Search

Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis involves dysregulation in diverse biochemical processes. Nevertheless, plasma tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (P-tau181), a recognised AD biomarker, has been described to reflect early-stage cortical amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in cognitively normal (CN) adults. Therefore, identifying changes in plasma metabolites associated with plasma P-tau181 at the pre-clinical stage may provide insights into underlying biochemical mechanisms to better understand initial AD pathogenesis. In the current study, plasma P-tau181, quantified via single molecule array (Simoa) technology, and plasma metabolites, quantified via targeted-mass spectrometry, were investigated for associations in CN older adults and upon stratification by positron emission tomography (PET)-Aβ load. In addition, the P-tau181-linked metabolites were evaluated for cognitive performance and neuroimaging markers of AD and the potential to distinguish between CN Aβ- and CN Aβ+ individuals. Significant positive associations of medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines (ACs) were observed with P-tau181 in the entire cohort, CN Aβ- and CN Aβ+, suggesting a link between initial Aβ pathology and fatty acid oxidation-mediated energy metabolism pathways. However, in CN Aβ-, additional linear associations of P-tau181 were observed with muscle metabolism and nitric oxide homeostasis-associated metabolites. Upon investigating the P-tau181-linked metabolites for cognitive performance, significant inverse correlations of the verbal and visual episodic memory and the global composite score were noted in CN Aβ+ with medium- and long-chain ACs, suggesting prognostic value of ACs accompanying weaker cognitive performance. While investigating neuroimaging markers, ACs had positive associations with PET-Aβ load and inverse associations with hippocampal volume in CN Aβ+, indicating connections of ACs with initial AD pathogenesis. Furthermore, based on receiver operating characteristics analysis, the associated ACs potentially classified PET-Aβ status in older adults. Therefore, plasma P-tau181-linked circulating ACs may serve as potential prognostic markers for initial AD pathogenesis in CN older adults. However, further cross-sectional and longitudinal research in highly characterised AD cohorts is needed to validate current findings., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Neurochemistry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society for Neurochemistry.)

This study evaluated the presence of residual levels of commonly utilised antibiotics, including oxytetracycline (tetracyclines), ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and levofloxacin (fluoroquinolones), in milk samples. Fifty raw milk samples were collected from five farms in Keraniganj, Dhaka. A validated RP-HPLC method was applied to detect and quantify antibiotic residues, demonstrating good linearity with coefficients ranging from 0.999 to 1.0 in the concentration range of 1.25-15.00 µg/mL. The study revealed that oxytetracycline was detected in 90% of the samples, followed by levofloxacin (66%), enrofloxacin (64%), and ciprofloxacin (62%). One farm showed the highest antibiotic prevalence, with oxytetracycline in all samples and levofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin in 80% of the samples. About 30% of the oxytetracycline-positive samples exceeded the MRL, while none surpassed the MRL for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Calculated human health risks appeared to be low, but children might face potential risks due to prolonged exposure.

Hydrogels, typically favored for 3D printing due to their viscoelasticity, are now trending toward ecofriendly alternatives amid growing environmental concerns. In this study, we crafted cellulose-based hydrogels, specifically employing cellulose acetate sulfate (CAS). By keeping the acetyl group substitution degree (DS acetyl = 1.8) and CAS molecular weight constant, we varied rheological properties by adjusting sulfate group substitution (DS sulfate = 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0) and CAS concentration (2-5 wt %). Rheological characterizations, including shear-thinning, yield stress, and thixotropy, were performed to identify optimal conditions for formulating CAS hydrogel ink in direct ink writing for 3D printing under selected experimental conditions. Based on rheological findings, CAS hydrogels with DS sulfate 0.7 and concentration of 4 wt % was used for 3D printing, with subsequent evaluation of printing metrics. Additionally, the effect of ionic cross-linking using Ca 2+ ions on the structural integrity of 3D-printed structures was evaluated, demonstrating effective preservation through reinforced polymer networks. The shrinking and swelling behaviors of the 3D-printed structures were also significantly affected by this ionic cross-linking. Building on these findings, this work could broaden the range of cellulose derivatives available for the preparation of cellulose-based hydrogels for 3D printing.

The extremely contagious global outbreak of the novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS- CoV-2) is causing concern worldwide since its emergence. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are more susceptible for acquiring Covid-19 due to direct or indirect exposure to Covid-19 patients. Therefore, it is important to investigate demographic, clinical characteristics and outcome of affected persons and possible source of infection with exposure details. This study aimed at determining the demographic and clinical profile, outcome and possible risk factors for infection among the HCWs at Kurmitola General Hospital (KGH), Bangladesh. This retrospective observational study was done among the SARS-CoV-2 positive HCWs of Kurmitola General Hospital (KGH) from April 2020 to January 2021. Out of total 1323 HCWs, 180(13.9%) cases were detected Covid-19 positive. Among the infected HCWs, 76(42.2%) were male and 104(57.8%) were female. The mean age was 32.8±6.95 years. Eighty nine (89) were nurses (49.4%) and 67 were physicians (37.2%). Among them, 23(13.0%) had no definite symptoms. Mild symptoms had in 137(76.11%) and 40(22.22%) had moderate symptoms. Most common symptoms were fever 112(62.0%), weakness 108(60.0%), cough 102(57.0%) and myalgia 54(30.0%). Pre-existing comorbidities had 43(24.0%). Bronchial asthma 27(15.0%), HTN 24(13.0%) and DM 21(12.0%) were the most prevalent comorbidities. All completely were recovered ultimately. Fatigue 52(28.89%), shortness of breath 15(8.3%), cough 13(7.2%) were the most common long-term complications. Among them, 53(29.0%) pointed toward lack of maintaining a hygienicatmosphere, as their possible cause of being infected, whereas 37(21.0%) could not identify the cause. Maximum HCWs, 170 cases (94.44%) used PPE during their duty. Adequate training get 26(14.44%) on PPE use and Infection prevention and control (IPC). This study concludes almost 1.4 in 10 HCWs at KGH were infected with SARS-CoV-2 while working in hospital during the Covid-19 pandemic. Affected HCWs have relatively female predominance with younger age, milder symptoms, and less underlying diseases in this study. Fatigue and shortness of breath are most common long-term complications, which hampers their working ability. Most of them did not get any training on PPE use and IPC.

