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Understanding the factors contributing to increased perseverance and passion toward long-term goals is an ongoing research challenge. The present study explores the inner drive of individuals to achieve meaningful goals over time, despite setbacks and challenges. The scenario chosen to uncover grit processes was the Way of St. James, a long pilgrimage demanding participants’ perseverance and passion for achieving their goals, despite hardship. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with thirty-one individuals completing the Way of St. James. Thematic analysis indicated three key themes contributing to improve the participants’ perseverance along the walk: behavioural tools (e.g., setting behavioural and time management goals), emotional tools (i.e., enjoyment and learning, belongingness), and cognitive tools (i.e., taking perspective, use of metacognitive knowledge). These findings are consistent with prior research and lifelong learning policies while suggesting that challenges and adversities are unavoidable; however, the more autonomous and open people are to continue learning over their lifespan, the more prepared they will be to cope with changes in the environment and to pursue their meaningful goals.

IntroductionSchool educators are likely to explain the poor educational trajectories of students with Roma backgrounds related to the lack of parental support and interest in children’s education. Aiming to understand further the patterns of Roma group’s parental involvement in children’s school life and their engagement experiences in school-related activities, the current research set an intervention supported by a culturally sensitive story-tool.MethodGrounded in the intervention-based research framework, 12 participants (i.e., mothers) from different Portuguese Roma groups participated in this study. Data was collected through interviews conducted pre-and postintervention. Eight weekly sessions were delivered in the school context, using a story-tool and hands- on activities to generate culturally significant meanings regarding attitudes, beliefs, and values toward children’s educational trajectories.ResultsThrough the lens of acculturation theory, data analysis provided important findings under two overarching topics: patterns of parental involvement in children’s school life and participants’ engagement in the intervention program.DiscussionData show the distinct ways Roma parents participate in children’s education and the relevance of mainstream contexts providing an atmosphere likely to build collaborative relationships with parents to overcome barriers to parental involvement.

Few studies have explored how individuals can develop perseverance and passion towards longterm goals. This study addresses this research topic. Predictors of grit were tested while participants progressed on the Way of St. James, a long walk completed by foot or bicycle, taking several days or weeks, to Santiago de Compostela (Spain). 575 pilgrims of various nationalities self-reported measures of grit, harmonious passion, autonomous functioning, and lifelong learning attitudes. To study the association between these variables, path analysis modelling was conducted. The results show that autonomous pilgrims demonstrate more perseverance and passion towards their long-term goals than less autonomous pilgrims. Moreover, pilgrims who reported positive lifelong learning attitudes showed more grit behaviours than their counterparts with fewer lifelong learning attitudes. Finally, results indicate a strong association between autonomy and lifelong learning attitudes. The main conclusions suggest that perseverance with passion towards a long-term goal increases when individuals are congruent with their own interests and values, are not very susceptible to external or internal pressures, and are open to continuing to improve their knowledge and skills, regardless of age. Some implications for future research and practice are also addressed in this paper.

An experimental study was designed to analyze the effect of school-based training in self-regulation learning strategies on academic performance (Mathematics, Sciences, Language, and English). Class-level variables (i.e., gender, the teacher’s teaching experience, class size) were considered and the effects of the intervention were measured at the end of the intervention and 3 months later. A sample of 761 students from 3rd and 4th grades (356 in the control condition and 405 in the experimental condition), from 14 schools, participated in the study. Data were analyzed using three-level analysis with within-student measurements at level 1, between-students within-classes at level 2, and between-classes at level 3. Data showed a positive effect of the intervention on student performance, both at post-test (d = 0.25) and at follow-up (d = 0.33) considering the four school subjects together. However, the effect was significant just at follow-up when subjects were considered separately. Student performance was significantly related to the students’ variables (i.e., gender, level of reading comprehension) and the context (teacher gender and class size). Finally, students’ gender and level of reading comprehension, as well as the teacher’s gender, were found to moderate the effect of the intervention on students’ academic performance. Two conclusions were highlighted: first, data emphasize the importance of considering time while conducting intervention studies. Second, more teaching experience does not necessarily translate into improvements in the quality of students’ instruction.

Objetivo: verificar a associação entre peso ao nascer, idade gestacional e diagnósticos médicos secundários no tempo de permanência hospitalar de recém-nascidos prematuros. Métodos: estudo transversal, com 1.329 prontuários de recém-nascidos no período de julho de 2012 a setembro de 2015, em dois hospitais de Belo Horizonte, que utilizam o sistema Diagnosis Related Groups Brasil. Para determinar um ponto de corte para o peso ao nascer e a idade gestacional no nascimento que melhor determinasse o tempo de internação foi utilizada a curva Receive Operator Characteristic. Posteriormente, utilizou-se o teste de Análise de Variância e teste de Duncan para a comparação entre a média de tempo de permanência hospitalar. Resultados: a prematuridade sem problemas maiores (DRG792) foi a categoria mais prevalente (43,12%). O maior tempo médio de internação foi de 34,9 dias, identificado entre os recém-nascidos prematuros ou com Síndrome da angústia respiratória (DRG 790). A combinação de menor peso ao nascer e menor IG ao nascimento apresentaram o maior risco de permanência hospitalar, aumentada quando comparados ao demais perfis formados para esse DRG. Conclusão: os achados poderão direcionar a assistência em relação à mobilização de recursos físicos, humanos e de bens de consumo, além da análise crítica de condições que influenciam os desfechos clínicos. A possibilidade da otimização do uso desses recursos hospitalares aliada à melhoria da qualidade dos atendimentos e da segurança dos pacientes está associada a uma minimização do tempo de permanência hospitalar e da carga de morbidade e mortalidade neonatal.

The development of reading skills foresees fluency in reading. Prior research has shown that during periods of absence from school, students are prone to showing setbacks in their learning. However, the literature presents mixed findings, possibly explained by the families’ socioeconomic statuses. The present study aims to analyze fluctuations in learning acquisition, specifically in reading fluency, during the pandemic, when all students were absent from school for several months. Data were collected in two waves. The present study combines quantitative and qualitative data with an explanatory sequential approach. Participants were 52 3rd-graders and their teachers. The latter were enrolled in two-member check sessions. Statistically significant differences in speed (lower than expected) and prosody (higher than expected) were found between the two sessions. Considering ASE support (financial support for low-income families from the Portuguese government), data indicate that students benefiting from this support showed performances in accuracy and speed below the expected. Prosody scores were above the expected at both sessions. Findings may provide relevant insights to further understand fluctuations in students’ reading fluency during long periods of absence from school; for example, data could help prevent learning setbacks due to summer vacations.

Purpose – The importance of developing theoretical models and their empirical validation, capable of explaining safety performance within organizations, has been pointed out by the scientific community. Fernández-Muñiz, Montes-Peón, and Vazquez-Ordáz (2007) proposed a model that integrates dimensions considered as determinants of safety culture to explain safety performance, which was tested with Occupational Health and Safety technicians of Spanish companies. This study aims to verify if that theoretical model obtains empirical support in the Portuguese context, considering the supervisors’ perspective. In addition, it also aims to contribute to the adaptation of the measurement instrument, which allowed for the empirical test of the model in the Portuguese context. Design/methodology/approach – The study conducted is quantitative with a cross-sectional study design. In total, 174 supervisors at different levels of supervision, in different Portuguese companies from different activity sectors, participated in the study. Data were gathered through the Portuguese version of the instrument developed by the authors of the model (Fernández-Muñiz et al., 2007). Findings – The results partially confirm the proposed model wherein supervisors play a determinant role in the development of safety culture and thus in the safety performance of organizations. Originality/value – This study addresses one of the demands present in the literature, having empirically tested a model that aims to explain the safety performance of organizations, expanding its application to the management perspective and to a different national context. The results emphasize the role supervisors may play in the development of safer organizations.

A Tarefa para Casa é o conjunto de tarefas marcadas pelos professores aos alunos para serem realizadas fora do horário escolar. O debate “sim ou não à Tarefa para Casa” parece interminável. Tanto nas escolas como na mídia, professores, alunos, pais e administradores escolares apresentam argumentos favoráveis e contrários a essa prática, no entanto nem sempre baseados em dados de investigação. A seleção dos artigos mencionados neste trabalho foi efetuada de acordo com cada uma das três fases da Tarefa para Casa: preparação, realização e monitorização. Com apoio em estudos conduzidos nos últimos anos, este artigo pretende despertar a reflexão sobre o tema. Dado que o professor é o responsável pela gestão da Tarefa para Casa, considera-se que ele possa ser um agente de mudança nas atitudes frente a essa prática e, sobretudo, na sua utilização. Assim, o presente artigo dá especial ênfase ao papel que o professor pode assumir naqueles três momentos que compõem o processo da Tarefa para Casa, numa perspectiva autorregulatória da aprendizagem. Pretende-se, assim, com suporte na investigação, promover uma reflexão profunda sobre a Tarefa para Casa e sua utilização, com vistas a trazer importantes benefícios para os alunos. A resposta “sim ou não à Tarefa para Casa?” dependerá dessa utilização.

Introduction: Very low birth weight newborns have an increased risk of neonatal complications and long-term malnutrition. In this paper the authors try to evaluate the catch-up growth of infants born with less than 32 weeks of gestational age (GA) and the effect of breast milk during the neonatal period on the later nutritional status, reflected on the somatometry at the age of 2. Material and methods: This is a retrospective study with a population of newborns with GA less than 32 weeks or weighing less than 1,500 grams, admitted to a level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit between 2009 and 2012. Patients are divided into two groups: group 1, children with follow-up at 2 years of age; group 2, follow-up drop-out. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS®, p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: 262 newborns were included, 158 (60.3%) had a clinical follow-up at 2 years-old. We found statistically significant differences between the two groups, regarding lower GA and head circumference z-score at birth, as well as increased risk of infection in group 1; comorbidities were more frequent in group 2. Birth weight z-score is the only variable that positively affects weight z-score. Follow-up weight z-score is positively affected by weight z-score at birth and negatively affected by the extent of in-hospital exclusive enteral feeding. GA and age at onset of exclusive enteral feeding do not present significant correlation. Intraperiventricular haemorrhage is associated with lower head circumference z-score at follow-up; in contrast, larger head circumference z-score at discharge and weight z-score at follow-up are associated with larger head circumference at follow-up. Conclusion: This study highlights how a deficient nutritional status at discharge delays a growth recovery at the age of 2, emphasizing the influence of birth weight and breast milk on growth.

Introdução: O burnout é um estado de exaustão física, emocional e mental, causado pelo envolvimento duradouro em situações de elevada exigência emocional, no local de trabalho. Os médicos têm uma das profissões consideradas mais stressantes, sendo que os Médicos de Medicina Geral e Familiar (MGF) são dos que estão em maior risco de burnout. As estratégias de coping adotadas são cruciais para a transição de níveis de stress aumentado para burnout. Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência e a gravidade do índice de burnout nos médicos especialistas e internos de MGF, em funções nos Cuidados de Saúde Primários (CSP) pertencentes à Uni- dade de Saúde Local de Matosinhos (ULSM); avaliar a relação entre o índice de burnout e variáveis sócio-demográficas e profissionais nesta amostra; avaliar a relação entre o índice de burnout e estratégias de coping dos profissionais na amostra. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal, com componente analítica. Foi aplicado um questionário sócio-demográfico, o Inventário de Burnout (IB) e a Coping Job Scale de Latack (CJS) a uma amostra de 52 médicos (n=140) da ULSM, tendo sido, de seguida, analisados os dados obtidos através do SPSS. Resultados: A taxa de resposta foi de 37,1% (52 em 140 médicos). Destes profissionais, 40 pertenciam ao sexo feminino, 51,9% eram casados e 69.2% eram especialistas em MGF (restantes eram internos de formação específica). O nível total de burnout foi de 3.06±0.64. A Unidade de Saúde Familiar (USF) Progresso apresentou os valores mais elevados (38.20±4.51), seguida da USF Horizonte (32.33±5.83) e da USF Dunas (31.50±5.01). Não se verificaram diferenças entre o estado civil ou o grau académico e nível de burnout ou mecanismos de coping. Não foi encontrado nenhum efeito correlacional significativo entre burnout e mecanismos de coping no geral (r= 0.289, p>005), à excepção da correlação positiva entre o fator controlo e a dimensão “realização pessoal” (r = .407, p < .05). Discussão e Conclusões: No presente estudo, verificou-se um nível total de burnout de 3.06±0.64, valor em concordância com os resultados de burnout obtidos em outros estudos em Portugal na classe médica. Não foi encontrado nenhum efeito correlacional significativo entre burnout e estratégias de coping no geral, apesar de existir uma correlação positiva entre o fator controlo e a dimensão “realização pessoal".

