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We sequenced and analyzed the complete mitogenome of a Norwegian isolate of the octocoral Alcyonium digitatum using the Ion Torrent sequencing technology. The 18,790 bp circular mitochondrial genome was found to harbor the same set of 17 genes, which encode 14 protein subunits, two structural ribosomal RNAs and one tRNA, as reported in other octocorals. In addition, we detected a new tRNA Pro -like gene sequence nested within the MutS protein coding region. This putative tRNA gene feature appears to be conserved among the octocorals but has not been reported previously. The A. digitatum mitogenome was also shown to harbor an optional gene (ORFA) that encodes a putative protein of 191 amino acids with unknown function. A mitogenome-based phylogenetic analysis, presented as a maximum likelihood tree, showed that A. digitatum clustered with high statistical confidence with two other Alcyonium species endemic to the Mediterranean Sea and the Southeast Pacific Ocean.

Objective: To compare the effect of motivational interviewing (MI) and tailored health literacy (HL) follow-up with usual care on hospitalization, costs, HL, self-management, Quality of life (QOL), and psychological stress in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)., Methods: A RCT was undertaken in Norway between March 2018-December 2020 (n = 127). The control group (CG, n = 63) received usual care. The intervention group (IG, n = 64) received tailored HL follow-up from MI-trained COPD nurses with home visits for eight weeks and phone calls for four months after hospitalization. Primary outcomes were hospitalization at eight weeks, six months, and one year from baseline. The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03216603) and analysed per protocol., Results: Compared with the IG, the CG had 2.8 higher odds (95% CI [1.3 to 5.8]) of hospitalization and higher hospital health costs (MD=€ -6230, 95% CI [-6510 to -5951]) and lower QALYs (MD=0.1, 95% CI [0.10 to 0.11]) that gives an ICER = - 62,300. The IG reported higher QOL, self-management, and HL (p = 0.02- to <0.01)., Conclusion: MI-trained COPD nurses using tailored HL follow-up is cost-effective, reduces hospitalization, and increases QOL, HL, and self-care in COPD., Practice Implication: Tailored HL follow-up is beneficial for individuals with COPD and the healthcare system., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Christine R. Borge reports financial support was provided by DAM funding. Christine R. Borge reports financial support was provided by HSØ collaboration funds. Christine R. Borge reports financial support was provided by Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, municipality Grunerløkka, Gamle Oslo, St.Hanshaugen, Sagene and the University of Oslo. Christine R. Borge reports financial support was provided by Kirsten Rønnings Legat. Richard Osborne reports financial support was provided by National Health and Medical Research Council., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Veterinarians are an occupational group with an increased suicide risk. Euthanasing animals may influence both veterinarians' views on assisted dying in humans and their suicide risk. We investigated (I) attitudes towards assisted dying, (II) whether the field of work and the frequency of euthanasing animals were associated with positive attitudes towards human euthanasia, and (III) whether frequently euthanasing animals was associated with serious suicidal thoughts., Methods: We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study among veterinarians in Norway (response rate: 75%). Logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratios for both positive attitudes towards human euthanasia and serious suicidal thoughts. The analyses were adjusted for socio-demographic and work-related factors., Results: Fifty-five percent of the veterinarians agreed that euthanasia should be permitted for humans with a fatal disease and short life expectancy. Working with companion animals was independently associated with positive attitudes towards human euthanasia (OR = 1.66 (95% CI: 1.23-2.23)), while veterinarians' frequency of euthanasing animals was not. Frequency of euthanasing animals was independently associated with serious suicidal thoughts, OR = 2.56 (95% CI: 1.35-4.87)., Conclusions: Veterinarians' attitudes towards assisted dying in humans did not differ from those of the general population. Veterinarians' frequency of euthanasing animals was not associated with positive attitudes towards euthanasia in humans. However, veterinarians working in companion animal practices were more likely to have positive attitudes towards euthanasia in humans. Moreover, euthanising animals five times or more a week was associated with serious suicidal thoughts. We need more research to infer about causality in these findings., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Little is known regarding the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with both coronary heart disease (CHD) and type D personality, and whether these patients may benefit from psychotherapy that modifies metacognitive beliefs implicated in disorder maintenance. This study explored prevalence rates among these patients and associations between type D characteristics, rumination and metacognitions., Methods: Forty-seven consecutive patients with CHD who scored positive for type D personality were included in this pre-planned study. Participants underwent structured clinical interviews for mental and personality disorders and completed questionnaires assessing rumination and metacognitions., Results: Mean age was 53.8 (SD 8.1) years and 21.3% were female. At least one mood disorder or anxiety disorder was found in 70.2% and 61.7% of the patients. The most common disorders were major depressive disorder (59.6%), social phobia (40.4%), and generalized anxiety disorder (29.8%). At least one personality disorder was detected in 42.6%. Only 21% reported ongoing treatment with psychotropic medication whereas none had psychotherapy. Metacognitions and rumination were significantly associated with negative affectivity (0.53-0.72, p  < .001) but not social inhibition., Conclusion: Mood and anxiety disorders were highly prevalent and relatively untreated among these patients. Future studies should test the metacognitive model for type D personality.

Introduction: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an important treatment target in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and is associated with poor outcomes. Therefore, it is of clinical importance to identify the key determinants of HRQoL among these patients. There is, however, limited knowledge of how a comprehensive set of psychosocial factors influence HRQoL. We aimed to determine the relative associations of clinical and psychosocial factors with mental and physical components of HRQoL in a sample of CHD outpatients., Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1,042 patients 2-36 (mean 16) months after a CHD event recruited from two general Norwegian hospitals with a combined catchment area making up 7% of the Norwegian population, representative with regards to demographic and clinical factors. We collected data on HRQoL, demographics, comorbidities, coronary risk factors, and psychosocial factors. HRQoL was assessed using the Short Form 12 (SF12), which comprises a Mental Component Scale (MCS), and the Physical Component Scale (PCS). Crude and multi-adjusted linear regression analyses were used to investigate the association between covariates and MCS and PCS., Results: Mean age was 61 [standard deviation (SD) 10] years, 20% were females, 18% had type D personality, 20% significant depression symptoms, 14% significant symptoms of anxiety whereas 45% reported insomnia. The presence of type D personality (β: -0.19), significant symptoms of depression (β: -0.15), and the presence of insomnia (β: -0.13) were negatively associated with MCS, but not PCS in multi-adjusted analyses. The presence of chronic kidney disease (β: -0.11) was associated with reduced MCS, whereas the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (β: -0.08) and low physical activity (β: -0.14) were negatively associated with PCS. Younger age was associated with lower MCS, whereas older age was associated with lower PCS., Discussion: We conclude that Type D personality, depressive symptoms, insomnia, and chronic kidney disease were the strongest determinants of the mental component of HRQoL. Assessing and managing these psychological factors among CHD outpatients may improve their mental HRQoL., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Frøjd, Munkhaugen, Papageorgiou, Sverre, Moum and Dammen.)

Objective: Estimate the prevalence of anxiety disorders, depressive disorders and apathy two years after stroke, examine their longitudinal course, describe the course of psychological distress through two years after stroke, and evaluate Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale HADS-A and HADS-D cut-off scores of ≥4 and ≥ 8 for detection of anxiety and depressive disorders two years after stroke., Methods: In a longitudinal cohort study of 150 consecutive stroke patients in a stroke unit, 103 were assessed four months and 75 two years after stroke. Anxiety and depression disorders and symptoms were assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and HADS, apathy by the Apathy Evaluation Scale., Results: Prevalence of at least one anxiety disorder or one depressive disorder decreased from four months to two years (23% vs 9%, P = 0.026, 19% vs 10%, P = 0.17). Apathy remained stable at 48% vs 50%. After two years, 80%, 79% and 19% of those with anxiety, depression or apathy at four months had recovered. Recovery-rates among patients with anxiety were 83% for panic disorder, 60% for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and 50% for social phobia., Conclusions: In contrast to apathy, recovery from anxiety and depression was high. About half of the patients with GAD, social phobia or agoraphobia did not recover. Co-morbid depression and apathy at four months implied a high risk for not recovering at two years. HADS-A and HADS-D cut-off scores of ≥8 were feasible for detection of anxiety and depression disorders two years after stroke., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Psychological distress, including depression and anxiety, and Type-D personality are prevalent in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and associated with poor cardiovascular outcomes. Worry and rumination may be among the core features responsible for driving psychological distress in these patients. However, the nature of associations between these constructs remains to be delineated, yet they may have implications for the assessment and treatment of CHD patients. This study aimed to (1) explore the factorial structure and potential overlap between measures of depression, anxiety and the Type-D personality factors known as negative affectivity and social inhibition, and (2) examine how these constructs relate to worry and rumination in a sample of 1,042 CHD outpatients who participated in the in the cross-sectional NORwegian CORonary Prevention study. We conducted confirmatory factor analyses ( n = 1,042) and regression analyses ( n = 904) within a structural equation modeling framework. Results showed all constructs to have acceptable factor structure and indicated an overlap between the constructs of depression and negative affectivity. Worry was most strongly associated with anxiety, whereas rumination was most strongly associated with depression and negative affectivity. The results suggest conceptual similarities across the measures of depression and negative affectivity. They further suggest that intervention efforts could benefit from targeting worry and/or rumination in the treatment of CHD outpatients presenting with symptoms of psychological distress., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Tunheim, Dammen, Baardstu, Moum, Munkhaugen and Papageorgiou.)

Background: Veterinarians have a relatively high prevalence of mental health problems; however, research on professional help-seeking is limited. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of mental health problems and professional help-seeking behaviour for such problems, and the independent factors associated with help-seeking behaviour among veterinarians in Norway., Method: This cross-sectional study included all veterinarians in Norway (response rate 75%, 70% women). Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) for professional help-seeking for mental health problems. Analyses were controlled for socio-demographic, individual (personality trait reality weakness, SCL-5, attitudes toward mental illness), and work-related factors (work field, job stress)., Results: The prevalence of self-reported mental health problems in need of treatment was 30% (746/2494), significantly higher among women than men (36% vs. 15%). Fifty-four percent had sought professional help, women significantly more often (56%) than men (41%). Among veterinarians with serious suicidal thoughts, 50% (69/139) had sought help. Veterinarians most frequently related mental health problems to work problems (47%), women significantly more often (49%) than men (34%). Factors significantly associated with help-seeking were being female, OR = 2.11 (95% CI: 1.24-3.60), working with production animals, OR = 0.35 (0.13-0.98), public administration, OR = 2.27 (1.15-4.45), academia/research, OR = 4.78 (1.99-11.47) or 'other' fields, OR = 2.79 (1.23-6.32), and attitudes toward mental illness, OR = 1.32 (1.03-1.68)., Conclusions: Thirty percent of veterinarians in Norway reported mental health problems in need of treatment, and only half of them had sought professional help. A low degree of help-seeking was also seen among those with serious suicidal thoughts. Being female, positive attitudes toward treatment of mental illness, working in public administration, academia/research and 'other' field were associated with more help-seeking, while working in production animal practice was associated with less help-seeking. Interventions to increase help-seeking behaviour for mental health problems among veterinarians are warranted., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Study Objectives: Insomnia is highly prevalent and associated with anxiety and depression in patients with coronary heart disease patients. The development of effective psychological interventions is needed. Worry and rumination are potential risk factors for the maintenance of insomnia, anxiety, and depression that may be modified by psychological treatment grounded in the Self-Regulatory Executive Function model. However, the relationships between worry, rumination, anxiety and depression, and insomnia are not known. Therefore, we investigated these relationships both cross-sectionally and longitudinally among patients with coronary heart disease., Methods: A cross-sectional study consecutively included 1,082 patients in 2014-2015, and 686 were followed up after mean of 4.7 years. Data were gathered from hospital records and self-report questionnaires comprising assessment of worry (Penn State Worry Questionnaire), rumination (Ruminative Responses Scale), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and insomnia (Bergen Insomnia Scale)., Results: Insomnia correlated moderately with all other psychological variables ( R 0.18-0.50, all P values < .001). After adjustments for anxiety and depression, odds ratios for insomnia at baseline were 1.27 (95% confidence interval 1.08-1.50) and 1.60 (95% confidence interval 1.31-1.94) per 10 points increase of worry and rumination, respectively. Corresponding odds ratios for insomnia at follow-up were 1.28 (95% confidence interval 1.05-1.55) and 1.38 (95% confidence interval 1.09-1.75). Depression was no longer significantly associated with insomnia after adjustments for worry and rumination, but anxiety remained significant., Conclusions: Worry and rumination predicted insomnia both cross-sectionally and prospectively, even after controlling for anxiety and depression, although anxiety remained significant. Future studies may test psychological interventions targeting these factors in patients with coronary heart disease and insomnia., Citation: Frøjd LA, Papageorgiou C, Munkhaugen J, et al. Worry and rumination predict insomnia in patients with coronary heart disease: a cross-sectional study with long-term follow-up. J Clin Sleep Med . 2022;18(3):779-787., (© 2022 American Academy of Sleep Medicine.)

Background: Following an implementation plan based on dynamic dialogue between researchers and clinicians, this study implemented an evidence-based patient education program (tested in an RCT) into routine care at a clinical transplant center. The aim of this study was to investigate renal recipients' knowledge and self-efficacy during first year the after the intervention was provided in an everyday life setting., Methods: The study has a longitudinal design. The sample consisted of 196 renal recipients. Measurement points were 5 days (baseline), 2 months (T1), 6 months (T2), and one-year post transplantation (T3). Outcome measures were post-transplant knowledge, self-efficacy, and self-perceived general health., Results: No statistically significant changes were found from baseline to T1, T2, and T3. Participants' levels of knowledge and self-efficacy were high prior to the education program and did not change throughout the first year post transplantation., Conclusion: Renal recipients self-efficacy and insight in post-transplant aspects seem to be more robust when admitted to the hospital for transplantation compared to baseline observations in the RCT study. This may explain why the implemented educational intervention did not lead to the same positive increase in outcome measures as in the RCT. This study supports that replicating clinical interventions in real-life settings may provide different results compared to results from RCT's. In order to gain a complete picture of the impacts of an implemented intervention, it is vital also to evaluate results after implementing findings from RCT-studies into everyday practice., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Study Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of insomnia and its association with clinical and psychosocial factors in a large sample of outpatients with coronary heart disease., Methods: The sample comprised 1,082 patients, mean age 62 years (21% female), who participated in the cross-sectional NORwegian CORonary Prevention Study. Patients who were hospitalized with myocardial infarction and/or a coronary revascularization procedure in 2011-2014 responded to a self-report questionnaire and participated in a clinical examination with blood samples 2-36 (mean, 16) months later. Insomnia was assessed using the Bergen Insomnia Scale, a questionnaire based on the criteria for the clinical diagnosis of insomnia as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth version. We performed bivariate logistic regressions for crude analysis and backward stepwise logistic regressions for multiadjusted odds ratios (OR)., Results: In total, 488 patients (45%) reported insomnia, and 24% of these patients had used sleep medication in the previous week. Anxiety symptoms (OR: 5.61) were the strongest determinants of insomnia, followed by female sex (OR: 1.88), diabetes (OR: 1.83), eating fish fewer than three times a week (OR: 1.69), type D personality (OR: 1.69), and C-reactive protein ≥ 2 mg/L (OR:1.58), in multiadjusted analyses., Conclusions: Insomnia was highly prevalent in coronary heart disease outpatients. Psychological factors, lifestyle factors, and subclinical inflammation were associated with insomnia. Our results emphasize the need to identify patients with insomnia and provide appropriate management of insomnia in outpatients with coronary heart disease., (© 2021 American Academy of Sleep Medicine.)

