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Harmful drinking causes serious consequences to social security as well as physical and mental health of the general public. The Global Burden of Disease Study (2017) showed that the number of alcohol-related deaths in China in 2017 was 1.82 times higher than that in 1990, and the population attributable fraction increased by 44.13%. The burden of disease caused by drinking alcohol had been increasing. By comparing with the comprehensive intervention strategy of restricting harmful drinking put forward by the World Health Organization, we suggest that the current interventions that need to be improved in China should include several aspects below: (1) strengthening the control of alcohol production, marketing and circulation, (2) restricting the availability of alcohol products for minors through enterprise self-discipline, laws and regulations, parents and school health education, (3) bridging gaps in appropriate techniques and services for alcohol restriction/abstinence in the health care system, (4) providing services such as rapid screening of alcohol dependence and short abstinence interventions, (5) strengthening restrictions on alcohol advertising especially in new media (e.g., online and social media) marketing practices for alcohol products, (6) conducting scientific research and evaluation on alcohol tax-related issues, and (7) regularly reviewing alcohol prices related to inflation and income levels.有害饮酒给社会安全和身心健康带来严重危害。全球疾病负担研究（2017）显示2017年我国饮酒致死的人数是1990年的1.82倍，导致的死亡人群归因分值增幅达44.13%。饮酒导致的疾病负担日益严重。通过与世界卫生组织提出的限制有害饮酒综合干预策略比对分析发现，我们认为当前我国有待完善的干预领域包括加强酒类生产、销售和流通环节的管控，通过企业自律、法规宣贯、家长和学校健康教育限制未成年人的酒类产品的可获得性；在医疗卫生体系中填补限酒/戒酒适宜技术和服务的空白，提供酒精依赖快速筛查、简短戒酒干预等服务；加强酒类广告的限制措施，尽快出台新媒体（如网络、社交媒体）酒类产品营销活动规范；针对酒税问题开展科学研究和评估，定期审查与通货膨胀和收入水平相关的酒类价格。.

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情暴发以来，全国上下开展了一场史无前例的抗疫阻击战。本文阐述了广东驰援湖北洪湖市医疗队在党中央、各级政府关于疫情防控的决策部署下，结合当地实际情况，迅速制定出有针对性的抗疫行动方案，并通过切实实施防控举措，取得了较好的成效，形成了"政府统筹、专家主导、数据支撑、全民参与"的新冠肺炎防控洪湖模式，以期为我国县级城市提供切实可行的疫情防控参考。.

The ionosphere scale height is one of the most significant ionospheric parameters, which contains information about the ion and electron temperatures and dynamics in upper ionosphere. In this paper, an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis method is applied to process all the ionospheric radio occultations of GPS/COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate) from the year 2007 to 2011 to reconstruct a global ionospheric scale height model. This monthly medium model has spatial resolution of 5° in geomagnetic latitude (−87.5° ~ 87.5°) and temporal resolution of 2 h in local time. EOF analysis preserves the characteristics of scale height quite well in the geomagnetic latitudinal, anural, seasonal, and diurnal variations. In comparison with COSMIC measurements of the year of 2012, the reconstructed model indicates a reasonable accuracy. In order to improve the topside model of International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), we attempted to adopt the scale height model in the Bent topside model by applying a scale factor q as an additional constraint. With the factor q functioning in the exponent profile of topside ionosphere, the IRI scale height should be forced equal to the precise COSMIC measurements. In this way, the IRI topside profile can be improved to get closer to the realistic density profiles. Internal quality check of this approach is carried out by comparing COSMIC realistic measurements and IRI with or without correction, respectively. In general, the initial IRI model overestimates the topside electron density to some extent, and with the correction introduced by COSMIC scale height model, the deviation of vertical total electron content (VTEC) between them is reduced. Furthermore, independent validation with Global Ionospheric Maps VTEC implies a reasonable improvement in the IRI VTEC with the topside model correction.

Increasing total electron content (TEC) measurements from the low Earth orbiting satellites to Global Positioning System satellites flourish the exploration of the ionosphere and plasmasphere for decades. This paper indicates a method that 3-D Var is applied to assimilate precise orbit determination antenna TEC measurements of Constellation Observing System forMeteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) satellites into the background global core plasma model (GCPM). The slant TEC data archived in the COSMIC Data Analysis and Archive Center from 500 km to 20,200 km are used to reconstruct a new electron density model. This model has a temporal resolution of 2 h and spatial resolutions of 2.5 degrees in geomagnetic latitude, 5 degrees in longitude, 50 km in the upper ionosphere, and several hundred kilometers in the plasmasphere. Preliminary results show that the data assimilation modifies the initial GCPM forecast to be better coincident with actual COSMIC measurements in internal quality check. Furthermore, independent validation with upper ionosphere-retrieved electron density and TEC of global ionosphere maps implies a reasonable improvement in the estimation of plasmaspheric electron density after the assimilation.

