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As the brightest galaxy cluster in the X-ray sky, Perseus is an excellent target for studying the Intracluster Medium (ICM), but until recently, its active galactic nucleus (AGN) made studies of the diffuse emission near its center nearly impossible to accomplish with NuSTAR due to the extended wings of NuSTAR's PSF. The development of a new open source software package -- nucrossarf -- now allows the contribution from point and diffuse sources to be modeled so that scattered light from the AGN can be accounted for. Using this technique, we present an analysis of diffuse hard X-ray (3-25keV) emission from the ICM using three archival NuSTAR observations of the Perseus cluster. We find a ~10% excess of emission beyond 20keV not describable by purely thermal models. By performing similar analyses of AGN in archival observations, we have characterized the systematic uncertainty of the modeled AGN contribution to be 3.4%. However, in order to explain the excess, the total scattered AGN emission would have to be 39% stronger than we have measured. We test physical explanations for the excess, such as diffuse inverse Compton emission potentially originating from the radio mini-halo, but we determine that none of the models are compelling. An upper limit on inverse Compton flux ($\leq1.5\times10^{-11}$erg s$^{-1}$cm$^{-2}$) and a corresponding lower limit on global magnetic field strength ($\geq 0.35~\mu G$) is derived. We discuss the potential origin and implications of the excess and present our characterization of the nucrossarf systematic uncertainty, which should be useful for future work., Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures

Observations of galaxy cluster mergers provide insights on the particle acceleration and heating mechanisms taking place within the intracluster medium. Mergers form shocks that propagate through the plasma, which result in shock/cold fronts in the X-ray, and radio halos and/or relics in the radio regime. The connection between these tracers and the mechanisms driving non-thermal processes, such as inverse Compton, are not well understood. ZWCL 1856.8 is one of the few known double radio relic systems that originate from nearly head-on collisions observed close to the plane of the sky. For the first time, we study NuSTAR and Chandra observations of such a system that contains both relics within their field of view. The spectro-imaging analyses results of the system suggest weak shock fronts with $\mathcal{M}$ numbers within 2$\sigma$ of the radio derived values, and provide evidence of inverse Compton emission at both relic sites. Our findings have great uncertainties due to the shallow exposure times available. Deeper NuSTAR and Chandra data are crucial for studying the connection of the radio and X-ray emission features and for constraining the thermal vs. non-thermal emission contributions in this system. We also present methods and approaches on how to investigate X-ray properties of double relic systems by taking full advantage of the complementary properties of NuSTAR and Chandra missions., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 14 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables

Galaxy clusters are the most recently formed and most massive, gravitationally bound structures in the universe. The number of galaxy clusters formed is highly dependent on cosmological parameters, such as the dark matter density, $\sigma_8$, and $\Omega_m$. The number density is a function of the cluster mass, which can be estimated from the density and temperature profiles of the intracluster medium (ICM) under the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium. The temperature of the plasma, hence its mass, is calculated from the X-ray spectra. However, effective area calibration uncertainties in the soft band result in significantly different temperature measurements from various space-based X-ray telescopes. NuSTAR is potentially less susceptible to these issues than Chandra and XMM-Newton, having larger effective area, particularly at higher energies, enabling high precision temperature measurements. In this work, we present analyses of Chandra, NuSTAR, and XMM-Newton data of Abell 478 to investigate the nature of this calibration discrepancy. We find that NuSTAR temperatures are on average $\sim$11% lower than that of Chandra, and XMM-Newton temperatures are on average $\sim$5% lower than that of NuSTAR. This results in a NuSTAR mass at $r_{2500,Chandra}$ of $M_{2500,NuSTAR}=3.39^{+0.07}_{-0.07}\times10^{14}$ $M_{\odot}$, which is $\sim$10% lower than that of $M_{2500,Chandra}$ and $\sim$4% higher than $M_{2500,XMM-Newton}$., Comment: 23 pages, 22 figures

