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Peatlands have acted as net CO2 sinks over millennia, exerting a global climate cooling effect. Rapid warming at northern latitudes, where peatlands are abundant, can disturb their CO2 sink function. Here we show that sensitivity of peatland net CO2 exchange to warming changes in sign and magnitude across seasons, resulting in complex net CO2 sink responses. We use multiannual net CO2 exchange observations from 20 northern peatlands to show that warmer early summers are linked to increased net CO2 uptake, while warmer late summers lead to decreased net CO2 uptake. Thus, net CO2 sinks of peatlands in regions experiencing early summer warming, such as central Siberia, are more likely to persist under warmer climate conditions than are those in other regions. Our results will be useful to improve the design of future warming experiments and to better interpret large-scale trends in peatland net CO2 uptake over the coming few decades.Peatlands have historically acted as a carbon sink, but it is unclear how climate warming will affect this. The response of peatland carbon uptake to warming depends on the timing of summer warming; early warming leads to increased CO2 uptake and later warming to decreased uptake.

We report the discovery and confirmation of the planetary system TOI-1288. This late G dwarf harbours two planets: TOI-1288 b and TOI-1288 c. We combine TESS space-borne and ground-based transit photometry with HARPS-N and HIRES high-precision Doppler measurements, which we use to constrain the masses of both planets in the system and the radius of planet b. TOI-1288~b has a period of $2.699835^{+0.000004}_{-0.000003}$ d, a radius of $5.24 \pm 0.09$ R$_\oplus$, and a mass of $42 \pm 3$ M$_\oplus$, making this planet a hot transiting super-Neptune situated right in the Neptunian desert. This desert refers to a paucity of Neptune-sized planets on short period orbits. Our 2.4-year-long Doppler monitoring of TOI-1288 revealed the presence of a Saturn-mass planet on a moderately eccentric orbit ($0.13^{+0.07}_{-0.09}$) with a minimum mass of $84 \pm 7$ M$_\oplus$ and a period of $443^{+11}_{-13}$ d. The 5 sectors worth of TESS data do not cover our expected mid-transit time for TOI-1288 c, and we do not detect a transit for this planet in these sectors., 16 pages, 17 figures, under review MNRAS

Studies of planetary systems of stars in star-forming regions and young clusters open a window on the formative stages of planetary evolution. We obtained high-cadence high-resolution infrared spectroscopy of the solar-mass Taurus association-member V1298 Tau during a transit of its 10R$_{\oplus}$-size "b" planet. We measured the systemic radial velocity and find that the kinematics of V1298 Tau suggest an affiliation with a $\gtrsim$6 Myr-old subgroup. A comparison of V1298 Tau and the nearby, co-moving star 2M0405 with stellar evolution models suggests an age of $\sim$10-25 Myr. We measured the projected spin-orbit angle of "b" as $\lambda=15_{-16}^{+15}$ and $\lambda = 2_{-4}^{+12}$ degrees using the apparent RV shift and change in line profile, respectively, induced by the transient occultation of the rotating star by the planet. These values indicate a prograde orbit like that of the interior "c" planet of V1298 Tau and point to a co-planar multi-planet system that formed within a disk. We also measured variation in the strength of the 1083 nm triplet of neutral orthohelium as a probe of any extended/escaping atmosphere around "b". We detect a steady decrease in absorption over the transit which appears to arise from the star or its planetary system. While this variation could be ascribed to "b" or possibly to the immediately preceding transit of "d", we cannot rule out that this is due to rapid variation in the stellar disk-integrated flux in the triplet. The amplitude of variation ($\sim$0.04 nm) is consistent with moderate estimates of atmospheric escape driven by XUV radiation from the central star., Comment: Accepted to MNRAS 20 October 2021

Methane (CH4) emissions from natural landscapes constitute roughly half of global CH4 contributions to the atmosphere, yet large uncertainties remain in the absolute magnitude and the seasonality of emission quantities and drivers. Eddy covariance (EC) measurements of CH4 flux are ideal for constraining ecosystem-scale CH4 emissions due to quasi-continuous and high-temporal-resolution CH4 flux measurements, coincident carbon dioxide, water, and energy flux measurements, lack of ecosystem disturbance, and increased availability of datasets over the last decade. Here, we (1) describe the newly published dataset, FLUXNET-CH4 Version 1.0, the first open-source global dataset of CH4 EC measurements (available at https://fluxnet.org/data/fluxnet-ch4-community-product/, last access: 7 April 2021). FLUXNET-CH4 includes half-hourly and daily gap-filled and non-gap-filled aggregated CH4 fluxes and meteorological data from 79 sites globally: 42 freshwater wetlands, 6 brackish and saline wetlands, 7 formerly drained ecosystems, 7 rice paddy sites, 2 lakes, and 15 uplands. Then, we (2) evaluate FLUXNET-CH4 representativeness for freshwater wetland coverage globally because the majority of sites in FLUXNET-CH4 Version 1.0 are freshwater wetlands which are a substantial source of total atmospheric CH4 emissions; and (3) we provide the first global estimates of the seasonal variability and seasonality predictors of freshwater wetland CH4 fluxes. Our representativeness analysis suggests that the freshwater wetland sites in the dataset cover global wetland bioclimatic attributes (encompassing energy, moisture, and vegetation-related parameters) in arctic, boreal, and temperate regions but only sparsely cover humid tropical regions. Seasonality metrics of wetland CH4 emissions vary considerably across latitudinal bands. In freshwater wetlands (except those between 20∘ S to 20∘ N) the spring onset of elevated CH4 emissions starts 3 d earlier, and the CH4 emission season lasts 4 d longer, for each degree Celsius increase in mean annual air temperature. On average, the spring onset of increasing CH4 emissions lags behind soil warming by 1 month, with very few sites experiencing increased CH4 emissions prior to the onset of soil warming. In contrast, roughly half of these sites experience the spring onset of rising CH4 emissions prior to the spring increase in gross primary productivity (GPP). The timing of peak summer CH4 emissions does not correlate with the timing for either peak summer temperature or peak GPP. Our results provide seasonality parameters for CH4 modeling and highlight seasonality metrics that cannot be predicted by temperature or GPP (i.e., seasonality of CH4 peak). FLUXNET-CH4 is a powerful new resource for diagnosing and understanding the role of terrestrial ecosystems and climate drivers in the global CH4 cycle, and future additions of sites in tropical ecosystems and site years of data collection will provide added value to this database. All seasonality parameters are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4672601 (Delwiche et al., 2021). Additionally, raw FLUXNET-CH4 data used to extract seasonality parameters can be downloaded from https://fluxnet.org/data/fluxnet-ch4-community-product/ (last access: 7 April 2021), and a complete list of the 79 individual site data DOIs is provided in Table 2 of this paper.

Full list of authors: Kawauchi, K.; Murgas, F.; Palle, E.; Narita, N.; Fukui, A.; Hirano, T.; Parviainen, H.; Ishikawa, H. T.; Watanabe, N.; Esparaza-Borges, E.; Kuzuhara, M.; Orell-Miquel, J.; Krishnamurthy, V; Mori, M.; Kagetani, T.; Zou, Y.; Isogai, K.; Livingston, J. H.; Howell, S. B.; Crouzet, N.; de Leon, J. P.; Kimura, T.; Kodama, T.; Korth, J.; Kurita, S.; Laza-Ramos, A.; Luque, R.; Madrigal-Aguado, A.; Miyakawa, K.; Morello, G.; Nishiumi, T.; Rodriguez, G. E. F.; Sanchez-Benavente, M.; Stangret, M.; Teng, H.; Terada, Y.; Gnilka, C. L.; Guerrero, N.; Harakawa, H.; Hodapp, K.; Hori, Y.; Ikoma, M.; Jacobson, S.; Konishi, M.; Kotani, T.; Kudo, T.; Kurokowa, T.; Kusakabe, N.; Nishikawa, J.; Omiya, M.; Serizawa, T.; Tamura, M.; Ueda, A.; Vievard, S.--This is an Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., Context. The NASA space telescope TESS is currently in the extended mission of its all-sky search for new transiting planets. Of the thousands of candidates that TESS is expected to deliver, transiting planets orbiting nearby M dwarfs are particularly interesting targets since they provide a great opportunity to characterize their atmospheres by transmission spectroscopy. Aims. We aim to validate and characterize the new sub-Neptune-sized planet candidate TOI-2136.01 orbiting a nearby M dwarf (d = 33.36 ± 0.02pc, Teff = 3373 ± 108 K) with an orbital period of 7.852 days. Methods. We use TESS data, ground-based multicolor photometry, and radial velocity measurements with the InfraRed Doppler (IRD) instrument on the Subaru Telescope to validate the planetary nature of TOI-2136.01, and estimate the stellar and planetary parameters. We also conduct high-resolution transmission spectroscopy to search for helium in its atmosphere. Results. We confirm that TOI-2136.01 (now named TOI-2136b) is a bona fide planet with a planetary radius of Rp = 2.20 ± 0.07R⊕ and a mass of Mp = 4.7−2.6+3.1 M⊕. We also search for helium 10830 Å absorption lines and place an upper limit on the equivalent width of, The MEarth Project acknowledges funding from the David and Lucile Packard Fellowship for Science and Engineering, the National Science Foundation under grants AST-0807690, AST-1109468, AST-1616624 and AST-1004488 (Alan T. Waterman Award), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. 80NSSC18K0476 issued through the XRP Program, and the John Templeton Foundation. Based on observations obtained with the Samuel Oschin 48-inch Telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility project. Z.T.F. is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. AST-1440341 and a collaboration including Caltech, IPAC, the Weizmann Institute for Science, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, the University of Washington, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and Humboldt University, Los Alamos National Laboratories, the TANGO Consortium of Taiwan, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories. Operations are conducted by COO, IPAC, and UW. Our data reductions benefited from PyRAF and PyFITS that are the products of the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by AURA for NASA. G.M. has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 895525. R.L. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, through project PID2019-109522GB-C52, and the Centre of Excellence “Severo Ochoa” award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709). J.K. gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA; DNR 2020-00104). This work is partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP21K20376, JP21K13975, JP21H00035, JP21K20388, JP20K14518, JP20K14521, JP19K14783, JP18H05439, JP17H04574, by Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows Grant Number JP20J21872, by JST CREST Grant Number JPMJCR1761, by Astrobiology Center PROJECT Research AB031014, by Astrobiology Center SATELLITE Research project AB022006, and the Astrobiology Center of National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) (Grant Number AB031010). M.T. is supported by MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI grant Nos. 18H05442, 15H02063, and 22000005. Some of the observations in the paper made use of the High-Resolution Imaging instrument Alopeke obtained under Gemini LLP Proposal Number: GN/S-2021A-LP-105. Alopeke was funded by the NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program and built at the NASA Ames Research Center by Steve B. Howell, Nic Scott, Elliott P. Horch, and Emmett Quigley. Alopeke was mounted on the Gemini North (and/or South) telescope of the international Gemini Observatory, a program of NSF’s OIR Lab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation, on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), National Research Council (Canada), Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile), Mnisterio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Argentina), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (Brazil), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Republic of Korea).

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.--Full list of authors: Barragan, O.; Armstrong, D. J.; Gandolfi, D.; Carleo, I; Vidotto, A. A.; D'Angelo, C. Villarreal; Oklopcic, A.; Isaacson, H.; Oddo, D.; Collins, K.; Fridlund, M.; Sousa, S. G.; Persson, C. M.; Hellier, C.; Howell, S.; Howard, A.; Redfield, S.; Eisner, N.; Georgieva, I. Y.; Dragomir, D.; Bayliss, D.; Nielsen, L. D.; Klein, B.; Aigrain, S.; Zhang, M.; Teske, J.; Twicken, J. D.; Jenkins, J.; Esposito, M.; Van Eylen, V.; Rodler, F.; Adibekyan, V; Alarcon, J.; Anderson, D. R.; Murphy, J. M. Akana; Barrado, D.; Barros, S. C. C.; Benneke, B.; Bouchy, F.; Bryant, E. M.; Butler, R. P.; Burt, J.; Cabrera, J.; Casewell, S.; Chaturvedi, P.; Cloutier, R.; Cochran, W. D.; Crane, J.; Crossfield, I; Crouzet, N.; Collins, K., I; Dai, F.; Deeg, H. J.; Deline, A.; Demangeon, O. D. S.; Dumusque, X.; Figueira, P.; Furlan, E.; Gnilka, C.; Goad, M. R.; Goffo, E.; Gutierrez-Canales, F.; Hadjigeorghiou, A.; Hartman, Z.; Hatzes, A. P.; Harris, M.; Henderson, B.; Hirano, T.; Hojjatpanah, S.; Hoyer, S.; Kabath, P.; Korth, J.; Lillo-Box, J.; Luque, R.; Marmier, M.; Mocnik, T.; Muresan, A.; Murgas, F.; Nagel, E.; Osborne, H. L. M.; Osborn, A.; Osborn, H. P.; Palle, E.; Raimbault, M.; Ricker, G. R.; Rubenzahl, R. A.; Stockdale, C.; Santos, N. C.; Scott, N.; Schwarz, R. P.; Shectman, S.; Seager, S.; Segransan, D.; Serrano, L. M.; Skarka, M.; Smith, A. M. S.; Subjak, J.; Tan, T. G.; Udry, S.; Watson, C.; Wheatley, P. J.; West, R.; Winn, J. N.; Wang, S. X.; Wolfgang, A.; Ziegler, C.; KESPRINT Team., We present the discovery and characterization of two transiting planets observed by TESS in the light curves of the young and bright (V = 9.67) star HD73583 (TOI-560). We perform an intensive spectroscopic and photometric space- and ground-based follow-up in order to confirm and characterize the system. We found that HD73583 is a young (∼500 Myr) active star with a rotational period of 12.08 ± 0.11 d, and a mass and radius of 0.73 ± 0.02 M⊙ and 0.65 ± 0.02 R⊙, respectively. HD 73583 b (Pb = 6.3980420+0.0000067−0.0000062 d) has a mass and radius of 10.2+3.4−3.1 M⊕ and 2.79 ± 0.10 R⊕, respectively, which gives a density of 2.58+0.95−0.81 gcm−3⁠. HD 73583 c (Pc = 18.87974+0.00086−0.00074 d) has a mass and radius of 9.7+1.8−1.7 M⊕ and 2.39+0.10−0.09 R⊕, respectively, which translates to a density of 3.88+0.91−0.80 gcm−3⁠. Both planets are consistent with worlds made of a solid core surrounded by a volatile envelope. Because of their youth and host star brightness, they both are excellent candidates to perform transmission spectroscopy studies. We expect ongoing atmospheric mass-loss for both planets caused by stellar irradiation. We estimate that the detection of evaporating signatures on H and He would be challenging, but doable with present and future instruments. © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society., This work was supported by the KESPRINT collaboration, an international consortium devoted to the characterization and research of exoplanets discovered with space-based missions (http://www.kesprint.science). We thank the referee for their helpful comments and suggestions that improved the quality of this manuscript. We acknowledge the use of public TESS data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center for the production of the SPOC data products. This work uses observations from the LCOGT network. Part of the LCOGT telescope time was granted by NOIRLab through the Mid-Scale Innovations Program (MSIP). MSIP is funded by NSF. This paper is in part based on data collected under the NGTS project at the ESO La Silla Paranal Observatory. The NGTS facility is operated by the consortium institutes with support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) projects ST/M001962/1 and ST/S002642/1. This research has used the NASA Exoplanet Archive, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. Some of the observations in the paper used the High-Resolution Imaging instrument Zorro obtained under Gemini LLP Proposal Number: GN/S-2021A-LP-105. Zorro was funded by the NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program and built at the NASA Ames Research Center by Steve B. Howell, Nic Scott, Elliott P. Horch, and Emmett Quigley. Zorro was mounted on the Gemini North (and/or South) telescope of the international Gemini Observatory, a program of NSF’s OIR Lab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), National Research Council (Canada), Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Argentina), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (Brazil), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Republic of Korea). OB, BK, and SA acknowledge that this publication is part of a project that has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 865624). DG and LMS gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Cassa di Risparmio di Torino foundation under Grant No. 2018.2323 ‘Gaseous or rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds’. DJA acknowledges support from the STFC via an Ernest Rutherford Fellowship (ST/R00384X/1). APH and ME acknowledges grant HA 3279/12-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, ‘Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets’. JS and PK would like to acknowledge support from MSMT grant LTT-20015. We acknowledges the support by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização by these grants: UID/FIS/04434/2019; UIDB/04434/2020; UIDP/04434/2020; PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113; PTDC/FISAST /28953/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953. AD acknowledges the financial support of the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project FOUR ACES; grant agreement No 724427). AD also acknowledges financial support of the the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) through the National Centre for Competence in Research ‘PlanetS’. MF, IYG, JK, and CMP gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 177/19, 174/18, 2020-00104, 65/19). FGC thanks the Mexican national council for science and technology (CONACYT, CVU-1005374). MS acknowledge financial support of the Inter-transfer grant no LTT-20015. JL-B acknowledges financial support received from ‘la Caixa’ Foundation (ID 100010434) and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 847648, with fellowship code LCF/BQ/PI20/11760023. AAV acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 817540, ASTROFLOW). JMAM is supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant No. DGE-1842400. JMAM acknowledges the LSSTC Data Science Fellowship Program, which is funded by LSSTC, NSF Cybertraining Grant No. 1829740, the Brinson Foundation, and the Moore Foundation; his participation in the program has benefited this work. RAR is supported by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship, grant No. DGE 1745301. RL acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, through project PID2019-109522GB-C52, and the Centre of Excellence ‘Severo Ochoa’ award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709). PC acknowledges the generous support from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) of the grant CH 2636/1-1. SH acknowledges CNES funding through the grant 837319. VA acknowledges the support from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) through Investigador FCT contract nr. IF/00650/2015/CP1273/CT0001. ODSD is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT). AO is supported by an STFC studentship. XD would like to acknowledge the funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement SCORE No 851555). HJD acknowledges support from the Spanish Research Agency of the Ministry of Science and Innovation (AEI-MICINN) under the grant ‘Contribution of the IAC to the PLATO Space Mission’ with reference PID2019-107061GB-C66, DOI: 10.13039/501100011033. DD acknowledges support from the TESS Guest Investigator Program grant 80NSSC19K1727 and NASA Exoplanet Research Program grant 18-2XRP18_2-0136. AO gratefully acknowledges support from the Dutch Research Council NWO Veni grant.

In this study, we investigated the relationship between misalignment and bonding strength before and after annealing in the Cu-Cu hybrid bonding process. Before the annealing process, the bonding strength tended to decrease linearly as the misalignment increased. However, we found that this correlation changed after the annealing, seemingly due to thermal expansion in the Cu.

Full list of authors: Delrez, L.; Murray, C. A.; Pozuelos, F. J.; Narita, N.; Ducrot, E.; Timmermans, M.; Watanabe, N.; Burgasser, A. J.; Hirano, T.; Rackham, B., V; Stassun, K. G.; Van Grootel, V.; Aganze, C.; Cointepas, M.; Howell, S.; Kaltenegger, L.; Niraula, P.; Sebastian, D.; Almenara, J. M.; Barkaoui, K.; Baycroft, T. A.; Bonfils, X.; Bouchy, F.; Burdanov, A.; Caldwell, D. A.; Charbonneau, D.; Ciardi, D. R.; Collins, K. A.; Daylan, T.; Demory, B-O; Guenther, N.; de Wit, J.; Dransfield, G.; Fajardo-Acosta, S. B.; Fausnaugh, M.; Fukui, A.; Furlan, E.; Garcia, L. J.; Gnilka, C. L.; Chew, Y. Gomez Maqueo; Gomez-Munoz, M. A.; Harakawa, H.; Heng, K.; Hooton, M. J.; Hori, Y.; Ikoma, M.; Jehin, E.; Jenkins, J. M.; Kagetani, T.; Kawauchi, K.; Kimura, T.; Kodama, T.; Kotani, T.; Krishnamurthy, V; Kudo, T.; Kunovac, V; Kusakabe, N.; Latham, D. W.; Littlefield, C.; McCormac, J.; Melis, C.; Mori, M.; Murgas, F.; Palle, E.; Pedersen, P. P.; Queloz, D.; Ricker, G.; Sabin, L.; Schanche, N.; Schroffenegger, U.; Seager, S.; Shiao, B.; Sohy, S.; Standing, M. R.; Tamura, M.; Theissen, C. A.; Thompson, S. J.; Triaud, A. H. M. J.; Vanderspek, R.; Vievard, S.; Wells, R. D.; Winn, J. N.; Zou, Y.; Zuniga-Fernandez, S.; Gillon, M.--This is an Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., Context. In the age of JWST, temperate terrestrial exoplanets transiting nearby late-type M dwarfs provide unique opportunities for characterising their atmospheres, as well as searching for biosignature gases. In this context, the benchmark TRAPPIST-1 planetary system has garnered the interest of a broad scientific community. Aims. We report here the discovery and validation of two temperate super-Earths transiting LP 890-9 (TOI-4306, SPECULOOS-2), a relatively low-activity nearby (32 pc) M6V star. The inner planet, LP 890-9 b, was first detected by TESS (and identified as TOI-4306.01) based on four sectors of data. Intensive photometric monitoring of the system with the SPECULOOS Southern Observatory then led to the discovery of a second outer transiting planet, LP 890-9 c (also identified as SPECULOOS-2 c), previously undetected by TESS. The orbital period of this second planet was later confirmed by MuSCAT3 follow-up observations. Methods. We first inferred the properties of the host star by analyzing its Lick/Kast optical and IRTF/SpeX near-infrared spectra, as well as its broadband spectral energy distribution, and Gaia parallax. We then derived the properties of the two planets by modelling multi-colour transit photometry from TESS, SPECULOOS-South, MuSCAT3, ExTrA, TRAPPIST-South, and SAINT-EX. Archival imaging, Gemini-South/Zorro high-resolution imaging, and Subaru/IRD radial velocities also support our planetary interpretation. Results. With a mass of 0.118 ± 0.002 M⊙, a radius of 0.1556 ± 0.0086 R⊙, and an effective temperature of 2850 ± 75 K, LP 890-9 is the second-coolest star found to host planets, after TRAPPIST-1. The inner planet has an orbital period of 2.73 d, a radius of 1.320 −0.027+0.053 R⊕, and receives an incident stellar flux of 4.09 ± 0.12 S⊕. The outer planet has a similar size of 1.367 −0.039+0.055R⊕ and an orbital period of 8.46 d. With an incident stellar flux of 0.906 ± 0.026 S⊕, it is located within the conservative habitable zone, very close to its inner limit (runaway greenhouse). Although the masses of the two planets remain to be measured, we estimated their potential for atmospheric characterisation via transmission spectroscopy using a mass-radius relationship and found that, after the TRAPPIST-1 planets, LP 890-9 c is the second-most favourable habitable-zone terrestrial planet known so far (assuming for this comparison a similar atmosphere for all planets). Conclusions. The discovery of this remarkable system offers another rare opportunity to study temperate terrestrial planets around our smallest and coolest neighbours. © L. Delrez et al. 2022., Funding for the TESS mission is provided by NASA’s Science Mission Directorate. We acknowledge the use of public TESS data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. This research has made use of the Exoplanet Follow-up Observation Program website, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center for the production of the SPOC data products. This paper includes data collected by the TESS mission that are publicly available from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the FP/2007-2013 ERC grant agreement no 336480, and under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grants agreements no 679030 & 803193/BEBOP); from an Action de Recherche Concertée (ARC) grant, financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation, from the Balzan Prize Foundation, from the BELSPO/BRAIN2.0 research program (PORTAL project), from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC; grants no ST/S00193X/1, ST/00305/1, and ST/W000385/1), and from F.R.S-FNRS (Research Project ID T010920F). This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI: Queloz, grant number 327127), as well as by the MERAC foundation (PI: Triaud). TRAPPIST is funded by the Belgian Fund for Scientific Research (Fond National de la Recherche Scientifique, FNRS) under the grant PDR T.0120.21, with the participation of the Swiss National Science Fundation (SNF). This work is partly supported by MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP15H02063, JP17H04574, JP18H05439, JP18H05442, JP19K14783, JP21H00035, JP21K13975, JP21K20376, JP22000005, Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows Grant Number JP20J21872, JST CREST Grant Number JPMJCR1761, the Astrobiology Center of National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) (Grant Numbers AB031010, AB031014), and Social welfare juridical person SHIYUKAI (chairman MASAYUKI KAWASHIMA). This paper is based on data collected at the Subaru Telescope, which is located atop Maunakea and operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). We wish to recognise and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Maunakea has always had within the indigenous Hawaiian community. This paper is based on observations made with the MuSCAT3 instrument, developed by the Astrobiology Center and under financial supports by JSPS KAKENHI (JP18H05439) and JST PRESTO (JPMJPR1775), at Faulkes Telescope North on Maui, HI, operated by the Las Cumbres Observatory. Some of the observations in the paper made use of the High-Resolution Imaging instrument Zorro obtained under Gemini LLP Proposal Number: GN/S-2021A-LP-105. Zorro was funded by the NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program and built at the NASA Ames Research Center by Steve B. Howell, Nic Scott, Elliott P. Horch, and Emmett Quigley. Zorro was mounted on the Gemini North (and/or South) telescope of the international Gemini Observatory, a program of NSF s OIR Lab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), National Research Council (Canada), Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Argentina), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (Brazil), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Republic of Korea). We acknowledge funding from the European Research Council under the ERC Grant Agreement n. 3 37591-ExTrA. This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation. This work is based upon observations carried out at the Observatorio Astronómico Nacional at the Sierra de San Pedro Mártir (OAN-SPM), Baja California, México. We warmly thank the entire technical staff of the Observatorio Astronómico Nacional at San Pedro Mártir for their unfailing support to SAINT-EX operations. Research at Lick Observatory is partially supported by a generous gift from Google. L.D. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Postdoctoral Researcher. M.G. and E.J. are F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associates. V.V.G. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Research Associate. B.V.R. thanks the Heising-Simons Foundation for support. Y.G.M.C. acknowledges support from UNAM-PAPIIT IG-101321. B.-O.D. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (PP00P2-163967 and PP00P2-190080). M.N.G. acknowledges support from the European Space Agency (ESA) as an ESA Research Fellow. A.H.M.J.T acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no 803193/BEBOP), from the MERAC foundation, and from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC; grants no ST/S00193X/1, ST/00305/1, and ST/W000385/1). E.D. acknowledges support from the innovation and research Horizon 2020 program in the context of the Marie Sklodowska-Curie subvention 945298. V.K. acknowledges support from NSF award AST2009343. This publication benefits from the support of the French Community of Belgium in the context of the FRIA Doctoral Grant awarded to M.T., With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709.

