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1. Author Correction: European primary forest database v2.0 (Scientific Data, (2021), 8, 1, (220), 10.1038/s41597-021-00988-7)

Author

Sabatini F. M., Bluhm H., Kun Z., Aksenov D., Atauri J. A., Buchwald E., Burrascano S., Cateau E., Diku A., Duarte I. M., Fernandez Lopez A. B., Garbarino M., Grigoriadis N., Horvath F., Keren S., Kitenberga M., Kis A., Kraut A., Ibisch P. L., Larrieu L., Lombardi F., Matovic B., Melu R. N., Meyer P., Midteng R., Mikac S., Mikolas M., Mozgeris G., Panayotov M., Pisek R., Nunes L., Ruete A., Schickhofer M., Simovski B., Stillhard J., Stojanovic D., Szwagrzyk J., Tikkanen O. -P., Toromani E., Volosyanchuk R., Vrska T., Waldherr M., Yermokhin M., Zlatanov T., Zagidullina A., Kuemmerle T., Sabatini F.M., Bluhm H., Kun Z., Aksenov D., Atauri J.A., Buchwald E., Burrascano S., Cateau E., Diku A., Duarte I.M., Fernandez Lopez A.B., Garbarino M., Grigoriadis N., Horvath F., Keren S., Kitenberga M., Kis A., Kraut A., Ibisch P.L., Larrieu L., Lombardi F., Matovic B., Melu R.N., Meyer P., Midteng R., Mikac S., Mikolas M., Mozgeris G., Panayotov M., Pisek R., Nunes L., Ruete A., Schickhofer M., Simovski B., Stillhard J., Stojanovic D., Szwagrzyk J., Tikkanen O.-P., Toromani E., Volosyanchuk R., Vrska T., Waldherr M., Yermokhin M., Zlatanov T., Zagidullina A., and Kuemmerle T.

Subjects
ComputingMethodologies_PATTERNRECOGNITION, n.a, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries)
Abstract

The original version of this Data Descriptor omitted the following information from the Acknowledgements.

Published
2021

3. Between biodiversity conservation and sustainable forest management - A multidisciplinary assessment of the emblematic Bialowieza Forest case

Author

Blicharska, Malgorzata, Angelstam, P., Giessen, L., Hilszczanski, J., Hermanowicz, E., Holeksa, J., Jacobsen, J. B., Jaroszewicz, B., Konczal, A., Konieczny, A., Mikusinski, G., Mirek, Z., Mohren, F., Muys, B., Niedzialkowski, K., Sotirov, M., Sterenczak, K., Szwagrzyk, J., Winder, G. M., Witkowski, Z., Zaplata, R., Winkel, G., Blicharska, Malgorzata, Angelstam, P., Giessen, L., Hilszczanski, J., Hermanowicz, E., Holeksa, J., Jacobsen, J. B., Jaroszewicz, B., Konczal, A., Konieczny, A., Mikusinski, G., Mirek, Z., Mohren, F., Muys, B., Niedzialkowski, K., Sotirov, M., Sterenczak, K., Szwagrzyk, J., Winder, G. M., Witkowski, Z., Zaplata, R., and Winkel, G.

Abstract

The tension between biodiversity conservation and multipurpose forest management may lead to conflicts. An internationally prominent example is the Bialowieza Forest Massif (BFM), an extensive forest complex with high levels of naturalness. We apply a systematic, multidisciplinary assessment process to review empirical evidence on different dimensions of the BFM conflict. While there is broad consensus that this forest massif is an exceptional place worth conserving and that a way forward is a zonation system combining conservation with management, exactly how this should be done has yet to be agreed upon. Our assessment shows that the key reasons for the BFM controversy go beyond the availability of knowledge on the ecological status of the BFM and include: 1) evidence stemming from different sources, which is often contradictory and prone to different interpretations; 2) knowledge gaps, particularly with regard to socio-economic drivers and beneficiaries as well as uncertainties about future trends; 3) fundamentally different values and priorities among stakeholder groups, resulting in power struggles, and an overall lack of trust. We conclude that evidence-based knowledge alone is insufficient to cope with complex conservation conflicts. While more evidence may help assess the consequences of decisions, the actual management decisions depend on different actors' worldviews, which are rooted in their professional identities and power, and their political and legal realities. This calls for conflict management through a well-organized participatory process organized and supervised by a body deemed legitimate by the groups involved.

Published
2020
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4. Between biodiversity conservation and sustainable forest management – A multidisciplinary assessment of the emblematic Białowieża Forest case

Author

Blicharska, M., Angelstam, P., Giessen, L., Hilszczański, J., Hermanowicz, E., Holeksa, J., Jacobsen, J. B., Jaroszewicz, B., Konczal, A., Konieczny, A., Mikusiński, G., Mirek, Z., Mohren, F., Muys, B., Niedziałkowski, K., Sotirov, M., Stereńczak, K., Szwagrzyk, J., Winder, G. M., Witkowski, Z., Zaplata, R., Winkel, G., Blicharska, M., Angelstam, P., Giessen, L., Hilszczański, J., Hermanowicz, E., Holeksa, J., Jacobsen, J. B., Jaroszewicz, B., Konczal, A., Konieczny, A., Mikusiński, G., Mirek, Z., Mohren, F., Muys, B., Niedziałkowski, K., Sotirov, M., Stereńczak, K., Szwagrzyk, J., Winder, G. M., Witkowski, Z., Zaplata, R., and Winkel, G.

Abstract

The tension between biodiversity conservation and multipurpose forest management may lead to conflicts. An internationally prominent example is the Białowieża Forest Massif (BFM), an extensive forest complex with high levels of naturalness. We apply a systematic, multidisciplinary assessment process to review empirical evidence on different dimensions of the BFM conflict. While there is broad consensus that this forest massif is an exceptional place worth conserving and that a way forward is a zonation system combining conservation with management, exactly how this should be done has yet to be agreed upon. Our assessment shows that the key reasons for the BFM controversy go beyond the availability of knowledge on the ecological status of the BFM and include: 1) evidence stemming from different sources, which is often contradictory and prone to different interpretations; 2) knowledge gaps, particularly with regard to socio-economic drivers and beneficiaries as well as uncertainties about future trends; 3) fundamentally different values and priorities among stakeholder groups, resulting in power struggles, and an overall lack of trust. We conclude that evidence-based knowledge alone is insufficient to cope with complex conservation conflicts. While more evidence may help assess the consequences of decisions, the actual management decisions depend on different actors' worldviews, which are rooted in their professional identities and power, and their political and legal realities. This calls for conflict management through a well-organized participatory process organized and supervised by a body deemed legitimate by the groups involved.

Published
2020

5. Between biodiversity conservation and sustainable forest management – A multidisciplinary assessment of the emblematic Białowieża Forest case

Author

Blicharska, M., primary, Angelstam, P., additional, Giessen, L., additional, Hilszczański, J., additional, Hermanowicz, E., additional, Holeksa, J., additional, Jacobsen, J.B., additional, Jaroszewicz, B., additional, Konczal, A., additional, Konieczny, A., additional, Mikusiński, G., additional, Mirek, Z., additional, Mohren, F., additional, Muys, B., additional, Niedziałkowski, K., additional, Sotirov, M., additional, Stereńczak, K., additional, Szwagrzyk, J., additional, Winder, G.M., additional, Witkowski, Z., additional, Zaplata, R., additional, and Winkel, G., additional

Published
2020
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6. Book reviews

Author

Kamińska, Maria, Dzierżyńska, A., Grzesiak, S., Szwagrzyk, J., Rafalski, A., Marszałkowski, G., Pietkiewicz, S., Łoboda, T., and Zagdańska, B.

Published
1998
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9. Spatio-Temporal Development of Forests - Current Trends in Field Methods and Models

Author

Gratzer, G., Canham, C., Dieckmann, U., Fischer, A., Iwasa, Y., Law, R., Lexer, M.J., Sandmann, H., Spies, T.A., Splechtna, B.E., and Szwagrzyk, J.

Abstract

We present a critical review of current trends in research of spatio-temporal development of forests. The paper addresses (1) field methods for the development of spatially-explicit models of forest dynamics and their integration in models of forest dynamics, (2) strengths and limitations of traditional patch models versus spatially-explicit, individual-based models, and (3) the potential for moment-based methods in the analysis of forest dynamics. These topics are discussed with reference to their potential for solving open questions in the studies of forest dynamics. The study of spatio-temporal processes provides a link between pattern and process in plant communities, and plays a crucial role in understanding ecosystem dynamics. In the last decade, the development of spatially-explicit, individual-based models shifted the focus of forest dynamics modelling from the dynamics of discrete patches to the interactions among individual organisms, thus encapsulating the theory of "neighbourhood" dynamics. In turn, the stochastic properties and the complexity of spatially-explicit, individual-based models gave rise to the development of a new suite of so-called moment-based models. These new models describe the dynamics of individuals and of pairs of individuals in terms of their densities, thus directly capturing second-order information on spatial structure. So far, this approach has not been applied to forests; we indicate extensions needed for such applications. Moment-based models may be an important complement to spatially explicit individual-based models in developing a general spatial theory of forest dynamics. However, both kinds of models currently focus on fine scales, whereas a critical issue in forest dynamics is to understand the interaction of fine-scale processes with coarser-scale disturbances. To obtain a more complete picture of forest dynamics, the relevant links and interactions between fine-, intermediate-, and coarse-scale processes ought to be identified. Intensive links between modelling work and field studies designed across different scales are a promising means to create a new perspective on forest dynamics.

Published
2004

13. European primary forest database v2.0

Author

Ferenc Horváth, Olli-Pekka Tikkanen, Gintautas Mozgeris, Srđan Keren, Nikolaos Grigoriadis, Matthias Schickhofer, Tobias Kuemmerle, Sabina Burrascano, Dmitry Aksenov, Stjepan Mikac, Jerzy Szwagrzyk, Jonas Stillhard, Erik Buchwald, Tomáš Vrška, Asiya Zagidullina, Rein Midteng, Roman Volosyanchuk, Ángel B. Fernández López, Alen Kiš, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Matteo Garbarino, Elvin Toromani, Leónia Nunes, Momchil Panayotov, Fabio Lombardi, Laurent Larrieu, Radu Nicolae Melu, Martin Mikoláš, Inês Duarte, Mara Kitenberga, Bojan Simovski, Marcus Waldherr, Alejandro Ruete, Peter Meyer, Ann Kraut, José A. Atauri, Eugénie Cateau, Maxim Yermokhin, Rok Pisek, Pierre L. Ibisch, Hendrik Bluhm, Dejan Stojanović, Bratislav Matović, Zoltan Kun, Abdulla Diku, Francesco Maria Sabatini, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Frankfurt Zoological Society, NGO 'Transparent World', Instituto Complutense de Estudios Internacionales (ICEI), Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), MINISTRY OF THE DANISH ENVIRONMENT NATURE AGENCY GRAESTED DNK, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Réserves Naturelles de France, PSEDA ILIRIA ORGANIZATION TIRANA ALB, Centre for Applied Ecology 'Prof. Baeta Neves' (CEABN – InBIO), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Parque Nacional de Garajonay, Università degli studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze Agarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Forest Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Vassilika, Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Va´cra´to´t, Hungary, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Latvian State Forest Research Institute 'Silava', Institute for Nature Conservation of Vojvodina Province, University of Tartu, Dynamiques et écologie des paysages agriforestiers (DYNAFOR), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), CNPF-CRPF Occitanie, Institute of Computer Science [University of Tartu, Estonie], University of Novi Sad, World Wide Fund for Nature, Northwest German Forest Research Institute, Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) ETN-WIE-FZS-001, European Commission Joint Research Centre 658876, Department for Nature Protection of the Italian Ministry of the Environment, Land and Sea Protection, Region Pays de la LoireRegion OccitanieRegion Ile-de-France, Czech Science Foundation (Grant GACR) 21-27454S, institutional project EVA CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803, Ministry of Education, Science & Technological Development, Serbia 451-03-9/2021-14/200197, German Research Foundation (DFG), Sabatini F.M., Bluhm H., Kun Z., Aksenov D., Atauri J.A., Buchwald E., Burrascano S., Cateau E., Diku A., Duarte I.M., Fernandez Lopez A.B., Garbarino M., Grigoriadis N., Horvath F., Keren S., Kitenberga M., Kis A., Kraut A., Ibisch P.L., Larrieu L., Lombardi F., Matovic B., Melu R.N., Meyer P., Midteng R., Mikac S., Mikolas M., Mozgeris G., Panayotov M., Pisek R., Nunes L., Ruete A., Schickhofer M., Simovski B., Stillhard J., Stojanovic D., Szwagrzyk J., Tikkanen O.-P., Toromani E., Volosyanchuk R., Vrska T., Waldherr M., Yermokhin M., Zlatanov T., Zagidullina A., and Kuemmerle T.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Statistics and Probability, Data Descriptor, Conservation of Natural Resources, Databases, Factual, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, Forest management, Biodiversity, Potential natural vegetation, Library and Information Sciences, Forests, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Education, Databases, Forest ecology, ddc:550, Conservation of Natural Resource, Factual, database, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, European primary forest, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, geography.geographical_feature_category, Agroforestry, Conservation biology, 15. Life on land, Old-growth forest, Field (geography), 550 Geowissenschaften, Computer Science Applications, Europe, Geography, Disturbance (ecology), Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, Information Systems
Abstract