The predictable oscillation between the light of day and the dark of night across the diel cycle is a powerful selective force that has resulted in anticipatory mechanisms in nearly all taxa. At polar latitude, however, this oscillation becomes highly attenuated during the continuous light of polar day during summer. A general understanding of how animals keep time under these conditions is poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that the common murre (a seabird, Uria aalge) can use melatonin and corticosterone, hormones associated with timekeeping, to track the diel cycle despite continuous light. We also tested the assumption that common murres breeding during polar summer schedule their colony attendance by time of day and sex, as they do at subpolar latitude. In the Atlantic population, common murres have a plumage color dimorphism associated with fitness-related traits, and we investigated the relationship of this dimorphism with colony attendance, melatonin, and corticosterone. The common murres did not schedule their attendance behavior by time of day or sex, yet they had higher concentrations of melatonin and, to a more limited extent, corticosterone during "night" than "day". Melatonin also linked to behavioral state. The two color morphs tended to have different colony-attendance behavior and melatonin concentrations, lending support for balancing selection maintaining the plumage dimorphism. In common murres, melatonin can signal time of day despite continuous light, and the limited diel variation of corticosterone contributes to the mounting evidence that polar-adapted birds and mammals require little or no diel variation in circulating glucocorticoids during polar day., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) is a multidimensional generic questionnaire developed to capture a wide range of health literacy needs. There is a need for validation evidence for the Norwegian version of the HLQ (N-HLQ)., Objective: The present study tested an initial version of the Norwegian HLQ by exploring its utility and construct validity among a group of nursing students., Methods: A pre-test survey was performed in participants (N = 18) who were asked to consider every item in the N-HLQ (44 items across nine scales). The N-HLQ was then administered to 368 respondents. Scale consistency was identified and extracted in a series of factor analyses (principal component analysis [PCA] with oblimin rotation) demanding a nine-dimension solution performed on randomly drawn 50% of the samples obtained by bootstrapping. Correlations between the nine factors obtained in the 13-factor PCA and the scale scores computed by the scale scoring syntaxes provided by the authors of the original HLQ were estimated., Key Results: The pre-test survey did not result in the need to rephrase items. The internal consistency of the nine HLQ scales was high, ranging from 0.81 to 0.72. The best fit for reproduction of the scales from the original HLQ was found for these dimensions: "1. feeling understood and supported by health care providers," "2. having sufficient information to manage my health," and "3. actively managing my health." For the dimensions "7. navigating in the healthcare system" and "8. ability to find good health information," a rather high degree of overlap was found, as indicated by relatively low differences between mean highest correlations and mean next-highest correlations., Conclusions: Despite some possible overlap between dimensions 7 and 8, the N-HLQ appeared relatively robust. Thus, this study's results contribute to the evidence validation base for the N-HLQ in Norwegian populations. [HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice. 2020;4(4):e190-e199.] PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: This study tested the Norwegian version of the Health Literacy Questionnaire. The questionnaire (44 items across nine scales) was completed by 368 nursing students. Despite some overlap between scale 7 ("navigating in the health care system") and scale 8 ("ability to find good health information"), the questionnaire appears to serve as a good measurement for health literacy in the Norwegian population., (©2020 Urstad, Andenaes, Wahl, et al.)

Several starfish (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) are keystone species of marine ecosystems, but some of the species are difficult to identify using morphological criteria only. The common sunstar, Crossaster papposus (Linnaeus, 1767), is a conspicuous species with a wide circumboreal distribution. In 1900, a closely similar species, C. squamatus (Döderlein, 1900) was described from the NE Atlantic Ocean, but subsequent authors have differed in their views on whether this is a valid taxon or rather an ecotype associated with temperature variations. We assessed the differentiating morphological characters of specimens from Norwegian and Greenland waters identified as C. papposus and C. squamatus and compared their distributions in the NE Atlantic as inferred from research cruises. The field data show that C. papposus is found mainly in temperate and shallow waters, whereas C. squamatus resides on the shelf-break in colder, mixed water masses. Intraspecific diversity and interspecific genetic differentiation of the two putative species, and their phylogenetic relationships to several Crossaster congeners worldwide, were explored using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. The molecular evidence suggests that C. papposus is the more diverse and geographically structured taxon, in line with its wide distribution. C. papposus and C. squamatus are closely related, yet clearly distinct taxa, while C. papposus and C. multispinus H.L. Clark, 1916, the latter from the South Pacific Ocean, are closely related, possibly sister taxa., Competing Interests: The Authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Purpose: The reasons why many coronary patients are inactive or have a low level of physical activity (PA) are not completely understood. We identified medical and psychosocial factors associated with PA status and increasing exercise level after a coronary event., Methods: A cross-sectional study investigated the factors associated with PA in 1101 patients hospitalized with myocardial infarction (MI) and/or a revascularization procedure. Data were collected from hospital records, a self-report questionnaire, and a clinical examination. PA was categorized as inactivity, low activity, and adequate activity (≥ moderate intensity of 30 min ≥2-3 times/wk), an overall summary PA-index was measured as a continuous variable, and self-reported PA increase since the index event was measured on a 0- to 10-point Likert Scale., Results: In all, 18% reported inactivity, 42% low, and 40% adequate activity at follow-up after median 16 mo. In multiadjusted linear regression analyses, low PA-index was significantly associated with smoking, obesity, unhealthy diet, depression, female, low education, MI as index diagnosis, and ≥1 previous coronary event. Motivation, risk and illness perceptions, and low reported need of help to increase PA were significantly associated with self-reported increasing PA level in adjusted continuous analyses., Conclusions: Daily smoking, obesity, unhealthy diet, and depression were the major potentially modifiable factors associated with insufficient PA, whereas high motivation and risk and illness perceptions were associated with increasing PA level. Further research on the effect of interventions tailored to the reported significant factors of failure is needed to improve PA level in CHD patients.

