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When protons and neutrons (nucleons) are bound into atomic nuclei, they are close enough to feel significant attraction, or repulsion, from the strong, short-distance part of the nucleon-nucleon interaction. These strong interactions lead to hard collisions between nucleons, generating pairs of highly energetic nucleons referred to as short-range correlations (SRCs). SRCs are an important but relatively poorly understood part of nuclear structure

Background Transplant recipients are supposedly in a more anemic, catabolic, and even inflammatory state at re-entering hemodialysis due to chronic rejection. The goal of this study was to clarify how transplant recipients can re-enter dialysis safely by focusing on control of anemia. Methods From 2012 to 2014, a total of 29 transplant recipients re-entered hemodialysis because of chronic rejection (ie, the chronic kidney disease with transplant [CKDT] group). At the same time, in 2014, a total of 30 patients with chronic kidney disease without transplantation entered dialysis as the control group (ie, the CKD group). CKDT recipients (mean ± standard deviation age, 41.9 ± 11.8 years; 18 male subjects, 10 female subjects; frequency of diabetes, 10%; duration of graft survival, 12.5 ± 4.3 years) were younger and fewer had diabetes compared with the CKD group (age, 53.2 ± 10.5 years; 21 male subjects, 9 female subjects; frequency of diabetes, 36%). Patient characteristics at entering dialysis in both groups were analyzed according to retrospective chart review. Results At entering dialysis, there were no significant differences between the CKD and CKDT groups in terms of the following: dose of darbepoetin; concentrations of hemoglobin, albumin, and C-reactive protein; cardiothoracic ratio; blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels; estimated glomerular filtration rate; initial ultrafiltration; and duration of hospitalization for initiation of dialysis. The only difference between groups was mean weight at entry to dialysis (CKDT group, 58.5 ± 15.1 kg; CKD group, 67.1 ± 14.8 kg; P = .03). The darbepoetin dose per kilogram of weight did not differ between groups (CKDT, 2.28 ± 2.03 μg/kg; CKD, 2.12 ± 1.6 μg/kg; P = .95) in the final month before entry to dialysis. Conclusions Safe re-initiation of dialysis is important for recipient survival. Although anemia is supposedly higher in transplant recipients due to immunosuppression, this single-center analysis found no difference in anemia in CKD with or without transplantation, caused by good use of erythropoietin-stimulating agents in both groups.

Weperformedmagneticsusceptibility,dielectricconstant,neutron diffraction,andsynchrotronradiationx raydiffractionmeasurementsonaspin latticecouplingsystemCuFeO2underapplieduniaxialpressurepupto600MPa.Wefoundthatthephase transitiontemperatureTN1fromtheparamagneticphasetothepartiallydisorderedphaseincreasesbyasmuchas5KfromtheoriginalTN1 14Kunderappliedpof600MPa,andthatthelatticeconstantbmofCuFeO2changess

This paper will examine the combined use of both permanent and temporary high-temperature polyimide adhesives used to avoid thin wafer handling. While 3D-TSV technology can improve functionality and performance, adoption of this technology has been delayed by cracking as well as unwanted wafer bowing. This presentation shows means by which a photo-lithographic polyimide adhesive is used in a temporary bonding scheme to eliminate intermediate-stage thinned wafer handling.

We developed a trigger system for the measurement of proton-induced rare hadronic reactions around the beam kinetic energy T p = 400 MeV based on highly segmented trigger scintillation detectors and programmable logic modules. The trigger system was designed to enhance events with the negative-pion production by the difference of the curvatures of the particle tracks in a magnetic field. Since the production cross-section of the negative-pion by the proton-induced reactions was smaller by about 3 orders of magnitude than the total cross-section around the beam energy, we expected large reduction of the trigger rate by the negative-pion selection. The construction of the trigger system was not trivial due to a large detector acceptance that was inevitable to measure the rare reactions. The performance of the trigger system was evaluated by using T p = 430 MeV proton beams. An excellent reduction, more than 2 orders of magnitude reduction, of the background events was achieved.

