expression of transgenic HSA in cells normally negative for HSA (e.g. peripheral T cells or memory B cells) leads to a better stimulation of lymphocytes during a secondary antibody response. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 1993
25. Cytolytic effector function is present in resting peripheral T lymphocytes.
- Author
-
Geisberg, Mark and Dupont, Bo
- Abstract
Antigen-specific cytotoxlc killer lymphocytes (CTLs) represent one of the major effector functions of the immune system. It is well established that, as a consequence of TCR recognition of the antigen-bearing target cell, resting T lymphocytes develop Into fully active antigen-specific CTLs. In contrast, natural killer (NK) cells are immediately tytic upon contact with an appropriate target cell. The tytic machinery of CTLs and NK cells Is thought to include the contents of their cytoplasmlc granules, in particular the pore-forming protein perforin. Here we report direct cytolytic activity by resting peripheral CD3CD8 T cells as a result of TCR-CD3 binding to the target cell; the murine OKT3 hybridoma (anti-human CD3) was used as a target. The cytotoxicity was more pronounced In the CD8CD45RO population, which contains ‘memory’ T cells, than In the reciprocal CD8CD45RA subset; CD8CD4 mature thymocytes were non-cytotoxlc. The cytolytic potential of these populations correlated with the presence or absence of perforin. The results demonstrate that the cytolytic machinery of T cells develops post-thymically and can be Immediately triggered by TCR-CD3 stimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 1992
26. An immuno-electron-microscopic study of human thymic B cells.
- Author
-
Bornemann, A. and Kirchner, T.
- Abstract
Thymic B cells are a constituent of normal human thymic medulla. They are supposed to play a role in T cell maturation. Thymic B cells have been characterized morphologically and immunohistochemically at the light-microscopic level. Their ultrastructural appearance in vivo has not been demonstrated. Six normal infantile thymi were immunolabelled with the pan-B cell marker CD20 using a pre-embedding technique and viewed at the electron-microscopic level. Cells expressing CD20 had long cytoplasmic processes. They were all 'asteroid' in shape and in close contact with thymocytes. Also, their long cytoplasmic processes intermingled with cytoplasmic processes of cells that were presumed to be interdigitating reticulum cells (IDC) based on morphological criteria. Thymic B cells may act in concert with IDC during T cell maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. ADAR1-mediated RNA editing is required for thymic self-tolerance and inhibition of autoimmunity
- Author
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Taisuke Nakahama, Yuki Kato, Jung In Kim, Yutaka Suzuki, Carl R. Walkley, Yukio Kawahara, and Tuangtong Vongpipatana
- Subjects
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ,0301 basic medicine ,RNA editing ,Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1 ,MDA5 ,Adenosine Deaminase ,T-Lymphocytes ,T cell ,Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell ,Autoimmunity ,Thymus Gland ,Biology ,Lymphocyte Activation ,Biochemistry ,03 medical and health sciences ,Genetics ,medicine ,Animals ,News & Views ,Molecular Biology ,Inflammation ,Mice, Knockout ,Thymocytes ,Innate immune system ,RIG-I ,spontaneous colitis ,RNA-Binding Proteins ,negative selection ,Cell Differentiation ,Articles ,Colitis ,Acquired immune system ,Up-Regulation ,Cell biology ,Thymocyte ,RNA silencing ,Self Tolerance ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Interferons ,T cell maturation ,Gene Deletion ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
T cells play a crucial role in the adaptive immune system, and their maturation process is tightly regulated. Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) is the enzyme responsible for adenosine‐to‐inosine RNA editing in dsRNAs, and loss of ADAR1 activates the innate immune sensing response via melanoma differentiation‐associated protein 5 (MDA5), which interprets unedited dsRNA as non‐self. Although ADAR1 is highly expressed in the thymus, its role in the adaptive immune system, especially in T cells, remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that T cell‐specific deletion of Adar1 in mice causes abnormal thymic T cell maturation including impaired negative selection and autoimmunity such as spontaneous colitis. This is caused by excessive expression of interferon‐stimulated genes, which reduces T cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction, due to a failure of RNA editing in ADAR1‐deficient thymocytes. Intriguingly, concurrent deletion of MDA5 restores thymocyte maturation and prevents colitis. These findings suggest that prevention of MDA5 sensing of endogenous dsRNA by ADAR1‐mediated RNA editing is required for preventing both innate immune responses and T cell‐mediated autoimmunity.