Genome studies in fish provide evidence for the adaptability of the vertebrate immune system, revealing alternative immune strategies. The reported absence of the major compatibility complex (MHC) class II pathway components in certain species of pipefish (genus Syngnathus ) and cod-like fishes (order Gadiformes) is of particular interest. The MHC II pathway is responsible for immunization and defence against extracellular threats through the presentation of exogenous peptides to T helper cells. Here, we demonstrate the absence of all genes encoding MHC II components (CD4, CD74 A/B, and both classical and non-classical MHC II α / β ) in the genome of an anglerfish, Lophius piscatorius , indicating loss of the MHC II pathway. By contrast, it has previously been reported that another anglerfish, Antennarius striatus , retains all MHC II genes, placing the loss of MHC II in the Lophius clade to their most recent common ancestor . In the three taxa where MHC II loss has occurred, the gene loss has been restricted to four or five core MHC II components, suggesting that, in teleosts, only these genes have functions that are restricted to the MHC II pathway.

Background: Despite many recent studies on burn-out and dissatisfaction among American medical doctors, less is known about doctors in the Scandinavian public health service. The aims of this study were to analyse long-term work-related predictors of life satisfaction among established doctors in Norway and to identify predictors in a subgroup of doctors who reported a decline in life satisfaction., Methods: Two nationwide cohorts of doctors (n = 1052), who graduated medical school 6 years apart, were surveyed at graduation from medical school (T1, 1993/94 and 1999), and 4 (T2), 10 (T3), and 15 (T4) years later. Work-related predictors of life satisfaction (three items) obtained at T2 to T4 were analysed. Individual and lifestyle confounders were controlled for using mixed-models repeated-measures analyses, and logistic regression analyses were applied to identify predictors of the decrease in life satisfaction., Results: Ninety per cent (947/1052) responded at least once, and 42% (450/1052) responded at all four times. Work-related predictors of higher life satisfaction in the adjusted model were work-home stress (β = - 0.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] = - 0.25 to - 0.16, p < 0.001), perceived job demands (β = - 0.10, CI = - 0.15 to - 0.05, p < 0.001), and colleague support (β = 0.05, CI = 0.04 to 0.07, p < 0.001). The new adjusted individual predictors that we identified included female gender, reality weakness trait, and problematic drinking behaviour. Neuroticism trait and low colleague support predicted a decrease in life satisfaction., Conclusions: Work-home stress, perceived job demands, and colleague support were the most important predictors of life satisfaction related to doctors' work. When personality traits were controlled for, female doctors were more satisfied with their life than male doctors. These findings suggest that improving work-related factors with targeted interventions, including a supportive work environment, may increase life satisfaction among doctors.