K-nucleus interaction by the 12 C(K � ,N ) reaction. Missing mass spectra were derived from the momenta of both neutrons and protons from the reaction. An appreciable strength was observed below the ¯ K-nucleus threshold, which indicates that the ¯ K-nuclear potential is strongly attractive. The missing mass spectra are compared with the results of theoretical calculations. It is found that a potential depth of approximately �190 MeV best reproduces the spectrum of the 12 C(K � ,n ) reaction and approximately �160 MeV best reproduces that of the 12 C(K � ,p ) reaction. Our data show that the ¯ K-nucleus potential is sufficiently deep to realize kaon condensation in the core of neutron stars.

Background and study aims The study aimed to assess a newly developed endoscopic marker designed to cause only minor inflammatory reactions. Materials and methods Chitosan and carbon powder were used in the marker substance. The product was a viscoelastic solution, which was injected into the submucosa in rat stomach walls. The tissue reactions were then examined histopathologically. The structure of the injected marker substance was examined with electron microscopy into rat stomach walls. India ink, which is currently used as an endoscopic marker, served as the control. Results Histopathological examination showed that inflammatory reactions with the novel agent were remarkably mild in the rat organs, while submucosally applied india ink caused severe inflammation in situ. The electron-microscopic findings showed that the carbon particles used were completely spherical in shape and that the carbon in the marker substance was entrapped in the chitosan networks. The india ink was shown to consist of a mixture of fine carbon particles and adhesive additives. Conclusions The chitosan-carbon solution appears to be a promising endoscopic marker substance, causing significantly reduced inflammation.

To improve the electrochemical properties of the silicon film anode in lithium cells, we prepared three types of silicon based-films, i.e., intrinsic silicon, n-type silicon, and Ag10Si90 binary fi...

For lithium-ion batteries of C/(spinel Li-Mn-O), severe capacity loss occurs after storage of the battery at >50°C. According to our previous studies, this occurrence is predominantly attributable to degradation of the carbon anode, which was induced by electroreduction of Mn(II) dissolved from the spinel; this step is followed by the irreversible electrochemical reaction at the graphite/(Mn deposits)/electrolyte interface. 2-Vinylpyridine (VP) used as an additive in the electrolyte suppressed this degradation; therefore, improving the battery performances. During the first "charge," the electrochemical reductive polymerization of VP monomers at about 0.9 V vs. Li/Li + resulted in the film formation of poly(2-vinylpyridine) on the graphite surface. The quantity of charge passed for the polymeric film formation depends on the amount of VP addition. Surface analyses using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron microscopy confirmed that the electrodeposited film blocked the electroreduction of dissolved Mn(II) on the graphite electrode.

Electrochemical performance of a graphite electrode for lithium-ion batteries was successfully and easily improved by sodium ion dissolved in an electrolyte solution. Sodium ion was added by dissolving 0.22 mol dm−3 NaClO4 into a 1 mol dm−3 LiClO4 ethylene carbonate–diethyl carbonate (1:1 by volume) electrolyte solution prior to charge–discharge cycle. By sodium-ion addition, an irreversible capacity at the initial cycle was obviously reduced, and reversible discharge capacities increased with better capacity retention. From ac impedance measurements, a graphite electrode in the sodium ion added electrolyte had much smaller interface resistance compared to that obtained in sodium ion free one. Furthermore, the electrode surface morphology observed by electron microscopes after charge–discharge tests got more uniform in the sodium added electrolyte. Keywords: Graphite, Lithium-ion battery, Lithium intercalation, Sodium additive, SEI

We studied the K ¯ -nucleus interaction by the ( K − , N ) reactions on 12C and 16O. An appreciable strength observed in a bound region indicates that the K ¯ -nuclear potential is strongly attractive. Potential depth was derived by comparing with the theoretical calculations. It is −190 MeV for the C ( K − , n ) 12 −160 MeV for the C ( K − , p ) 12 , and −180 MeV for the O ( K − , n ) 16 reaction and −160 MeV for the O ( K − , p ) 16 respectively. Our data suggest that the K ¯ -nucleus potential is sufficiently deep to realize kaon condensation in the core of neutron stars.

In order to clarify the end-functionalization effect of polymers modified by iminium ion, a model compound with a modified chain end was prepared by directly reactingn-butyllithium withN-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and then quenching by the addition of methanol. It is shown that the model compound includes the iminium ion group and that the adsorption bands in the IR-spectra of the chemically modified polymer were similar to those of model compound

There is a consistence flux of miniaturization, value added functionality to IC packaging/ modules driven by significant increase of mobile/networking products in the consumer market. The advanced packaging technologies, particularly TSV/3D-TSV approach is driving innovative design and novel applications. This paper is examine IC packaging roadmap, product portfolio from DuPont Electronic technologies, including dryfilms, cleaning agents, CMP slurries, permanent coatings and adhesives. Also examine idea of applications and example of performance data specifically focus on TSV/3D-TSV technology and process.