- Published
- 2018
28. Multidimensional Analysis Integrating Human T-Cell Signatures in Lymphatic Tissues with Sex of Humanized Mice for Prediction of Responses after Dendritic Cell Immunization
- Author
-
Candida Deves Roth, Andreas Schneider, Stephan Klöss, Laura Gerasch, Philippe Robert, Bala Sai Sundarasetty, Michael Meyer-Hermann, Haralampos Hatzikirou, Sebastian J. Theobald, Renata Stripecke, Valery Volk, Constanca Figueiredo, Ulrike Koehl, Andreas I. Reppas, Loukia M. Spineli, Constantin von Kaisenberg, and BRICS, Braunschweiger Zentrum für Systembiologie, Rebenring 56, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Subjects
lcsh:Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,0301 basic medicine ,dendritic cell ,T cell ,Immunology ,Biology ,lymphatic ,03 medical and health sciences ,Immune system ,Antigen ,Methods ,gender ,medicine ,Immunology and Allergy ,Lymph node ,Dendritic cell ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,humanized mice ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Lymphatic system ,hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ,cord blood ,T cell maturation ,lcsh:RC581-607 ,Memory T cell ,artificial neural network ,CD8 - Abstract
Mice transplanted with human cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) became a powerful experimental tool for studying the heterogeneity of human immune reconstitution and immune responses in vivo. Yet, analyses of human T cell maturation in humanized models have been hampered by an overall low immune reactivity and lack of methods to define predictive markers of responsiveness. Long-lived human lentiviral induced dendritic cells expressing the cytomegalovirus pp65 protein (iDCpp65) promoted the development of pp65-specific human CD8+ T cell responses in NOD.Cg-Rag1 tm1Mom -Il2rγ tm1Wj humanized mice through the presentation of immune-dominant antigenic epitopes (signal 1), expression of co-stimulatory molecules (signal 2), and inflammatory cytokines (signal 3). We exploited this validated system to evaluate the effects of mouse sex in the dynamics of T cell homing and maturation status in thymus, blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes. Statistical analyses of cell relative frequencies and absolute numbers demonstrated higher CD8+ memory T cell reactivity in spleen and lymph nodes of immunized female mice. In order to understand to which extent the multidimensional relation between organ-specific markers predicted the immunization status, the immunophenotypic profiles of individual mice were used to train an artificial neural network designed to discriminate immunized and non-immunized mice. The highest accuracy of immune reactivity prediction could be obtained from lymph node markers of female mice (77.3%). Principal component analyses further identified clusters of markers best suited to describe the heterogeneity of immunization responses in vivo. A correlation analysis of these markers reflected a tissue-specific impact of immunization. This allowed for an organ-resolved characterization of the immunization status of individual mice based on the identified set of markers. This new modality of multidimensional analyses can be used as a framework for defining minimal but predictive signatures of human immune responses in mice and suggests critical markers to characterize responses to immunization after HSC transplantation.