Mitochondrial genome organization of sea anemones appears conserved among species and families, and is represented by a single circular DNA molecule of 17 to 21 kb. The mitochondrial gene content corresponds to the same 13 protein components of the oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) system as in vertebrates. Hallmarks, however, include a highly reduced tRNA gene repertoire and the presence of autocatalytic group I introns. Here we demonstrate that the mitochondrial genome of the deep-water sea anemone Protanthea simplex deviates significantly from that of other known sea anemones. The P. simplex mitochondrial genome contains a heavily scrambled order of genes that are coded on both DNA strands and organized along two circular mito-chromosomes, MCh-I and MCh-II. We found MCh-I to be representative of the prototypic sea anemone mitochondrial genome, encoding 12 OxPhos proteins, two ribosomal RNAs, two transfer RNAs, and a group I intron. In contrast, MCh-II was found to be a laterally transferred plasmid-like DNA carrying the conserved cytochrome oxidase II gene and a second allele of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Host-associated microbiota undergoes a continuous transition, from the birth to adulthood of the host. These developmental stage-related transitions could lead to specific microbial signatures that could impact the host biological processes. In this study, the succession of early-life and intestinal bacterial communities of Atlantic salmon (starting from embryonic stages to 80-week post hatch; wph) was studied using amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA. Stage-specific bacterial community compositions and the progressive transitions of the communities were evident in both the early life and the intestine. The embryonic communities showed lower richness and diversity (Shannon and PD whole tree) compared to the hatchlings. A marked transition of the intestinal communities also occurred during the development; Proteobacteria were dominant in the early stages (both embryonic and intestinal), though the abundant genera under this phylum were stage-specific. Firmicutes were the most abundant group in the intestine of late freshwater; Weissella being the dominant genus at 20 wph and Anaerofilum at 62 wph. Proteobacteria regained its dominance after the fish entered seawater. Furthermore, LEfSe analysis identified genera under the above - mentioned phyla that are significant features of specific stages. The environmental (water) bacterial community was significantly different from that of the fish, indicating that the host is a determinant of microbial assemblage. Overall the study demonstrated the community dynamics during the development of Atlantic salmon., (© 2018 The Authors. MicrobiologyOpen published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

A heteroplasmic tandem repeat (HTR) array occupies 100 to 300 bp of the mitochondrial DNA control region in the Atlantic cod, and recently we noted that the repeat appeared integrated in a polyadenylated mitochondrial long noncoding RNA. Here we provide a more detailed analysis of the mitochondrial HTR in the mitochondrial genome of 134 Atlantic cod specimens. We report all specimens to harbor mitochondrial HTRs in the control region, and identified 26 distinct variants among the 402 repeat motifs assessed. Whereas most specimens contained HTR profiles of 2-5 copies consisting of the same 40-bp motif, 22 specimens showed compound HTR arrays of at least two types of motifs present in the same mitochondrial DNA molecule. We found HTR profiles to be highly conserved between different tissue types of a single individual, and strictly maternally inherited in a mating experiment between parental Atlantic cod expressing different HTR profiles and array motifs. We conclude that mitochondrial heteroplasmy in the control region is very common in Atlantic cod, and results in length heterogenity of the long noncoding RNA lncCR-H.

Background: Lifestyle changes are important for prevention and treatment of many common diseases, and doctors have an important role in the lifestyle counselling of patients. It is important to know more about factors influencing lifestyle counselling., Aim: To investigate the frequency of counselling about physical activity compared to that about alcohol habits; the impact of doctors' own physical activity and alcohol habits on patient counselling about these lifestyle dimensions; and whether perceived mastery of clinical work or vulnerable personality have a confounding or moderating effect on these associations., Design & Setting: In this nationwide cohort survey, a total of 978 doctors in Norway were surveyed by postal questionnaires in 1993/94 and 2014. The response rate was 562/978 (57%)., Method: The outcome variables were questions on frequency of asking about alcohol and exercise habits. Explanatory variables were questions on doctors' own exercise habits, drinking habits (using Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test [AUDIT]), perceived mastery of clinical work, vulnerable personality, and specialty. Associations were studied by linear regression analysis., Results: Of the 526 responders, 307 (58%) reported asking usually/often about exercise habits, while n = 140/524 (27%) usually/often asked about alcohol habits. A doctor's own physical activity level was associated with frequency of asking about physical activity (unstandardised regression coefficient [ B ] = 0.07; 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 0.01 to 0.13). There were no significant associations between doctors' own lifestyle habits and counselling on alcohol habits. Doctors with low levels of vulnerability asked more frequently about physical activity, regardless of their own physical activity habits ( F = 2.41, P = 0.048)., Conclusion: Doctors' own lifestyles influenced their preventive counselling about physical activity, but not about alcohol. Vulnerability moderated these effects, indicating the importance of early interventions to help doctors with a vulnerable personality to handle negative criticism from patients.