Since starting high volume production of plastic mold packaging for IC/LSI, polyimide coatings has been using as of reliable passivation stress buffer (PSB) layer with over 20years history. The times have changed, modified / customize designed polyimide coatings are added more functionality resulting innovate usage and applications in electronics industry. This paper is examine variety of polyimide application examples and molecular design concept for control end properties, functionalities e.g. residual stress, Cu compatibility examples of new application and requirements. Also examine new adhesive concept and test results for 3D integrated package application.

Background: Ciliated cells in gastrectomies from patients dwelling in the Pacific and Atlantic basins have been reported previously. Aim: To compare all the results in an attempt to explain the findings. Methods: Sections from 3406 gastrectomies were reviewed: 1966 and 1440 from the Atlantic and Pacific basins, respectively. Ciliated cells and intestinal metaplasia (IM) were recorded; IM was classified into focal or extensive IM. The total number of sections/gastrectomy was noted. Results: In the Atlantic basin, 5% of specimens had ciliated metaplasia (CM); it was more frequent in intestinal carcinoma (IC; 9%) than diffuse carcinoma (DC; 3%) or miscellaneous gastric diseases (MGD; 3%). In the Pacific basin, the frequency of specimens with CM was 29%: it was more frequent in IC (43%) than in DC (16%) or MGD (10%). The difference between the frequency of CM in specimens with IC or with DC/MGD in the Atlantic and the Pacific basins was significant (p ⩽ 0.05). The presence of CM was influenced by age and the extent of IM in both basins, but not by sex or the number of sections investigated. Conclusions: CM—apparently an independent microscopic marker—was significantly higher in the Pacific than in the Atlantic basin. Environmental carcinogens involved in the evolution of IM and IC seem to be implicated in gastric ciliogenesis. Carcinogens that differ in nature and/or in strength in both basins might activate the latent natural genes encoding ciliated processes in gastric cells in patients subsequently developing gastric carcinoma, more notably of intestinal type.

In order to produce a neutron-rich $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ hypernucleus for the first time, we carried out an experiment by utilizing the $({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}},{K}^{+})$ double charge-exchange reaction on a $^{10}\mathrm{B}$ target. We observed the production of a $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{10}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i}$ hypernucleus. The cross section for the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ bound region was found to be $11.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.9\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{n}\mathrm{b}/\mathrm{s}\mathrm{r}$ with the $1.2\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/c$ incident momentum, which is compared with the $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{10}\mathrm{B}$ hypernucleus production cross section, $7.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{b}/\mathrm{s}\mathrm{r}$, in the $({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+},{K}^{+})$ reaction with a $1.05\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/c$ incident momentum beam.

Electrochemical performance of a graphite electrode for lithium ion batteries are easily improved by sodium ion dissolved in an electrolyte solution as reported recently by our group. On the contrary, when potassium ions were added by dissolving 0.2 mol dm−3 KPF6 into a 1 mol dm−3 LiPF6 ethylene carbonate–diethyl carbonate (1:1, v/v) electrolyte solution prior to charge–discharge cycle, an electrochemical performance of a graphite electrode was deteriorated compared to that tested in an additive free electrolyte; larger irreversible capacity at the first cycle and worse retention of discharge capacities on successive cyclings. During the first charge in a potassium additive system, ex situ XRD observation of graphite electrodes revealed that lithium intercalation hardly proceeded in the lower potential region less than 0.1 V versus Li though lithium ions were intercalated at >0.1 V. Electroreduction of potassium ions on the electrode occurred instead of lithium intercalation into graphite in the lower potential region. Furthermore, the electrode surface morphology observed by electron microscopes after charge–discharge tests got less uniform in the potassium added electrolyte.

In order to produce a neutron-rich Lambda hypernucleus for the first time, we carried out an experiment by utilizing the (pi-,K+) double charge-exchange reaction on a 10B target. We observed the production of a 10LambdaLi hypernucleus. The cross section for the Lambda bound region was found to be 11.3+/-1.9 nb/sr with the 1.2 GeV/c incident momentum, which is compared with the 10LambdaB hypernucleus production cross section, 7.8+/-0.3 microb/sr, in the (pi+,K+) reaction with a 1.05 GeV/c incident momentum beam.

