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1. Dark Matter Search Results from 4.2 Tonne-Years of Exposure of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment

Author: Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Baker, A., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Bargemann, J. W., Barillier, E. E., Bauer, D., Beattie, K., Benson, T., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Bishop, E., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Buuck, M., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Carter, M., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Cherwinka, J. J., Chin, Y. T., Chott, N. I., Converse, M. V., Coronel, R., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Curran, D., Dahl, C. E., Darlington, I., Dave, S., David, A., Delgaudio, J., Dey, S., de Viveiros, L., Di Felice, L., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Dubey, S., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fayer, S., Fearon, N. M., Fieldhouse, N., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T. M. A., Gaitskell, R. J., Geffre, A., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Ghosh, A., Gibbons, R., Gokhale, S., Green, J., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Haiston, J. J., Hall, C. R., Hall, T. J., Han, S., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hernandez, M. A., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Homenides, G. J., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Jacquet, E., James, R. S., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., K., Meghna K., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kim, J., Kim, Y. D., Kingston, J., Kirk, R., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Lawes, C., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lippincott, W. H., Lopes, M. I., Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Maupin, C., McCarthy, M. E., McDowell, G., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., McLaughlin, J. B., McMonigle, R., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., O'Brien, C. L., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Oyulmaz, K. Y, Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Pannifer, N. J., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piepke, A., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Ritchey, E., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Rushton, T., Rynders, D., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Sehr, G., Shafer, B., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Siniscalco, J., Smith, R., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Usón, A., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A. C., Valentino, O., Velan, V., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Weeldreyer, L., Whitis, T. J., Wild, K., Williams, M., Wisniewski, W. J., Wolf, L., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xu, J., Xu, Y., Yeh, M., Yeum, D., Zha, W., and Zweig, E. A.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: We report results of a search for nuclear recoils induced by weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter using the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) two-phase xenon time projection chamber. This analysis uses a total exposure of $4.2\pm0.1$ tonne-years from 280 live days of LZ operation, of which $3.3\pm0.1$ tonne-years and 220 live days are new. A technique to actively tag background electronic recoils from $^{214}$Pb $\beta$ decays is featured for the first time. Enhanced electron-ion recombination is observed in two-neutrino double electron capture decays of $^{124}$Xe, representing a noteworthy new background. After removal of artificial signal-like events injected into the data set to mitigate analyzer bias, we find no evidence for an excess over expected backgrounds. World-leading constraints are placed on spin-independent (SI) and spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross sections for masses $\geq$9 GeV/$c^2$. The strongest SI exclusion set is $2.1\times10^{-48}$ cm$^{2}$ at the 90% confidence level at a mass of 36 GeV/$c^2$, and the best SI median sensitivity achieved is $5.0\times10^{-48}$ cm$^{2}$ for a mass of 40 GeV/$c^2$.
Published: 2024

2. Two-neutrino double electron capture of $^{124}$Xe in the first LUX-ZEPLIN exposure

Author: Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Baker, A., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Bargemann, J. W., Barillier, E. E., Beattie, K., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Bishop, E., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Buuck, M., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Carter, M., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Chin, Y. T., Chott, N. I., Converse, M. V., Coronel, R., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Curran, D., Dahl, C. E., David, A., Delgaudio, J., Dey, S., de Viveiros, L., Di Felice, L., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Dubey, S., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fearon, N. M., Fieldhouse, N., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T. M. A., Gaitskell, R. J., Geffre, A., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibbons, R., Gokhale, S., Green, J., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Haiston, J. J., Hall, C. R., Han, S., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hernandez, M. A., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Homenides, G. J., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Jacquet, E., James, R. S., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kannichankandy, M., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kim, J., Kim, Y. D., Kingston, J., Kirk, R., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lippincott, W. H., Lopes, M. I., Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Maupin, C., McCarthy, M. E., McDowell, G., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., McLaughlin, J. B., McMonigle, R., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., O'Brien, C. L., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Oyulmaz, K. Y, Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Pannifer, N. J., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piepke, A., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Ritchey, E., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Rushton, T., Rynders, D., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Sehr, G., Shafer, B., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Siniscalco, J., Smith, R., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A. C., Valentino, O., Velan, V., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Weeldreyer, L., Whitis, T. J., Wild, K., Williams, M., Wisniewski, W. J., Wolf, L., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xu, J., Xu, Y., Yeh, M., Yeum, D., Zha, W., and Zweig, E. A.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: The broad physics reach of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment covers rare phenomena beyond the direct detection of dark matter. We report precise measurements of the extremely rare decay of $^{124}$Xe through the process of two-neutrino double electron capture (2$\nu$2EC), utilizing a $1.39\,\mathrm{kg} \times \mathrm{yr}$ isotopic exposure from the first LZ science run. A half-life of $T_{1/2}^{2\nu2\mathrm{EC}} = (1.09 \pm 0.14_{\text{stat}} \pm 0.05_{\text{sys}}) \times 10^{22}\,\mathrm{yr}$ is observed with a statistical significance of $8.3\,\sigma$, in agreement with literature. First empirical measurements of the KK capture fraction relative to other K-shell modes were conducted, and demonstrate consistency with respect to recent signal models at the $1.4\,\sigma$ level., Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures
Published: 2024

3. Probing the Scalar WIMP-Pion Coupling with the first LUX-ZEPLIN data

Author: Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Baker, A., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Barillier, E. E., Bargemann, J. W., Beattie, K., Benson, T., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Bishop, E. J., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Buuck, M., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Carter, M., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Cherwinka, J. J., Chin, Y. T., Chott, N. I., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Curran, D., Dahl, C. E., David, A., Delgaudio, J., Dey, S., deViveiros, L., DiFelice, L., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fearon, N. M., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T. M. A., Gaitskell, R. J., Geffre, A., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibbons, R., Gokhale, S., Green, J., vanderGrinten, M. G. D., Haiston, J. J., Hall, C. R., Han, S., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hernandez, M. A., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Homenides, G. J., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Jacquet, E., James, R. S., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kannichankandy, M., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., DKim, J., Kim, J., Kingston, J., Kirk, R., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Lopes, M. I., Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Maupin, C., McCarthy, M. E., McDowell, G., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., McLaughlin, J. B., McMonigle, R., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Pannifer, N. J., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piepke, A., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Rushton, T., Rynders, D., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Siniscalco, J., Smith, R., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, W. C., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A. C., Valentino, O., Velan, V., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., Weeldreyer, L., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wisniewski, W. J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xiang, X., Xu, J., Yeh, M., and Zweig, E. A.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) may interact with a virtual pion that is exchanged between nucleons. This interaction channel is important to consider in models where the spin-independent isoscalar channel is suppressed. Using data from the first science run of the LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter experiment, containing 60 live days of data in a 5.5~tonne fiducial mass of liquid xenon, we report the results on a search for WIMP-pion interactions. We observe no significant excess and set an upper limit of $1.5\times10^{-46}$~cm$^2$ at a 90\% confidence level for a WIMP mass of 33~GeV/c$^2$ for this interaction.
Published: 2024
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4. Probing the scalar WIMP-pion coupling with the first LUX-ZEPLIN data

Author: Zweig, EA, Yeh, M, Xu, J, Xiang, X, Xia, Q, Wright, CJ, Woodward, D, Woodford, S, Wolfs, FLH, Wisniewski, WJ, Williams, M, Whitis, TJ, Weeldreyer, L, Webb, RC, Watson, JR, Wang, Y, Wang, JJ, Wang, A, Velan, V, Valentino, O, Vaitkus, AC, Vacheret, A, Tronstad, DR, Tripathi, M, Trask, M, Tranter, J, Tovey, DR, Tong, Z, Timalsina, M, Tiedt, DR, Taylor, WC, Szydagis, M, Sumner, TJ, Suerfu, B, Stifter, K, Stevens, A, Stancu, I, Soria, J, Sorensen, P, Solovov, VN, Smith, R, Siniscalco, J, Sinev, G, Silva, C, Silk, JJ, Shutt, T, Shaw, S, Schnee, RW, Sazzad, ABMR, Santone, D, Rynders, D, Rushton, T, Rosero, R, Riyat, HS, Rischbieter, GRC, Riffard, Q, Rhyne, CA, Reichenbacher, J, Qie, Y, Piepke, A, Pershing, T, Perry, E, Pereira, G, Penning, B, Patton, SJ, Parveen, N, Pannifer, NJ, Palmer, J, Palladino, KJ, Orpwood, J, Oliver-Mallory, KC, Olcina, I, Nikoleyczik, JA, Nguyen, A, Neves, F, Nelson, HN, Naylor, A, Murphy, ASJ, Murdy, M, Mount, BJ, Morrison, E, Morales Mendoza, JD, Monzani, ME, Monte, A, Mizrachi, E, Miller, EH, McMonigle, R, McLaughlin, JB, McLaughlin, J, McKinsey, DN, McDowell, G, McCarthy, ME, Maupin, C, Mannino, RL, Manalaysay, A, Majewski, PA, Luitz, S, Lu, C, Lorenzon, W, and Lopes, MI
Subjects: Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Particle and High Energy Physics, Physical Sciences, Engineering, Mathematical sciences, Physical sciences
Abstract: Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) may interact with a virtual pion that is exchanged between nucleons. This interaction channel is important to consider in models where the spin-independent isoscalar channel is suppressed. Using data from the first science run of the LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter experiment, containing 60 live days of data in a 5.5 tonne fiducial mass of liquid xenon, we report the results on a search for WIMP-pion interactions. We observe no significant excess and set an upper limit of 1.5 × 10−46 cm2 at a 90% confidence level for a WIMP mass of 33 GeV/c2 for this interaction.
Published: 2024

5. The Data Acquisition System of the LZ Dark Matter Detector: FADR

Author: Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Baker, A., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Barillier, E. E., Bargemann, J. W., Beattie, K., Benson, T., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Bishop, E., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Buckley, J. H., Burdin, S., Buuck, M., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Carter, M., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Cherwinka, J. J., Chin, Y. T., Chott, N. I., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Curran, D., Dahl, C. E., David, A., Delgaudio, J., Dey, S., de Viveiros, L., Di Felice, L., Dimino, T., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fearon, N. M., Fieldhouse, N., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T. M. A., Gaitskell, R. J., Geffre, A., Gelfand, R., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibbons, R., Gokhale, S., Green, J., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Haiston, J. J., Hall, C. R., Han, S., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hernandez, M. A., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Homenides, G. J., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Jacquet, E., James, R. S., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kannichankandy, M., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kim, J., Kim, Y. D., Kingston, J., Kirk, R., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Koyuncu, M., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Loniewski, C., Lopes, M. I., Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Maupin, C., McCarthy, M. E., McDowell, G., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Mclaughlin, J. B., McMonigle, R., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Moongweluwan, M., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Oh, H., Olcina, I., Olevitch, M. A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Pannifer, N. J., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piepke, A., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Rushton, T., Rynders, D., Santone, D., Sarkis, R., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Siniscalco, J., Skulski, W., Smith, R., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, W. C., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A. C., Vaitkus, J., Valentino, O., Velan, V., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., Weeldreyer, L., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wisniewski, W. J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Wolfs, J. D., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xiang, X., Xu, J., Yeh, M., and Yin, J.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The Data Acquisition System (DAQ) for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter detector is described. The signals from 745 PMTs, distributed across three subsystems, are sampled with 100-MHz 32-channel digitizers (DDC-32s). A basic waveform analysis is carried out on the on-board Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) to extract information about the observed scintillation and electroluminescence signals. This information is used to determine if the digitized waveforms should be preserved for offline analysis. The system is designed around the Kintex-7 FPGA. In addition to digitizing the PMT signals and providing basic event selection in real time, the flexibility provided by the use of FPGAs allows us to monitor the performance of the detector and the DAQ in parallel to normal data acquisition. The hardware and software/firmware of this FPGA-based Architecture for Data acquisition and Realtime monitoring (FADR) are discussed and performance measurements are described., Comment: 18 pages, 24 figures
Published: 2024

6. The Design, Implementation, and Performance of the LZ Calibration Systems

Author: Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Baker, A., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Barillier, E. E., Bargemann, J. W., Beattie, K., Benson, T., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Bishop, E., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Buuck, M., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Carter, M., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Cherwinka, J. J., Chin, Y. T., Chott, N. I., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Curran, D., Dahl, C. E., David, A., Delgaudio, J., Dey, S., de Viveiros, L., Di Felice, L., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fearon, N. M., Fieldhouse, N., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T. M. A., Gaitskell, R. J., Geffre, A., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibbons, R., Gokhale, S., Green, J., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Haiston, J. J., Hall, C. R., Han, S., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hernandez, M. A., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Homenides, G. J., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Jacquet, E., James, R. S., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kannichankandy, M., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kim, J., Kim, Y. D., Kingston, J., Kirk, R., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Lopes, M. I., Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Maupin, C., McCarthy, M. E., McDowell, G., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Mclaughlin, J. B., McMonigle, R., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Pannifer, N. J., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piepke, A., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Rushton, T., Rynders, D., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Siniscalco, J., Smith, R., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, W. C., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A. C., Valentino, O., Velan, V., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., Weeldreyer, L., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wisniewski, W. J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xiang, X., Xu, J., and Yeh, M.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a tonne-scale experiment searching for direct dark matter interactions and other rare events. It is located at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, USA. The core of the LZ detector is a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC), designed with the primary goal of detecting Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) via their induced low energy nuclear recoils. Surrounding the TPC, two veto detectors immersed in an ultra-pure water tank enable reducing background events to enhance the discovery potential. Intricate calibration systems are purposely designed to precisely understand the responses of these three detector volumes to various types of particle interactions and to demonstrate LZ's ability to discriminate between signals and backgrounds. In this paper, we present a comprehensive discussion of the key features, requirements, and performance of the LZ calibration systems, which play a crucial role in enabling LZ's WIMP-search and its broad science program. The thorough description of these calibration systems, with an emphasis on their novel aspects, is valuable for future calibration efforts in direct dark matter and other rare-event search experiments.
Published: 2024
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7. Constraints On Covariant WIMP-Nucleon Effective Field Theory Interactions from the First Science Run of the LUX-ZEPLIN Experiment