Primary forests, defined here as forests where the signs of human impacts, if any, are strongly blurred due to decades without forest management, are scarce in Europe and continue to disappear. Despite these losses, we know little about where these forests occur. Here, we present a comprehensive geodatabase and map of Europe’s known primary forests. Our geodatabase harmonizes 48 different, mostly field-based datasets of primary forests, and contains 18,411 individual patches (41.1 Mha) spread across 33 countries. When available, we provide information on each patch (name, location, naturalness, extent and dominant tree species) and the surrounding landscape (biogeographical regions, protection status, potential natural vegetation, current forest extent). Using Landsat satellite-image time series (1985–2018) we checked each patch for possible disturbance events since primary forests were identified, resulting in 94% of patches free of significant disturbances in the last 30 years. Although knowledge gaps remain, ours is the most comprehensive dataset on primary forests in Europe, and will be useful for ecological studies, and conservation planning to safeguard these unique forests., Measurement(s)Geographic DistributionTechnology Type(s)digital curationFactor Type(s)countrySample Characteristic - Environmentprimary forestSample Characteristic - LocationEurope Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14540625

Published
2021
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14. Protection gaps and restoration opportunities for primary forests in Europe

Author

Miroslav Svoboda, Inês Duarte, Péter Ódor, Jonas Stillhard, Helge Bruelheide, Leónia Nunes, Kris Vandekerkhove, Alejandro Ruete, Momchil Panayotov, Francesco Maria Sabatini, Bojan Simovski, Juergen Bauhus, William S. Keeton, Nikolaos Grigoriadis, Peter Meyer, Olli-Pekka Tikkanen, Matteo Garbarino, Marcus Lindner, Nicolas Debaive, Johan Svensson, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Pieter Johannes Verkerk, Sabina Burrascano, Fabio Lombardi, Tomáš Vrška, Martin Mikoláš, Gintautas Mozgeris, Jerzy Szwagrzyk, Renzo Motta, Roman Volosyanchuk, Tobias Kuemmerle, Sabatini F.M., Keeton W.S., Lindner M., Svoboda M., Verkerk P.J., Bauhus J., Bruelheide H., Burrascano S., Debaive N., Duarte I., Garbarino M., Grigoriadis N., Lombardi F., Mikolas M., Meyer P., Motta R., Mozgeris G., Nunes L., Odor P., Panayotov M., Ruete A., Simovski B., Stillhard J., Svensson J., Szwagrzyk J., Tikkanen O.-P., Vandekerkhove K., Volosyanchuk R., Vrska T., Zlatanov T., Kuemmerle T., Kris Vandekerkhove, Leonia Nunes, Sabina Burrascano, Martin Mikolas, Momchil Panayotov, Gintautas Mozgeris, Pieter Johannes Verkerk, Miroslav Svoboda, Jonas Stillhard, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Marcus Lindner, Francesco Sabatini, Péter Òdor, Helge Bruelheide, Matteo Garbarino, Bojan Simovski, Inês Duarte, Jürgen Bauhus, Martin Mikoláš, Renzo Motta, and RACHEL Elisabeth BITOUN