Background: Understanding the determinants associated with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in coronary patients may help to individualize treatment and modelling interventions. We sought to identify sociodemographic, medical and psychosocial factors associated with normal blood glucose (HbA1c < 5.7%), prediabetes (HbA1c 5.7-6.4%), and type 2 diabetes., Methods: A cross-sectional explorative study applied regression analyses to investigate the factors associated with glycaemic status and control (HbA 1c level) in 1083 patients with myocardial infarction and/or a coronary revascularization procedure. Data were collected from hospital records at the index event and from a self-report questionnaire and clinical examination with blood samples at 2-36 months follow-up., Results: In all, 23% had type 2 diabetes, 44% had prediabetes, and 33% had normal blood glucose at follow-up. In adjusted analyses, type 2 diabetes was associated with larger waist circumference (Odds Ratio 1.03 per 1.0 cm, p = 0.001), hypertension (Odds Ratio 2.7, p < 0.001), lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Odds Ratio 0.3 per1.0 mmol/L, p = 0.002) and insomnia (Odds Ratio 2.0, p = 0.002). In adjusted analyses, prediabetes was associated with smoking (Odds Ratio 3.3, p = 0.001), hypertension (Odds Ratio 1.5, p = 0.03), and non-participation in cardiac rehabilitation (Odds Ratio 1.7, p = 0.003). In patients with type 2 diabetes, a higher HbA 1c level was associated with ethnic minority background (standardized beta [β] 0.19, p = 0.005) and low drug adherence (β 0.17, p = 0.01). In patients with prediabetes or normal blood glucose, a higher HbA 1c was associated with larger waist circumference (β 0.13, p < 0.001), smoking (β 0.18, p < 0.001), hypertension (β 0.08, p = 0.04), older age (β 0.16, p < 0.001), and non-participation in cardiac rehabilitation (β 0.11, p = 0.005)., Conclusions: Along with obesity and hypertension, insomnia and low drug adherence were the major modifiable factors associated with type 2 diabetes, whereas smoking and non-participation in cardiac rehabilitation were the factors associated with prediabetes. Further research on the effect of individual tailoring, addressing the reported significant predictors of failure, is needed to improve glycaemic control., Trial Registration: Retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02309255 , December 5th 2014.

Objective: The objective of this research is to study depressive symptoms (DS) among adults aged 40 to 79 years and examine how mastery influences the impact of sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and health factors on DS., Method: We used a sample of the Norwegian Life Course, Generation, and Gender (LOGG) study ( N = 6,879) and analyzed how mastery influences the independent variables on DS via regression analyses., Results: Mastery affected DS directly and influenced the effects of sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and health factors on DS. There was a stronger relationship between stressors and DS among respondents with low than high mastery. DS were most prevalent among people aged 70 to 79 years. When mastery was also controlled for, the oldest group (70-79 years) had significantly fewer DS than those aged 40 to 49 years., Discussion: The influence of mastery and stressors on DS seems to vary along the life span. The result that mastery was a relatively stronger buffer against DS in midlife than in old age is discussed.

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyse intraspecific sequence variation of Atlantic cod mitochondrial DNA, based on a comprehensive collection of completely sequenced mitochondrial genomes., Results: We determined the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of 124 cod specimens from the eastern and western part of the species' distribution range in the North Atlantic Ocean. All specimens harboured a unique mitochondrial DNA haplotype. Nine hundred and fifty-two polymorphic sites were identified, including 109 non-synonymous sites within protein coding regions. Eighteen variable sites were identified as indels, exclusively distributed in structural RNA genes and non-coding regions. Phylogeographic analyses based on 156 available cod mitochondrial genomes did not reveal a clear structure. There was a lack of mitochondrial genetic differentiation between two ecotypes of cod in the eastern North Atlantic, but eastern and western cod were differentiated and mitochondrial genome diversity was higher in the eastern than the western Atlantic, suggesting deviating population histories. The geographic distribution of mitochondrial genome variation seems to be governed by demographic processes and gene flow among ecotypes that are otherwise characterized by localized genomic divergence associated with chromosomal inversions.