Oral contraceptives pills (OCPs) are one of the most commonly used methods of birth control by women worldwide. Presently, worldwide about 100 million women are current users of combined hormonal contraceptives (COC) most frequently used in the western world. The most frequently used agents are a combination of drugs containing both an estrogen and a progesteron. This combination is considered to be highly efficacious, generally considered 99.9% and a use effectiveness of 97.0% to 98.0%. This study was done to find out the association of serum total cholesterol and blood pressure in combined oral contraceptive pill users. This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh between the periods from July 2021 to June 2022. A total number of 120 reproductive aged women, age ranged from 15-55 years were included in this study. They were divided into two group, sixty (60) combined oral contraceptive pill users were taken as study group (Group II) and sixty (60) age matched oral pill non users subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test and pearson's correlation coefficient test. Pearson 'r' value of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure are 0.582 and 0.416 respectively indicates positive correlation with serum total cholesterol. Correlation is statistically highly significant (p<0.001). Blood pressure and serum total cholesterol were positively connected in study group in comparison to control group respectively. So from this study, it can be concluded that there is a significant association between serum total cholesterol and blood pressure with oral contraceptives.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem. This study was done to evaluate the changes of hemoglobin concentration in COPD patients in comparison to healthy person. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 160 male subjects, ages ranged from 30-70 years were included in this study. Among them, eighty (80) male COPD subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and eighty (80) age matched male healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Hemoglobin concentration was estimated by cyanmethemoglobin method. Data were expressed as mean (±SD) and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. The mean±SD of hemoglobin concentration of Group I and Group II were 13.79±1.08gm/dl and 11.63±1.33gm/dl respectively. The mean ±SD of hemoglobin concentration significantly lower in study group in comparison with control group. Patients with COPD with greater changes in hemoglobin concentration causes more frequent hospitalization and increased mortality and morbidity due to COPD related complications. So, assessment of this parameter is important for early detection and prevention of complication related to COPD for leading a healthy life.

Adolescence may be defined as the period from 10 to 19 years of age. Adolescence is a significant period of human growth and maturation when various changes occur and requirement of nutrients is increased in girls due to increase demands for growth. This prospective type of analytical cross-sectional study was carried out to observe the status of Hb concentration and serum total iron binding capacity (TIBC) levels among iron deficiency anemic adolescent girl. This study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from July 2019 to December 2020. For this purpose, 140 adolescent girl's age ranged from 10-19 years were selected in this study, among them, 70 healthy adolescent girls as control group (Group I) and 70 girls selected as study group (Group II) and they are iron deficiency anemic adolescent girls. Estimation of hemoglobin by cyanmethaemoglobin method and estimation of serum total iron binding capacity (TIBC) was determined by Ferrozine method using Globals iron and TIBC kit, UK. All data were expressed as mean ±SD and statistical significance of difference among the Group I and Group II were calculated by unpaired students''t' test. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration significantly lowers in study group (Group II) in comparison with control group (Group I), Result is highly significant (p<0.001). Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) significantly higher in study group (Group II) in comparison with control group (Group I), Result is highly significant p<0.001). Immediate, long term and sustainable public health intervention would require for overcome the situation.

Aerogels are unique and extremely porous substances with fascinating characteristics such as ultra-low density, extraordinary surface area, and excellent thermal insulation capabilities. Due to their exceptional features, aerogels have attracted significant interest from various fields, including energy, environment, aerospace, and biomedical engineering. This review paper presents an overview of the trailblazing research on aerogels, aiming at their preparation, characterization, and applications. Various methods of aerogel synthesis, such as sol-gel, supercritical drying, are discussed. Additionally, recent progress in the characterization of aerogel structures, including their morphology, porosity, and thermal properties, are extensively reviewed. Finally, aerogel's utilizations in numerous disciplines, for instance, energy storage, thermal insulation, catalysis, environmental remedy, and biomedical applications, are summarized. This review paper provides a comprehensive understanding of aerogels and their prospective uses in diverse fields, highlighting their unique properties for future research and development., Competing Interests: Please check the following as appropriate.•All authors have participated in (a) conception and design, or analysis and interpretation of the data; (b) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and (c) approval of the final version.•This manuscript has not been submitted to, nor is under review at, another journal or other publishing venue.•The authors have no affiliation with any organization with a direct or indirect financial interest in the subject matter discussed in the manuscript•The following authors have affiliations with organizations with direct or indirect financial interest in the subject matter discussed in the manuscript:, (© 2023 The Authors.)

Etiology of congenital heart defects are complex and possibly lie within the interaction of environmental exposures and inherited factors. Exploration of the contribution of environmental risk factors that are potentially modifiable impeded the prevention of CHDs. This study was conducted to evaluate the environmental risk factors of CHD. It was a case control study, conducted from July 2018 to June 2019 in Paediatric Cardiology department of Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital, Bangladesh. Parents of the children with CHDs visiting the out-patient department were considered as case. Control was taken from parents of the children not having congenital heart disease. Data were collected by face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire containing all the variables of interest and analyzed by using SPSS version 21.0. Majority of the respondents were from rural area (86.9% and 80.0% in case and control group respectively) and CHD was found significantly higher in rural population (p<0.05). Consanguinity was present in 8.9% in case group and CHD was found significantly higher among children born to consanguineous parents (p<0.05). Most of the mother (65.4%) had completed primary level of education however 11.9% mother was illiterate in case group. CHD was found significantly higher among illiterate mothers (p<0.05). Most of the respondents belonged to lower and lower-middle class family (83.1% and 75.7% in case and control group respectively) and CHD was found significantly higher among them (p<0.05). Mothers exposed to passive smoking and in stress during pregnancy period, CHD was significantly higher (p<0.05). No significant association was found between maternal drug use and infection during pregnancy period with CHD (p<0.05). Maternal illiteracy, residing in rural areas, low and lower- middle class socioeconomic status, consanguineous marriage, exposed to passive smoking and stress during pregnancy period have been significantly associated with CHDs.

In general, Kidney diseases are silent with no apparent early symptoms and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is marked by gradual loss of kidney function over time. High rate of inflammation is common in CKD and it causes high CRP level. High CRP levels are associated with low e-GFR and low serum albumin level. This study was conducted to determine the changes of blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum albumin and C-reactive protein in chronic kidney diseased patients and compared with healthy subjects. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from July 2021 to June 2022. A total number of 140 subjects, age range between 25-70 years were included in this study. Among them, 70 healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I) with 35 male (IA) and 35 female (IB) and 70 chronic kidney diseased patients were taken as study group (Group II) with 35 male (IIA) and 35 female (IIB). Calculation of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was done by chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance difference among the group were calculated by unpaired t-test. In this study, we found that eGFR (in IIA 29.83±0.73 ml/min and in IIB 30.80±0.73ml/min) and serum albumin (in IIA 2.96±0.04g/dl in IIB 2.07±0.02g/dl) were significantly decreased in study group in comparison to control group. Blood pressure (SBP in IIA 150.57±1.70 mm of Hg, in IIB 143.71±1.32 mm of Hg and DBP in IIA 94.40±0.70 and in IIB 91.20±0.70 mm of Hg) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (in IIA 12.14±0.90mg/l and in IIB 21.80±2.58mg/l) were significantly increased in study group in comparison to control group. CKD is associated with increased risks of several co-morbidities including cardiovascular complications and chronic renal failure. Detection of CKD at an early stage helps to reduce the progression of renal disease and burden of end stage renal disease.

The oral contraceptive pill, 'the pill', was introduced in the beginning of the 1960s. Presently, worldwide about 100 million women are current users of combined oral hormonal contraceptives (COC) most frequently used in the western world. Oral contraceptive use has been associated with decreased menstrual blood losses; thus, can independently reduce the risk of anemia and iron deficiency in women. Manufacturers have recently started to include supplemental iron in the non-hormonal placebo tablets of some contraceptives. This study was done to evaluate the status of serum iron and fasting serum glucose in combined oral contraceptive pill users in comparison to non-users. This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from July 2021 to June 2022. A total number of 120 reproductive aged women, age ranged from 15-55 years was included in this study. Among them, sixty (60) combined oral contraceptive pill users subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and sixty (60) age matched oral pill non users subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. The mean±SD of serum iron of control group (Group I) and study group (Group II) were 93.22±17.19μg/dl and 181.57±22.06μg/dl respectively. The mean±SD of fasting serum glucose of control group (Group I) and study group (Group II) were 4.67±0.61mmol/L and 6.61±0.61mmol/L respectively. Serum iron and fasting serum glucose increased in study group in comparison to control group. Result is statistically highly significant (p<0.001). So there from this study it can be concluded that there is significant association of serum iron and fasting serum glucose with oral contraceptives.

Menopause is a normal physiological period that is characterized by the completely stoppage of endometrial cycles in women between the age of 45-55 years due to lack of ovarian follicular function. Several postmenopausal syndromes such as hot flushes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, depression, irritability, headache, and sleep disturbance can occur more frequently in this period which hampers the standard of life. This study was done to assess body mass index and fasting serum glucose changes in postmenopausal women in contrast with reproductive women. This cross-sectional analytical type of study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from January 2021 to December 2021. Total 140 women subject's age ranged between 25-65 years were involved in this study. Among them 25-45 years aged 70 (Seventy) reproductive women were involved as control group (Group I) and 45-65 years aged 70 (Seventy) postmenopausal women were taken as study group (Group II). By Anthropometric measurements, Body Mass Index (BMI) such as height and weight were taken in meter and kilogram respectively and fasting serum glucose was measured by GOD-PAP method. Results were expressed as mean (±SD) and by unpaired Student's 't' test, statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated. The mean±SD of BMI of Group I and Group II were 23.05±4.43kg/m² and 29.01±3.12kg/m² respectively. The mean±SD of body mass index is notably increase in study group in contrast with control group. The mean±SD of fasting serum glucose of control Group I and study Group II were 4.77±2.04mmol/l and 6.11±1.61mmol/l respectively. In study Group II fasting serum glucose was increased. Due to increased fasting serum glucose caused by lower level of female sex hormones specially estrogen hormone increased chance of cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women. Assessment of these parameters are important for early detection and prevention of complication related to high BMI and fasting serum glucose level for leading a better life.