- Published
- 2017
29. Post-transcriptional Regulation of Immunological Responses through Riboclustering
- Author
-
Jeevan Giddaluru, Koelina Ganguly, Nooruddin Khan, and Avery August
- Subjects
lcsh:Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,0301 basic medicine ,Chemokine ,stress granules ,T cell ,Immunology ,thymic and peripheral tolerance ,Inflammation ,Review ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Stress granule ,Immune system ,Polysome ,medicine ,Immunology and Allergy ,mRNA stability ,Post-transcriptional regulation ,polysomes ,biology ,Translation (biology) ,Cell biology ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,inflammation ,biology.protein ,T cell maturation ,medicine.symptom ,lcsh:RC581-607 ,030215 immunology - Abstract
Immunological programing of immune cells varies in response to changing environmental signals. This process is facilitated by modifiers that regulate the translational fate of mRNAs encoding various immune mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, which in turn determine the rapid activation, tolerance, and plasticity of the immune system. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) recruited by the specific sequence elements in mRNA transcripts are one such modifiers. These RBPs form RBP–RNA complexes known as “riboclusters.” These riboclusters serve as RNA sorting machinery, where depending upon the composition of the ribocluster, translation, degradation, or storage of mRNA is controlled. Recent findings suggest that this regulation of mRNA homeostasis is critical for controlling the immune response. Here, we present the current knowledge of the ribocluster-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of immune mediators and highlight recent findings regarding their implications for the pathogenesis of acute or chronic inflammatory diseases.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. T cell Maturation stage Prior to and During gMP Processing informs on car T cell expansion in Patients
- Author
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Stefan Sleijfer, Sabine C. L. van Steenbergen, Yarne Klaver, Reno Debets, Cor H. J. Lamers, and Medical Oncology
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,immune monitoring ,T cell ,Cell ,Immunology ,Biology ,renal cell cancer ,Andrology ,TCIRG1 ,03 medical and health sciences ,Interleukin 21 ,0302 clinical medicine ,T cell expansion ,carboxy-anhydrase-IX ,medicine ,Immunology and Allergy ,Cytotoxic T cell ,IL-2 receptor ,Original Research ,chimeric antigen receptor ,CD28 ,Chimeric antigen receptor ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,T cell persistence ,T cell maturation ,human activities - Abstract
Autologous T cells were genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) directed toward carboxy-anhydrase-IX (CAIX) and used to treat patients with CAIX-positive metastatic renal cell carcinoma. In this study, we questioned whether the T cell maturation stage in the pre-infusion product affected CAIX CAR expression and function in vitro as well as in vivo CAR T cell numbers and expansion. During the 14 days expansion of CAR T cells prior to administration, we observed shifts from a predominant CD4 to a CD8 T cell phenotype and from a significant fraction of naïve to central effector T cells. Surface expression of the CAR was equally distributed among different T cell subsets and T cell maturation stages. During T cell culture days 14–18 (which covered patient treatment days 1–5), T cells demonstrated a decline in CAR expression level per cell irrespective of T cell maturation stage, although the proportion of CAR-positive T cells and CAR-mediated T cell effector functions remained similar for both CD4 and CD8 T cell populations. Notably, patients with a higher fraction of naïve CD8 T cells at baseline (prior to genetic modification) or central effector CD8 T cells at 2 weeks of CAR T cell culture demonstrated a higher fold expansion and absolute numbers of circulating CAR T cells at 1 month after start of therapy. We conclude that the T cell maturation stage prior to and during CAR T cell expansion culture is related to in vivo CAR T cell expansion.
- Published
- 2016
31. ヒト細胞傷害性T細胞の異なる発達段階での免疫機能
- Author
-
DANG, Minh Hung, KATO, Hidehito, MATSUDA, Yoshio, UCHIYAMA, Takehiko, and YAGI, Junji
- Subjects
CTL ,CD8 ,T cell maturation ,TSST-1 - Abstract
CD8陽性の細胞傷害性T細胞(CTL)は,ウイルス感染細胞や腫瘍細胞の排除などの免疫応答において重要な役割を演じる,しかしその機能的な成熟に関しては,不明である.我々は,以前in vitro培養系において,細菌性スーパー抗原,毒素性ショック症候群毒素-1(TSST-1)の一次刺激で得られた成人末梢血由来CD4陽性T細胞芽球が,TSST-1の再刺激に対し強い増殖とサイトカイン産生を示すのに対し,臍帯血および胸腺由来のCD4陽性T細胞芽球は,両反応において無反応性(アナジー)を示し機能的に未熟であることを見出した.本研究は,同様の実験系を用いてヒトCD8陽性T細胞の機能的成熟について明らかにすることを目的とした.TSST-1刺激で得られた成人末梢血CD8陽性T細胞芽球は,TSST-1再刺激に対する増殖およびサイトカイン(TNF-α,IFN-γ)産生,TSST-1特異的なヒトB細胞(Daudi細胞)傷害において強い反応を示した.一方,臍帯血および胸腺CD8陽性T細胞芽球は,増殖でアナジーを認め,臍帯血CD8陽性T細胞芽球は,低サイトカイン産生を示した.細胞傷害活性は両者とも,成人末梢血CD8陽性T細胞芽球と同レベルの誘導を認めた.また,早産の臍帯血CD8陽性T細胞芽球も成人末梢血CD8陽性T細胞芽球と同レベルの細胞傷害活性を認めた.以上の結果から,ヒト臍帯血および胸腺CD8陽性T細胞は,CD4陽性T細胞と同様な機能的未熟性を有することが明らかになった.しかし,異物の排除に係る細胞傷害活性は,成人末梢血CD8陽性T細胞と同レベルに誘導されることを見出した.一般に末梢リンパ組織においてT細胞が機能的に成熟するためには出生後ある程度の時間を要することが示唆されている.したがって,本研究の結果は,新生児CD8陽性T細胞の免疫応答を理解するための有用な情報になると考えられる., Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an important role in immune responses, and provide potent defenses against virus infection and intracellular pathogens. However, as compared with helper T lymphocytes, CTL development remains to be clarified. In this study we tried to find out the differences in maturity of human thymus, cord blood (CB), and adult peripheral blood (APB)-derived CD8^+ T cells, and examined whether these T cells are vulnerable or not to anergy induction. Using toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), CD8^+ T cell blasts with different origins were prepared and re-stimulated to estimate their immunological responses. The results showed that the proliferative response and TNF-α production upon re-stimulation with TSST-1 in thymic and CB CD8^+ T cell blasts were much lower than those of APB, although the capacity for cytotoxic activity was comparable at all three different stages of T cell development. Therefore, thymic and CB CD8^+ T cells obviously had immature traits, but appeared to have the capacity to eliminate pathogenic factors in terms of cytotoxic activity.
- Published
- 2007
32. ADAR1‐mediated RNA editing is required for thymic self‐tolerance and inhibition of autoimmunity.
- Author
-
Nakahama, Taisuke, Kato, Yuki, Kim, Jung In, Vongpipatana, Tuangtong, Suzuki, Yutaka, Walkley, Carl R, and Kawahara, Yukio
- Abstract
T cells play a crucial role in the adaptive immune system, and their maturation process is tightly regulated. Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) is the enzyme responsible for adenosine‐to‐inosine RNA editing in dsRNAs, and loss of ADAR1 activates the innate immune sensing response via melanoma differentiation‐associated protein 5 (MDA5), which interprets unedited dsRNA as non‐self. Although ADAR1 is highly expressed in the thymus, its role in the adaptive immune system, especially in T cells, remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that T cell‐specific deletion of Adar1 in mice causes abnormal thymic T cell maturation including impaired negative selection and autoimmunity such as spontaneous colitis. This is caused by excessive expression of interferon‐stimulated genes, which reduces T cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction, due to a failure of RNA editing in ADAR1‐deficient thymocytes. Intriguingly, concurrent deletion of MDA5 restores thymocyte maturation and prevents colitis. These findings suggest that prevention of MDA5 sensing of endogenous dsRNA by ADAR1‐mediated RNA editing is required for preventing both innate immune responses and T cell‐mediated autoimmunity. Synopsis: ADAR1 is responsible for editing dsRNAs, and loss of ADAR1 activates the innate immune response. ADAR1‐mediated editing is essential for thymic T cell development, and for counteracting autoimmunity via MDA5‐sensing of unedited dsRNA. ADAR1‐mediated RNA editing is upregulated in a stage‐dependent manner during T cell maturation.T cell‐specific Adar1 KO mice exhibit spontaneous autoimmunity caused by aberrant T cell maturation.Type I interferon‐stimulated genes are upregulated by the activation of MDA5 in ADAR1‐deficient T cells.The concurrent deletion of MDA5 restores thymocyte maturation and prevents the recognition of unedited dsRNA as non‐self. ADAR1 is responsible for editing dsRNAs, and loss of ADAR1 activates the innate immune response. ADAR1‐mediated editing is essential for thymic T cell development, and for counteracting autoimmunity via MDA5‐sensing of unedited dsRNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Th9-Zellen: Funktionell bedeutsam oder nur ein Epiphänomen?