Introduction: Children with very low birth weight have a high risk of complications in the neonatal period and neurodevelopment impairment is a major sequel. Objective: To analyze how perinatal variables influence neuro­develop­ment at 2 years of age in newborns with less than 32 weeks of gestational age (GA) or less than 1,500 g at birth. Methods: Retrospective descriptive study of all records of the National Registry of Very Low Weight (VLBWNT) and clinical information from 2009 to 2012. We considered a major sequel: the need for auditory prosthesis, blindness, cerebral palsy or developmental quotient below 80. Statistical analysis performed with STATA® v13, considering a level of statistical significance of 0.1. Results: Registration of 348 newborns. Exclusion of 88: 26 transferred and 62 deaths. Of the 260 included, 152 (58.5%) had a regular follow-up. There were no significant differences between groups with or without follow-up, except for SNAPPE 2 index and patent ductus arteriosus persistence. The p50 of the GA was 30 w, the p50 of the birth weight was 1,200 g and 62% did not have major sequels. The female gender has a lower risk of sequels, compared to male (OR 0.5493; p: 0.0990). The presence of grade 3 intraperiventricular hemorrhage (IPVH) represents an 11-fold higher risk of sequels, compared to grade 0 (OR 11.78; p: 0.002) Conclusion: An assessment at 2 years of age showed a high percentage of children with sequels, being at greater risk the male gender and severe IPVH. This study is important because it brings information important to organize the health system in order to meet the special needs of this population.

Existing literature has analyzed homework characteristics associated with academic results. Researchers and educators defend the need to provide quality homework, but there is still much to be learned about the characteristics of quality homework (e.g., purposes, type). Acknowledging that teachers play an important role in designing and assigning homework, this study explored teachers’ perspectives regarding: (i) the characteristics of quality homework and (ii) the characteristics of the homework tasks assigned. In the current study, mathematics teachers from elementary and middle schools (N = 78) participated in focus group discussions. To enhance the trustworthiness of the findings, homework tasks assigned by 25% of the participants were analyzed for triangulation of data purposes. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis for elementary and middle school separately. Teachers discussed the various characteristics of quality homework (e.g., short assignments, adjusted to the availability of students) and shared the characteristics of the homework tasks typically assigned, highlighting a few differences (e.g., degree of individualization of homework, purposes) between these two topics. Globally, data on the homework tasks assigned were consistent with teachers’ reports about the characteristics of the homework tasks they usually assigned. Findings provide valuable insights for research and practice aimed to promote the quality of homework and consequently students’ learning and progress.

Inúmeros são os desafios ligados a aplicação prática do que fora aprendido em salas de aula por muitos profissionais. Cada vez mais, sociólogos e antropólogos deixam o privilegiado espaço de reflexão e crítica das universidades para adentrarem um terreno minado de poderes: o das políticas públicas. A partir da experiência vivida pelas autoras como consultora e coordenadora da equipe de trabalho social do Projeto de Revitalização do Arroio Barnabé (PAC Barnabé) buscamos dar ênfase a alguns aspectos ligados diretamente à esse “novo” encontro. Esse projeto foi financiado pelo Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC) do Governo Federal. Nesse artigo, situamos nossa experiência na execução do PAC Barnabé em referência à três tensões: o tempo e a política interna às politicas públicas e o fazer antropológico. Embora, na nossa experiência no do PAC Barnabé esses aspectos estivessem interligados, acreditamos que mesmo isoladamente eles façam parte da prática de antropólogos e cientistas sociais inseridos no campo das políticas públicas. Nosso objetivo é problematizar o lugar para o qual que os antropólogos são chamados a ocupar enquanto executores de políticas públicas.

Drugs are essential references in rock ‘n’ roll in general and punk in particular. The recurring presence of alcohol and drugs in the songs and discourse of key figures from Portuguese punk is not, therefore, accidental. This article considers the issue less from the point of view of practices and contexts associated with their consumption and more from the perspective of the discourses produced within the scene that explore the meaning of their use and the risk of addiction. It draws on empirical material comprising statements from 214 punk actors interviewed between 2012 and 2014 and the lyrics of what they consider to be the most influential songs. It addresses three main issues: 1) the representation of the nature of the relationship with alcohol and drugs; 2) its central position as an identity issue, i.e. regarding name, cohesion and position within the scene; 3) the diverse attitudes and discourses circulating within it.

This study explored mathematics teachers’ conceptions of the homework feedback focusing on four key aspects: definition, purpose, types, and perceived impact. Forty-seven teachers from elementary and middle schools participated in six focus groups. Data were analyzed using content analysis. To enhance the trustworthiness of findings, classroom observations were used for triangulation of data. Participants conceptualized homework feedback in three directions (i.e., teachers’ feedback provided to students, students’ feedback provided to teachers, and homework self-feedback), being teachers’ monitoring of students’ learning the purpose reported by most teachers. Participants also reported the types of homework feedback more frequently used in class (e.g., checking homework completion, checking homework on the board), and their perceived impact on students. Findings provide valuable information to deepen the understanding of the homework feedback process, which may help develop new avenues for future research.

Engaged students tend to show school-committed behaviors (e.g., attend classes, get involved with the learning process), high achievement, and sense of belonging. However, students with disabilities are prone to show a lack of engagement with school due to the specific difficulties they have to handle. In fact, children with disabilities are likely to show poor participation in school when compared with children without disabilities. This poor involvement is related to their low autonomy to participate in the school activities, which, in turn, results in low school engagement. Parents play a crucial role in their children’s education. Parental involvement in school activities promotes autonomous behaviors and, consequently, school engagement. In fact, extant literature has shown close relationships between parental involvement, school engagement, and academic performance. Yet, parental involvement in school activities of children with Cerebral Palsy has received little direct attention from researchers.These children tend to display lower participation due to the motor, or cognitive, impairments that compromise their autonomy, and have a high likelihood to develop learning disabilities, with special incidences in reading and arithmetic. Therefore, our aim is twofold, to understand the parental styles; and how the perceived parental involvement in school activities is related to their children school engagement. Hence, 19 interviews were conducted with one of the parents of 19 children with Cerebral Palsy. These interviews explored the school routines of children and the perceived involvement of parents in those routines. Additionally, children filled out a questionnaire on school engagement. Results show that the majority of the parents were clustered in the Autonomy Allowance and Acceptance and Support parental style, and the majority of their children were perceived as autonomous. Moreover, about a half of the children reported a high level of school engagement. Finally, neither children’s autonomous behaviors reported by parents, nor parental style, seem to be related with the children’s level of school engagement. Findings indicate parental style impacts on children’s SE. Therefore, rehabilitation centers and schools could consider training parents/caregivers focusing on their educational needs, promotion of reflections on the usefulness of applying autonomy promotion strategies with their child, and foster their involvement.