Menopause, in between the age of 45-55 years every woman faces it, that means completely stoppage of menstruation because the decrease level of estrogen from the normal level. In this period the quality life is disturbed due to hormonal imbalance specially estrogen. This study was done to evaluate the changes of body mass index and blood pressure in post-menopausal women in comparison to reproductive women. This cross-sectional analytical type of study was done in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh and the period is from January 2021 to December 2021. Total 140 women subjects age ranged between 25-65 years were involved in this study. Among them 70 post-menopausal women (45-65 years) were involved as study group (Group II) and 70 (seventy) reproductive women (25-45 years) were taken as control group (Group I). By anthropometric measurements, Body Mass Index (BMI) such as height and weight were taken in meter and kilogram respectively and systolic and diastolic blood pressure by aneroid sphygmomanometer (ALPK2, Japan). Findings were expressed as mean±SD and by unpaired student's 't' test, analytical significance of difference among the group was calculated. The mean±SD of BMI of Group I and Group II were 23.05±4.43kg/m² and 29.01±3.12kg/m² respectively. The mean±SD of body mass index is significantly higher in study group in comparison with control group. The average (±SD) of systolic blood pressure of control group I and study group II were 118.29±10.00 mm of Hg & 134.00±11.91 mm of Hg respectively. The mean±SD of systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in study group in comparison with control group. The mean±SD of diastolic blood pressure of control group I and study Group II were 79.21±6.46 mm of Hg and 89.00±6.23 mm of Hg respectively. The mean±SD of diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher in study group in comparison with control group. Post-menopausal women with high systolic and diastolic pressure have a chance of development of cardiovascular diseases, stroke. So assessment of these parameters are important for early detection and prevention of complication related to high BMI and Blood Pressure for leading a healthy life.

The pharmacological actions of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids are quite substantial, and have recently attracted much attention. One of the principle benzylisoquinoline alkaloids has been found in the unripe seed capsules of Papaver somniferum L. Although it lacks analgesic effects and is unrelated to the compounds in the morphine class, it is a peripheral vasodilator and has a direct effect on vessels. It is reported to inhibit the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase in smooth muscles, and it has been observed to increase intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP. It induces coronary, cerebral, and pulmonary artery dilatation and helps to lower cerebral vascular resistance and enhance cerebral blood flow. Current pharmacological research has revealed that papaverine demonstrates a variety of biological activities, including activity against erectile dysfunction, postoperative vasospasms, and pulmonary vasoconstriction, as well as antiviral, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, and gestational actions. It was recently demonstrated that papaverine has the potential to control SARS-CoV-2 by preventing its cytopathic effect. These experiments were carried out both in vitro and in vivo and require an extensive understanding of the mechanisms of action. With its multiple mechanisms, papaverine can be considered as a natural compound that is used to develop therapeutic drugs. To validate its applications, additional research is required into its precise therapeutic mechanisms as well as its acute and chronic toxicities. Therefore, the goal of this review is to discuss the major studies and reported clinical studies looking into the pharmacological effects of papaverine and the mechanisms of action underneath these effects. Additionally, it is recommended to conduct further research via significant pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies.

The development of a dengue (DENV) vaccine remains challenging due to the heteroserotypic infection, which can result in a potentially deadly hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome, and only a tetravalent vaccine can overcome this issue. Here, we report the immunogenicity of DENV envelope protein domain 3 (ED3) from all four DENV serotypes (DENV1-4) in Swiss albino and BALB/c mice models. Firstly, we observed that despite having very similar sequences and structures, both the humoral and cellular immunogenicity of ED3s varied significantly, with strength ranging from DENV2 ED3 (2ED3)~3ED3 > 1ED3 > 4ED3, which was assessed through anti-ED3 IgG titers, and DENV1 ED3 (1ED3) > 2ED3~3ED3 > 4ED3 as determined by monitoring T-cell memory (CD44+CD62L+ T cells with IL-4 and IFN-γ expression). Secondly, anti-1ED3 sera cross-reacted with 2ED3 and 3ED3; anti-2ED3 and anti-3ED3 sera cross-reacted with each other, but anti-4ED3 was completely serotype-specific. The lack of reciprocity of anti-1ED3's cross-reaction was unanticipated. Such disparity in the ED3 responses and cross-reaction might underlie the appearance of hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Hence, the development of an ED3-based tetravalent subunit vaccine would require understanding the aforementioned disparities.

The oral contraceptive pill, 'the pill', was introduced in the starting of the 1960s. Presently, worldwide about 100 million women are current users of combined hormonal contraceptives (COC) most frequently used in the western world. The most frequently used agents are a combination of drugs containing both the estrogen and progesterone. This combination is considered to be highly efficacious, generally considered 99.9% and a use effectiveness of 97.0% to 98.0%. This study was done to evaluate the changes of Body Mass Index (BMI) and Blood pressure ( BP) in combined oral contraceptive pill users in comparison to non- users. This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2021 to June 2022. Total number of 120 reproductive aged women, age ranged from 15-55 years was included in this study. Among them, sixty (60) combined oral contraceptive pill users subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and sixty (60) age matched oral pill non users subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test and Pearson's correlation coefficient test. The mean±SD of BMI of control group (Group I) and study group (Group II) were 22.50±1.50 kg/m² and 27.64±1.28 kg/m² respectively. In study group (Group II) BMI was increased. Result is statistically highly significant (p<0.001). The mean±SD of systolic blood pressure of control group (Group I) and study group (Group II) were 111.17±8.51 mm of Hg and 127.50±6.14 mm of Hg respectively. In this study the mean±SD of diastolic blood pressure of control group (Group I and study group (Group II) were 75.58±5.05mm of Hg and 87.00±4.89 mm of Hg respectively. In study group (Group II) diastolic blood pressure was increased. Result is statistically highly significant (p<0.001). So the assessment of this parameter is important for early detection and prevention of complication related to combined oral contraceptive pill use for leading a healthy life.