Author: Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Baker, A., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Barillier, E. E., Bargemann, J. W., Beattie, K., Benson, T., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Bishop, E. J., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Buuck, M., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Carter, M., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Cherwinka, J. J., Chin, Y. T., Chott, N. I., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Curran, D., Dahl, C. E., David, A., Delgaudio, J., Dey, S., de Viveiros, L., Di Felice, L., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fearon, N. M., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T. M. A., Gaitskell, R. J., Geffre, A., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibbons, R., Gokhale, S., Green, J., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Haiston, J. H., Hall, C. R., Han, S., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hernandez, M. A., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Homenides, G. J., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Ignarra, C. M., Jacquet, E., James, R. S., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kannichankandy, M., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kim, J., Kingston, J., Kirk, R., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Lopes, M. I., Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Maupin, C., McCarthy, M. E., McDowell, G., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., McLaughlin, J. B., McMonigle, R., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Pannifer, N. J., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piepke, A., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Rushton, T., Rynders, D., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Siniscalco, J., Smith, R., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, W. C., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A. C., Valentino, O., Velan, V., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., Weeldreyer, L., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wisniewski, W. J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xiang, X., Xu, J., Yeh, M., and Zweig, E. A.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The first science run of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment, a dual-phase xenon time project chamber operating in the Sanford Underground Research Facility in South Dakota, USA, has reported leading limits on spin-independent WIMP-nucleon interactions and interactions described from a non-relativistic effective field theory (NREFT). Using the same 5.5~t fiducial mass and 60 live days of exposure we report on the results of a relativistic extension to the NREFT. We present constraints on couplings from covariant interactions arising from the coupling of vector, axial currents, and electric dipole moments of the nucleon to the magnetic and electric dipole moments of the WIMP which cannot be described by recasting previous results described by an NREFT. Using a profile-likelihood ratio analysis, in an energy region between 0~keV$_\text{nr}$ to 270~keV$_\text{nr}$, we report 90% confidence level exclusion limits on the coupling strength of five interactions in both the isoscalar and isovector bases., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures
Published: 2024

8. New constraints on ultraheavy dark matter from the LZ experiment

Author: Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Baker, A., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Bargemann, J. W., Baxter, A., Beattie, K., Benson, T., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Bishop, E., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Buuck, M., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Carter, M., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Cherwinka, J. J., Chott, N. I., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Curran, D., Dahl, C. E., David, A., Delgaudio, J., Dey, S., de Viveiros, L., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fearon, N. M., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T. M. A., Gaitskell, R. J., Geffre, A., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibbons, R., Gokhale, S., Green, J., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Hall, C. R., Han, S., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Homenides, G. J., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Ignarra, C. M., Jacquet, E., James, R. S., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kim, J., Kingston, J., Kirk, R., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Lopes, M. I., Asamar, E. Lopez, Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Maupin, C., McCarthy, M. E., McDowell, G., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., McMonigle, R., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Pannifer, N. J., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piepke, A., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Rushton, T., Rynders, D., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Smith, R., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, W. C., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Turner, W., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A. C., Velan, V., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., Weeldreyer, L., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wisniewski, W. J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xiang, X., Xu, J., Yeh, M., and Zweig, E. A.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Searches for dark matter with liquid xenon time projection chamber experiments have traditionally focused on the region of the parameter space that is characteristic of weakly interacting massive particles, ranging from a few GeV/$c^2$ to a few TeV/$c^2$. Models of dark matter with a mass much heavier than this are well motivated by early production mechanisms different from the standard thermal freeze-out, but they have generally been less explored experimentally. In this work, we present a re-analysis of the first science run (SR1) of the LZ experiment, with an exposure of $0.9$ tonne$\times$year, to search for ultraheavy particle dark matter. The signal topology consists of multiple energy deposits in the active region of the detector forming a straight line, from which the velocity of the incoming particle can be reconstructed on an event-by-event basis. Zero events with this topology were observed after applying the data selection calibrated on a simulated sample of signal-like events. New experimental constraints are derived, which rule out previously unexplored regions of the dark matter parameter space of spin-independent interactions beyond a mass of 10$^{17}$ GeV/$c^2$., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures
Published: 2024
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9. A Simple Model of Energy Threshold for Snowball Chambers

Author: Szydagis, M., Levy, C., Bolotnikov, A. E., Diwan, M. V., Homenides, G. J., Kamaha, A. C., Martin, J., Rosero, R., and Yeh, M.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Cloud and bubble chambers have historically been used for particle detection, capitalizing on supersaturation and superheating, respectively. Here we present new results from a prototype snowball chamber, in which an incoming particle triggers crystallization of a purified, supercooled liquid. We demonstrate, for the first time, simulation agreement with our first results from 5 years ago: the higher temperature of the freezing of water and significantly shorter time spent supercooled with respect to control in the presence of a Cf-252 fission neutron source. This is accomplished by combining Geant4 modeling of neutron interactions with the Seitz nucleation model used in superheated bubble chambers, including those seeking dark matter. We explore the possible implications of using this new technology for GeV-scale WIMP searches, especially in terms of spin-dependent proton coupling, and report the first supercooling of WbLS (water-based liquid scintillator)., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, 1 table, 4 equations, and 48 references. Submitted to the Universe special collection on dark matter
Published: 2024
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10. First Constraints on WIMP-Nucleon Effective Field Theory Couplings in an Extended Energy Region From LUX-ZEPLIN

Author: LZ Collaboration, Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Baker, A., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Bargemann, J. W., Baxter, A., Beattie, K., Benson, T., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Bishop, E., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Buuck, M., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Carter, M., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Cherwinka, J. J., Chott, N. I., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Curran, D., Dahl, C. E., David, A., Delgaudio, J., Dey, S., de Viveiros, L., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fearon, N. M., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T. M. A., Gaitskell, R. J., Geffre, A., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibbons, R., Gokhale, S., Green, J., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Hall, C. R., Han, S., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Homenides, G. J., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Ignarra, C. M., Jacquet, E., James, R. S., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kim, J., Kingston, J., Kirk, R., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Lopes, M. I., Asamar, E. Lopez, Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Maupin, C., McCarthy, M. E., McDowell, G., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Pannifer, N., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piepke, A., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Rushton, T., Rynders, D., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Smith, R., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, W. C., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Turner, W., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A. C., Velan, V., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., Weeldreyer, L., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wisniewski, W. J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xiang, X., Xu, J., Yeh, M., and Zweig, E. A.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Following the first science results of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment, a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber operating from the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA, we report the initial limits on a model-independent non-relativistic effective field theory describing the complete set of possible interactions of a weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) with a nucleon. These results utilize the same 5.5 t fiducial mass and 60 live days of exposure collected for the LZ spin-independent and spin-dependent analyses while extending the upper limit of the energy region of interest by a factor of 7.5 to 270 keVnr. No significant excess in this high energy region is observed. Using a profile-likelihood ratio analysis, we report 90% confidence level exclusion limits on the coupling of each individual non-relativistic WIMP-nucleon operator for both elastic and inelastic interactions in the isoscalar and isovector bases., Comment: 17 pages 11 figures
Published: 2023
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11. Initial Results From the First Field Expedition of UAPx to Study Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena

Author: Szydagis, M., Knuth, K. H., Kugielsky, B. W., and Levy, C.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics - Popular Physics
Abstract: In July 2021, faculty from the UAlbany Department of Physics participated in a week-long field expedition with the organization UAPx to collect data on UAPs in Avalon, California, located on Catalina Island, and nearby. This paper reviews both the hardware and software techniques which this collaboration employed, and contains a frank discussion of the successes and failures, with a section about how to apply lessons learned to future expeditions. Both observable-light and infrared cameras were deployed, as well as sensors for other (non-EM) emissions. A pixel-subtraction method was augmented with other similarly simple methods to provide initial identification of objects in the sky and/or the sea crossing the cameras' fields of view. The first results will be presented based upon approximately one hour in total of triggered visible/night-vision-mode video and over 600 hours of un-triggered (far) IR video recorded, as well as 55 hours of (background) radiation measurements. Following multiple explanatory resolutions of several ambiguities that were potentially anomalous at first, we focus on the primary remaining ambiguity captured at approximately 4am Pacific Time on Friday, July 16: a dark spot in the visible/near-IR camera possibly coincident with ionizing radiation that has so far resisted prosaic explanation. We conclude with quantitative suggestions (3-5 sigma rules) for serious researchers in the still-maligned field of hard-science-based UAP studies, with an ultimate goal of identifying UAPs without confirmation bias toward mundane / speculative conclusions., Comment: 54 pages, 19 figures, 1 table, 10 equations, and 101 references
Published: 2023

12. A search for new physics in low-energy electron recoils from the first LZ exposure

Author: The LZ Collaboration, Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Baker, A., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Bargemann, J. W., Baxter, A., Beattie, K., Beltrame, P., Benson, T., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Buuck, M., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Cherwinka, J. J., Chott, N. I., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Curran, D., Dahl, C. E., David, A., Delgaudio, J., Dey, S., de Viveiros, L., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fearon, N. M., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T. M. A., Gaitskell, R. J., Geffre, A., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibbons, R., Gokhale, S., Green, J., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Hall, C. R., Han, S., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Huang, D. Q., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Horn, M., Hunt, D., Ignarra, C. M., Jahangir, O., James, R. S., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kim, J., Kingston, J., Kirk, R., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E. A., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, X., Lopes, M. I., Asamar, E. Lopez, Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Lucero, D., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Maupin, C., McCarthy, M. E., McDowell, G., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piepke, A., Poudel, S., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Rushton, T., Rynders, D., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Smith, R., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, W. C., Temples, D. J., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Turner, W., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A. C., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., Weeldreyer, L., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wisniewski, W. J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xiang, X., Xu, J., Yeh, M., and Zweig, E. A.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment is a dark matter detector centered on a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber. We report searches for new physics appearing through few-keV-scale electron recoils, using the experiment's first exposure of 60 live days and a fiducial mass of 5.5t. The data are found to be consistent with a background-only hypothesis, and limits are set on models for new physics including solar axion electron coupling, solar neutrino magnetic moment and millicharge, and electron couplings to galactic axion-like particles and hidden photons. Similar limits are set on weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter producing signals through ionized atomic states from the Migdal effect., Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures. See https://tinyurl.com/LZDataReleaseRun1ER for a data release related to this paper
Published: 2023
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13. Nuclear recoil response of liquid xenon and its impact on solar 8B neutrino and dark matter searches

Author: Xiang, X., Gaitskell, R. J., Liu, R., Bang, J., Xu, J., Lippincott, W. H., Aalbers, J., Dobson, J. E. Y., Szydagis, M., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Parveen, N., Huang, D. Q., Olcina, I., James, R. J., and Nikoleyczik, J. A.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Knowledge of the ionization and scintillation responses of liquid xenon (LXe) to nuclear recoils is crucial for LXe-based dark matter experiments. Current calibrations carry large uncertainties in the low-energy region below $\sim3$ keV$_nr$ where signals from dark matter particles of $<$10 GeV/c$^2$ masses are expected. The coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CE$\nu$NS) by solar $^8$B neutrinos also results in a continuum of nuclear recoil events below 3.0 keV$_{nr}$ (99\% of events), which further complicates low-mass dark matter searches in LXe experiments. In this paper, we describe a method to quantify the uncertainties of low-energy LXe responses using published calibration data, followed by case studies to evaluate the impact of yield uncertainties on ${^8}$B searches and low-mass dark matter sensitivity in a typical ton-scale LXe experiment. We conclude that naively omitting yield uncertainties leads to overly optimistic limits by factor $\sim2$ for a 6 GeV/c$^2$ WIMP mass. Future nuclear recoil light yield calibrations could allow experiments to recover this sensitivity and also improve the accuracy of solar ${^8}$B flux measurements.
Published: 2023
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14. Background Determination for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Dark Matter Experiment

Author: Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Alsum, S. K., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Baker, A., Bang, J., Bargemann, J. W., Baxter, A., Beattie, K., Beltrame, P., Bernard, E. P., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Buuck, M., Cabrita, R., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Chiang, A. P. S., Chott, N. I., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Creaner, O., Dahl, C. E., David, A., Dey, S., de Viveiros, L., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fearon, N. M., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibbons, R., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gokhale, S., Green, J., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C. B., Hall, C. R., Han, S., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., James, R. S., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Khaitan, D., Khurana, I., Kirk, R., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E. A., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, X., Lopes, M. I., Asamar, E. Lopez, Paredes, B. López, Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McCarthy, M. E., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piepke, A., Porzio, D., Poudel, S., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Rushton, T., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Smith, R., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Temples, D. J., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Turner, W., Utku, U., Vaitkus, A. C., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xiang, X., Xu, J., and Yeh, M.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: The LUX-ZEPLIN experiment recently reported limits on WIMP-nucleus interactions from its initial science run, down to $9.2\times10^{-48}$ cm$^2$ for the spin-independent interaction of a 36 GeV/c$^2$ WIMP at 90% confidence level. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of the backgrounds important for this result and for other upcoming physics analyses, including neutrinoless double-beta decay searches and effective field theory interpretations of LUX-ZEPLIN data. We confirm that the in-situ determinations of bulk and fixed radioactive backgrounds are consistent with expectations from the ex-situ assays. The observed background rate after WIMP search criteria were applied was $(6.3\pm0.5)\times10^{-5}$ events/keV$_{ee}$/kg/day in the low-energy region, approximately 60 times lower than the equivalent rate reported by the LUX experiment., Comment: 25 pages, 15 figures
Published: 2022
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15. A Review of NEST Models, and Their Application to Improvement of Particle Identification in Liquid Xenon Experiments

Author: Szydagis, M., Balajthy, J., Block, G. A., Brodsky, J. P., Brown, E., Cutter, J. E., Farrell, S. J., Huang, J., Kozlova, E. S., Liebenthal, C. S., McKinsey, D. N., McMichael, K., Mooney, M., Mueller, J., Ni, K., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Tripathi, M., Tunnell, C. D., Velan, V., Wyman, M. D., Zhao, Z., and Zhong, M.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Nuclear Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: This paper discusses microphysical simulation of interactions in liquid xenon, the active detector medium in many leading rare-event physics searches, and describes experimental observables useful to understanding detector performance. The scintillation and ionization yield distributions for signal and background are presented using the Noble Element Simulation Technique, or NEST, which is a toolkit based upon experimental data and simple, empirical formulae. NEST models of light and of charge production as a function of particle type, energy, and electric field are reviewed, as well as of energy resolution and final pulse areas. After vetting of NEST against raw data, with several specific examples pulled from XENON, ZEPLIN, LUX / LZ, and PandaX, we interpolate and extrapolate its models to draw new conclusions on the properties of future detectors (e.g., XLZD), in terms of the best possible discrimination of electronic recoil backgrounds from the potential nuclear recoil signal due to WIMP dark matter. We find that the oft-quoted value of a 99.5% discrimination is likely too conservative. NEST shows that another order of magnitude improvement (99.95% discrimination) may be achievable with a high photon detection efficiency (g1 about 15-20%) and reasonably achievable drift field of approximately 300 V/cm., Comment: 26 Pages, 6 Tables, 15 Figures, 18 Equations, and 156 References
Published: 2022