Park’s two -temperature model for rotational and vibrational states of air in hypersonic flows of medium Mach numbers is known to give a deviation from the experimental data due to strong non-equilibrium conditions and non-Boltzmann distributions. The present study shows an establishment of hybrid measurement system of rotational and vibrational temperature by fitting the experimental data of N2 and N2 + behind strong shock waves using a free piston shock tube with the computational results of the SPRADIAN code. The spectra fitting between experiments and numerical results is good except for the spectrum region of contamination by hydrocarbons to ensure that this fitting method is feasible. The obtained rotational temperatures of N 2 and N2 + are quite different from that of Park’s model near the shock front and become the same level away from the shock front. On the other hand the vibrational temperatures of N2 and N2 + are lower than that from the shock front to all the way downstream.

Although financial time series can be viewed as the random walk for the first approximation, there are many evidences to show deviations from such simple view. First, the empirical probability density distributions of price increments are not Gaussian, but have fat tails. Second, tick-wise motions exhibit certain patterns. Based on those observations we presume that the financial time series carry finite length of memory, which suggest us a possibility of short-term prediction. We have examined large sized tick data of multiple currency exchange rates and found various interesting features such as arbitrage chances observed in triangular trades, the length of memory observed in the tick-wise data, and the scaling property observed in the probability density distribution of price increments.

To understand why transgenic Nicotiana occidentalis plants expressing a functional movement protein (MP) of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) show specific resistance to Grapevine berry inner necrosis virus (GINV), the MPs of ACLSV (50KP) and GINV (39KP) were fused to green, yellow, or cyan fluorescent proteins (GFP, YFP, or CFP). These fusion proteins were transiently expressed in leaf cells of both transgenic (50KP) and nontransgenic (NT) plants, and the intracellular and intercellular trafficking and tubule-inducing activity of these proteins were compared. The results indicate that in epidermal cells and protoplasts from 50KP plant leaves, the trafficking and tubule-inducing activities of GINV-39KP were specifically blocked while those of ACLSV-50KP and Apple stem grooving virus MP (36KP) were not affected. Additionally, when 39KP-YFP and 50KP-CFP were coexpressed in the leaf epidermis of NT plants, the fluorescence of both proteins was confined to single cells, indicating that 50KP-CFP interferes with the cell-to-cell trafficking of 39KP-YFP and vice versa. Mutational analyses of 50KP showed that the deletion mutants that retained the activities described above still blocked cell-to-cell trafficking of 39KP, but the dysfunctional 50KP mutants could no longer impede cell-to-cell movement of 39KP. Transgenic plants expressing the functional 50KP deletion mutants showed specific resistance against GINV. In contrast, transgenic plants expressing the dysfunctional 50KP mutants did not show any resistance to the virus. From these results, we conclude that the specific resistance of 50KP plants to GINV is due to the ability of the 50KP to block intracellular and intercellular trafficking of GINV 39KP.

In this paper, we describe a new system architecture of the personalized information delivery system for the individuals who move among the wireless LAN hotspots such as IEEE 802.11a/b/g, Bluetooth. We propose wireless services not only for the fixed places but also for the moving spaces such as in public transportation vehicle. The proposed system manages individual geographical location and preference of moving people. While moving it can be used to filter various types of information from outside sources, for creating personalized information. The result is asynchronously pushed to each individual. In this paper we explain the implementation of the system, and evaluate the result of experimental study.

A high density multilayer wiring board was developed, using thin film laminating technology. The fundamental features of the fabrication process are laminating the high heat resistant polymer film with an adhesive layer, forming via holes by plasma etching and filling them up by electroless copper metallization. The heat resistant adhesive layer consists of polyimide as the matrix and bismaleimide as the melting constituent. Heat resistance of more than 10 min. at 330/spl deg/C can be achieved. The via holes of /spl phi/=25 /spl mu/m are formed by a conformal mask method using plasma etching. This paper describes the fundamental technologies for the fabrication process particularly focusing on electroless copper plating.