- Author
-
Ramming, A., Schulze-Koops, H., and Skapenko, A.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Signatures of T and B Cell Development, Functional Responses and PD-1 Upregulation After HCMV Latent Infections and Reactivations in Nod.Rag.Gamma Mice Humanized With Cord Blood CD34 + Cells.
- Author
-
Theobald SJ, Khailaie S, Meyer-Hermann M, Volk V, Olbrich H, Danisch S, Gerasch L, Schneider A, Sinzger C, Schaudien D, Lienenklaus S, Riese P, Guzman CA, Figueiredo C, von Kaisenberg C, Spineli LM, Glaesener S, Meyer-Bahlburg A, Ganser A, Schmitt M, Mach M, Messerle M, and Stripecke R
- Subjects
- Animals, B-Lymphocytes pathology, Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation, Cytomegalovirus Infections pathology, Fetal Blood, HEK293 Cells, Heterografts, Humans, Mice, T-Lymphocytes pathology, B-Lymphocytes immunology, Cytomegalovirus physiology, Cytomegalovirus Infections immunology, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor immunology, T-Lymphocytes immunology, Up-Regulation immunology, Virus Activation immunology, Virus Latency immunology
- Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) latency is typically harmless but reactivation can be largely detrimental to immune compromised hosts. We modeled latency and reactivation using a traceable HCMV laboratory strain expressing the Gaussia luciferase reporter gene (HCMV/GLuc) in order to interrogate the viral modulatory effects on the human adaptive immunity. Humanized mice with long-term (more than 17 weeks) steady human T and B cell immune reconstitutions were infected with HCMV/GLuc and 7 weeks later were further treated with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to induce viral reactivations. Whole body bio-luminescence imaging analyses clearly differentiated mice with latent viral infections vs. reactivations. Foci of vigorous viral reactivations were detectable in liver, lymph nodes and salivary glands. The number of viral genome copies in various tissues increased upon reactivations and were detectable in sorted human CD14
+ , CD169+ , and CD34+ cells. Compared with non-infected controls, mice after infections and reactivations showed higher thymopoiesis, systemic expansion of Th, CTL, Treg, and Tfh cells and functional antiviral T cell responses. Latent infections promoted vast development of memory CD4+ T cells while reactivations triggered a shift toward effector T cells expressing PD-1. Further, reactivations prompted a marked development of B cells, maturation of IgG+ plasma cells, and HCMV-specific antibody responses. Multivariate statistical methods were employed using T and B cell immune phenotypic profiles obtained with cells from several tissues of individual mice. The data was used to identify combinations of markers that could predict an HCMV infection vs. reactivation status. In spleen, but not in lymph nodes, higher frequencies of effector CD4+ T cells expressing PD-1 were among the factors most suited to distinguish HCMV reactivations from infections. These results suggest a shift from a T cell dominated immune response during latent infections toward an exhausted T cell phenotype and active humoral immune response upon reactivations. In sum, this novel in vivo humanized model combined with advanced analyses highlights a dynamic system clearly specifying the immunological spatial signatures of HCMV latency and reactivations. These signatures can be merged as predictive biomarker clusters that can be applied in the clinical translation of new therapies for the control of HCMV reactivation.- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Multidimensional Analysis Integrating Human T-Cell Signatures in Lymphatic Tissues with Sex of Humanized Mice for Prediction of Responses after Dendritic Cell Immunization.