16. Improved Dark Matter Search Sensitivity Resulting from LUX Low-Energy Nuclear Recoil Calibration

Author: LUX Collaboration, Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Bang, J., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Druszkiewicz, E., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Korolkova, E. V., Kravitz, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. -M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Rhyne, C., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A., Velan, V., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xiang, X., Xu, J., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC) detectors have demonstrated superior search sensitivities to dark matter over a wide range of particle masses. To extend their sensitivity to include low-mass dark matter interactions, it is critical to characterize both the light and charge responses of liquid xenon to sub-keV nuclear recoils. In this work, we report a new nuclear recoil calibration in the LUX detector $\textit{in situ}$ using neutron events from a pulsed Adelphi Deuterium-Deuterium neutron generator. We demonstrate direct measurements of light and charge yields down to 0.45 keV (1.4 scintillation photons) and 0.27 keV (1.3 ionization electrons), respectively, approaching the physical limit of liquid xenon detectors. We discuss the implication of these new measurements on the physics reach of dual-phase xenon TPCs for nuclear-recoil-based low-mass dark matter detection.
Published: 2022

17. Report of the Topical Group on Particle Dark Matter for Snowmass 2021

Author: Cooley, Jodi, Lin, Tongyan, Lippincott, W. Hugh, Slatyer, Tracy R., Yu, Tien-Tien, Akerib, Daniel S., Aramaki, Tsuguo, Baxter, Daniel, Bringmann, Torsten, Bunker, Ray, Carney, Daniel, Cebrián, Susana, Chen, Thomas Y., Cushman, Priscilla, Dahl, C. E., Essig, Rouven, Fan, Alden, Gaitskell, Richard, Galbiati, Cristano, Gelmini, Graciela B., Giovanetti, Graham K., Giroux, Guillaume, Grandi, Luca, Harding, J. Patrick, Haselschwardt, Scott, Hsu, Lauren, Horiuchi, Shunsaku, Kahn, Yonatan, Kim, Doojin, Kim, Geon-Bo, Kravitz, Scott, Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kurinsky, Noah, Lang, Rafael F., Leane, Rebecca K., Lehmann, Benjamin V., Levy, Cecilia, Li, Shengchao, Loer, Ben, Manalaysay, Aaron, Martoff, C. J, Mohlabeng, Gopolang, Monzani, M. E., Murphy, Alexander St J., Neilson, Russell, Nelson, Harry N., O'Hare, Ciaran A. J., Palladino, K. J., Parikh, Aditya, Park, Jong-Chul, Perez, Kerstin, Profumo, Stefano, Raj, Nirmal, Roach, Brandon M., Saab, Tarek, Sarsa, Maria Luísa, Schnee, Richard, Shaw, Sally, Shin, Seodong, Sinha, Kuver, Stifter, Kelly, Suzuki, Aritoki, Szydagis, M., Tait, Tim M. P., Takhistov, Volodymyr, Tsai, Yu-Dai, Vahsen, S. E., Vitagliano, Edoardo, von Doetinchem, Philip, Wang, Gensheng, Westerdale, Shawn, Williams, David A., Xiang, Xin, and Yang, Liang
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: This report summarizes the findings of the CF1 Topical Subgroup to Snowmass 2021, which was focused on particle dark matter. One of the most important scientific goals of the next decade is to reveal the nature of dark matter (DM). To accomplish this goal, we must delve deep, to cover high priority targets including weakly-interacting massive particles (WIMPs), and search wide, to explore as much motivated DM parameter space as possible. A diverse, continuous portfolio of experiments at large, medium, and small scales that includes both direct and indirect detection techniques maximizes the probability of discovering particle DM. Detailed calibrations and modeling of signal and background processes are required to make a convincing discovery. In the event that a candidate particle is found through different means, for example at a particle collider, the program described in this report is also essential to show that it is consistent with the actual cosmological DM. The US has a leading role in both direct and indirect detection dark matter experiments -- to maintain this leading role, it is imperative to continue funding major experiments and support a robust R\&D program., Comment: Submitted 30 pages, 11 figures, many references, Report of the CF1 Topical Group for Snowmass 2021
Published: 2022

18. Snowmass Instrumentation Frontier IF08 Topical Group Report: Noble Element Detectors

Author: Dahl, Carl Eric, Guenette, Roxanne, Raaf, Jennifer L., Akerib, D., Asaadi, J., Caratelli, D., Church, E., Del Tutto, M., Fava, A., Gaitskell, R., Giovanetti, G. K., Giroux, G., Diaz, D. Gonzalez, Gramellini, E., Haselschwardt, S., Jackson, C., Jones, B. J. P., Kopec, A., Kravitz, S., Lippincott, H., Liu, J., Martoff, C. J., Mastbaum, A., Montanari, C., Mooney, M., Ni, K., Pagani, L., Palamara, O., Pandola, L., Patterson, R., Pereverzev, S., Qian, X., Savarese, C., Sorensen, P., Stanford, C., Szelc, A., Szydagis, M., Westerdale, S., Xu, J., Zennamo, J., Zettlemoyer, J., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Particle detectors making use of noble elements in gaseous, liquid, or solid phases are prevalent in neutrino and dark matter experiments and are also used to a lesser extent in collider-based particle physics experiments. These experiments take advantage of both the very large, ultra-pure target volumes achievable and the multiple observable signal pathways possible in noble-element based particle detectors. As these experiments seek to increase their sensitivity, novel and improved technologies will be needed to enhance the precision of their measurements and to broaden the reach of their physics programs. The areas of R&D in noble element instrumentation that have been identified by the HEP community in the Snowmass process are highlighted by five key messages: IF08-1) Enhance and combine existing modalities (scintillation and electron drift) to increase signal-to-noise and reconstruction fidelity; IF08-2) Develop new modalities for signal detection in noble elements, including methods based on ion drift, metastable fluids, solid-phase detectors and dissolved targets. Collaborative and blue-sky R&D should also be supported to enable advances in this area; IF08-3) Improve the understanding of detector microphysics and calibrate detector response in new signal regimes; IF08-4) Address challenges in scaling technologies, including material purification, background mitigation, large-area readout, and magnetization; and IF08-5) Train the next generation of researchers, using fast-turnaround instrumentation projects to provide the design-through-result training no longer possible in very-large-scale experiments. This topical group report identifies and documents recent developments and future needs for noble element detector technologies. In addition, we highlight the opportunity that this area of research provides for continued training of the next generation of scientists., Comment: 20 pages, 1 figure
Published: 2022

19. First Dark Matter Search Results from the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment

Author: Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Akerlof, C. W., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Alqahtani, A., Alsum, S. K., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Azadi, S., Bailey, A. J., Baker, A., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Bargemann, J. W., Barry, M. J., Barthel, J., Bauer, D., Baxter, A., Beattie, K., Belle, J., Beltrame, P., Bensinger, J., Benson, T., Bernard, E. P., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Birrittella, B., Blockinger, G. M., Boast, K. E., Boxer, B., Bramante, R., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V. V., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Buuck, M., Cabrita, R., Carels, C., Carlsmith, D. L., Carlson, B., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Cascella, M., Chan, C., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Cherwinka, J. J., Chott, N. I., Cole, A., Coleman, J., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Craddock, W. W., Creaner, O., Curran, D., Currie, A., Cutter, J. E., Dahl, C. E., David, A., Davis, J., Davison, T. J. R., Delgaudio, J., Dey, S., de Viveiros, L., Dobi, A., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Dushkin, A., Edberg, T. K., Edwards, W. R., Elnimr, M. M., Emmet, W. T., Eriksen, S. R., Faham, C. H., Fan, A., Fayer, S., Fearon, N. M., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Ford, P., Francis, V. B., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Gantos, N. J., Garcia, D., Geffre, A., Gehman, V. M., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibbons, R., Gibson, E., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gokhale, S., Gomber, B., Green, J., Greenall, A., Greenwood, S., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C. B., Hall, C. R., Hans, S., Hanzel, K., Harrison, A., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Hjemfelt, C., Hoff, M. D., Holtom, E., Hor, J. Y-K., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., James, R. S., Jeffery, S. N., Ji, W., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kamdin, K., Kasey, V., Kazkaz, K., Keefner, J., Khaitan, D., Khaleeq, M., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kim, Y. D., Kocher, C. D., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kras, J., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Krebs, H. J., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kyre, S., Landerud, B., Leason, E. A., Lee, C., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Leonard, R., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Li, J., Liao, F. -T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, R., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Loniewski, C., Lopes, M. I., Asamar, E. Lopez, Paredes, B. López, Lorenzon, W., Lucero, D., Luitz, S., Lyle, J. M., Majewski, P. A., Makkinje, J., Malling, D. C., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Marzioni, M. F., Maupin, C., McCarthy, M. E., McConnell, C. T., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Meng, Y., Migneault, J., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Mock, J. A., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nehrkorn, C., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Nilima, A., O'Dell, J., O'Neill, F. G., O'Sullivan, K., Olcina, I., Olevitch, M. A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Pagenkopf, D., Pal, S., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Pangilinan, M., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Pease, E. K., Penning, B., Pereira, C., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Peterson, I. B., Piepke, A., Podczerwinski, J., Porzio, D., Powell, S., Preece, R. M., Pushkin, K., Qie, Y., Ratcliff, B. N., Reichenbacher, J., Reichhart, L., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rodrigues, J. P., Rodriguez, A., Rose, H. J., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Rushton, T., Rutherford, G., Rynders, D., Saba, J. S., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Scovell, P. R., Seymour, D., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Skarpaas, K., Skulski, W., Smith, R., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stark, M. R., Stevens, A., Stiegler, T. M., Stifter, K., Studley, R., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Sutcliffe, P., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Tan, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Temples, D. J., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Thomas, K. J., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., To, W. H., Tomás, A., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Tull, C. E., Turner, W., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Va'vra, J., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A. C., Verbus, J. R., Voirin, E., Waldron, W. L., Wang, A., Wang, B., Wang, J. J., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., White, A., White, D. T., White, J. T., White, R. G., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wisniewski, W. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Wolfs, J. D., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Worm, S. D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xiang, X., Xiao, Q., Xu, J., Yeh, M., Yin, J., Young, I., Zarzhitsky, P., Zuckerman, A., and Zweig, E. A.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The LUX-ZEPLIN experiment is a dark matter detector centered on a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber operating at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. This Letter reports results from LUX-ZEPLIN's first search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) with an exposure of 60~live days using a fiducial mass of 5.5 t. A profile-likelihood ratio analysis shows the data to be consistent with a background-only hypothesis, setting new limits on spin-independent WIMP-nucleon, spin-dependent WIMP-neutron, and spin-dependent WIMP-proton cross sections for WIMP masses above 9 GeV/c$^2$. The most stringent limit is set for spin-independent scattering at 36 GeV/c$^2$, rejecting cross sections above 9.2$\times 10^{-48}$ cm$^2$ at the 90% confidence level., Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures. See https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.041002 for a data release related to this paper
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

20. Snowmass2021 Cosmic Frontier: The landscape of low-threshold dark matter direct detection in the next decade

Author: Essig, Rouven, Giovanetti, Graham K., Kurinsky, Noah, McKinsey, Dan, Ramanathan, Karthik, Stifter, Kelly, Yu, Tien-Tien, Aboubrahim, A., Adams, D., Alves, D. S. M., Aralis, T., Araújo, H. M., Baxter, D., Berghaus, K. V., Berlin, A., Blanco, C., Bloch, I. M., Bonivento, W. M., Bunker, R., Burdin, S., Caminata, A., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chaplinsky, L., Chen, T. Y., Derenzo, S. E., de Viveiros, L., Dick, R., Di Marco, N., Du, P., Dutta, B., Ebadi, R., Emken, T., Esposito, A., Etzion, E., Feng, J. L., Fernandez, N., Ge, S. -F., Ghosh, S., Giroux, G., Hamaide, L., Hertel, S. A., Herrera, G., Hochberg, Y., Kahn, Y., Kavanagh, B. J., Khan, A. N., Kluck, H., Kravitz, S., von Krosigk, B., Kumar, J., Lawson, I. T., Lehmann, B. V., Lin, T., Liao, J., Lyon, S. A., Majewski, P. M., Manzari, C. A., Monroe, J., Monzani, M. E., Morrissey, D. E., Norcini, D., Orly, A., Parikh, A., Park, J. -C., Patel, P. K., Paul, S., Pèrez-Ríos, J., Phipps, A., Pocar, A., Ritz, A., Sarkis, Y., Schuster, P., Schwetz, T., Shaw, S., Shin, S., Singal, A., Singh, R., Slone, O., Sorensen, P., Sun, C., Szydagis, M., Temples, D. J., Testera, G., Thieme, K., Toro, N., Trickle, T., Uemura, S., Velan, V., Vitagliano, E., Wagner, F., Wang, G., Westerdale, S., and Zurek, K. M.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The search for particle-like dark matter with meV-to-GeV masses has developed rapidly in the past few years. We summarize the science case for these searches, the recent progress, and the exciting upcoming opportunities. Funding for Research and Development and a portfolio of small dark matter projects will allow the community to capitalize on the substantial recent advances in theory and experiment and probe vast regions of unexplored dark-matter parameter space in the coming decade., Comment: Contribution to Snowmass 2021. v2: includes endorsers and minor changes
Published: 2022

21. Snowmass2021 Cosmic Frontier Dark Matter Direct Detection to the Neutrino Fog

Author: Akerib, D. S., Cushman, P. B., Dahl, C. E., Ebadi, R., Fan, A., Gaitskell, R. J., Galbiati, C., Giovanetti, G. K., Gelmini, Graciela B., Grandi, L., Haselschwardt, S. J., Jackson, C. M., Lang, R. F., Loer, B., Loomba, D., Marshall, M. C., Mills, A. F., OHare, C. A. J., Savarese, C., Schueler, J., Szydagis, M., Takhistov, Volodymyr, Tait, Tim M. P., Tsai, Y. D., Vahsen, S. E., Walsworth, R. L., and Westerdale, S.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: We present a summary of future prospects for direct detection of dark matter within the GeV/c2 to TeV/c2 mass range. This is paired with a new definition of the neutrino fog in order to better quantify the rate of diminishing returns on sensitivity due to irreducible neutrino backgrounds. A survey of dark matter candidates predicted to fall within this mass range demonstrates that fully testing multiple well-motivated theo-ries will require expanding the currently-funded generation of experiments down to and past the neutrino fog. We end with the status and plans for next-generation exper-iments and novel R&D concepts which will get us there., Comment: contribution to Snowmass 2021
Published: 2022