A 79-year-old male was admitted to our hospital for further examination on gastric carcinoma (1' type) in the cardia. The histology of biopsied tissue was moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (tub2). The patient refused a gastrectomy and received three cycles of local injection therapy with OK-432 + Beriplast into the tumor. However, the tumor showed no decrease in size. Considering the quality of life, the patient was given out patient treatment with 5'-DFUR (Furtulon, 800 mg/day). Three months later, the patient showed a partial response (PR) on the basis of gastric X-ray and endoscopic findings. No adverse reactions to the drug were seen. The patient has been receiving the same drug since then, and has continued to show PR for 15 months. Biopsied tissues were checked immunohistochemically for expression of thymidine phosphorylase (TdRPase), and changes in tissue TdRPase level were examined by ELISA. The TdRPase level decreased with shrinking of the tumor. These results suggest that the shrinking of tumor following 5'-DFUR therapy is closely related to TdRPase.

Eleven inoperable patients with advanced esophageal carcinoma were treated with chemotherapy (carboplatin, 5-FU, vindesine) and concomitant radiotherapy. Two patients (T2) received this treatment due to their poor general condition and refusal of operation, and 9 patients for infiltration of tumor into the adjacent organs (T4). Administration of carboplatin (30 mg/body) and 5-FU (250 mg/body) together with radiotherapy (1.8 Gy/d) for 5 days a week was performed. This chemoradiation therapy was carried out for 5 consecutive weeks. In addition, vindesine (1-3 mg/body) was administered in the 1st and 4th week. After evaluation, endoscopic balloon dilatation was performed in 6 patients with stenosis of the esophagus. The general response rate was 80%. CR was noted in 2 patients of T2 but 1 patient of T4 developed severe leucopenia and immunosuppression, and died of septic MOF. All but the MOF case could take enough food orally following the endoscopic dilatation. The 1-year survival rate in the T4 group (45%) was significantly better than the non-treatment group (0%). In conclusion, this treatment is beneficial for patients with inoperable esophageal carcinoma to obtain a satisfactory QOL and survival rate.

Search for a bound kaon and pion state T. Kishimoto1,2,∗, F. Khanam1, T. Hayakawa1, S. Ajimura2, T. Itabashi1, K. Matsuoka1, S. Minami1, Y. Mitoma1, A. Sakaguchi1, Y. Shimizu4, K. Terai1, T. Sato1, H. Noumi2,3, M. Sekimoto3, H. Takahashi3, T. Fukuda4, W. Imoto4, and Y. Mizoi4 1Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan 2Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 560-0047, Japan 3High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan 4Osaka Electro-Communication University, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-8530, Japan ∗E-mail: kisimoto@phys.sci.osaka-u.ac.jp

A thin film laminated high density multilayer wiring board was developed using electroless copper plating technology. The basic steps in the fabrication process are: laminating the high heat resistant polymer film, forming via holes by plasma etching and filling them by electroless copper metallization. The 25 μm diameter via holes can be completely filled with copper using the selective electroless plating method. This paper describes the fabrication process, focusing particularly on electroless copper plating.

Aims: To demonstrate the usefulness of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology with both the FR2A/LJH/VLJH and the FR1c/LJH/VLJH primer sets for detecting monoclonal immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangement in B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHLs). Methods: Eighty three patients with B-NHL were enrolled in this study. DNA was isolated from paraffin wax embedded sections and amplified by PCR to determine the sequences of the rearranged IgH gene. Each PCR product was subcloned. Cycle sequences and sequence analyses were done to determine the clone specific IgH variable region (VH) sequences. Results: Clonal IgH gene rearrangements were detected in 45 cases with FR2a/JH/VLJH and in 14 of the remaining cases with FR1c/JH/VLJH. Most of the cases detectable with FR2a/JH/VLJH were derived from VH3 and VH4 families. Five of six cases in the VH1 family and one in the VH7 family were amplified with the FR1c/JH/VLJH primer set only. Conclusion: The detection rate of IgH rearrangement in B-NHLs can be increased by using both FR2A/LJH/VLJH and FR1c/LJH/VLJH, and these two primer sets are suitable for routine PCR methodology. Moreover, each primer set appears to be closely related to VH family specificity.