- Author
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Volk V, Reppas AI, Robert PA, Spineli LM, Sundarasetty BS, Theobald SJ, Schneider A, Gerasch L, Deves Roth C, Klöss S, Koehl U, von Kaisenberg C, Figueiredo C, Hatzikirou H, Meyer-Hermann M, and Stripecke R
- Abstract
Mice transplanted with human cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) became a powerful experimental tool for studying the heterogeneity of human immune reconstitution and immune responses in vivo . Yet, analyses of human T cell maturation in humanized models have been hampered by an overall low immune reactivity and lack of methods to define predictive markers of responsiveness. Long-lived human lentiviral induced dendritic cells expressing the cytomegalovirus pp65 protein (iDCpp65) promoted the development of pp65-specific human CD8
+ T cell responses in NOD.Cg-Rag1tm1Mom -Il2rγtm1Wj humanized mice through the presentation of immune-dominant antigenic epitopes (signal 1), expression of co-stimulatory molecules (signal 2), and inflammatory cytokines (signal 3). We exploited this validated system to evaluate the effects of mouse sex in the dynamics of T cell homing and maturation status in thymus, blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes. Statistical analyses of cell relative frequencies and absolute numbers demonstrated higher CD8+ memory T cell reactivity in spleen and lymph nodes of immunized female mice. In order to understand to which extent the multidimensional relation between organ-specific markers predicted the immunization status, the immunophenotypic profiles of individual mice were used to train an artificial neural network designed to discriminate immunized and non-immunized mice. The highest accuracy of immune reactivity prediction could be obtained from lymph node markers of female mice (77.3%). Principal component analyses further identified clusters of markers best suited to describe the heterogeneity of immunization responses in vivo . A correlation analysis of these markers reflected a tissue-specific impact of immunization. This allowed for an organ-resolved characterization of the immunization status of individual mice based on the identified set of markers. This new modality of multidimensional analyses can be used as a framework for defining minimal but predictive signatures of human immune responses in mice and suggests critical markers to characterize responses to immunization after HSC transplantation.- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Extrathymic T cell receptor gene rearrangement in human alimentary tract
- Author
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Bas, Anna
- Subjects
human intestinal mucosa ,intraepithelial lymphocytes ,Immunologi inom det medicinska området ,Immunology ,Immunologi ,lamina propria lymphocytes ,Immunology in the medical area ,hemic and immune systems ,chemical and pharmacologic phenomena ,T cell maturation ,preTα ,nasopharyngeal tonsil ,recombination activating gene - Abstract
T lymphocytes regulate the initiation, duration, and magnitude of adaptive immune responses and function as effector cells in cell mediated immunity. To become immunologically competent they must generate functional antigen receptors. This process takes place in the thymus and requires somatic recombination of T cell receptor (TCR) genes. It is mediated by the endonucleases recombination activating gene-1 (RAG1) and RAG2. Although the thymus regresses at puberty, T cells are present throughout life implying that other tissues must provide the proper milieu for T cell development. This thesis describes extrathymic T cell maturation in man. RAG1, RAG2, and the preTα-chain (pTα), which is exclusively utilized in developing T cells, were used as markers for TCR gene rearrangement. Two new exons (1A and 1B) encoding sequences in the 5’ untranslated region (5’UTR) of mRNA were discovered in the human RAG1 gene. The previously described 5’UTR exon (renamed 1C) was located between the new exons and exon 2, the latter containing the entire coding sequence. We found that small intestinal lymphocytes of the T cell lineage expressed the new exons in three different splice forms. RAG1 mRNA containing the 1C exon was not expressed in small intestinal lymphocytes. In contrast, splice forms containing the 1A exon were not expressed in thymocytes. RAG1 and pTα mRNA expressing lymphocytes were seen both within the epithelium and in lamina propria. Thymocyte-like CD2+CD7+CD3-, CD4+CD8+, CD1a+, and IL7-R+ lymphocytes were identified in the small intestinal mucosa. CD2+CD7+CD3- cells had the highest expression levels of mRNA for RAG1 and pTα, suggesting that the small intestinal mucosa is indeed a site for T cell maturation. Small intestinal T lymphocytes were also shown to kill via the Fas/FasL pathway in a TCR/CD3 independent manner and via the perforin/granzyme pathway in a TCR/CD3 dependent manner. The Fas/FasL-mediated cytotoxicity may reflect an ongoing selection process of extrathymically maturated T cells. The nasopharyngeal tonsil is the major inductive site for immune reactions against inhaled antigens. Previous demonstration of RAG1 expression in tonsillar B cells was interpreted as antigen driven receptor revision. The present study confirms the expression of RAG1 in B cells. We also found that RAG1, RAG2, and pTa mRNAs were expressed in lymphocytes of the T cell lineage. A small population of cells with the immature phenotype CD2+CD7+CD3- was demonstrated. This population had the highest expression levels of mRNA for RAG1, RAG2, pTα and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. All four splice-forms of RAG1 mRNA were expressed. RAG1 and pTα mRNA expressing cells were mainly located in the proximity of the surface epithelium and in the outer rim of the follicles. These results suggest that the nasopharyngeal tonsil is a site where extrathymic T cell development and antigen driven TCR revision are occurring in parallel. Celiac disease (CD) is a small intestinal enteropathy characterized by permanent intolerance to gluten. Gluten reactive intestinal T cells are central in the pathogenesis and CD can be regarded as a failure to maintain tolerance to this food antigen. Expression of the RAG1 1A/2 splice form was significantly decreased in small intestinal T cell subsets of CD patients suggesting that impaired TCR gene rearrangement could contribute to failure of maintain tolerance in CD. Together, these findings show that both small intestinal and nasopharyngeal tonsillar lymphocytes of T cell lineage have the molecular machinery for antigen receptor rearrangement and that thymocyte-like lymphocytes are present in both tissues. Thus these organs are likely sites of T lymphocyte ontogeny as well as for secondary T cell receptor rearrangement in man.