22. A Next-Generation Liquid Xenon Observatory for Dark Matter and Neutrino Physics

Author: Aalbers, J., Abe, K., Aerne, V., Agostini, F., Maouloud, S. Ahmed, Akerib, D. S., Akimov, D. Yu., Akshat, J., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Alsum, S. K., Althueser, L., Amarasinghe, C. S., Amaro, F. D., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Andrieu, B., Angelides, N., Angelino, E., Angevaare, J., Antochi, V. C., Martin, D. Antón, Antunovic, B., Aprile, E., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arneodo, F., Arthurs, M., Asadi, P., Baek, S., Bai, X., Bajpai, D., Baker, A., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Balzer, M., Bandyopadhyay, A., Bang, J., Barberio, E., Bargemann, J. W., Baudis, L., Bauer, D., Baur, D., Baxter, A., Baxter, A. L., Bazyk, M., Beattie, K., Behrens, J., Bell, N. F., Bellagamba, L., Beltrame, P., Benabderrahmane, M., Bernard, E. P., Bertone, G. F., Bhattacharjee, P., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Binau, A. R., Biondi, R., Biondi, Y., Birch, H. J., Bishara, F., Bismark, A., Blanco, C., Blockinger, G. M., Bodnia, E., Boehm, C., Bolozdynya, A. I., Bolton, P. D., Bottaro, S., Bourgeois, C., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Breskin, A., Breur, P. A., Brew, C. A. J., Brod, J., Brookes, E., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Bui, T. K., Burdin, S., Buse, S., Busenitz, J. K., Buttazzo, D., Buuck, M., Buzulutskov, A., Cabrita, R., Cai, C., Cai, D., Capelli, C., Cardoso, J. M. R., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Cascella, M., Catena, R., Chakraborty, S., Chan, C., Chang, S., Chauvin, A., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Chepel, V., Chott, N. I., Cichon, D., Chavez, A. Cimental, Cimmino, B., Clark, M., Co, R. T., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Converse, M. V., Costa, M., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Creaner, O., Garcia, J. J. Cuenca, Cussonneau, J. P., Cutter, J. E., Dahl, C. E., D'Andrea, V., David, A., Decowski, M. P., Dent, J. B., Deppisch, F. F., de Viveiros, L., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Di Pede, S., Dierle, J., Diglio, S., Dobson, J. E. Y., Doerenkamp, M., Douillet, D., Drexlin, G., Druszkiewicz, E., Dunsky, D., Eitel, K., Elykov, A., Emken, T., Engel, R., Eriksen, S. R., Fairbairn, M., Fan, A., Fan, J. J., Farrell, S. J., Fayer, S., Fearon, N. M., Ferella, A., Ferrari, C., Fieguth, A., Fiorucci, S., Fischer, H., Flaecher, H., Flierman, M., Florek, T., Foot, R., Fox, P. J., Franceschini, R., Fraser, E. D., Frenk, C. S., Frohlich, S., Fruth, T., Fulgione, W., Fuselli, C., Gaemers, P., Gaior, R., Gaitskell, R. J., Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garcia, I. Garcia, Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Ghosh, S., Gibson, E., Gil, W., Giovagnoli, D., Girard, F., Glade-Beucke, R., Glück, F., Gokhale, S., de Gouvêa, A., Gráf, L., Grandi, L., Grigat, J., Grinstein, B., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Grössle, R., Guan, H., Guida, M., Gumbsheimer, R., Gwilliam, C. B., Hall, C. R., Hall, L. J., Hammann, R., Han, K., Hannen, V., Hansmann-Menzemer, S., Harata, R., Hardin, S. P., Hardy, E., Hardy, C. A., Harigaya, K., Harnik, R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hernandez, M., Hertel, S. A., Higuera, A., Hils, C., Hochrein, S., Hoetzsch, L., Hoferichter, M., Hood, N., Hooper, D., Horn, M., Howlett, J., Huang, D. Q., Huang, Y., Hunt, D., Iacovacci, M., Iaquaniello, G., Ide, R., Ignarra, C. M., Iloglu, G., Itow, Y., Jacquet, E., Jahangir, O., Jakob, J., James, R. S., Jansen, A., Ji, W., Ji, X., Joerg, F., Johnson, J., Joy, A., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kanezaki, K., Kar, K., Kara, M., Kato, N., Kavrigin, P., Kazama, S., Keaveney, A. W., Kellerer, J., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khundzakishvili, G., Khurana, I., Kilminster, B., Kleifges, M., Ko, P., Kobayashi, M., Kodroff, D., Koltmann, G., Kopec, A., Kopmann, A., Kopp, J., Korley, L., Kornoukhov, V. N., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Krauss, L. M., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kuger, F., Kumar, J., Paredes, B. López, LaCascio, L., Laine, Q., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Leason, E. A., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levinson, L., Levy, C., Li, I., Li, S. C., Li, T., Liang, S., Liebenthal, C. S., Lin, J., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, X., Liu, K., Liu, J., Loizeau, J., Lombardi, F., Long, J., Lopes, M. I., Asamar, E. Lopez, Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Luitz, S., Ma, Y., Machado, P. A. N., Macolino, C., Maeda, T., Mahlstedt, J., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mancuso, A., Manenti, L., Manfredini, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., March-Russell, J., Marignetti, F., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Martens, K., Martin, R., Martinez-Soler, I., Masbou, J., Masson, D., Masson, E., Mastroianni, S., Mastronardi, M., Matias-Lopes, J. A., McCarthy, M. E., McFadden, N., McGinness, E., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., McMichael, K., Meinhardt, P., Menéndez, J., Meng, Y., Messina, M., Midha, R., Milisavljevic, D., Miller, E. H., Milosevic, B., Milutinovic, S., Mitra, S. A., Miuchi, K., Mizrachi, E., Mizukoshi, K., Molinario, A., Monte, A., Monteiro, C. M. B., Monzani, M. E., Moore, J. S., Morå, K., Morad, J. A., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Moriyama, S., Morrison, E., Morteau, E., Mosbacher, Y., Mount, B. J., Mueller, J., Murphy, A. St. J., Murra, M., Naim, D., Nakamura, S., Nash, E., Navaieelavasani, N., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Newstead, J. L., Ni, K., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Niro, V., Oberlack, U. G., Obradovic, M., Odgers, K., O'Hare, C. A. J., Oikonomou, P., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K., Oranday, A., Orpwood, J., Ostrovskiy, I., Ozaki, K., Paetsch, B., Pal, S., Palacio, J., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Panci, P., Pandurovic, M., Parlati, A., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Pěč, V., Pellegrini, Q., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Peres, R., Perez-Gonzalez, Y., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Petrossian-Byrne, R., Pienaar, J., Piepke, A., Pieramico, G., Pierre, M., Piotter, M., Pizella, V., Plante, G., Pollmann, T., Porzio, D., Qi, J., Qie, Y., Qin, J., Raj, N., Silva, M. Rajado, Ramanathan, K., García, D. Ramírez, Ravanis, J., Redard-Jacot, L., Redigolo, D., Reichard, S., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rocchetti, A., Rosenfeld, S. L., Rosero, R., Rupp, N., Rushton, T., Saha, S., Sanchez, L., Sanchez-Lucas, P., Santone, D., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sarnoff, I., Sartorelli, G., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Scheibelhut, M., Schnee, R. W., Schrank, M., Schreiner, J., Schulte, P., Schulte, D., Eissing, H. Schulze, Schumann, M., Schwemberger, T., Schwenk, A., Schwetz, T., Lavina, L. Scotto, Scovell, P. R., Sekiya, H., Selvi, M., Semenov, E., Semeria, F., Shagin, P., Shaw, S., Shi, S., Shockley, E., Shutt, T. A., Si-Ahmed, R., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Silva, M. C., Simgen, H., Šimkovic, F., Sinev, G., Singh, R., Skulski, W., Smirnov, J., Smith, R., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Sparmann, T. J., Stancu, I., Steidl, M., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Strigari, L. E., Subotic, D., Suerfu, B., Suliga, A. M., Sumner, T. J., Szabo, P., Szydagis, M., Takeda, A., Takeuchi, Y., Tan, P. -L., Taricco, C., Taylor, W. C., Temples, D. J., Terliuk, A., Terman, P. A., Thers, D., Thieme, K., Thümmler, Th., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., To, W. H., Toennies, F., Tong, Z., Toschi, F., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Trinchero, G. C., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Trotta, R., Tsai, Y. D., Tunnell, C. D., Turner, W. G., Ueno, R., Urquijo, P., Utku, U., Vaitkus, A., Valerius, K., Vassilev, E., Vecchi, S., Velan, V., Vetter, S., Vincent, A. C., Vittorio, L., Volta, G., von Krosigk, B., von Piechowski, M., Vorkapic, D., Wagner, C. E. M., Wang, A. M., Wang, B., Wang, Y., Wang, W., Wang, J. J., Wang, L. -T., Wang, M., Watson, J. R., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Weisman, E., Weiss, M., Wenz, D., West, S. M., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wilson, M. J., Winkler, D., Wittweg, C., Wolf, J., Wolf, T., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Wu, V. H. S., Wu, P., Wüstling, S., Wurm, M., Xia, Q., Xiang, X., Xing, Y., Xu, J., Xu, Z., Xu, D., Yamashita, M., Yamazaki, R., Yan, H., Yang, L., Yang, Y., Ye, J., Yeh, M., Young, I., Yu, H. B., Yu, T. T., Yuan, L., Zavattini, G., Zerbo, S., Zhang, Y., Zhong, M., Zhou, N., Zhou, X., Zhu, T., Zhu, Y., Zhuang, Y., Zopounidis, J. P., Zuber, K., and Zupan, J.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the most pressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the available parameter space for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), while featuring extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates. These detectors can also study neutrinos through neutrinoless double-beta decay and through a variety of astrophysical sources. A next-generation xenon-based detector will therefore be a true multi-purpose observatory to significantly advance particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, solar physics, and cosmology. This review article presents the science cases for such a detector., Comment: 77 pages, 40 figures, 1262 references
Published: 2022
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23. Low-Energy Physics in Neutrino LArTPCs

Author: Caratelli, D., Foreman, W., Friedland, A., Gardiner, S., Gil-Botella, I., Karagiorgi, G., Kirby, M., Miotto, G. Lehmann, Littlejohn, B. R., Mooney, M., Reichenbacher, J., Sousa, A., Scholberg, K., Yu, J., Yang, T., Andringa, S., Asaadi, J., Bezerra, T. J. C., Capozzi, F., Cavanna, F., Church, E., Himmel, A., Junk, T., Klein, J., Lepetic, I., Li, S., Sala, P., Schellman, H., Sorel, M., Wang, J., Wang, M. H. L. S., Wu, W., Zennamo, J., Acero, M. A., Adames, M. R., Amar, H., Andrade, D. A., Andreopoulos, C., Ankowski, A. M., Arroyave, M. A., Aushev, V., Ayala-Torres, M. A., Baldi, P., Backhouse, C., Balantekin, A. B., Barkhouse, W. A., Alzas, P. Barham, Barrow, J. L., Battat, J. B. R., Bazetto, M. C. Q., Beacom, J. F., Behera, B., Bellettini, G., Berger, J., Bezerra, A. T., Bian, J., Bilki, B., Bles, B., Bolton, T., Bomben, L., Bonesini, M., Bonilla-Diaz, C., Boran, F., Borkum, A. N., Bostan, N., Brailsford, D., Branca, A., Brunetti, G., Cai, T., Chappell, A., Charitonidis, N., Cintra, P. H. P., Conley, E., Coan, T. E., Cova, P., Cremaldi, L. M., Crespo-Anadon, J. I., Cuesta, C., Dallavalle, R., Davies, G. S., De, S., Neto, P. Dedin, Delgado, M., Delmonte, N., Denton, P. B., De Roeck, A., Dharmapalan, R., Djurcic, Z., Dolek, F., Doran, S., Dorrill, R., Duffy, K. E., Dutta, B., Dvornikov, O., Edayath, S., Evans, J. J., Ezeribe, A. C., Falcone, A., Fani, M., Felix, J., Feng, Y., Fields, L., Filip, P., Fiorillo, G., Franco, D., Garcia-Gamez, D., Giri, A., Gogota, O., Gollapinni, S., Goodman, M., Gramellini, E., Gran, R., Granger, P., Grant, C., Greenberg, S. E., Groh, M., Guenette, R., Guffanti, D., Harris, D. A., Hatzikoutelis, A., Heeger, K. M., Morquecho, M. Hernandez, Herner, K., Ho, J., Holanda, P C., Ilic, N., Jackson, C. M., Jang, W., Janka, H. -Th., Jo, J. H., Joaquim, F. R., Jones, R. S., Jovancevic, N., Jwa, Y. -J., Kalra, D., Kaplan, D. M., Katsioulas, I., Kearns, E., Kelly, K. J., Kemp, E., Ketchum, W., Kish, A., Koerner, L. W., Kosc, T., Kothekar, K., Kreslo, I., Kubota, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kumar, P., Kutter, T., Kvasnicka, J., Lazanu, I., LeCompte, T., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Lokajicek, M., Louis, W. C., Luk, K. B., Luo, X., Machado, P. A. N., Machulin, I. M., Mahn, K., Man, M., Mandujano, R. C., Maneira, J., Marchionni, A., Marfatia, D., Marinho, F., Mariani, C., Marshall, C. M., Lopez, F. Martinez, Caicedo, D. A. Martinez, Mastbaum, A., Matheny, M., McConkey, N., Mehta, P., Messer, O. E. B., Minotti, A., Miranda, O. G., Mishra, P., Mocioiu, I., Mogan, A., Mohanta, R., Mohayai, T., Montanari, C., Zetina, L. M. Montano, Moor, A. F., Moretti, D., Moura, C. A., Mualem, L. M., Nachtman, J., Narita, S., Navrer-Agasson, A., Nebot-Guinot, M., Nikolov, J., Nowak, J. A., Ochoa-Ricoux, J. P., O'Connor, E., Onel, Y., Onishchuk, Y., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Pandey, V., Parozzi, E. G., Parveen, S., Parvu, M., Patterson, R. B., Paulucci, L., Pec, V., Peeters, S. J. M., Pompa, F., Poonthottathil, N., Poudel, S. S., Psihas, F., Rafique, A., Ramson, B. J., Real, J. S., Rikalo, A., Ross-Lonergan, M., Russell, B., Sacerdoti, S., Sahu, N., Sanders, D. A., Santoro, D., Santos, M. V., Senise Jr., C. R., Shanahan, P. N., Sharma, H. R, Sharma, R. K., Shi, W., Shin, S., Singh, J., Singh, L., Singh, P., Singh, V., Soderberg, M., Soldner-Rembold, S., Soto-Oton, J., Spurgeon, K., Steklain, A. F., Stocker, F., Stokes, T., Strait, J., Strait, M., Strauss, T., Suter, L., Svoboda, R., Szelc, A. M., Szydagis, M., Tarpara, E., Tatar, E., Terranova, F., Testera, G., Chithirasree, N., Todorovic, N., Tonazzo, A., Torti, M., Tortorici, F., Toups, M., Tran, D. Q., Travar, M., Tsai, Y. -D., Tsai, Y. -T., Tu, S. Z., Urheim, J., Utaegbulam, H., Valder, S., Valdiviesso, G. A., Valentim, R., Vergani, S., Viren, B., Vranicar, A., Wang, B., Waters, D., Weatherly, P., Weber, M., Wei, H., Westerdale, S., Whitehead, L. H., Whittington, D., Wilkinson, A., Wilson, R. J., Worcester, M., Wresilo, K., Yaeggy, B., Yang, G., Zalesak, J., Zamorano, B., and Zuklin, J.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: In this white paper, we outline some of the scientific opportunities and challenges related to detection and reconstruction of low-energy (less than 100 MeV) signatures in liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) detectors. Key takeaways are summarized as follows. 1) LArTPCs have unique sensitivity to a range of physics and astrophysics signatures via detection of event features at and below the few tens of MeV range. 2) Low-energy signatures are an integral part of GeV-scale accelerator neutrino interaction final states, and their reconstruction can enhance the oscillation physics sensitivities of LArTPC experiments. 3) BSM signals from accelerator and natural sources also generate diverse signatures in the low-energy range, and reconstruction of these signatures can increase the breadth of BSM scenarios accessible in LArTPC-based searches. 4) Neutrino interaction cross sections and other nuclear physics processes in argon relevant to sub-hundred-MeV LArTPC signatures are poorly understood. Improved theory and experimental measurements are needed. Pion decay-at-rest sources and charged particle and neutron test beams are ideal facilities for experimentally improving this understanding. 5) There are specific calibration needs in the low-energy range, as well as specific needs for control and understanding of radiological and cosmogenic backgrounds. 6) Novel ideas for future LArTPC technology that enhance low-energy capabilities should be explored. These include novel charge enhancement and readout systems, enhanced photon detection, low radioactivity argon, and xenon doping. 7) Low-energy signatures, whether steady-state or part of a supernova burst or larger GeV-scale event topology, have specific triggering, DAQ and reconstruction requirements that must be addressed outside the scope of conventional GeV-scale data collection and analysis pathways., Comment: Contribution to Snowmass 2021
Published: 2022