For lithium-ion batteries of C/(spinel Li–Mn–O), the sever capacity loss occurs after storage of the battery at >50 °C. This is mainly due to degradation of the carbon which was induced by electroreduction of Mn(II) dissolved from the spinel; this step is followed by the irreversible electrochemical reaction at the graphite/(Mn deposits)/electrolyte interface. However, 2-vinylpyridine as an additive into the electrolyte was capable of suppressing this degradation of graphite anode, therefore, improved the battery performances. During the first charge, electropolymerization of 2-vinylpyridine from about 0.9 V vs Li/Li+ resulted in film formation of poly(2-vinylpyridine) on the anode surface. The polymer protected the graphite from dissolved Mn(II).

The author has performed quantitative studies of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulsations in the cervical region in 10 normal subjects and in 13 cases of syringomyelia using a superconducting MRI system. In the normal subjects, the caudally directed CSF flow in the anterior subarachnoid space reached its maximum velocity at 100-200 msec after the R-wave of the ECG. Measured velocities were 26-44 mm/sec at upper cervical levels and 44-124 mm/sec at lower cervical levels. Further small peaks in the caudal direction were seen at approximately 500 msec after the R-wave. Cases of syringomyelia showed lower velocities in the syrinx than in the anterior subarachnoid space, and the movements varied greatly between the cases and levels examined. CSF pulsations in the subarachnoid space were observed in all cases with Chiari malformation. These results suggest that CSF pulsations in the subarachnoid space are transmitted to the syrinx fluid, and that the movements of the syrinx fluid are influenced by various factors.

Electrochemical reduction and oxidation of a graphite electrode were carried out in nonaqueous electrolytes that consisted of ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate (1:1) solvents where LiClO 4 and NaClO 4 were codissolved. Reversible lithium intercalation into graphite occurred accompanied with no remarkable side reactions in the potential range between 1.5 and 0.02 V vs Li/( 1mol dm -3 Li + ), that is, no sodium deposition and no sodium intercalation were observed. Comparing to results in a sodium-free electrolyte, i.e., a conventional electrolyte in Li-ion batteries, the initial irreversibility was noticeably suppressed by codissolving sodium ions, and kinetics of the lithium intercalation were enhanced with better capacity retention during cycling. Additionally, the redox behavior of graphite for lithium-ion batteries was improved by sodium ion coexistence, with no inferior influences on the negative and LiMn 2 O 4 positive electrodes and electrolyte. When the sodium ion concentration increased to 0.22 mol dm -3 , the superior reversibility of lithium intercalation was observed in comparison with that in a sodium-free system; however, the higher concentration of sodium ions deteriorated the lithium intercalation properties. We found that a surface layer formed on graphite electrode got less resistive as a lithium-ion conductor by entrapping sodium during the initial electroreduction with optimal Na + concentration.

The metal capping barrier deposited by the electroless cobalt tungsten boron (CoWB) alloy plating method for ultralarge scale integration applications was investigated. The CoWB film was formed directly on copper without a palladium catalyst, using dimethyl amin borane (DMAB) as a reducing agent, and it was deposited selectively on 0.25 μm wide copper interconnects separated with 0.25 μm spacing The CoWB thin films were effective barriers against copper diffusion even at CoWB thicknesses as low as 50 nm. Compared with the CoWB film, cobalt tungsten phosphorus films deposited directly on copper using DMAB as a deposition initiator was not effective as a copper diffusion barrier. The plating films contained mainly cobalt with a significant amount of tungsten (up to 20 atom %) and a small amount of boron. Additionally, we propose a newly developed alkaline metal free electroless CoWB plating solution using tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide as a pH adjuster. © 2005 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Summary The number and topographic localization of spontaneously occurring mitotic figures were studied in 22 elevated dysplasias of the stomach. The lesions were divided into 3 equally thick zones. Mitoses occurred in 5 of 7 slight dysplasias, in 7 of 8 moderate dysplasias, and in all 7 severe dysplasias. When present, mitoses were localized to the superficial zone in slight, moderate and severe dysplasias, in the middle zone in some moderate dysplasias, and in almost all severe dysplasias. In the deeper zone, mitoses were seen in one of the moderate dysplasias and in as much as 5 of the severe dysplasias. The number of mitoses were significantly higher in moderate and severe dysplasia, when compared to slight dysplasia. The percentage of atypical mitoses increased gradually from 27% in slight dysplasia to 41% in moderate, and 52% in severe dysplasias. In the adjacent, nondysplastic gastric mucosa, a 1.5% of atypical mitoses was found. Significantly higher amounts of atypical mitoses were recorded in severe dysplasias, as compared to slight and moderate dysplasias. The results suggest that the various types of elevated dysplasias (slight, moderate and severe) of the stomach may be distinguished, not only by the characteristics of the atypical cells in interphase — as is the case today — but also by the topographic distribution of mitoses and by the difference in percentage of atypical mitoses occurring in these lesions. The possible significance of the mitosis as a biohistological marker of the behaviour of elevated dysplasias of the stomach is discussed.