- Published
- 2003
37. Knocked out by Rho Rac T-cell biology
- Author
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Bustelo, X.R.
- Subjects
6 - Ciencias aplicadas::61 - Medicina [CDU] ,T cell maturation ,T cell signaling - Abstract
The Rho/Rac family is a group of Ras-related proteins with demonstrated roles in the regulation of proliferation and cytoskeletal structures in a number of cell lineages. Despite this, the actual role of these proteins in T-cells could not be addressed in vivo due to the lack of adequate animal models. Recently, the use of knockout and transgenic animals for Rac1, Rac2, and RhoA has provided a genetic proof of the importance of Rho/Rac protein in different aspects of T-cell signaling. These animals have also allowed us to get better views about the influence of these GTPases proteins on the maturation decisions of immature lymphocytes and on the signaling strategies these GTPases utilize to favor the generation of coherent and robust immune responses.
- Published
- 2002
38. Premature T Cell Senescence in Pediatric CKD.
- Author
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George RP, Mehta AK, Perez SD, Winterberg P, Cheeseman J, Johnson B, Kwun J, Monday S, Stempora L, Warshaw B, and Kirk AD
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Time Factors, Young Adult, Cellular Senescence, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic immunology, T-Lymphocytes physiology
- Abstract
An individual's immune function, susceptibility to infection, and response to immunosuppressive therapy are influenced in part by his/her T cell maturation state. Although childhood is the most dynamic period of immune maturation, scant information regarding the variability of T cell maturation in children with renal disease is available. In this study, we compared the T cell phenotype in children with renal failure (n=80) with that in healthy children (n=20) using multiparameter flow cytometry to detect markers of T cell maturation, exhaustion, and senescence known to influence immune function. We correlated data with the degree of renal failure (dialysis or nondialysis), prior immunosuppression use, and markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein and inflammatory cytokines) to assess the influence of these factors on T cell phenotype. Children with renal disease had highly variable and often markedly skewed maturation phenotypes, including CD4/CD8 ratio reversal, increased terminal effector differentiation in CD8
+ T cells, reduction in the proportion of naïve T cells, evidence of T cell exhaustion and senescence, and variable loss of T cell CD28 expression. These findings were most significant in patients who had experienced major immune insults, particularly prior immunosuppressive drug exposure. In conclusion, children with renal disease have exceptional heterogeneity in the T cell repertoire. Cognizance of this heterogeneity might inform risk stratification with regard to the balance between infectious risk and response to immunosuppressive therapy, such as that required for autoimmune disease and transplantation., (Copyright © 2016 by the American Society of Nephrology.)- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. MicroRNA profiling in Chinese patients with primary Sjögren syndrome reveals elevated miRNA-181a in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
- Author
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Peng L, Ma W, Yi F, Yang YJ, Lin W, Chen H, Zhang X, Zhang LH, Zhang F, and Du Q
- Subjects
- Adult, Case-Control Studies, Female, Genetic Markers genetics, Humans, Male, MicroRNAs genetics, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction methods, Reference Values, Risk Assessment, Severity of Illness Index, Sjogren's Syndrome genetics, Sjogren's Syndrome immunology, Statistics, Nonparametric, Up-Regulation, Gene Expression Profiling, Leukocytes, Mononuclear metabolism, MicroRNAs metabolism, Sjogren's Syndrome physiopathology
- Abstract