Introdução: As síndromes de falsa identificação delirante dividem-se em Síndrome de Capgras, Síndrome de Fregoli, Síndrome de Duplos Subjetivos e Síndrome de Intermetamorfose. A característica principal é um erro na identificação de si próprio e/ou de outras pessoas. Tratam-se de fenómenos relativamente raros e etiologicamente heterogéneos, que ocorrem principalmente no cenário da doença esquizofrénica, perturbações afetivas e doenças orgânicas. Objectivos: Descrever um caso clínico que cursou com três síndromes de falsa identificação delirante, bem como realizar um breve revisão sobre a etiologia e a psicopatologia das síndromes presentes. Métodos: Recolha da história clínica e revisão não sistemática em inglês, através da pesquisa na PubMed com as expressões: “delusional misidentification syndromes”, “Capgras syndrome”, “Fregoli syndrome”, “Subjective Double syndrome”. Realizou-se igualmente uma revisão da literatura. Resultados e Conclusões: Foi descrito um caso clínico de um homem com esquizofrenia paranóide que apresentava síndrome de Capgras, síndrome de Fregoli e síndrome de Duplos Subjetivos. Parece tratarem-se de fenómenos sub-diagnosticados, cuja pesquisa ativa poderá permitir uma compreensão mais completa dos quadros clínicos nos quais surgem

O presente resumo ampliado está fundamentado em pesquisa realizada para o trabalho de conclusão de curso, e tem por objeto de pesquisa compreender o papel da UAMPG (União das Associações de Moradores de Ponta Grossa) na organização das Associações de Moradores para a conquista das reivindicações populares. O principal objetivo da pesquisa foi compreender como se realiza a assessoria e a organização das Associações de Moradores da cidade de Ponta Grossa, bem como quais os desafios a serem alcançados pela UAMPG no desenvolvimento de seus trabalhos. Para tanto, utilizamos como instrumentos: revisão bibliográfica, estudo documental, observação participante, entrevista semi-estruturada e análise de dados fundamentada na revisão bibliográfica. Em um primeiro momento discutimos as relações entre Estado e sociedade civil buscando compreender como este processo se reflete na emergência, desenvolvimento e atuação das associações de moradores. Verificamos que a emergência das associações de moradores, tanto a nível nacional quanto local, ocorreu sob as demandas das expressões da questão social, sendo que estas entidades foram se constituindo como espaços de participação popular que sofriam influências do Estado, de partidos políticos e da Igreja. Partindo deste entendimento, passamos a apresentar os resultados de nossas sucessivas aproximações com nosso objeto de estudo. Inicialmente, descrevemos como se configuram os objetivos da UAMPG através de seu atual Estatuto Social. Na seqüência, realizamos a análise dos dados obtidos através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, realizando a devida articulação entre os elementos teóricos levantados e nossas observações da realidade enfocada. A partir disso, apresentamos algumas considerações finais acerca das investigações realizadas.

This article presents methodology for the construction of indices of local sustainability, applied to the cities of the Piracicaba River Basin (Minas Gerais). The proposed methodology combines measures of quality of the microregional environmental system; the quality of life in urban areas; the pressure exerted by anthropic activities on reproduction bases in the area and on the microregional environmental system; political and institutional capacity for local intervention. The river and its water basin are used as the main parameters for spatialization, integration and compatibility of indicators constructed on the basis of distinct methodology and disciplinary viewpoints. Located in the mid Rio Doce river basin, the Piracicaba River basin is within the area of influence of the Rio Doce State Park. It comprises a significant assembly of economic activities (steel, cellulose, and iron ore mining) with a high degree of anthropic impact, considerable urban concentration, and massive reforestations through the monocultural plantation of eucalyptus trees (coal and cellulose).