The ionospheric topside basis scale height. Hsc, presents the height range above the F-2 layer peak height at which the peak electron density (NmF(2)) decays by a factor of an exponent (similar to 2.718). The data periods of Hsc derived from the COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate) RO (Radio Occultation) are from 1st January 2007 to 31st December 2011. Time series of Hsc during these five years in specified regions are analyzed. The most significant finding in this study is that the Hsc variations in a relatively small region demonstrate annual periodicities but do not last the whole day. The variation fluctuation is related to the geomagnetic latitudes and presents a good symmetry in two geomagnetic hemispheres. A novel phenomenon is that scale height and peak height also reveal the geomagnetic equator ionosphere anomaly as well as peak density. The peak density anomaly presents two crests along the geomagnetic equator while the scale height and peak height exhibit single-line distribution. Diurnal variation of Hsc is also investigated in this study. There is a deep valley at 08:00 LT and the peak is at around 12:00 LT. The high values last the whole afternoon. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A serving area which is on the east side of Shenjia bay was proposed by Shengsi country to provide construction land for the high-end resort of Bodaozui in Zhoushan. In this study, a two-dimensional tidal current and a sediment transportation model of Bodaozui waters were established based MIKE21, and it was verified by the measured tide data. The validated model was then applied to simulate sediment transport caused by the second phase reclamation and training projects. The results showed that: Due to the influence of source, the spread range of suspended sediment for bordering and rock dumping project was larger than that in the filling and drainage project. The outfall was located on the west side of the island, where the space was relatively narrow, which was difficult for the transportation of the suspended sediment. In the bordering and rock dumping project (spring tide), the area of concentration exceeding 100 mg/L is about 11.49 × 10−3 km2, and is much smaller than that in the filling and drainage project with 84.61 × 10−3 km2. The reclamation project was affected by the two breakwaters and the impact range of SSC caused by rock dumping and filling projects maybe controlled unlikely to affect the outside hydro-environment.

In the present study, a two-dimensional tidal current and oil spill numerical model was established by using the software MIKE21 to simulate the transport and spread of the oil spill in the area of the Xiaogan Island of Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province. After validated by the field measurements, the model was applied to simulate the current and the spread of the oil spill before and after the dredging project. The results showed that: The oil particles diffused faster under the calm wind, with a spread area of 751.55 km2 after 72 hours. The diffusion area and the time for the particles reached to the sensitive points were obviously different between the flood and ebb tide, and the diffusion area was larger during the flood tide. The duration of the particles reached to the sensitive points was shorter during the ebb tide. Under the wind directions of NW, NNW and N during flood tide, the oil particles adhered to the south breakwater and the surrounding area was not affected by the oil spill. The current velocities for both flood and ebb tide were decreased after the project. The decreasing of the current velocity ranged from 0.05 to 0.2 m/s during the flood tide, and 0.1 to 0.15 m/s during the ebb tide. It can be concluded that wind is beneficial for the water environment.

Iron oxides compounds constitute an important component of mineral dust aerosol. Several previous studies have shown that these minerals are strong absorbers at visible wavelengths and thus that they play a critical role in the overall climate forcing caused by dust aerosol. When compiling a database of complex refractive indices of possible mineral species of iron-oxides to study their optical properties, we found that uniformly continuous optical constants for a single type of iron-oxides in the wavelength range between 0.2 and 50 μm is very scarce and that the use of hematite to represent all molecular or mineral iron-oxides types is a popular hypothesis. However, the crucial problem is that three continuous datasets for complex refractive indices of hematite are employed in climate models, but there are significant differences between them. Thus, the real role of iron-oxides in the optical properties of dust aerosols becomes a key scientific question, and we address this problem by considering different refractive indices, size distributions, and more logical weight fractions and mixing states of hematite. Based on the microscopic observations, a semi-external mixture that employs an external mixture between Fe-aggregates and other minerals and partly internal mixing between iron-oxides and aluminosilicate particles is advised as the optimal approximation. The simulations demonstrate that hematite with a spectral refractive indices from Longtin et al. (1988) shows approximately equal absorbing capacity to the mineral illite over the whole wavelength region from 0.55 to 2.5 μm, and only enhances the optical absorption of aerosol mixture at λ < 0.55 μm. Using the dataset from Querry (1985) may overestimate the optical absorption of hematite at both visible and near-infrared wavelengths. More laboratory measurements of the refractive index of iron-oxides, especially for hematite and goethite in the visible spectrum, should therefore be taken into account when assessing the effect of mineral dust on climate forcing.