24. Improved Dark Matter Search Sensitivity Resulting from LUX Low-Energy Nuclear Recoil Calibration

Author: Collaboration, LUX, Akerib, DS, Alsum, S, Araújo, HM, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Bang, J, Baxter, A, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Boulton, EM, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Byram, D, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Chan, C, Cutter, JE, Viveiros, L de, Druszkiewicz, E, Fan, A, Fiorucci, S, Gaitskell, RJ, Ghag, C, Gilchriese, MGD, Gwilliam, C, Hall, CR, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hogan, DP, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jacobsen, RG, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Korolkova, EV, Kravitz, S, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, E, Lesko, KT, Liao, J, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Lopes, MI, Manalaysay, A, Mannino, RL, Marangou, N, McKinsey, DN, Mei, D-M, Morad, JA, Murphy, A St J, Naylor, A, Nehrkorn, C, Nelson, HN, Neves, F, Nilima, A, Oliver-Mallory, KC, Palladino, KJ, Rhyne, C, Riffard, Q, Rischbieter, GRC, Rossiter, P, Shaw, S, Shutt, TA, Silva, C, Solmaz, M, Solovov, VN, Sorensen, P, Sumner, TJ, Swanson, N, Szydagis, M, Taylor, DJ, Taylor, R, Taylor, WC, Tennyson, BP, Terman, PA, Tiedt, DR, To, WH, Tvrznikova, L, Utku, U, Vacheret, A, Vaitkus, A, Velan, V, Webb, RC, White, JT, Whitis, TJ, Witherell, MS, Wolfs, FLH, Woodward, D, Xiang, X, Xu, J, and Zhang, C
Subjects: physics.ins-det, astro-ph.CO, hep-ex
Abstract: Dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC) detectors have demonstratedsuperior search sensitivities to dark matter over a wide range of particlemasses. To extend their sensitivity to include low-mass dark matterinteractions, it is critical to characterize both the light and chargeresponses of liquid xenon to sub-keV nuclear recoils. In this work, we report anew nuclear recoil calibration in the LUX detector $\textit{in situ}$ usingneutron events from a pulsed Adelphi Deuterium-Deuterium neutron generator. Wedemonstrate direct measurements of light and charge yields down to 0.45 keV(1.4 scintillation photons) and 0.27 keV (1.3 ionization electrons),respectively, approaching the physical limit of liquid xenon detectors. Wediscuss the implication of these new measurements on the physics reach ofdual-phase xenon TPCs for nuclear-recoil-based low-mass dark matter detection.
Published: 2022

25. Fast and flexible analysis of direct dark matter search data with machine learning

Author: Akerib, DS, Alsum, S, Araújo, HM, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Bang, J, Baxter, A, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Boulton, EM, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Byram, D, Carrara, N, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Chan, C, Cutter, JE, de Viveiros, L, Druszkiewicz, E, Ernst, J, Fan, A, Fiorucci, S, Gaitskell, RJ, Ghag, C, Gilchriese, MGD, Gwilliam, C, Hall, CR, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hogan, DP, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jacobsen, RG, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Korolkova, EV, Kravitz, S, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, E, Lenardo, BG, Lesko, KT, Liao, J, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Lopes, MI, Manalaysay, A, Mannino, RL, Marangou, N, McKinsey, DN, Mei, D-M, Morad, JA, St. J. Murphy, A, Naylor, A, Nehrkorn, C, Nelson, HN, Neves, F, Nilima, A, Oliver-Mallory, KC, Palladino, KJ, Rhyne, C, Riffard, Q, Rischbieter, GRC, Rossiter, P, Shaw, S, Shutt, TA, Silva, C, Solmaz, M, Solovov, VN, Sorensen, P, Sumner, TJ, Swanson, N, Szydagis, M, Taylor, DJ, Taylor, R, Taylor, WC, Tennyson, BP, Terman, PA, Tiedt, DR, To, WH, Tvrznikova, L, Utku, U, Vacheret, A, Vaitkus, A, Velan, V, Webb, RC, White, JT, Whitis, TJ, Witherell, MS, Wolfs, FLH, Woodward, D, Xian, X, Xu, J, and Zhang, C
Subjects: Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Physical Sciences, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Information Technology R&D (NITRD)
Abstract: We present the results from combining machine learning with the profile likelihood fit procedure, using data from the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) dark matter experiment. This approach demonstrates reduction in computation time by a factor of 30 when compared with the previous approach, without loss of performance on real data. We establish its flexibility to capture nonlinear correlations between variables (such as smearing in light and charge signals due to position variation) by achieving equal performance using pulse areas with and without position-corrections applied. Its efficiency and scalability furthermore enables searching for dark matter using additional variables without significant computational burden. We demonstrate this by including a light signal pulse shape variable alongside more traditional inputs, such as light and charge signal strengths. This technique can be exploited by future dark matter experiments to make use of additional information, reduce computational resources needed for signal searches and simulations, and make inclusion of physical nuisance parameters in fits tractable.
Published: 2022

26. Fast and Flexible Analysis of Direct Dark Matter Search Data with Machine Learning

Author: LUX Collaboration, Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Bang, J., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carrara, N., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Druszkiewicz, E., Ernst, J., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Korolkova, E. V., Kravitz, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. -M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Rhyne, C., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A., Velan, V., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xian, X., Xu, J., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: We present the results from combining machine learning with the profile likelihood fit procedure, using data from the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) dark matter experiment. This approach demonstrates reduction in computation time by a factor of 30 when compared with the previous approach, without loss of performance on real data. We establish its flexibility to capture non-linear correlations between variables (such as smearing in light and charge signals due to position variation) by achieving equal performance using pulse areas with and without position-corrections applied. Its efficiency and scalability furthermore enables searching for dark matter using additional variables without significant computational burden. We demonstrate this by including a light signal pulse shape variable alongside more traditional inputs such as light and charge signal strengths. This technique can be exploited by future dark matter experiments to make use of additional information, reduce computational resources needed for signal searches and simulations, and make inclusion of physical nuisance parameters in fits tractable.
Published: 2022
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27. Cosmogenic production of $^{37}$Ar in the context of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment

Author: Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Alsum, S. K., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Bai, X., Baker, A., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Bargemann, J. W., Bauer, D., Baxter, A., Beattie, K., Bernard, E. P., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Blockinger, G. M., Bodnia, E., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Buuck, M., Cabrita, R., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Cascella, M., Chan, C., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Chott, N. I., Cole, A., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Creaner, O., Cutter, J. E., Dahl, C. E., David, A., de Viveiros, L., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fayer, S., Fearon, N. M., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibson, E., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gokhale, S., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C. B., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Ignarra, C. M., Jahangir, O., James, R. S., Ji, W., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kamdin, K., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E. A., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lee, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, X., Lopes, M. I., Asamar, E. Lopez, Lopez-Paredes, B., Lorenzon, W., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McCarthy, M. E., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Nilima, A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K., Pal, S., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Pease, E. K., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, J., Piepke, A., Porzio, D., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Riffard, Q., Riffard, %Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Rushton, T., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Scovell, P. R., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Smith, R., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Taylor, W. C., Taylor, R., Temples, D. J., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., To, W. H., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Turner, W., Utku, U., Vaitkus, A., Wang, B., Wang, Y., Wang, J. J., Wang, W., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., White, R. G., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xiang, X., Xu, J., and Yeh, M.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract: We estimate the amount of $^{37}$Ar produced in natural xenon via cosmic ray-induced spallation, an inevitable consequence of the transportation and storage of xenon on the Earth's surface. We then calculate the resulting $^{37}$Ar concentration in a 10-tonne payload~(similar to that of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment) assuming a representative schedule of xenon purification, storage and delivery to the underground facility. Using the spallation model by Silberberg and Tsao, the sea level production rate of $^{37}$Ar in natural xenon is estimated to be 0.024~atoms/kg/day. Assuming the xenon is successively purified to remove radioactive contaminants in 1-tonne batches at a rate of 1~tonne/month, the average $^{37}$Ar activity after 10~tonnes are purified and transported underground is 0.058--0.090~$\mu$Bq/kg, depending on the degree of argon removal during above-ground purification. Such cosmogenic $^{37}$Ar will appear as a noticeable background in the early science data, while decaying with a 35~day half-life. This newly-noticed production mechanism of $^{37}$Ar should be considered when planning for future liquid xenon-based experiments.
Published: 2022
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28. Design and production of the high voltage electrode grids and electron extraction region for the LZ dual-phase xenon time projection chamber

Author: Linehan, R, Mannino, RL, Fan, A, Ignarra, CM, Luitz, S, Skarpaas, K, Shutt, TA, Akerib, DS, Alsum, SK, Anderson, TJ, Araújo, HM, Arthurs, M, Auyeung, H, Bailey, AJ, Biesiadzinski, TP, Breidenbach, M, Cherwinka, JJ, Conley, RA, Genovesi, J, Gilchriese, MGD, Glaenzer, A, Gonda, TG, Hanzel, K, Hoff, MD, Ji, W, Kaboth, AC, Kravitz, S, Kurita, NR, Lambert, AR, Lesko, KT, Lorenzon, W, Majewski, PA, Miller, EH, Monzani, ME, Palladino, KJ, Ratcliff, BN, Saba, JS, Santone, D, Shutt, GW, Stifter, K, Szydagis, M, Tomás, A, Va’vra, J, Waldron, WL, Webb, RC, White, RG, Whitis, TJ, Wilson, K, and Wisniewski, WJ
Subjects: Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Particle and High Energy Physics, Physical Sciences, Xenon, TPC, HV, Electrode, Noble liquid, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, Other Physical Sciences, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Nuclear and plasma physics
Abstract: The dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC) is a powerful tool for direct-detection experiments searching for WIMP dark matter, other dark matter models, and neutrinoless double-beta decay. Successful operation of such a TPC is critically dependent on the ability to hold high electric fields in the bulk liquid, across the liquid surface, and in the gas. Careful design and construction of the electrodes used to establish these fields is therefore required. We present the design and production of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment's high-voltage electrodes, a set of four woven mesh wire grids. Grid design drivers are discussed, with emphasis placed on design of the electron extraction region. We follow this with a description of the grid production process and a discussion of steps taken to validate the LZ grids prior to integration into the TPC.
Published: 2022

29. Snowmass2021 Cosmic Frontier Dark Matter Direct Detection to the Neutrino Fog

Author: Akerib, DS, Cushman, PB, Dahl, CE, Ebadi, R, Fan, A, Gaitskell, RJ, Galbiati, C, Giovanetti, GK, Gelmini, Graciela B, Grandi, L, Haselschwardt, SJ, Jackson, CM, Lang, RF, Loer, B, Loomba, D, Marshall, MC, Mills, AF, OHare, CAJ, Savarese, C, Schueler, J, Szydagis, M, Takhistov, Volodymyr, Tait, Tim MP, Tsai, YD, Vahsen, SE, Walsworth, RL, and Westerdale, S
Subjects: hep-ex
Abstract: We present a summary of future prospects for direct detection of dark matterwithin the GeV/c2 to TeV/c2 mass range. This is paired with a new definition ofthe neutrino fog in order to better quantify the rate of diminishing returns onsensitivity due to irreducible neutrino backgrounds. A survey of dark mattercandidates predicted to fall within this mass range demonstrates that fullytesting multiple well-motivated theo-ries will require expanding thecurrently-funded generation of experiments down to and past the neutrino fog.We end with the status and plans for next-generation exper-iments and novel R&Dconcepts which will get us there.
Published: 2022