We studied the concentration of ampicillin (ABPC) into middle ear effusions after administration of bacampicillin (BAPC). Nine patients with acute purulent otitis media were given orally single doses of the drug at a level of 10 mg/kg, and concentrations of ABPC which is the active antibiotic metabolite of BAPC were determined in middle ear effusions periodically after the administration. Bacteria present in effusions were identified, and their ability to produce beta-lactamase was also determined. ABPC concentrations in middle ear effusions were inversely related to the ability of bacteria detected from the intratympanic cavity to produce beta-lactamase. ABPC concentrations in middle ear effusions from which only beta-lactamase negative organisms were detected were higher by 5.2- and 2.3- fold at 60 and 120 minutes after the administration of BAPC, respectively, than those in effusions from which beta-lactamase positive organisms were detected. ABPC concentrations achieved in middle ear effusions in cases where only beta-lactamase negative organisms were detected exceeded MIC80's of the drug against main causative bacteria of acute purulent otitis media such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Haemophilus influenzae. Because only 10% or less of these species produces beta-lactamase, BAPC appears to be one of the highly effective drugs in the treatment of this disease.

Hitherto, accurate measurements of the blood flow through the organ for reconstructive operation of the esophagus have been difficult, and consequently prognosis of the anastomotic leakage has hardly been possible. Based on the laser-doppler method, however, we measured accurately, during operation, intramural blood flows in detail of the stomach mobilized as an esophageal substitute. In studying the blood flow distribution pattern through the gastric tube, software was devised and employed that is capable of preparing the flow distribution chart instantly by linking the flowmeter to the computer. By this method, the blood flow through the gastric tube and its distribution could be determined easily and noninvasively, and it was made possible to assess objectively and during operation the possibility of leakage.

The effect of treatment with intravenously administered Angiotensin II (AT II) on blood flow in normal and malignant tissues was investigated clinically. The time course of the effect of AT II was directly recorded by laser doppler velocimetry (LDV) via a probe placed on the surface of normal and malignant tissues. Intravenous administration of AT II resulted in an approximate 3.5 (1.3-14.0)-fold increase in blood flow in eleven malignant tissues, such as breast cancer with direct extension to the skin and abdominal skin metastasis of gastric adenocarcinoma. On the other hand, the blood flow in normal skin was decreased under AT II-induced hypertension, but a reactive hyperemia-like increase was observed soon after the withdrawal of AT II. These results strongly suggested that intravenously administered AT II can act as an adjuvant to enhance, by varying degrees, drug delivery to tumor tissue in cancer chemotherapy and that the administration of chemotherapeutic agents is undesirable soon after the withdrawal of AT II.

The effect of treatment with bacterial preparations on blood flow in normal and malignant tissues was investigated, clinically and experimentally. The time course of the local effect of the preparations was recorded by Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) via a probe on the surface of normal and malignant tissues directly over the injection site. Experimentally, no definite enhancement of blood flow with OK-432, a streptococcal preparation, was observed in nude mice. Clinically, intradermal administration of OK-432 or tuberculin (PPD) resulted in an approximate 11-or 4-fold increase in blood flow, respectively. The injection of OK-432 into malignant tissues, such as dermal cancer and breast cancer with direct extension to the skin, resulted in an approximate 3.5-fold increase. The results suggested that bacterial preparations can act as an adjuvant to enhance drug delivery to tumor tissue in cancer chemotherapy, and that the enhancement of blood supply is induced by immune response.

Magnetoelastic wave propagation in amorphous wire was observed. The dependence of the attenuation constant on the magnetic field was determined by applying a dc field to the propagation path. Comparison with results obtained for amorphous ribbons showed that despite the measurement made at a higher frequency, the attenuation constant for the wire at high fields was lower, confirming that measurements can be made for wires at higher frequencies than for ribbons.