Sedentary lifestyle are spreading worldwide because of lack of available spaces for exercise, increased occupational sedentary behaviors such as office work and the increased prevalence of television and video devices. Increased incidence of sedentary lifestyle and obesity in developed and developing countries is one of the major risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. This study was undertaken to analyze the differences in anthropometric and cardiovascular parameters in sedentary and non-sedentary male subjects. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2021 to June 2022. This study consisted 50 male employees of 25-60 years who worked in an office were study group (Group II) and control group Group-I) consisted of 50 male age matched physical laborers. BMI was calculated as weight in kilogram divided by the height in meter square i.e. kg/m². Blood Pressure was measured by indirect auscultatory method with an aneroid sphygmomanometer. Statistical analysis was done by using Student's un-paired 't' test. Values expressed as mean ± standard deviation. P value was taken as significant at 5 percent confidence level. The mean±SD BMI in kg/m² of Group I and Group II were 21.90±2.22 and 29.32±3.13 respectively. The mean±SD systolic blood pressure of Group I and Group II were 112.20±6.79 and 145.10±8.11 and mean±SD diastolic blood pressure of Group I and Group II were 72.80±5.73 and 91.00±5.05 respectively. The BMI and blood pressure were increased in sedentary group compared to non-sedentary group. From the study, it appears that the risk for cardiovascular disease is increased in sedentary workers.

Hypertension or elevated blood pressure is a serious medical condition that significantly increases the risks of heart, brain, kidney and other diseases. An estimated 1.28 billion adults aged 30-79 years worldwide have hypertension, most (two-thirds) living in low- and middle-income countries. An estimated 46.0% of adults with hypertension are unaware that they have the condition. In Bangladesh, 21.3 million of the adult population has hypertension and that is 21.0% of total population. About half of them (48.7%) with hypertension are diagnosed and 34.9% are under treatment. One of the global targets for non communicable diseases is to reduce the prevalence of hypertension by 33.0% between 2010 and 2030. This study was done to evaluate the effects of hypertension and to find out the major complications occurring due to hypertension. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2021 to December 2021. A total number of 120 male subjects, age ranged from 20-59 years was included in this study. Among them, sixty (60) hypertensive subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and sixty (60) ages matched normotensive adult male subjects were taken as control group (Group I). The results were calculated and analyzed by using Statistical package for social science (SPSS). Anthropometric measurements such as height and weight were taken in meter and kilogram respectively. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured by Aneroid Sphygmomanometer (ALPK2, Japan), laboratory analysis of fasting serum total cholesterol by CHOD-POD method, fasting serum triglycerides by GPO-POD method. In this study we found that in study group Mean±SD of body mass index (29.36±2.60, p<0.001), fasting serum total cholesterol (232.05±11.18, p<0.001) and fasting serum triglycerides (180.67±19.44, p<0.001) which were significantly increased with comparison to control group. It's concluded from this study we recommended that routine estimation of these parameters is important for prevention of complication related to hypertension for leading a healthy life.

Adolescence explained as a period of age between 10 to 19 years. This is a major contributing period to build up the health of girls. Ferritin is an intracellular protein that contains iron and releases it in a controlled fashion and it reflects body iron stores and systemic inflammation during adolescent period. It is considered the best single test for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia during adolescent because its concentration is directly proportional to total body iron stores in adolescent period. This study was done in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh to evaluate the changes of serum ferritin levels among iron deficient anemic adolescent girls in comparison to healthy adolescent girls in Bangladesh. This was a cross sectional, prospective, analytical type of study. This study ranged from 10-19 years of adolescent girls. Seventy (70) healthy adolescent girls, as control group (Group I). Seventy (70) iron deficiency anemic adolescent girls as study group (Group II). Serum ferritin was estimated by Micro-particle Enzyme Immunoassay Test Kit. Data were expressed as mean (±SD). Statistical significance of difference among the Group I and Group II were calculated by unpaired students 't' test. The mean±SD level of serum ferritin among Group I and Group II were 26.22±4.03μg/L and 13.33±3.18μg/L respectively. Mean values ±SD of serum ferritin significantly lower in (Group II) in comparison with (Group I). Higher numbers of adolescent girls are still suffering from anemia along with low level of serum ferritin in Bangladesh. For combat this situation, immediate, sustainable and long term public health intervention and nutritional supplementation must be required.

The most common cause of premature death in developing countries like Bangladesh is ischaemic heart disease. Cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) is 100 percent tissue specific for the myocardium which has been shown to be a very sensitive and specific biomarker for acute myocardial infarction. As acute myocardial infarction is a stressful condition so, plasma glucose level may also increase in this condition which is stress hyperglycemia and also plasma glucose level may be used for prediction of outcome as it is a cheap and easy available test. The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of the elevation of troponin-I level with plasma glucose level of non-diabetic patients in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. This study which was comparative type of analytical and cross- sectional study carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2021 to December 2021. Data was collected from Cardiology Department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh. A total number of 70 subjects participated in this study and were grouped as normoglycemic ST elevation myocardial infarction- Control group (Group I) and non-diabetic hyperglycemic ST elevation myocardial infarction- Study group (Group II). The results were calculated and analyzed by using SPSS. Serum troponin-I was measured by Fluorescence Immunoassay (FIA) and plasma glucose estimated by GOD-PAP method. Data were expressed in mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the groups were calculated by unpaired Student's 't' test. The correlation between different parameter was done by Pearson's correlation coefficient test. In this study, the result suggests that there is significant positive association between serum troponin-I and plasma glucose level in study group (hyperglycemic non-diabetic STEMI) in comparison to control group (normoglycemic STEMI). So, by this study we recommend that routine estimation of these parameters is important for prevention of complications related to acute myocardial infarction.

Menopause is one of the natural parts of women's life when menstrual cycle stops due to lack of estrogen, which occurs in middle age. Various health problems occur in this period which hampers quality of life. This study was done to evaluate the changes of body mass index and serum calcium level in post-menopausal women in comparison to reproductive women. This cross-sectional analytical type of study was done in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2021 to December 2021. A total number of 140 female subjects age ranged from 25-65 years were included in this study. Among them 70 (seventy) postmenopausal woman (45-65 years) were taken as study group (Group II) and 70 (seventy) reproductive women (25-45 years) were taken as control group (Group I). Body mass index was measured by Anthropometric measurements such as height and weight taken in meter and kilogram respectively and Serum calcium level was measured by colorimetric method with O-Cresolftalein-complexone (OCC). Data were expressed as mean (±SD) and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired Student's 't' test. The mean±SD of BMI of Group I and Group II were 23.05±4.43 kg/m² and 29.01±3.12 kg/m² respectively. The mean±SD of body mass index is significantly higher in study group in comparison with control group. Serum calcium of Group I and Group II were 10.95±0.77 mg/dl and 7.99±0.55 mg/dl respectively. The mean±SD of serum calcium level was significantly lower in study group in comparison with control group. Post-menopausal women with low serum calcium level have a chance of development of osteoporosis. So, assessment of this parameter is important for early detection and prevention of complication related to low serum calcium level for leading a sound life.

Proline specific serine protease enzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) has become a promising target for diabetes, as it stops glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) from becoming inactive, resulting in higher levels of active GLP-1. This lowers glucose levels by increasing insulin secretion and decreasing glucagon secretion. DPP-4 is also linked to a higher BMI and a 0.7 to 1% reduction in HbA1c. Currently available DPP-4 inhibitor drugs showed less promising anti-diabetic activity as this class associated with many side effects due to non-selectivity and therefore searching on more potent DPP-4 inhibitors are still ongoing. In our present study, we investigate the inhibition of DPP-4 through a series of antibiotic compounds which were previously reported to be used in diabetic foot infections and compared with existing DPP-4 inhibitors. To obtain this objective, three-dimensional crystal structure of DPP-4 was retrieved from the protein data bank (PDB id: 1 × 70). A systematic computational method combining molecular docking, MM-GBSA binding energy calculation, MD simulations, MM-PBSA binding free energy calculations and ADME were used to find best DPP-4 inhibitor. Molecular docking results revealed that clindamycin has a higher affinity towards the catalytic sides of DPP-4 and built solid hydrophobic and polar interactions with the amino acids involved in the binding region of DPP-4, such as S1 subsite, S2 subsite and S2 extensive subsite. MD simulations results showed clindamycin as potent virtual hit and suggested that it binds with DPP-4 in competitive manner, which virtually indicate that besides antibiotic activity clindamycin has anti-diabetic activity., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-021-00118-6., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022.)

Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), a scaffold of membrane-associated proteins required for diverse cellular events, is produced by Vps34-containing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). PI3K complex I (PI3KCI)-generated PI3P is required for macroautophagy, whereas PI3K complex II (PI3KCII)-generated PI3P is required for endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-mediated multi-vesicular body (MVB) formation in late endosomes. ESCRT also promotes vacuolar membrane remodeling in microautophagy after nutrient starvation and inactivation of target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) protein kinase in budding yeast. Whereas PI3KCI and macroautophagy are critical for the nutrient starvation response, the physiological roles of PI3KCII and microautophagy during starvation are largely unknown. Here, we showed that PI3KCII-produced PI3P on vacuolar membranes is required for microautophagy induction and survival in nutrient-stressed conditions. PI3KCII is required for Vps27 (an ESCRT-0 component) recruitment and ESCRT-0 complex formation on vacuolar surfaces after TORC1 inactivation. Forced recruitment of Vps27 onto vacuolar membranes rescued the defect in microautophagy induction in PI3KCII-deficient cells, indicating that a critical role of PI3P on microautophagy induction is Vps27 recruitment onto vacuolar surfaces. Finally, vacuolar membrane-associated Vps27 was able to recover survival during nutrient starvation in cells lacking PI3KCII or Vps27. This study revealed that the PI3KCII-PI3P-Vps27 axis on vacuolar membranes is critical for ESCRT-mediated microautophagy induction and nutrient stress adaptation., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interests The authors declare no conflict of interests., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Ziziphus oenoplia Mill. (Family- Rhamnaceae) an important shrub, often found throughout the hot regions of tropical Asia and northern Australia, is commonly well known as Jackal jujube in English. It is a folk herbal medicine used as an abdominal pain killer and antidiarrhoeal agent., Objective: The review aims to provide up-to-date information on the vernacular information, botanical characterization, distribution, ethnopharmacological uses, pharmacological activities, and chemical constituents of Z. oenoplia for possible exploitation of treatment for various diseases and to suggest future investigations., Methods: This review was performed by studying online resources relating to Z. oenoplia and diverse resources, including scientific journals, books, and worldwide accepted databases from which information was assembled to accumulate significant information and relevant data in one place., Results: Investigations on Z. oenoplia have been focused on its pharmacological activities, including its antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antihepatotoxic, antiulcer, antiplasmodial, anticancer, wound healing, anthelmintic, antioxidant, analgesic and antinociceptive, hypolipidemic activity, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antidiarrheal activities. Phytochemical studies resulted in the isolation of fatty acids, flavonoids, phenols, pentacyclic triterpenes, hydroxycarboxylic acids, aliphatic hydroxy ether, and cyclopeptide alkaloids., Conclusion: Most of the ethnopharmacological relevance of Z. oenoplia is justified, but more studies are needed. Further investigations are necessary to fully understand the mode of action of the active constituents and to exploit its preventive and therapeutic potentials., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: One of the essential resources for developing new drugs are naturally derived biologically active lead compounds. Biomedical researchers and pharmaceutical companies are highly interested in these plant-derived molecules to develop the new drug. In this process, collective information of the plants and their phytoconstituents with different properties and descriptors would greatly benefit the researchers to identify the hit, lead or drug-like compound., Aim and Objective: Therefore, the work intended to develop a unique and dynamic database Green- MolBD to provide collective information regarding medicinal plants, such as their profile, chemical constituents, and pharmacological evidence. We also aimed to present information of phytoconstituents, such as in silico description, quantum, drugability and biological target information., Methods: For data mining, we covered all accessible literature and books, and for in silico analysis, we employed a variety of well-known software and servers. The database is integrated by MySQL, HTML, PHP and JavaScript., Results: GreenMolBD is a freely accessible database and searchable by keywords, plant name, synonym, common name, family name, family synonym, compound name, IUPAC name, InChI Key, target name, and disease name. We have provided a complete profile of individual plants and each compound's physical, quantum, drug likeliness, and toxicity properties (48 type's descriptor) using in silico tools. A total of 1846 associated targets related to 6,864 compounds already explored in different studies are also incorporated and synchronized., Conclusion: This is the first evidence-based database of bioactive molecules from medicinal plants specially grown in Bangladesh, which may help explore and foster nature-inspired rational drug discovery., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Unsatisfied kinetochore-microtubule attachment activates the spindle assembly checkpoint to inhibit the metaphase-anaphase transition. However, some cells eventually override mitotic arrest by mitotic slippage. Here, we show that inactivation of TORC1 kinase elicits mitotic slippage in budding yeast and human cells. Yeast mitotic slippage was accompanied with aberrant aspects, such as degradation of the nucleolar protein Net1, release of phosphatase Cdc14, and anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-Cdh1-dependent degradation of securin and cyclin B in metaphase. This mitotic slippage caused chromosome instability. In human cells, mammalian TORC1 (mTORC1) inactivation also invoked mitotic slippage, indicating that TORC1 inactivation-induced mitotic slippage is conserved from yeast to mammalian cells. However, the invoked mitotic slippage in human cells was not dependent on APC/C-Cdh1. This study revealed an unexpected involvement of TORC1 in mitosis and provides information on undesirable side effects of the use of TORC1 inhibitors as immunosuppressants and anti-tumor drugs., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2021.)