O presente resumo ampliado está fundamentado em pesquisa realizada para o trabalho de conclusão de curso, e tem por objeto de pesquisa compreender o papel da UAMPG (União das Associações de Moradores de Ponta Grossa) na organização das Associações de Moradores para a conquista das reivindicações populares. O principal objetivo da pesquisa foi compreender como se realiza a assessoria e a organização das Associações de Moradores da cidade de Ponta Grossa, bem como quais os desafios a serem alcançados pela UAMPG no desenvolvimento de seus trabalhos. Para tanto, utilizamos como instrumentos: revisão bibliográfica, estudo documental, observação participante, entrevista semi-estruturada e análise de dados fundamentada na revisão bibliográfica. Em um primeiro momento discutimos as relações entre Estado e sociedade civil buscando compreender como este processo se reflete na emergência, desenvolvimento e atuação das associações de moradores. Verificamos que a emergência das associações de moradores, tanto a nível nacional quanto local, ocorreu sob as demandas das expressões da questão social, sendo que estas entidades foram se constituindo como espaços de participação popular que sofriam influências do Estado, de partidos políticos e da Igreja. Partindo deste entendimento, passamos a apresentar os resultados de nossas sucessivas aproximações com nosso objeto de estudo. Inicialmente, descrevemos como se configuram os objetivos da UAMPG através de seu atual Estatuto Social. Na seqüência, realizamos a análise dos dados obtidos através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, realizando a devida articulação entre os elementos teóricos levantados e nossas observações da realidade enfocada. A partir disso, apresentamos algumas considerações finais acerca das investigações realizadas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Estado e sociedade civil, participação popular, associações de moradores.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the relationship between maternal age and the source of healthcare payment with mode of delivery in public and private national hospitals between the years 2012 to 2017, and the length of hospital stay. Methods: cross-sectional study of 91,894 women who had children in public and private hospitals between 2012 and 2017. Data were collected from the Diagnosis-Related Groups Brazil system and a comparative analysis was performed between patients in public care and those in supplementary healthcare. Results: in public care, the majority were vaginal deliveries and the reverse occurred in supplementary health. The proportion of cesarean sections was higher in the age group 31 to 40 years old in both services. The hospital stay was longer among women who underwent a cesarean section. Conclusions: high maternal age and the source of healthcare payment influence the mode of delivery, which interfere with the length of hospital stay.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether age group, complications or comorbidities are associated with the length of hospitalization of women undergoing cesarean section. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out between June 2012 and July 2017, with 64,437 women undergoing cesarean section and who did not acquire conditions during their hospital stay. Hospital discharge data were collected from national health institutions, using the Diagnosis-Related Groups system (DRG Brasil®). The DRG referring to cesarean section with additional complications or comorbidities (DRG 765) and cesarean section without complications or associated comorbidities (DRG 766) were included in the initial diagnosis. The influence of age group and comorbidities or complications present at admission on the length of hospital stay was assessed based on the means of the analysis of variance. The size of the effect was verified by Cohen’s D, which allows evaluating clinical relevance. The criticality levels were identified using the Duncan test. RESULTS The longest length of hospital stay was observed in the age group from 15 to 17 years old and among those aged 45 years old or more. The hospital stay of women with complications or comorbidities at the time of admission was also longer. Moreover, it was noted that the increase in criticality level was associated with an increase in the mean length of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS The length of hospital stay of women is higher among those belonging to the age group ranging from 15 to 17 years old and for those aged 45 years old or more. The presence of associated comorbidities, such as eclampsia, pre-existing hypertensive disorder with superimposed proteinuria and gestational hypertension (induced by pregnancy) with significant proteinuria increase the length of hospital stay. This study enabled the construction of distinct criticality level profiles based on the combination of age groups and the main comorbidities, which were directly related to the length of hospital stay.

The eradication of poverty as proposed by the first Sustainable Development Goal is one of the main challenges faced by all countries, especially the underdeveloped and developing nations. In this paper, we develop an approach for integrating the input–output framework with a microsimulation model where consumption and income data are highly disaggregated and along with Miyazawa linkages. This allows us to identify how sectoral economic structure affects income distribution. This, in turn, provides information relevant to the inclusive growth policies that can create work opportunities for the low-income population and, thereby eliminating poverty. Results show how labor-intensive sectors might be important in ending poverty and in reducing inequality. They even show the set of activities that could best contribute to this goal via changes in the productive structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]