Observations from past missions such as RXTE and Beppo-SAX suggested the presence of inverse Compton (IC) scattering at hard X-ray energies within the intracluster medium of some massive galaxy clusters. In subsequent years, observations by, e.g., Suzaku, and now NuSTAR, have not been able to confirm these detections. We report on NuSTAR hard X-ray searches for IC emission in two massive galaxy clusters, Abell 665 and Abell 2146. To constrain the global IC flux in these two clusters, we fit global NuSTAR spectra with three models: single (1T) and two-temperature (2T) models, and a 1T plus power law component (T$+$IC). The temperature components are meant to characterize the thermal ICM emission, while the power law represents the IC emission. We find that the 3-30 keV Abell 665 and 3-20 keV Abell 2146 spectra are best described by thermal emission alone, with average global temperatures of $kT = (9.15\pm 0.1)$ keV for Abell 665 and $kT = (8.29\pm 0.1)$ keV for Abell 2146. We constrain the IC flux to $F_{\rm NT} < 0.60 \times 10^{-12}$ erg s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ and $F_{\rm NT} < 0.85 \times 10^{-12}$ erg s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ (20-80 keV) for Abell 665 and Abell 2146, respectively both at the 90% confidence level. When we couple the IC flux limits with 1.4 GHz diffuse radio data from the VLA, we set lower limits on the average magnetic field strengths of $>$0.14 $\mu$G and $>$0.011 $\mu$G for Abell 665 and Abell 2146, respectively., Comment: 19 pages, 15 figures

Mergers of galaxy clusters are the most energetic events in the universe, driving shock and cold fronts, generating turbulence, and accelerating particles that create radio halos and relics. The galaxy cluster CL 0217+70 is a remarkable late stage merger, with a double peripheral radio relic and a giant radio halo. A Chandra study detects surface brightness edges that correspond to radio features within the halo. In this work, we present a study of this cluster with NuSTAR and Chandra data using spectro-imaging methods. The global temperature is found to be kT = 9.1 keV. We set an upper limit for the IC flux of ~2.7x10^(-12) erg s^(-1) cm^(-2), and a lower limit to the magnetic field of 0.08 microG. Our local IC search revealed a possibility that IC emission may have a significant contribution at the outskirts of a radio halo emission and on/near shock regions within ~0.6 r500 of clusters. We detected a "hot spot" feature in our temperature map coincident a surface brightness edge, but our investigation on its origin is inconclusive. If the "hot spot" is the downstream of a shock, we set a lower limit of kT > 21 keV to the plasma, that corresponds to M~2. We found three shock fronts within 0.5 r500. Multiple weak shocks within the cluster center hint at an ongoing merger activity and continued feeding of the giant radio halo. CL 0217+70 is the only example hosting these secondary shocks in multiple form., Comment: 21 pages, 14 figures, 7 tables, submitted

We report the results of our investigation on the possible existence of supernova remnants (SNRs) in the nearby galaxy, NGC 1569, using the CCD imaging and spectroscopic observations from the RTT150 telescope of TUG-TUBITAK in Antalya, Turkey for two different observing periods. Using [S\,{\sc ii}]/H$\alpha$ $\geq$ 0.4 standard criteria, the identification of 13 new SNR candidates for this galaxy is proposed for two different epochs. We found the [S\,{\sc ii}]/H$\alpha$ ratios ranging from 0.46--0.84 and H$\alpha$ intensities ranging from (2.2--32) $\times$ 10$^{-15}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. [S\,{\sc ii}]$\lambda\lambda$6716/6731 average flux ratio is calculated from the optical spectra for only one possible SNR candidate. By using this ratio the electron density, $N_{\rm e}$, is estimated to be 121 $\pm$ 17 cm$^{-3}$ and by using the [O\,{\sc iii}]$\lambda$5007/H$\beta$ ratio of the same spectrum, the shock wave velocity, $V_{\rm s}$, is estimated to be between 100 < Vs < 150 km s$^{-1}$. Using {\it Chandra} data, we find that out of 13 SNR candidates only 10 of them have yielded a spectrum with good statistics, confirming the existence of 10 SNR candidates with matched positions in X-ray region as well. We measure the 0.5--2 keV band flux down to 0.58 $\times$ 10$^{-15}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ for 10 X-ray sources. Our spectral analysis revealed that spectra of the SNR candidates are best modelled with the Collisional Ionisation Equilibrium plasma with a temperature range of 0.84 keV < \textit{kT$_{e}$} < 1.36 keV., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures and 6 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS