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In most cases, the difficulties of intelligence collection, analysis and dissemination remain misunderstood and, in many cases, undisclosed. Intelligence services continue to be treated, not only by the public, more as a subject of sensational headlines than as a normal part of any governmental activity. In this context, there is a clear need to update the organization and functioning doctrines of the intelligence structures, in the light of new developments and threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the Modern Age, information, as a necessary tool to ensure state security has become indispensable in the strategic decision-making process. At the same time, the processes of collecting, verifying, analyzing and processing this type of information are intrinsically related to the institution of intelligence services. In this context, it can be said that intelligence services are key structures in any state, given that they provide four key functions: to warn of threats and “strategic surprises”; to support political, military and economic decision-makers in making the most appropriate decisions; to ensure the expertise from the perspective of the information specialist; to maintain the secrecy of the information, sources, means and methods used in the current activity. The present study aims to highlight the way in which the institutions of the national security system are, through the security culture, the promoter of a true partnership with the Romanian society, a vital partnership for ensuring national security at the beginning of the 21st century. This is possible because the culture of security plays an important role in making the population aware of the dangers that can divert the normal evolution of the state, encouraging responsible and appropriate behavior in crisis situations. An advantage in this sense is given by the fact that, like civic culture and political culture, security culture is a mass culture, which has messages with a wide impact in society, both at the level of individuals and public or private institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National Intelligence is a priority of national security strategies and intelligence to the US security and defence or in the UE States (Strategists/White Books), by which it is proposed, for the fi rst time, achieving an overall, systematic reforms and long term to this area for important strands of which mention: coordination, structural transformations, the formation of a new structure Improve the quality and activity of human resources reform in the intelligence research, technical development capabilities for gathering information. The dynamics of transformations is necessary to streamline the work of intelligence organizations. In Romania there is an older Security Strategy (2006) and no Intelligence strategy, which would need to be developed. Whatever the model and how to design, American or European, for turning his Romanian intelligence is important for their eff ectiveness by the maximum of the intelligence community and its components. All these directions and actions are required to be prepared for the strategic change in the world and intelligence in order to meet the new challenges of the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The phenomenon of cyber terrorism has grown globally and the states of Middle East and North Africa have not been circumvented, a major cause of the spread of the phenomenon is Internet users' access, so that in North Africa in 2000 the number of Internet users was 710,000 and in 2017 there were 102 million users; this means 45% of the total population of the region. Another factor is legislative shortcomings or even their absence, for many years Tunisia did not have a law on cybercrime instead of using the law on e-commerce. The same thing is happening in Morocco that uses the trade law. Algeria and Egypt have no cybercrime laws, but publicly announced that then declare the cyberspace domain of national priority. The only states where there is no law on cybercrime, communications regulation or other laws on new technologies are Libya, Syria, Yemen, Iraq, and Kuwait. Attackers' motivations are money-related, infecting devices by sending malware via e-mail, commercial and industrial espionage. The tools they are using include: web app attacks, ransomware, targeted attack, defacement, espionage, insider threat, theft and physical damage, DDos, phishing and malware. Taking into account the political and economic evolutions in the region as well as globally, there is an upward trend in cyber terrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The change of the world in the 21st century, caused by the development of advanced technologies, the emergence of new states and the diversification of the forms of war, is also found in the information world. The need for information on all aspects of society, including sophisticated weapons systems, has contributed to changing the information gathering process, which requires both advanced data collection techniques and individuals with a high level of social and natural science education, as well as in less common areas, such as photo interpretation. In this context, it is necessary to redefine the role, importance and status of the intelligence services of the relations between them and the supervisory and control bodies, as well as with the mass media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During recent years the international environment has shown an increasing instability and more dangers and threats. All actors have to adapt their strategies to this new context, for being prepared to compete successfully with. In these conditions, intelligence's role is to prevent threats deriving from the use of new technologies. One way of doing that consists in the transformation process of intelligence. Intelligence has to adapt to new challenges so as to provide policy makers and military information in order to make decisions for countering the cyber threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legislative reform of the national security system faces, primarily internal problems. Internally, you can feel how a sensitive difference between what is reality legal system and current security environment. Moreover, there is confusion between the authorities and civil society on the conceptual delimitation of the phrases “national security” - “national security”, “national security - “national defense”, “national security - National Security Integrated”, “doctrine national security intelligence - doctrine of integrated intelligence, counterintelligence and security of NATO” etc. Next legitimate question arises: where do these inaccuracies in legislation and decision-generating confusion among civil society and how they can be removed? Security is a relational concept has an objective determination imposed by the social, economic, political, implies a permanent adjustment of a set of internal parameters in terms of the international environment, and requires a pertinent analysis to defi ne and use its due role returning this important study and research centers in the fi eld of security. By reforming the structures responsible informative understand their anticipatory adaptation to the challenges of the security environment and the implementation of reforms as radical as it has a lag time which inevitably leads to lower organizational performance. From this perspective the operational capacity of these organizations maintain at least the current parameters vital to be realistic priority goal of any reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the reign of Mihai Viteazul, in the Romanian Principalities, intelligence activities were very important. Their accuracy contributed to the adaptability of foreign policy to the real situation. Other rulers such as Şerban Cantacuzino, Constantin Cantemir and Constantin Brâncoveanu promoted these activities, thus being rarely surprised by events. The author provides details related to the important role attached to intelligence services by Romanian rulers. Thus, we find out that Constantin Brâncoveanu organised the systematic collection of information in the capitals of neighbouring countries and introduced the codification of the documents sent by courier. Mihai Viteazul, by strictly organising the intelligence services, succeeded in obtaining information from Poland, including from some nobles in that country! [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the 28th of March 2015, the Chinese government published "VISION AND ACTIONS ON JOINTLY BUILDING SILK ROAD ECONOMIC BELT AND 21ST-CENTURY MARITIME SILK ROAD", China's African - Eurasian hegemonic strategic transformation document. Though Beijing leaders have rejected aspirations of hegemony over the African - Eurasian continental mass, Chinese actions initiated in the Indo- Pacific area contradict official statements. Which are the main strategic directions of the "New Silk Road"? Is the Chinese "African - Eurasian bridge" only a pan-supra-continental economic program or is there also a military component? Are we, in fact, witnessing the birth of a new hegemony? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2011 series of protests and riots, known as the “Arab Spring” swept away Ba’athist and Nasserist regimes in North Africa. One after another, secular Arab world leaders were removed from power by the anger of a population caught between a secular and repressive plutocracy and the utopian fantasies of a Medinatype society promised by the Salafi sts. Ummah al arabiyah is day by day becoming Ummah al Islamiyah, as the Western democratic model is demonized and the specter of terrorism extends throughout Northern Africa. Libya’s Gaddafi regime collapsed creating a hotbed of instability with reverberations across Africa and threatens to destabilize European countries, too. What are the implications of Lybia’s failure on European security? How serious is the situation? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligence activity is a national priority of the new security strategy and intelligence in the U.S. or security and defense in EU member states, which was proposed, for the first time, the achievement of a general, systematic and long term action aimed to reform important areas like: coordination, structural transformation, creation of a new structure, improve the quality and activity of human resources, reform in intelligence research and the development of technical intelligence capabilities. The dynamics of services from security and defense fields need to streamline the intelligence activity. Whatever the model of the organization and the opportunities to design the intelligence implementation and reforms in U.S. or European countries is important for maximum yield and effectiveness of the intelligence community and its components. All these directions and actions are deemed necessary to prepare a strategic shift in global intelligence to face the new challenges of the XXI century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Understanding of Intelligence's, starts from the definition and understanding of the concept of "intelligence" one of the most complex concepts considering the fact that it can be used from at least three perspectives, namely: process, organization and the product. If, in the light of the intelligence process, intelligence can represent the assembly of collecting operations, filtering, data and information analysis and dissemination of intelligence products with an actionable intelligence value to meet the needs of a specific customer, product (intelligence) is considered a result of a processing activity (production) of information for security, obtained by specialized analytical structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological advances, globalization and effervescence open version of how to obtain the information have profoundly transformed the intelligence. In a dual universe characterized by connectivity and also atomization, widely disseminated, fast, highly heterogeneous networks, amplified uncertainties both in terms of current processes, especially the predictability of those in the future. In the knowledge society, security has become, more than ever, a shared common good and the main feature of the new realities is "Transparency due to multiple inter dependencies." To face these challenges, modern administrations implementing security strategies that radically transforms the role of specialized services, become part of a national effort involving both government and civil institutions, going up to the individual responsibility of the citizen. Understanding Intelligence starts from the definition and understanding of the concept of "intelligence", one of the complex concepts given that it can be used from at least three perspectives, namely: process, organization and product. In perspective, intelligence services tend to become providing knowledge, within an interdisciplinary network, where the beneficiary and provider roles are complementary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The permanent risk of splenectomized patients to infectious complications, the most severe being overwhelming post splenectomy infection (OPSI), determined the search for solutions in order to diminish these evolutionary possibilities. Therefore, intraomental developsplenic autotransplantation seems to be a viable option which, according to some authors, would have beneficial effects by restoring (at least partially) the functions of the spleen. The article presents the current experience related to this procedure (principles of surgical technique, implant location, complications, post-procedural evaluation) in an attempt to bring it back to the attention of trauma / general surgery surgeons. The procedure is simple, fast and with minimal or no complications and should be applied after any post-traumatic splenectomy., (Celsius.)