Remodeling of vacuolar membranes mediated by endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) is critical for microautophagy induction in budding yeast. Nutrient depletion and inactivation of target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) protein kinase elicit recruitment of the ESCRT-0 complex (Vps27-Hse1) onto vacuolar membranes and ESCRT-mediated microautophagy induction. Mitotic protein phosphatase Cdc14 antagonizes TORC1-mediated phosphorylation in macroautophagy induction after nutrient starvation and TORC1 inactivation. Here, we report that Cdc14 downregulates microautophagy induction after TORC1 inactivation. Cdc14 dysfunction stimulated the vacuolar membrane recruitment of Hse1, but not Vps27, after TORC1 inactivation, promoting ESCRT-0 complex formation. Conversely, overexpression of CDC14 compromises Hse1 recruitment on vacuolar membranes and microautophagy induction after TORC1 inactivation. Thus, Cdc14 phosphatase regulates the fluxes of two types of autophagy in the opposite directions, namely, it elicits macroautophagy and attenuates microautophagy., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The degradation of nucleolar proteins - nucleophagy - is elicited by nutrient starvation or the inactivation of target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) protein kinase in budding yeast. Prior to nucleophagy, nucleolar proteins migrate to the nucleus-vacuole junction (NVJ), where micronucleophagy occurs, whereas rDNA (rRNA gene) repeat regions are condensed and escape towards NVJ-distal sites. This suggests that the NVJ controls nucleolar dynamics from outside of the nucleus after TORC1 inactivation, but its molecular mechanism is unclear. Here, we show that sorting nexin (SNX) Mdm1, an inter-organelle tethering protein at the NVJ, mediates TORC1 inactivation-induced nucleolar dynamics. Furthermore, Mdm1 was required for proper nucleophagic degradation of nucleolar proteins after TORC1 inactivation, where it was dispensable for the induction of nucleophagic flux itself. This indicated that nucleophagy and nucleolar dynamics are independently regulated by TORC1 inactivation. Finally, Mdm1 was critical for survival during nutrient starvation conditions. Mutations of SNX14, a human Mdm1 homolog, cause neurodevelopmental disorders. This study provides a novel insight into relationship between sorting nexin-mediated microautophagy and neurodevelopmental disorders., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interests., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Chromosomes have their own territories and dynamically translocate in response to internal and external cues. However, whether and how territories and the relocation of chromosomes are controlled by other intracellular organelles remains unknown. Upon nutrient starvation and target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) inactivation, micronucleophagy, which preferentially degrades nucleolar proteins, occurs at the nucleus-vacuole junction (NVJ) in budding yeast. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is condensed and relocated against the NVJ, whereas nucleolar proteins move towards the NVJ for micronucleophagic degradation, causing dissociation of nucleolar proteins from rDNA. These findings imply that the NVJ is the critical platform in the directional movements of rDNA and nucleolar proteins. Here, we show that cells lacking the NVJ (NVJΔ cells) largely lost rDNA condensation and rDNA-nucleolar protein separation after TORC1 inactivation. The macronucleophagy receptor Atg39, an outer nuclear membrane protein, accumulated at the NVJ and was degraded by micronucleophagy. These suggested that macronucleophagy is also dependent on the presence of the NVJ. However, micronucleophagy, but not macronucleophagy, was abolished in NVJΔ cells. This study clearly demonstrated that vacuoles controls intranuclear events, nucleolar dynamics, from outside of the nucleus via the NVJ under the control of TORC1., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cosmetic products are often inadequately preserved that provide favourable environment for microbial growth. These emphasize the need for regular investigation of cosmetics in terms of microbial quality and preservative capacity. This study aimed to evaluate the microbial quality, in vitro antibacterial activity and preservative capacity of several popular cosmetics collected from the neighbouring health-care stationary shops in Dhaka city from October 2019 to December 2019. Here, a total of five categories of seven different cosmetic products were subjected to evaluate microbial load, in vitro antibacterial activity and preservative capacity. Among the seven cosmetic products, the viable bacterial count in two cosmetics (All Clear and Sunsilk Shampoo) were found within the acceptable range that was <10³ CFU/ml. None of the cosmetics were found contaminated with fungus and pathogenic organisms. Conversely, three (one Mouthwash and two shampoo) products showed in vitro antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. Only single cosmetic product (Cute coconut oil) did not meet the criteria of preservative capacity, while rest six products fulfil the requirements. Thus, our findings revealed a huge load of microorganisms in spite of having adequate preservative capacity in most of the tested products.