30. Design and production of the high voltage electrode grids and electron extraction region for the LZ dual-phase xenon time projection chamber

Author: Linehan, R., Mannino, R. L., Fan, A., Ignarra, C. M., Luitz, S., Skarpaas, K., Shutt, T. A., Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S. K., Anderson, T. J., Araújo, H. M., Arthurs, M., Auyeung, H., Bailey, A. J., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Breidenbach, M., Cherwinka, J. J., Conley, R. A., Genovesi, J., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Glaenzer, A., Gonda, T. G., Hanzel, K., Hoff, M. D., Ji, W., Kaboth, A. C., Kravitz, S., Kurita, N. R., Lambert, A. R., Lesko, K. T., Lorenzon, W., Majewski, P. A., Miller, E. H., Monzani, M. E., Palladino, K. J., Ratcliff, B. N., Saba, J. S., Santone, D., Shutt, G. W., Stifter, K., Szydagis, M., Tomás, A., Va'vra, J., Waldron, W. L., Webb, R. C., White, R. G., Whitis, T. J., Wilson, K., and Wisniewski, W. J.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC) is a powerful tool for direct-detection experiments searching for WIMP dark matter, other dark matter models, and neutrinoless double-beta decay. Successful operation of such a TPC is critically dependent on the ability to hold high electric fields in the bulk liquid, across the liquid surface, and in the gas. Careful design and construction of the electrodes used to establish these fields is therefore required. We present the design and production of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment's high-voltage electrodes, a set of four woven mesh wire grids. Grid design drivers are discussed, with emphasis placed on design of the electron extraction region. We follow this with a description of the grid production process and a discussion of steps taken to validate the LZ grids prior to integration into the TPC., Comment: 23 pages, 20 figures, to be submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. Corresponding authors: rlinehan@stanford.edu and mannino2@wisc.edu
Published: 2021
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31. Fast and Flexible Analysis of Direct Dark Matter Search Data with Machine Learning

Author: Collaboration, LUX, Akerib, DS, Alsum, S, Araújo, HM, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Bang, J, Baxter, A, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Boulton, EM, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Byram, D, Carrara, N, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Chan, C, Cutter, JE, Viveiros, L de, Druszkiewicz, E, Ernst, J, Fan, A, Fiorucci, S, Gaitskell, RJ, Ghag, C, Gilchriese, MGD, Gwilliam, C, Hall, CR, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hogan, DP, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jacobsen, RG, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Korolkova, EV, Kravitz, S, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, E, Lenardo, BG, Lesko, KT, Liao, J, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Lopes, MI, Manalaysay, A, Mannino, RL, Marangou, N, McKinsey, DN, Mei, D-M, Morad, JA, Murphy, A St J, Naylor, A, Nehrkorn, C, Nelson, HN, Neves, F, Nilima, A, Oliver-Mallory, KC, Palladino, KJ, Rhyne, C, Riffard, Q, Rischbieter, GRC, Rossiter, P, Shaw, S, Shutt, TA, Silva, C, Solmaz, M, Solovov, VN, Sorensen, P, Sumner, TJ, Swanson, N, Szydagis, M, Taylor, DJ, Taylor, R, Taylor, WC, Tennyson, BP, Terman, PA, Tiedt, DR, To, WH, Tvrznikova, L, Utku, U, Vacheret, A, Vaitkus, A, Velan, V, Webb, RC, White, JT, Whitis, TJ, Witherell, MS, Wolfs, FLH, Woodward, D, Xian, X, Xu, J, and Zhang, C
Subjects: astro-ph.CO, astro-ph.IM, hep-ex, physics.ins-det
Abstract: We present the results from combining machine learning with the profilelikelihood fit procedure, using data from the Large Underground Xenon (LUX)dark matter experiment. This approach demonstrates reduction in computationtime by a factor of 30 when compared with the previous approach, without lossof performance on real data. We establish its flexibility to capture non-linearcorrelations between variables (such as smearing in light and charge signalsdue to position variation) by achieving equal performance using pulse areaswith and without position-corrections applied. Its efficiency and scalabilityfurthermore enables searching for dark matter using additional variableswithout significant computational burden. We demonstrate this by including alight signal pulse shape variable alongside more traditional inputs such aslight and charge signal strengths. This technique can be exploited by futuredark matter experiments to make use of additional information, reducecomputational resources needed for signal searches and simulations, and makeinclusion of physical nuisance parameters in fits tractable.
Published: 2022

32. Projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment to the two-neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decays of $^{134}$Xe

Author: LUX-ZEPLIN, The, Collaboration, Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alsum, S. K., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araujo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Bargemann, J. W., Bauer, D., Baxter, A., Beltrame, P., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Blockinger, G. M., Bodnia, E., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Bras, P., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Buuck, M., Cabrita, R., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Cascella, M., Chan, C., Chott, N. I., Cole, A., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Creaner, O., Cutter, J. E., Dahl, C. E., de Viveiros, L., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fayer, S., Fearon, N. M., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibson, E., Gokhale, S., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C. B., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jahangir, O., James, R. S., Ji, W., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E. A., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, X., Lopes, M. I., Asamar, E. Lopez, Paredes, B. Lopez, Lorenzon, W., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McCarthy, M. E., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Nilima, A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Pal, S., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Patton, S., Parveen, N., Pease, E. K., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Piepke, A., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Scovell, P. R., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Smith, R., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Taylor, W. C., Taylor, R., Temples, D. J., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., To, W. H., Tovey, D. R., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Turner, W., Utku, U., Vaitkus, A., Wang, B., Wang, J. J., Wang, W., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., White, R. G., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xiang, X., Xu, J., Yeh, M., and Zarzhitsky, P.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment to two-neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{134}$Xe is presented. LZ is a 10-tonne xenon time projection chamber optimized for the detection of dark matter particles, that is expected to start operating in 2021 at Sanford Underground Research Facility, USA. Its large mass of natural xenon provides an exceptional opportunity to search for the double beta decay of $^{134}$Xe, for which xenon detectors enriched in $^{136}$Xe are less effective. For the two-neutrino decay mode, LZ is predicted to exclude values of the half-life up to 1.7$\times$10$^{24}$ years at 90% confidence level (CL), and has a three-sigma observation potential of 8.7$\times$10$^{23}$ years, approaching the predictions of nuclear models. For the neutrinoless decay mode LZ, is projected to exclude values of the half-life up to 7.3$\times$10$^{24}$ years at 90% CL., Comment: Version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. C
Published: 2021
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33. Projected sensitivities of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment to new physics via low-energy electron recoils

Author: The LZ Collaboration, Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alsum, S. K., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Bargemann, J. W., Bauer, D., Baxter, A., Beltrame, P., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Blockinger, G. M., Bodnia, E., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Buuck, M., Cabrita, R., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Cascella, M., Chan, C., Chott, N. I., Cole, A., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Creaner, O., Cutter, J. E., Dahl, C. E., de Viveiros, L., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fayer, S., Fearon, N. M., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibson, E., Gokhale, S., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C. B., Hall, C. R., Hardy, C. A., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jahangir, O., James, R. S., Ji, W., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E. A., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Li, J., Liao, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, X., Lopes, M. I., Asamar, E. Lopez, Paredes, B. López, Lorenzon, W., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McCarthy, M. E., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Nilima, A., Nguyen, A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Pal, S., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Patton, S., Parveen, N., Pease, E. K., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Piepke, A., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Scovell, P. R., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Smith, R., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Taylor, W. C., Taylor, R., Temples, D. J., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., To, W. H., Tovey, D. R., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Turner, W., Utku, U., Vaitkus, A., Wang, B., Wang, J. J., Wang, W., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., White, R. G., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xiang, X., Xu, J., Yeh, M., and Zarzhitsky, P.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract: LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a dark matter detector expected to obtain world-leading sensitivity to weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) interacting via nuclear recoils with a ~7-tonne xenon target mass. This manuscript presents sensitivity projections to several low-energy signals of the complementary electron recoil signal type: 1) an effective neutrino magnetic moment and 2) an effective neutrino millicharge, both for pp-chain solar neutrinos, 3) an axion flux generated by the Sun, 4) axion-like particles forming the galactic dark matter, 5) hidden photons, 6) mirror dark matter, and 7) leptophilic dark matter. World-leading sensitivities are expected in each case, a result of the large 5.6t 1000d exposure and low expected rate of electron recoil backgrounds in the $<$100keV energy regime. A consistent signal generation, background model and profile-likelihood analysis framework is used throughout., Comment: v2 updates exclusion sensitivities from single-sided to two-sided
Published: 2021
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34. A Review of Basic Energy Reconstruction Techniques in Liquid Xenon and Argon Detectors for Dark Matter and Neutrino Physics Using NEST

Author: Szydagis, M., Block, G. A., Farquhar, C., Flesher, A. J., Kozlova, E. S., Levy, C., Mangus, E. A., Mooney, M., Mueller, J., Rischbieter, G. R. C., and Schwartz, A. K.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Detectors based upon the noble elements, especially liquid xenon as well as liquid argon, as both single- and dual-phase types, require reconstruction of the energies of interacting particles, both in the field of direct detection of dark matter (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles or WIMPs, axions, etc.) and in neutrino physics. Experimentalists, as well as theorists who reanalyze/reinterpret experimental data, have used a few different techniques over the past few decades. In this paper, we review techniques based on solely the primary scintillation channel, the ionization or secondary channel available at non-zero drift electric fields, and combined techniques that include a simple linear combination and weighted averages, with a brief discussion of the applications of profile likelihood, maximum likelihood, and machine learning. Comparing results for electron recoils (beta and gamma interactions) and nuclear recoils (primarily from neutrons) from the Noble Element Simulation Technique (NEST) simulation to available data, we confirm that combining all available information generates higher-precision means, lower widths (energy resolution), and more symmetric shapes (approximately Gaussian) especially at keV-scale energies, with the symmetry even greater when thresholding is addressed. Near thresholds, bias from upward fluctuations matters. For MeV-GeV scales, if only one channel is utilized, an ionization-only-based energy scale outperforms scintillation; channel combination remains beneficial. We discuss here what major collaborations use., Comment: 42 Pages, 2 Tables, 11 Figures, 13 Equations
Published: 2021
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35. Constraints on Effective Field Theory Couplings Using 311.2 days of LUX Data

Author: Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Bang, J., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Druszkiewicz, E., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Korolkova, E. V., Kravitz, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. -M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Rhyne, C., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A., Velan, V., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xiang, X., Xu, J., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We report here the results of an Effective Field Theory (EFT) WIMP search analysis using LUX data. We build upon previous LUX analyses by extending the search window to include nuclear recoil energies up to $\sim$180 keV$_{nr}$, requiring a reassessment of data quality cuts and background models. In order to use a binned Profile Likelihood statistical framework, the development of new analysis techniques to account for higher-energy backgrounds was required. With a 3.14$\times10^4$ kg$\cdot$day exposure using data collected between 2014 and 2016, we set 90\% C.L. exclusion limits on non-relativistic EFT WIMP couplings to neutrons and protons, providing the most stringent constraints on a significant fraction of the possible EFT WIMP interactions. Additionally, we report world-leading exclusion limits on inelastic EFT WIMP-nucleon recoils., Comment: 19 Pages, 10 Figures, 4 Table
Published: 2021
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36. Enhancing the sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter experiment to low energy signals

Author: Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alsum, S. K., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Bargemann, J. W., Bauer, D., Baxter, A., Beltrame, P., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Buuck, M., Cabrita, R., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Cascella, M., Chan, C., Chott, N. I., Cole, A., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Cutter, J. E., Dahl, C. E., de Viveiros, L., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fayer, S., Fearon, N. M., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibson, E., Gokhale, S., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C. B., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jahangir, O., James, R. S., Ji, W., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E. A., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Li, J., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, X., Lopes, M. I., Asamar, E. Lopez, Paredes, B. López, Lorenzon, W., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McCarthy, M. E., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Pal, S., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Parveen, N., Pease, E. K., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Piepke, A., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Scovell, P. R., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Smith, R., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Taylor, W. C., Taylor, R., Temples, D. J., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., To, W. H., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Turner, W., Utku, U., Vaitkus, A., Wang, B., Wang, J. J., Wang, W., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., White, R. G., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xiang, X., Xu, J., Yeh, M., and Zarzhitsky, P.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Two-phase xenon detectors, such as that at the core of the forthcoming LZ dark matter experiment, use photomultiplier tubes to sense the primary (S1) and secondary (S2) scintillation signals resulting from particle interactions in their liquid xenon target. This paper describes a simulation study exploring two techniques to lower the energy threshold of LZ to gain sensitivity to low-mass dark matter and astrophysical neutrinos, which will be applicable to other liquid xenon detectors. The energy threshold is determined by the number of detected S1 photons; typically, these must be recorded in three or more photomultiplier channels to avoid dark count coincidences that mimic real signals. To lower this threshold: a) we take advantage of the double photoelectron emission effect, whereby a single vacuum ultraviolet photon has a $\sim20\%$ probability of ejecting two photoelectrons from a photomultiplier tube photocathode; and b) we drop the requirement of an S1 signal altogether, and use only the ionization signal, which can be detected more efficiently. For both techniques we develop signal and background models for the nominal exposure, and explore accompanying systematic effects, including the dependence on the free electron lifetime in the liquid xenon. When incorporating double photoelectron signals, we predict a factor of $\sim 4$ sensitivity improvement to the dark matter-nucleon scattering cross-section at $2.5$ GeV/c$^2$, and a factor of $\sim1.6$ increase in the solar $^8$B neutrino detection rate. Dropping the S1 requirement may allow sensitivity gains of two orders of magnitude in both cases. Finally, we apply these techniques to even lower masses by taking into account the atomic Migdal effect; this could lower the dark matter particle mass threshold to $80$ MeV/c$^2$., Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures
Published: 2021