Objective: Characterized by chronic inflammation, dysfunction of exocrine glands, and systemic autoimmunity, primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) is a common autoimmune disease in elderly women. Our study was performed to explore the potential involvement of microRNA (miRNA) in Chinese patients with pSS., Methods: Using microarrays, miRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was profiled in 4 female patients with pSS and 3 healthy participants, followed by a large-scale study of 33 patients and 10 healthy individuals. Compared to the healthy participants, 202 miRNA were upregulated and 180 were downregulated in the patients with pSS. To confirm this finding, a set of regulated miRNA was further examined in a large patient group, using quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR assays., Results: MiR-181a was the miRNA that most profoundly differed between patients with pSS and healthy individuals; however, similar miRNA-181a expression profiles were found in groups with different disease phenotypes. Together, these observations suggested that an elevated miRNA-181a level is a general phenomenon in Chinese patients with pSS., Conclusion: In addition to the elevated miR-181a levels, our study led to the speculation that elevated miR-181a levels in the PBMC of these patients compromise the maturation of B cells, enabling them to recognize and attack autoantigens and resulting in disease phenotypes. In addition to the regulation of human miRNA, many virus-derived miRNA were unexpectedly upregulated in the patients with pSS, suggesting that viral infection of PBMC plays a role in this disease.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. The allo- and viral-specific immunosuppressive effect of belatacept, but not tacrolimus, attenuates with progressive T cell maturation.
- Author
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Xu H, Perez SD, Cheeseman J, Mehta AK, and Kirk AD
- Subjects
- Abatacept, Case-Control Studies, Cytomegalovirus immunology, Cytomegalovirus Infections drug therapy, Cytomegalovirus Infections virology, Flow Cytometry, Humans, Immune Tolerance drug effects, Immune Tolerance immunology, Immunologic Memory drug effects, Interferon-gamma metabolism, Isoantigens immunology, Lymphocyte Activation drug effects, Peptide Fragments immunology, Phosphoproteins immunology, T-Lymphocytes cytology, T-Lymphocytes drug effects, T-Lymphocytes virology, Viral Matrix Proteins immunology, Cytomegalovirus Infections immunology, Immunoconjugates pharmacology, Immunologic Memory immunology, Immunosuppressive Agents pharmacology, Lymphocyte Activation immunology, T-Lymphocytes immunology, Tacrolimus pharmacology
- Abstract
Tacrolimus impairs allo- and viral-specific T cell responses. Belatacept, a costimulation-based alternative to tacrolimus, has emerged with a paradoxical picture of less complete control of alloimmunity with concomitant impaired viral immunity limited to viral-naïve patients. To reconcile these signatures, bulk population and purified memory and naïve lymphocytes from cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seropositive (n=10) and CMV-seronegative (n=10) volunteers were studied using flow cytometry, interrogating proliferation (carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester dilution) and function (intracellular cytokine staining) in response to alloantigens or CMV-pp-65 peptides. As anticipated, T cells from CMV-experienced, but not naïve, individuals responded to pp-65 with a small percentage of their repertoire (<2.5%) consisting predominantly of mature, polyfunctional (expressing interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-2) T effector memory cells. Both CMV naïve and experienced individuals responded similarly to alloantigen with a substantially larger percentage of the repertoire (up to 48.2%) containing proportionately fewer polyfunctional cells. Tacrolimus completely inhibited responses of CMV- and allo-specific T cells regardless of their maturation. However, belatacept's effects were decreasingly evident in increasingly matured cells, with minimal effect on viral-specific triple cytokine producers and CD28-negative allo-specific cells. These data indicate that belatacept's immunosuppressive effect, unlike tacrolimus's, wanes on progressively developed effector responses, and may explain the observed clinical effects of belatacept., (© Copyright 2014 The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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