We have developed a back-illuminated CMOS image sensor (BI -CIS) using a pseudo high refractive index film (pHRF) consisting of an array of minute holes. The new process architecture for the low reflectivity surface is achieved by integrating the directed self-assembly (DSA) process with the conventional process. This is the first report of an image sensor fabricated using the DSA process. The proposed sensor has low dark current and has enhanced sensitivity for wavelengths ranging from 400 nm to 550 nm.

In this study, we have successfully demonstrated the 1μm pitch Cu-Cu hybrid bonding technology with remarkable electrical properties and reliabilities. 1μm pitch is world's finest class and is 3 times smaller than the connection pitch of our conventional Cu-Cu hybrid bonding technology. Moreover, the impacts of misalignment between upper Cu pad and lower Cu pad on contact resistance, electro-migration (EM) performance, leakage current and breakdown voltage were also investigated in such ultra-fine Cu-Cu hybrid bonding system.

We developed a back-illuminated InGaAs image sensor with 1280x1040 pixels at 5-um pitch by using Cu-Cu hybridization connecting different materials, a III-V InGaAs/InP of photodiode array (PDA), and a silicon readout integrated circuit (ROIC). A new process architecture using an InGaAs/InP dies-to-silicon wafer and Cu-Cu bonding was established for high productivity and pixel-pitch scaling. We achieved low dark current and high sensitivity for wavelengths ranging from visible to short-wavelength infrared (SWIR).

We have successfully improved the scaling of Cu-Cu hybrid bonding. In this study, 3 $\mu {\mathrm{ m}}$-pitch and 3M Cu-Cu connections with sufficient electrical properties and reliabilities were achieved. The ultra-fine pitch Cu-Cu connections correspond to the 0.75x scaling of conventional Cu-Cu hybrid bonding that we previously reported. Our high density 3D chip stacking technology is expected to enhance not only the function of back-illuminated CMOS image sensors (BI-CIS) but also that of coming 3D stacked semiconductor devices.

International journal of modern physics / A 34(36), 1942031 - (2019). doi:10.1142/S0217751X19420314, Dielectric Laser Acceleration (DLA) achieves the highest gradients among structure-based electron accelerators. The use of dielectrics increases the breakdown field limit, and thus the achievable gradient, by a factor of at least 10 in comparison to metals. Experimental demonstrations of DLA in 2013 led to the Accelerator on a Chip International Program (ACHIP), funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. In ACHIP, our main goal is to build an accelerator on a silicon chip, which can accelerate electrons from below 100 keV to above 1 MeV with a gradient of at least 100 MeV/m. For stable acceleration on the chip, magnet-only focusing techniques are insufficient to compensate the strong acceleration defocusing. Thus, spatial harmonic and Alternating Phase Focusing (APF) laser-based focusing techniques have been developed. We have also developed the simplified symplectic tracking code DLAtrack6D, which makes use of the periodicity and applies only one kick per DLA cell, which is calculated by the Fourier coefficient of the synchronous spatial harmonic. Due to coupling, the Fourier coefficients of neighboring cells are not entirely independent and a field flatness optimization (similarly as in multi-cell cavities) needs to be performed. The simulation of the entire accelerator on a chip by a Particle In Cell (PIC) code is possible, but impractical for optimization purposes. Finally, we have also outlined the treatment of wake field effects in attosecond bunches in the grating within DLAtrack6D, where the wake function is computed by an external solver., Published by World Scientific Publ., Singapur

Soil carbon dioxide (CO2) emission consists of peat decomposition, root respiration, and litter decomposition. Although there are some publications on soil respiration in oil palm plantations, information of CO2 emission from palm litter (frond) decomposition is still limited. Therefore, our objective was to estimate the CO2 emission from frond decomposition in an oil palm plantation on tropical peat. The study was conducted in a smallholder oil palm plantation with two different cultivars (M and S) on peat in Jambi, Indonesia, using meshed litter bags of 40 cm x 80 cm. The temporal pattern of carbon loss was similar to that of dry weight loss, following a negative exponential. Annual carbon inputs through pruned fronds into the plantation were 189 and 281g C m−2 year−1, respectively, for M and S cultivars. Annual CO2 emissions through oxidative frond decomposition were estimated to be 98 and 153 g C m−2 year−1 for M and S cultivars, respectively. The annual CO2 emission from oil palm litter decomposition accounted for about 13% of soil heterotrophic respiration of oil palm plantations on tropical peatland.

We have performed numerical simulations of the electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical properties of a REBaCuO ring-shaped bulk with various reinforcement structures during pulsed-field magnetization (PFM). Compressive and tensile electromagnetic stresses, σ θ mag , are developed in the ring-shaped bulk during the ascending and descending stages of PFM, respectively. These stresses increase at lower operating temperatures and for higher applied pulsed fields. In order to reduce these stresses, the ring-shaped bulk was fully encapsulated by outer and inner ring with upper and lower plates made by Al alloy. In particular, this reinforcement structure can achieve the lowest electromagnetic compressive stress, which corresponds to about 54% of that for a conventional ring reinforcement structure, and the electromagnetic tensile stress was also reduced. We also compared the simulation results of the electromagnetic stresses for the ring-shaped bulk to those for a disk-shaped bulk.

Short-term storage is valuable method to reuse manipulated embryos.The present study evaluated the effects of antifreeze protein (AFP) supplementation on the quality and development of in vitro-produced porcine morulae after short-term storage (24 h).The morulae were stored with various concentrations of AFP type III for 24 h at 5, 15 and 25C.Supplementation of AFP type III (1.0 microgram per mL) improved the developmental competence of embryos stored at 25C. The proportions of DNA-fragmented nuclei in the blastocysts did not differ between the embryos stored at 25C and the control embryos without storage treatment. However, the developmental competence of embryos stored at hypothermic temperatures decreased relative to that of the control embryos.Supplementation of AFP type III (1.0 microgram per mL) maintained the quality of embryos stored at 25C, but did not have beneficial effects on the development of embryos stored at hypothermic temperatures.

High resistance polysilicon resistors have been characterized by DC and pulsed I-V sweep measurements, resistance vs. temperature, and DC and pulsed voltage stress/measurement cycling. The combination of these measurements along with resistor linearity and electro-migration rules are used to determine the maximum safe-operating area. It is shown that the resistance shifts at high current conditions cannot be explained by electromigration alone, and are instead attributed to migration of dopants, Si, or hydrogen, either singly or in combination, both due to high self-heating. The results are used to create voltage and current checks within SPICE models allowing for robust design at maximum operating conditions. IR-OBIRCH physical analysis was performed and shows asymmetric changes to the resistor head regions.