37. Constraints on effective field theory couplings using 311.2 days of LUX data

Author: Akerib, DS, Alsum, S, Araújo, HM, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Bang, J, Baxter, A, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Boulton, EM, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Byram, D, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Chan, C, Cutter, JE, De Viveiros, L, Druszkiewicz, E, Fan, A, Fiorucci, S, Gaitskell, RJ, Ghag, C, Gilchriese, MGD, Gwilliam, C, Hall, CR, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hogan, DP, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jacobsen, RG, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Korolkova, EV, Kravitz, S, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, E, Lenardo, BG, Lesko, KT, Liao, J, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Lopes, MI, Manalaysay, A, Mannino, RL, Marangou, N, McKinsey, DN, Mei, DM, Morad, JA, Murphy, ASJ, Naylor, A, Nehrkorn, C, Nelson, HN, Neves, F, Nilima, A, Oliver-Mallory, KC, Palladino, KJ, Rhyne, C, Riffard, Q, Rischbieter, GRC, Rossiter, P, Shaw, S, Shutt, TA, Silva, C, Solmaz, M, Solovov, VN, Sorensen, P, Sumner, TJ, Swanson, N, Szydagis, M, Taylor, DJ, Taylor, R, Taylor, WC, Tennyson, BP, Terman, PA, Tiedt, DR, To, WH, Tvrznikova, L, Utku, U, Vacheret, A, Vaitkus, A, Velan, V, Webb, RC, White, JT, Whitis, TJ, Witherell, MS, Wolfs, FLH, Woodward, D, Xiang, X, Xu, J, and Zhang, C
Abstract: We report here the results of a nonrelativistic effective field theory (EFT) WIMP search analysis using LUX data. We build upon previous LUX analyses by extending the search window to include nuclear recoil energies up to ∼180 keVnr, requiring a reassessment of data quality criteria and background models. In order to use an unbinned profile likelihood statistical framework, the development of new analysis techniques to account for higher-energy backgrounds was required. With a 3.14×104 kg·day exposure using data collected between 2014 and 2016, we find our data is compatible with the background expectation and set 90% C.L. exclusion limits on nonrelativistic EFT WIMP-nucleon couplings, improving upon previous LUX results and providing constraints on a EFT WIMP interactions using the {neutron,proton} interaction basis. Additionally, we report exclusion limits on inelastic EFT WIMP-isoscalar recoils that are competitive and world-leading for several interaction operators.
Published: 2021

38. Improving sensitivity to low-mass dark matter in LUX using a novel electrode background mitigation technique

Author: LUX Collaboration, Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Bang, J., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Druszkiewicz, E., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Korolkova, E. V., Kravitz, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. -M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Rhyne, C., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A., Velan, V., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xiang, X., Xu, J., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: This paper presents a novel technique for mitigating electrode backgrounds that limit the sensitivity of searches for low-mass dark matter (DM) using xenon time projection chambers. In the LUX detector, signatures of low-mass DM interactions would be very low energy ($\sim$keV) scatters in the active target that ionize only a few xenon atoms and seldom produce detectable scintillation signals. In this regime, extra precaution is required to reject a complex set of low-energy electron backgrounds that have long been observed in this class of detector. Noticing backgrounds from the wire grid electrodes near the top and bottom of the active target are particularly pernicious, we develop a machine learning technique based on ionization pulse shape to identify and reject these events. We demonstrate the technique can improve Poisson limits on low-mass DM interactions by a factor of $2$-$7$ with improvement depending heavily on the size of ionization signals. We use the technique on events in an effective $5$ tonne$\cdot$day exposure from LUX's 2013 science operation to place strong limits on low-mass DM particles with masses in the range $m_{\chi}\in0.15$-$10$ GeV. This machine learning technique is expected to be useful for near-future experiments, such as LZ and XENONnT, which hope to perform low-mass DM searches with the stringent background control necessary to make a discovery., Comment: 14 pages, 13 figures
Published: 2020
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39. Investigating the XENON1T Low-Energy Electronic Recoil Excess Using NEST

Author: Szydagis, M., Levy, C., Blockinger, G. M., Kamaha, A., Parveen, N., and Rischbieter, G. R. C.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: The search for dark matter, the missing mass of the Universe, is one of the most active fields of study within particle physics. The XENON1T experiment recently observed a 3.5$\sigma$ excess potentially consistent with dark matter, or with solar axions. Here, we will use the Noble Element Simulation Technique (NEST) software to simulate the XENON1T detector, reproducing the excess. We utilize different detector efficiency and energy reconstruction models, but they primarily impact sub-keV energies and cannot explain the XENON1T excess. However, using NEST, we can reproduce their excess in multiple, unique ways, most easily via the addition of 31$\pm$11 $^{37}Ar$ decays. Furthermore, this results in new, modified background models, reducing the significance of the excess to $\le2.2\sigma$ at least using non-Profile Likelihood Ratio (PLR) methods. This is independent confirmation that the excess is a real effect, but potentially explicable by known physics. Many cross-checks of our $^{37}Ar$ hypothesis are presented., Comment: published version
Published: 2020
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40. The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) radioactivity and cleanliness control programs

Author: Akerib, D. S., Akerlof, C. W., Akimov, D. Yu., Alquahtani, A., Alsum, S. K., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Arbuckle, A., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Auyeung, H., Aviles, S., Bai, X., Bailey, A. J., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Barry, M. J., Bauer, D., Bauer, P., Baxter, A., Belle, J., Beltrame, P., Bensinger, J., Benson, T., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Birrittella, B., Boast, K. E., Bolozdynya, A. I., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Bramante, R., Branson, S., Brás, P., Breidenbach, M., Brew, C. A. J., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V. V., Bunker, R., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Cabrita, R., Campbell, J. S., Carels, C., Carlsmith, D. L., Carlson, B., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Cascella, M., Chan, C., Cherwinka, J. J., Chiller, A. A., Chiller, C., Chott, N. I., Cole, A., Coleman, J., Colling, D., Conley, R. A., Cottle, A., Coughlen, R., Cox, G., Craddock, W. W., Curran, D., Currie, A., Cutter, J. E., da Cunhaw, J. P., Dahl, C. E., Dardin, S., Dasu, S., Davis, J., Davison, T. J. R., de Viveiros, L., Decheine, N., Dobi, A., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Dushkin, A., Edberg, T. K., Edwards, W. R., Edwards, B. N., Edwards, J., Elnimr, M. M., Emmet, W. T., Eriksen, S. R., Faham, C. H., Fan, A., Fayer, S., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Florang, I. M. Fogarty, Ford, P., Francis, V. B., Fraser, E. D., Froborg, F., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Gantos, N. J., Garcia, D., Gehman, V. M., Gelfand, R., Genovesi, J., Gerhard, R. M., Ghag, C., Gibson, E., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gokhale, S., Gomber, B., Gonda, T. G., Greenall, A., Greenwood, S., Gregerson, G., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C. B., Hall, C. R., Hamilton, D., Hans, S., Hanzel, K., Harrington, T., Harrison, A., Harrison, J., Hasselkus, C., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hemer, D., Hertel, S. A., Heise, J., Hillbrand, S., Hitchcock, O., Hjemfelt, C., Hoff, M. D., Holbrook, B., Holtom, E., Hor, J. Y-K., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hurteau, T. W., Ignarra, C. M., Irving, M. N., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Jeffery, S. N., Ji, W., Johnson, M., Johnson, J., Johnson, P., Jones, W. G., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A., Kamdin, K., Kasey, V., Kazkaz, K., Keefner, J., Khaitan, D., Khaleeq, M., Khazov, A., Khromov, A. V., Khurana, I., Kim, Y. D., Kim, W. T., Kocher, C. D., Kodroff, D., Konovalov, A. M., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Koyuncu, M., Kras, J., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S. W., Krebs, H. J., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kumpan, A. V., Kyre, S., Lambert, A. R., Landerud, B., Larsen, N. A., Laundrie, A., Leason, E. A., Lee, H. S., Lee, J., Lee, C., Lenardo, B. G., Leonard, D. S., Leonard, R., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Li, J., Liu, Y., Liao, J., Liao, F. -T., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, R., Liu, X., Loniewski, C., Lopes, M. I., Lopez-Asamar, E., Paredes, B. López, Lorenzon, W., Lucero, D., Luitz, S., Lyle, J. M., Lynch, C., Majewski, P. A., Makkinje, J., Malling, D. C., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Markley, D. J., MarrLaundrie, P., Martin, T. J., Marzioni, M. F., Maupin, C., McConnell, C. T., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Mei, D. -M., Meng, Y., Miller, E. H., Minaker, Z. J., Mizrachi, E., Mock, J., Molash, D., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Nesbit, J., Neves, F., Nikkel, J. A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Nilima, A., O'Dell, J., Oh, H., O'Neill, F. G., O'Sullivan, K., Olcina, I., Olevitch, M. A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Oxborough, L., Pagac, A., Pagenkopf, D., Pal, S., Palladino, K. J., Palmaccio, V. M., Palmer, J., Pangilinan, M., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Pease, E. K., Penning, B. P., Pereira, G., Pereira, C., Peterson, I. B., Piepke, A., Pierson, S., Powell, S., Preece, R. M., Pushkin, K., Qie, Y., Racine, M., Ratcliff, B. N., Reichenbacher, J., Reichhart, L., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rodrigues, J. P., Rose, H. J., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Rucinski, R., Rutherford, G., Saba, J. S., Sabarots, L., Santone, D., Sarychev, M., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Schubnell, M., Scovell, P. R., Severson, M., Seymour, D., Shaw, S., Shutt, G. W., Shutt, T. A., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Skarpaas, K., Skulski, W., Smith, A. R., Smith, R. J., Smith, R. E., So, J., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sosnovtsev, V. V., Stancu, I., Stark, M. R., Stephenson, S., Stern, N., Stevens, A., Stiegler, T. M., Stifter, K., Studley, R., Sumner, T. J., Sundarnath, K., Sutcliffe, P., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Tan, M., Taylor, W. C., Taylor, R., Taylor, D. J., Temples, D., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Thomas, K. J., Thomson, J. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., To, W. H., Tomás, A., Tope, T. E., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Tull, C. E., Turner, W., Tvrznikova, L., Utes, M., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Va'vra, J., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A., Verbus, J. R., Vietanen, T., Voirin, E., Vuosalo, C. O., Walcott, S., Waldron, W. L., Walker, K., Wang, J. J., Wang, R., Wang, L., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Migneault, J., Weatherly, S., Webb, R. C., Wei, W. -Z., While, M., White, R. G., White, J. T., White, D. T., Whitis, T. J., Wisniewski, W. J., Wilson, K., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Wolfs, J. D., Woodward, D., Worm, S. D., Xiang, X., Xiao, Q., Xu, J., Yeh, M., Yin, J., Young, I., Zhang, C., and Zarzhitsky, P.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a second-generation direct dark matter experiment with spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering sensitivity above $1.4 \times 10^{-48}$ cm$^{2}$ for a WIMP mass of 40 GeV/c$^{2}$ and a 1000 d exposure. LZ achieves this sensitivity through a combination of a large 5.6 t fiducial volume, active inner and outer veto systems, and radio-pure construction using materials with inherently low radioactivity content. The LZ collaboration performed an extensive radioassay campaign over a period of six years to inform material selection for construction and provide an input to the experimental background model against which any possible signal excess may be evaluated. The campaign and its results are described in this paper. We present assays of dust and radon daughters depositing on the surface of components as well as cleanliness controls necessary to maintain background expectations through detector construction and assembly. Finally, examples from the campaign to highlight fixed contaminant radioassays for the LZ photomultiplier tubes, quality control and quality assurance procedures through fabrication, radon emanation measurements of major sub-systems, and bespoke detector systems to assay scintillator are presented., Comment: 45 pages (79 inc. tables), 7 figures, 9 tables
Published: 2020
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41. Investigation of background electron emission in the LUX detector

Author: Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Druszkiewicz, E., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Korolkova, E. V., Kravitz, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. M., Moongweluwan, M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rhyne, C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Vacheret, A., Velan, V., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xu, J., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Dual-phase xenon detectors, as currently used in direct detection dark matter experiments, have observed elevated rates of background electron events in the low energy region. While this background negatively impacts detector performance in various ways, its origins have only been partially studied. In this paper we report a systematic investigation of the electron pathologies observed in the LUX dark matter experiment. We characterize different electron populations based on their emission intensities and their correlations with preceding energy depositions in the detector. By studying the background under different experimental conditions, we identified the leading emission mechanisms, including photoionization and the photoelectric effect induced by the xenon luminescence, delayed emission of electrons trapped under the liquid surface, capture and release of drifting electrons by impurities, and grid electron emission. We discuss how these backgrounds can be mitigated in LUX and future xenon-based dark matter experiments., Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures
Published: 2020
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42. Discrimination of electronic recoils from nuclear recoils in two-phase xenon time projection chambers

Author: LUX Collaboration, Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Druszkiewicz, E., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Korolkova, E. V., Kravitz, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. -M., Moongweluwan, M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rhyne, C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Vacheret, A., Velan, V., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xu, J., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: We present a comprehensive analysis of electronic recoil vs. nuclear recoil discrimination in liquid/gas xenon time projection chambers, using calibration data from the 2013 and 2014-16 runs of the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment. We observe strong charge-to-light discrimination enhancement with increased event energy. For events with S1 = 120 detected photons, i.e. equivalent to a nuclear recoil energy of $\sim$100 keV, we observe an electronic recoil background acceptance of $<10^{-5}$ at a nuclear recoil signal acceptance of 50%. We also observe modest electric field dependence of the discrimination power, which peaks at a field of around 300 V/cm over the range of fields explored in this study (50-500 V/cm). In the WIMP search region of S1 = 1-80 phd, the minimum electronic recoil leakage we observe is ${(7.3\pm0.6)\times10^{-4}}$, which is obtained for a drift field of 240-290 V/cm. Pulse shape discrimination is utilized to improve our results, and we find that, at low energies and low fields, there is an additional reduction in background leakage by a factor of up to 3. We develop an empirical model for recombination fluctuations which, when used alongside the Noble Element Scintillation Technique (NEST) simulation package, correctly reproduces the skewness of the electronic recoil data. We use this updated simulation to study the width of the electronic recoil band, finding that its dominant contribution comes from electron-ion recombination fluctuations, followed in magnitude of contribution by fluctuations in the S1 signal, fluctuations in the S2 signal, and fluctuations in the total number of quanta produced for a given energy deposition., Comment: 29 pages, 33 figures; minor typos corrected, references updated
Published: 2020
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43. An Effective Field Theory Analysis of the First LUX Dark Matter Search

Author: Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Druszkiewicz, E., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Korolkova, E. V., Kravitz, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Larsen, N. A., Leason, E., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. -M., Moongweluwan, M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rhyne, C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Vacheret, A., Velan, V., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xu, J., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) dark matter search was a 250-kg active mass dual-phase time projection chamber that operated by detecting light and ionization signals from particles incident on a xenon target. In December 2015, LUX reported a minimum 90% upper C.L. of 6e-46 cm^2 on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon elastic scattering cross section based on a 1.4e4 kg*day exposure in its first science run. Tension between experiments and the absence of a definitive positive detection suggest it would be prudent to search for WIMPs outside the standard spin-independent/spin-dependent paradigm. Recent theoretical work has identified a complete basis of 14 independent effective field theory (EFT) operators to describe WIMP-nucleon interactions. In addition to spin-independent and spin-dependent nuclear responses, these operators can produce novel responses such as angular-momentum-dependent and spin-orbit couplings. Here we report on a search for all 14 of these EFT couplings with data from LUX's first science run. Limits are placed on each coupling as a function of WIMP mass., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures
Published: 2020
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44. Simulations of Events for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Dark Matter Experiment