Taurine is one of the most abundant free amino acids in the immature mammalian central nervous system. In the present study, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made to examine taurine-evoked currents ( I(Tau)) in acutely dissociated immature rat hippocampal CA1 neurons. Taurine at low concentrations (/=1 mM) activated glycine receptors while at high concentrations (/=3 mM) activated both glycine and GABA(A) receptors. Moreover, elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) via non-NMDA receptor activation enhanced I(Tau) reversibly. The results indicate that taurine may act as a native ligand of glycine receptors and modulate neurotransmissions in the immature hippocampus, and under certain conditions it can also activate GABA(A) receptors. The potentiation of I(Tau) by intracellular Ca(2+) may contribute to the protection effect of taurine under some cell-damaging conditions.

Acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) is the key proton receptor in nervous systems, mediating acidosis-induced neuronal injury in many neurological disorders, such as ischemic stroke. Up to now, functional ASIC1a has been found exclusively on the plasma membrane. Here, we show that ASIC1a proteins are also present in mitochondria of mouse cortical neurons where they are physically associated with adenine nucleotide translocase. Moreover, purified mitochondria from ASIC1a(-/-) mice exhibit significantly enhanced Ca(2+) retention capacity and accelerated Ca(2+) uptake rate. When challenged with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ASIC1a(-/-) neurons are resistant to cytochrome c release and inner mitochondrial membrane depolarization, suggesting an impairment of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) due to ASIC1a deletion. Consistently, H2O2-induced neuronal death, which is MPT dependent, is reduced in ASIC1a(-/-) neurons. Additionally, significant increases in mitochondrial size and oxidative stress levels are detected in ASIC1a(-/-) mouse brain, which also displays marked changes (2-fold) in the expression of mitochondrial proteins closely related to reactive oxygen species signal pathways, as revealed by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry analysis. Our data suggest that mitochondrial ASIC1a may serve as an important regulator of MPT pores, which contributes to oxidative neuronal cell death.

This paper proposes a new approach to customer classification with customers' value information being interval information. In the proposed approach, the decision matrix in the form of interval is normalized based on the superiority degree theory, firstly; Then, the attribute weights are determined and the relative distance of each customer to the ideal-point is figured out; in the end, the customers are classified into different groups according to the relative distance of each customer to the ideal-point and the classification rule. An example is used to illustrate the proposed approach.

To study the effect of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), a phospholipase C inhibitor, on ischemic injury to brain mitochondria in rats.The phospholipid level, membrane fluidity, and respiratory control ratio of brain mitochondria were measured. The effect of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride was tested.The phospholipid level, membrane fluidity, and respiratory control ratio of brain mitochondria in ischemia group decreased but increased in the PMSF treatment group (P0.05).PMSF ameliorated ischemic injury to brain mitochondria in rats.

To predict the toxicity of mixtures of halogenated benzenes (narcotics).Acute toxicity test of single chemicals and mixtures was performed using Photobacterium phosphoreum. Partition coefficients of mixtures were calculated by a special equation. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies were carried out based on results of toxicity tests, n-octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow), and partition coefficient of mixtures (Kmix).1) There was a good relationship between toxicity and lgKow for single compounds. 2) QSAR analysis showed a perfect correlation between the calculated Kmix and the mixture toxicity for binary mixtures. 3) Using the QSAR model of binary mixtures, the toxicity of other related mixtures containing different composition and fraction was predicted very well.The toxicity of halogenated benzene mixtures (narcotics) was predicted by QSAR. This kind of study is helpful for assessing the toxicity of narcotic mixtures.

The effects of Zn2+ on GABAA-receptor mediated responses in acutely isolated rat sacral dorsal commissural nucleus (SDCN) were studied using nystatin-perforated whole cell recording techniques. The results demonstrated that (1) GABA induced inward currents through activation of GABAA-receptor at a holding potential of -40 mV; (2) GABAA-receptor mediated responses were suppressed by Zn2+ in a reversible and voltage-independent manner; and (3) in the presence of Zn2+, the concentration-response curve of GABA-induced responses was shifted to the right in a parallel manner. The results suggest that Zn2+ allosterically depresses GABAA-receptor mediated currents.

Using nystatin-perforated whole-cell recording configuration, the modulatory effect of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) on taurine (Tau)-activated current (ITau) was investigated in neurons dissociated from the rat sacral dorsal commissural nucleus (SDCN). The results are as follows: (1) Tau acted on strychnine-sensitive glycine (Gly) receptors and elicited inward currents at a holding potential (VH) of -40 mV in SDCN neurons; (2)in a range of 0.01 to 100 mumol/L, 5-HT enhanced ITau in a concentration-dependent manner; (3) both the reversal potential of Tau and the binding affinity of Tau to Gly receptor were not affected by 5-HT; (4) when the neurons were loaded with 3 mumol/L chelerythrine, application of 1 mumol/L 5-HT failed to enhance ITau. The above results thus indicate that intracellular PKC pathway is at least partially involved in the enhancement of ITau by 5-HT. In accordance with our previous study, it is suggested that 5-HT may play an important antinociceptive function in SDCN through enhanced Gly and Tau inhibitory effects.

The electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of GABA- and glycine (Gly)-induced responses were investigated in neurons acutely dissociated from the rat sacral dorsal commissural nucleus (SDCN) using the nystatin perforated patch recording configuration under voltage-clamp conditions. At a holding potential of -40 mV, the currents evoked by GABA and Gly increased in a sigmoidal fashion with increasing agonist concentration. The reversal potentials of I(GABA)and I(Gly) were close to the Cl- equilibrium potential. Bicuculline (BIC) and strychnine (STR) suppressed I(GABA) and I(Gly) in a concentration-dependent manner, although they have different affinities for GABA and Gly. 5-HT potentiated both I(GABA) and I(Gly) via intracellular protein kinase C on the same neurons. The results indicated that the acutely dissociated SDCN neurons responded to both exogenous GABA and Gly, which activated GABA(A) and STR-sensitive Gly receptors, respectively, and 5-HT may produce spinal antinociception through postsynaptic potentiation of I(GABA) and I(Gly) when they are coreleased; GABA and Gly may act as cotransmitters implicated in the control of spinal nociceptive signal processing in the mammalian spinal cord.

The effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) on the glycine (Gly) response was examined in neurons acutely dissociated from the rat sacral dorsal commissural nucleus (SDCN) using the nystatin-perforated patch-recording configuration under voltage-clamp conditions. The application of 100 microM NMDA to SDCN neurons reversibly potentiated Gly-activated Cl- currents (IGly) without affecting the Gly binding affinity and the reversal potential of IGly. A selective NMDA receptor antagonist, APV (100 microM), blocked the NMDA-induced potentiation of IGly, whereas 50 microM CNQX, a non-NMDA receptor antagonist, did not. The potentiation effect was reduced when NMDA was applied in a Ca2+-free extracellular solution or in the presence of BAPTA AM, and was independent of the activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Pretreatment with KN-62, a selective Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) inhibitor, abolished the NMDA action. Inhibition of calcineurin (CaN) further enhanced the NMDA-induced potentiation of IGly. In addition, the GABAA receptor-mediated currents were suppressed by NMDA receptor activation in the SDCN neurons. The present results show that Ca2+ entry through NMDA receptors modulates the Gly receptor function via coactivation of CaMKII and CaN in the rat SDCN neurons. This interaction may represent one of the important regulatory mechanisms of spinal nociception. The results also suggest that GABAA and Gly receptors may be subject to different intracellular modulatory pathways.

To isolate rat sacral dorsal commissural neurons (SDCN).Using enzymatic and mechanical dissociation techniques to isolate the neurons and using nystatin perforated patch technique to evaluate their functional state.The isolated neurons exhibited good responses to excitatory and inhibitory amino acids. The responses of SDCN to N-methyl-D-aspartate were markedly potentiated by substance P and trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate, whereas GABA responses were significantly potentiated by diazepam, pregnenolone, and pentobarbital.This preparation provides a satisfactory model for exploring the mechanisms of the SDCN in nociception and antinociception.

To study the effects of pentobarbital (PB) on acutely dissociated rat sacral dorsal commissural neurons (SDCN).Nystatin-perforated patch clamp recording was used.(1) At a holding potential of -40 mV, PB induced inward Cl- current (IPB) in a concentration-dependent manner with a EC50 (95% confidence limits) of 416 (385-477) mumol.L-1 and a Hill coefficient of 1.08. (2) Picrotoxin reversibly blocked IPB. (3) The reversal potential of IPB was close to the Cl- equilibrium potential. (4) PB enhanced GABA-induced Cl- influx (IGABA). In the presence of PB 30 mumol.L-1, the EC50 (95% confidence limits) of IGABA decreased from 6.9 (5.4-8.4) mumol.L-1 to 3.5 (2.9-4.1) mumol.L-1.PB had dual effects on SDCN, facilitated GABAA receptor-mediated currents and at higher concentrations induced Cl- influx itself.

The effects of 5-HT and NA on glycine-gated Cl- channel currents(IGly) and its intracellular mechanisms were investigated in acutely dissociated rat sacral dorsal commissural neurons by using nystatin perforated patch clamp recording. It was found that: (1) the activation of 5-HT2 receptor coupled to IAP-insensitive G-proteins increases intracellular DAG formation through the activation of phospholipase C(PLC). The accumulation of DAG increases the Ca(2+)-independent or novel PKC(nPKC) activity, resulting in the potentiation of IGly; (2) the activation of alpha 2-adrenoceptor by NA coupled to IAP-sensitive G-proteins reduces intracellular cAMP formation through the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase (AC). The reduction of cAMP decreases PKA activity, resulting in the potentiation of IGly.