Background: Enhydra fluctuans Lour, a tropical herb, commonly known as helencha or harkuch, belongs to the family Asteraceae. It is an edible semi-aquatic herbaceous vegetable plant with serrate leaves and grows commonly in different parts of the world. Enhydra fluctuans possesses potential pharmacological role against inflammation, cancer, diarrhea, microbial infection, diabetes, etc. Aim: This review aims to provide the most current information on the botanical characterization, distribution, traditional uses, chemical constituents, as well as the pharmacological activities of Enhydra fluctuans Lour., Materials and Methods: The recently updated information on Enhydra fluctuans was gathered from scientific journals, books, and worldwide accepted scientific databases via a library and electronic search PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Springer, Scopus, Web of Science, Wiley online library. All of the full-text articles and abstracts related to Enhydra were screened. The most important and relevant articles were carefully chosen for study in this review., Results: Crude extracts and isolated compounds of Enhydra fluctuans Lour have been reported to be pharmacologically active against cytoprotective, analgesic and anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiarrheal, antihelmintic, CNS depressant, hepatoprotective, thrombolytic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, phagocytic and cytotoxic, and neuroprotective potential activities., Discussion: Phytochemical analysis from different studies has reported Germacranolide, Sesquiterpene lactone, Flavonoid, Essential oil, Steroid, Diterpenoid, Melampolide, Sesquiterpene lactone, and Isoflavone glycoside as major compounds of Enhydra fluctuans Lour., Conclusion: However, more research is needed to explore the mode of action of bioactive components of the plant and its therapeutic capabilities., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Linum usitatissimum or flax has been broadly utilized in numerous milieus worldwide as a primeval medicinal plant because of its health benefits in diverse types of diseases., Objective: The objective of this review is to assemble the latest information on the botanical description, distribution, conventional uses, and biochemical constituents, along with the pharmacological activities and toxicity of flax., Methods: For this purpose, data on Linum was accumulated from scientific journals, books, and worldwide acknowledged scientific databases via a library and electronic search., Results: Phytochemical analysis showed that the major chemical constituents of L. usitatissimum are ω-3 fatty acid, phytoestrogenic-lignans (secoisolariciresinol diglucoside-SDG), phenols, flavonoids, sterols, proteins, antioxidants as well as various soluble and insoluble fibres. Among them, secoisolariciresinol diglucosides (SDG) are the major bioactive compounds of L. usitatissimum with prospective pharmacological accomplishments. Pure compounds and crude extracts isolated from L. usitatissimum exhibited significant anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, anti-diarrheal, anti-malarial, hepato-protective, reno-protective, immunosuppressive, antiarrhythmic, and cognitive effects. Studies indicated that the toxicological effect from the consumption of flaxseed is because of its cyanogenic glycosides, linatine, and cadmium, but the level does not seem to be adequately concentrated to contribute to any physiological impact., Conclusions: Further studies are expected to comprehend the detailed mode of action of its dynamic constituents as potent therapeutics and to completely reveal its preventive and healing potentials., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: In Bangladesh 65% of children under 6 months of age were exclusively breastfed with maternal employment being a risk factor that has jeopardized exclusive breastfeeding. As Ready Made Garment (RMG) factories have been the largest employer of low income women in Bangladesh, the objective of our study was to explore the barriers and facilitators of breastfeeding and perceptions about use of expressed breast milk among mothers who worked in the RMG sector., Methods: This formative research was conducted during July-September 2015 in two slums of Dhaka among RMG workers who were mothers and the caregivers of 0-12 month old infants. Qualitative data was obtained from purposively selected participants of 8 in-depth interviews and 4 focus group discussions (mothers and caregivers), and 2 key informant (RMG factory official) interviews. Mothers were from multiple RMG factories while factory officials were from a single factory. Thematic analysis was conducted., Results: The main themes of qualitative exploration were knowledge and experience of breastfeeding; structural barriers (home and workplace); consequences of inadequate breastfeeding; and perception and experience of using expressed breast milk. Despite knowledge both of the benefits of breast milk and of the importance of breastfeeding for 6 months, most mothers introduced formula as early as 2 months to prepare for their return to work. Barriers such as excessive workload, inadequate crèche facilities at work, and lack of adequate caregivers at home impeded exclusive breastfeeding. Mothers and caregivers had very little knowledge about the use of expressed breast milk and were concerned about contamination., Conclusion: As RMG factories are the largest employer of low-income women in Bangladesh, facilitating RMG factory working mothers' ability to use breast milk could help to promote infant health and help women remain in the workforce.

Complex malformations of the female genital tract are not as uncommon as they are thought to be. But because of their heterogeneous presentation they often pose a diagnostic dilemma and thus their management plan is crucial. Here we express a case report of a 12 year old girl with a rare and complex female genital tract malformation of uterine didelphys with obstructed hemi uterus due to unilateral cervical agenesis with ipsilateral renal agenesis and contralateral cervical dysgenesis. The girl presented to us with severe lower abdominal pain and progressive pelvic lump. In order to preserve menstrual function and fertility, a cervical fistula was made and the patient has been kept under follow up since then.