Author: Collaboration, The LUX-ZEPLIN, Akerib, D. S., Akerlof, C. W., Alqahtani, A., Alsum, S. K., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Bauer, D., Baxter, A., Bensinger, J., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Boast, K. E., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V. V., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Cabrita, R., Carels, C., Carlsmith, D. L., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Cascella, M., Chan, C., Chott, N. I., Cole, A., Cottle, A., Cutter, J. E., Dahl, C. E., de Viveiros, L., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Edberg, T. K., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fayer, S., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibson, E., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gokhale, S., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Hall, C. R., Harrison, A., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hor, J. Y-K., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kocher, C. D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kras, J., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E. A., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Li, J., Liao, J., Liao, F. -T., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, R., Liu, X., Loniewski, C., Lopes, M. I., Paredes, B. López, Lorenzon, W., Luitz, S., Lyle, J. M., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Marzioni, M. F., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Meng, Y., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Nilima, A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Pal, S., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Parveen, N., Pease, E. K., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Piepke, A., Pushkin, K., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Rutherford, G., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Schubnell, M., Scovell, P. R., Seymour, D., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Smith, R., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Tan, M., Taylor, W. C., Taylor, R., Temples, D. J., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tomás, A., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Turner, W., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, W., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., White, R. G., Whitis, T. J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xiang, X., Xu, J., Yeh, M., and Zarzhitsky, P.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter search aims to achieve a sensitivity to the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross-section down to (1--2)$\times10^{-12}$\,pb at a WIMP mass of 40 GeV/$c^2$. This paper describes the simulations framework that, along with radioactivity measurements, was used to support this projection, and also to provide mock data for validating reconstruction and analysis software. Of particular note are the event generators, which allow us to model the background radiation, and the detector response physics used in the production of raw signals, which can be converted into digitized waveforms similar to data from the operational detector. Inclusion of the detector response allows us to process simulated data using the same analysis routines as developed to process the experimental data., Comment: 24 pages, 19 figures; Corresponding Authors: A. Cottle, V. Kudryavtsev, D. Woodward
Published: 2020
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45. Improving sensitivity to low-mass dark matter in LUX using a novel electrode background mitigation technique

Author: Akerib, DS, Alsum, S, Araújo, HM, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Bang, J, Baxter, A, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Boulton, EM, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Byram, D, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Chan, C, Cutter, JE, de Viveiros, L, Druszkiewicz, E, Fan, A, Fiorucci, S, Gaitskell, RJ, Ghag, C, Gilchriese, MGD, Gwilliam, C, Hall, CR, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hogan, DP, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jacobsen, RG, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Korolkova, EV, Kravitz, S, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, E, Lenardo, BG, Lesko, KT, Liao, J, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Lopes, MI, Manalaysay, A, Mannino, RL, Marangou, N, McKinsey, DN, Mei, DM, Morad, JA, Murphy, ASJ, Naylor, A, Nehrkorn, C, Nelson, HN, Neves, F, Nilima, A, Oliver-Mallory, KC, Palladino, KJ, Rhyne, C, Riffard, Q, Rischbieter, GRC, Rossiter, P, Shaw, S, Shutt, TA, Silva, C, Solmaz, M, Solovov, VN, Sorensen, P, Sumner, TJ, Swanson, N, Szydagis, M, Taylor, DJ, Taylor, R, Taylor, WC, Tennyson, BP, Terman, PA, Tiedt, DR, To, WH, Tvrznikova, L, Utku, U, Vacheret, A, Vaitkus, A, Velan, V, Webb, RC, White, JT, Whitis, TJ, Witherell, MS, Wolfs, FLH, Woodward, D, Xiang, X, Xu, J, and Zhang, C
Abstract: This paper presents a novel technique for mitigating electrode backgrounds that limit the sensitivity of searches for low-mass dark matter (DM) using xenon time projection chambers. In the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) detector, signatures of low-mass DM interactions would be very low-energy () scatters in the active target that ionize only a few xenon atoms and seldom produce detectable scintillation signals. In this regime, extra precaution is required to reject a complex set of low-energy electron backgrounds that have long been observed in this class of detector. Noticing backgrounds from the wire grid electrodes near the top and bottom of the active target are particularly pernicious, we develop a machine learning technique based on ionization pulse shape to identify and reject these events. We demonstrate the technique can improve Poisson limits on low-mass DM interactions by a factor of 1.7-3 with improvement depending heavily on the size of ionization signals. We use the technique on events in an effective 5 tonne·day exposure from LUX’s 2013 science operation to place strong limits on low-mass DM particles with masses in the range . This machine learning technique is expected to be useful for near-future experiments, such as LUX-ZEPLIN and XENONnT, which hope to perform low-mass DM searches with the stringent background control necessary to make a discovery.
Published: 2021

46. Effective field theory analysis of the first LUX dark matter search

Author: Akerib, DS, Alsum, S, Araújo, HM, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Baxter, A, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Boulton, EM, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Byram, D, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Chan, C, Cutter, JE, De Viveiros, L, Druszkiewicz, E, Fan, A, Fiorucci, S, Gaitskell, RJ, Ghag, C, Gilchriese, MGD, Gwilliam, C, Hall, CR, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hogan, DP, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jacobsen, RG, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Korolkova, EV, Kravitz, S, Kudryavtsev, VA, Larsen, NA, Leason, E, Lenardo, BG, Lesko, KT, Liao, J, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Lopes, MI, Manalaysay, A, Mannino, RL, Marangou, N, McKinsey, DN, Mei, DM, Moongweluwan, M, Morad, JA, Murphy, ASJ, Naylor, A, Nehrkorn, C, Nelson, HN, Neves, F, Nilima, A, Oliver-Mallory, KC, Palladino, KJ, Pease, EK, Riffard, Q, Rischbieter, GRC, Rhyne, C, Rossiter, P, Shaw, S, Shutt, TA, Silva, C, Solmaz, M, Solovov, VN, Sorensen, P, Sumner, TJ, Szydagis, M, Taylor, DJ, Taylor, R, Taylor, WC, Tennyson, BP, Terman, PA, Tiedt, DR, To, WH, Tvrznikova, L, Utku, U, Uvarov, S, Vacheret, A, Velan, V, Webb, RC, White, JT, Whitis, TJ, Witherell, MS, Wolfs, FLH, Woodward, D, Xu, J, and Zhang, C
Abstract: The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) dark matter search was a 250-kg active mass dual-phase time projection chamber that operated by detecting light and ionization signals from particles incident on a xenon target. In December 2015, LUX reported a minimum 90% upper C.L. of 6×10-46 cm2 on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon elastic scattering cross section based on a 1.4×104 kg·day exposure in its first science run. Tension between experiments and the absence of a definitive positive detection suggest it would be prudent to search for WIMPs outside the standard spin-independent/spin-dependent paradigm. Recent theoretical work has identified a complete basis of 14 independent effective field theory (EFT) operators to describe WIMP-nucleon interactions. In addition to spin-independent and spin-dependent nuclear responses, these operators can produce novel responses such as angular-momentum-dependent and spin-orbit couplings. Here we report on a search for all 14 of these EFT couplings with data from LUX's first science run. Limits are placed on each coupling as a function of WIMP mass.
Published: 2021

47. Design and production of the high voltage electrode grids and electron extraction region for the LZ dual-phase xenon time projection chamber

Author: Linehan, R, Mannino, RL, Fan, A, Ignarra, CM, Luitz, S, Skarpaas, K, Shutt, TA, Akerib, DS, Alsum, SK, Anderson, TJ, Araújo, HM, Arthurs, M, Auyeung, H, Bailey, AJ, Biesiadzinski, TP, Breidenbach, M, Cherwinka, JJ, Conley, RA, Genovesi, J, Gilchriese, MGD, Glaenzer, A, Gonda, TG, Hanzel, K, Hoff, MD, Ji, W, Kaboth, AC, Kravitz, S, Kurita, NR, Lambert, AR, Lesko, KT, Lorenzon, W, Majewski, PA, Miller, EH, Monzani, ME, Palladino, KJ, Ratcliff, BN, Saba, JS, Santone, D, Shutt, GW, Stifter, K, Szydagis, M, Tomás, A, Va'vra, J, Waldron, WL, Webb, RC, White, RG, Whitis, TJ, Wilson, K, and Wisniewski, WJ
Subjects: physics.ins-det, astro-ph.IM, hep-ex
Abstract: The dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC) is a powerful tool fordirect-detection experiments searching for WIMP dark matter, other dark mattermodels, and neutrinoless double-beta decay. Successful operation of such a TPCis critically dependent on the ability to hold high electric fields in the bulkliquid, across the liquid surface, and in the gas. Careful design andconstruction of the electrodes used to establish these fields is thereforerequired. We present the design and production of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ)experiment's high-voltage electrodes, a set of four woven mesh wire grids. Griddesign drivers are discussed, with emphasis placed on design of the electronextraction region. We follow this with a description of the grid productionprocess and a discussion of steps taken to validate the LZ grids prior tointegration into the TPC.
Published: 2021

48. Projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment to the $0\nu\beta\beta$ decay of $^{136}$Xe

Author: Akerib, D. S., Akerlof, C. W., Alqahtani, A., Alsum, S. K., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Baxter, A., Bensinger, J., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Boast, K. E., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V. V., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Cabrita, R., Carels, C., Carlsmith, D. L., Benitez, M. C. Carmona, Cascella, M., Chan, C., Chott, N. I., Cole, A., Cottle, A., Cutter, J. E., Dahl, C. E., de Viveiros, L., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Edberg, T. K., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibson, E., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gokhale, S., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Hall, C. R., Harrison, A., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hor, J. YK., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kocher, C. D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kras, J., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E. A., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Li, J., Liao, J., Liao, F. T., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, R., Liu, X., Loniewski, C., Lopes, M. I., Paredes, B. López, Lorenzon, W., Luitz, S., Lyle, J. M., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Marzioni, M. F., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Meng, Y., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Nilima, A., O'Sullivan, K., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Pal, S., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Parveen, N., Pease, E. K., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Pushkin, K., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Rutherford, G., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Schubnell, M., Seymour, D., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Smith, R., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Tan, M., Taylor, W. C., Taylor, R., Temples, D. J., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tomás, A., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Turner, W., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, W., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., White, R. G., Whitis, T. J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xiang, X., Xu, J., Yeh, M., and Zarzhitsky, P.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will enable a neutrinoless double beta decay search in parallel to the main science goal of discovering dark matter particle interactions. We report the expected LZ sensitivity to $^{136}$Xe neutrinoless double beta decay, taking advantage of the significant ($>$600 kg) $^{136}$Xe mass contained within the active volume of LZ without isotopic enrichment. After 1000 live-days, the median exclusion sensitivity to the half-life of $^{136}$Xe is projected to be 1.06$\times$10$^{26}$ years (90% confidence level), similar to existing constraints. We also report the expected sensitivity of a possible subsequent dedicated exposure using 90% enrichment with $^{136}$Xe at 1.06$\times$10$^{27}$ years., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, version 2 changes: additional clarifications requested by referee on Sections II.A, III.C, III.E, III.F and IV.B
Published: 2019
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49. Search for two neutrino double electron capture of $^{124}$Xe and $^{126}$Xe in the full exposure of the LUX detector

Author: LUX Collaboration, Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Druszkiewicz, E., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Korolkova, E. V., Kravits, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Marzioni, M. F., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. -M., Moongweluwan, M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rhyne, C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tripathi, M., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Vacheret, A., Velan, V., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xu, J., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Two-neutrino double electron capture is a process allowed in the Standard Model of Particle Physics. This rare decay has been observed in $^{78}$Kr, $^{130}$Ba and more recently in $^{124}$Xe. In this publication we report on the search for this process in $^{124}$Xe and $^{126}$Xe using the full exposure of the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment, in a total of of 27769.5~kg-days. No evidence of a signal was observed, allowing us to set 90\% C.L. lower limits for the half-lives of these decays of $2.0\times10^{21}$~years for $^{124}$Xe and $1.9\times10^{21}$~years for $^{126}$Xe., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures
Published: 2019
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50. Discrimination of electronic recoils from nuclear recoils in two-phase xenon time projection chambers

Author: Akerib, DS, Alsum, S, Araújo, HM, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Baxter, A, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Boulton, EM, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Byram, D, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Chan, C, Cutter, JE, De Viveiros, L, Druszkiewicz, E, Fan, A, Fiorucci, S, Gaitskell, RJ, Ghag, C, Gilchriese, MGD, Gwilliam, C, Hall, CR, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hogan, DP, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jacobsen, RG, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Korolkova, EV, Kravitz, S, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, E, Lenardo, BG, Lesko, KT, Liao, J, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Lopes, MI, Manalaysay, A, Mannino, RL, Marangou, N, McKinsey, DN, Mei, DM, Moongweluwan, M, Morad, JA, Murphy, ASJ, Naylor, A, Nehrkorn, C, Nelson, HN, Neves, F, Nilima, A, Oliver-Mallory, KC, Palladino, KJ, Pease, EK, Riffard, Q, Rischbieter, GRC, Rhyne, C, Rossiter, P, Shaw, S, Shutt, TA, Silva, C, Solmaz, M, Solovov, VN, Sorensen, P, Sumner, TJ, Szydagis, M, Taylor, DJ, Taylor, R, Taylor, WC, Tennyson, BP, Terman, PA, Tiedt, DR, To, WH, Tvrznikova, L, Utku, U, Uvarov, S, Vacheret, A, Velan, V, Webb, RC, White, JT, Whitis, TJ, Witherell, MS, Wolfs, FLH, Woodward, D, Xu, J, and Zhang, C
Subjects: physics.ins-det, hep-ex, nucl-ex
Abstract: We present a comprehensive analysis of electronic recoil vs nuclear recoil discrimination in liquid/gas xenon time projection chambers, using calibration data from the 2013 and 2014-2016 runs of the Large Underground Xenon experiment. We observe strong charge-to-light discrimination enhancement with increased event energy. For events with S1=120 detected photons, i.e., equivalent to a nuclear recoil energy of ∼100 keV, we observe an electronic recoil background acceptance of
Published: 2020

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