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Range (biology), Biodiversity, Distribution (economics), Potential natural vegetation, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, conservation priorities, old-growth forest, protection gap, conservation prioritie, primary forest, gap analysi, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, biodiversity conservation, gap analysis, protected areas, restoration opportunities, strict protection, virgin forest, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Agroforestry, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Forest Science, Gap analysis (conservation), 15. Life on land, Old-growth forest, Geography, protected area, restoration opportunitie, business, Protected area
Abstract

Aims: Primary forests are critical for forest biodiversity and provide key ecosystem services. In Europe, these forests are particularly scarce and it is unclear whether they are sufficiently protected. Here we aim to: (a) understand whether extant primary forests are representative of the range of naturally occurring forest types, (b) identify forest types which host enough primary forest under strict protection to meet conservation targets and (c) highlight areas where restoration is needed and feasible. Location: Europe. Methods: We combined a unique geodatabase of primary forests with maps of forest cover, potential natural vegetation, biogeographic regions and protected areas to quantify the proportion of extant primary forest across Europe's forest types and to identify gaps in protection. Using spatial predictions of primary forest locations to account for underreporting of primary forests, we then highlighted areas where restoration could complement protection. Results: We found a substantial bias in primary forest distribution across forest types. Of the 54 forest types we assessed, six had no primary forest at all, and in two-thirds of forest types, less than 1% of forest was primary. Even if generally protected, only ten forest types had more than half of their primary forests strictly protected. Protecting all documented primary forests requires expanding the protected area networks by 1,132km2 (19,194km2 when including also predicted primary forests). Encouragingly, large areas of non-primary forest existed inside protected areas for most types, thus presenting restoration opportunities. Main conclusion: Europe's primary forests are in a perilous state, as also acknowledged by EU's “Biodiversity Strategy for 2030.” Yet, there are considerable opportunities for ensuring better protection and restoring primary forest structure, composition and functioning, at least partially. We advocate integrated policy reforms that explicitly account for the irreplaceable nature of primary forests and ramp up protection and restoration efforts alike.

Published
2020

15. Where are Europe’s last primary forests?

Author

Momchil Panayotov, Nicolas Debaive, William S. Keeton, Renzo Motta, Francesco Maria Sabatini, Bojan Simovski, Christian Levers, Miroslav Svoboda, Florian Pötzschner, Erik Buchwald, Nikolaos Grigoriadis, Jürgen Bauhus, Leónia Nunes, Olli-Pekka Tikkanen, Tomáš Vrška, Stjepan Mikac, Oleh Chaskovsky, Gintautas Mozgeris, Jonas Stillhard, Peter Meyer, Péter Ódor, Pieter Johannes Verkerk, Tobias Kuemmerle, Inês Duarte, Marcus Lindner, Rein Midteng, Matteo Garbarino, Sabina Burrascano, Jerzy Szwagrzyk, Roman Volosyanchuk, Alejandro Ruete, Ferenc Horváth, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Fabio Lombardi, Martin Mikoláš, Sabatini F.M., Burrascano S., Keeton W.S., Levers C., Lindner M., Potzschner F., Verkerk P.J., Bauhus J., Buchwald E., Chaskovsky O., Debaive N., Horvath F., Garbarino M., Grigoriadis N., Lombardi F., Marques Duarte I., Meyer P., Midteng R., Mikac S., Mikolas M., Motta R., Mozgeris G., Nunes L., Panayotov M., Odor P., Ruete A., Simovski B., Stillhard J., Svoboda M., Szwagrzyk J., Tikkanen O.-P., Volosyanchuk R., Vrska T., Zlatanov T., and Kuemmerle T.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Sustainable forest management, boosted regression trees, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, boosted regression trees, forest naturalness, land-use change, old-growth forest, primary forest, spatial determinants, sustainable forest management, virgin forest, boosted regression tree, spatial determinant, land-use change, old-growth forest, primary forest, Land use, land-use change and forestry, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Primary (chemistry), geography.geographical_feature_category, forest naturalness, spatial determinants, sustainable forest management, virgin forest, Ecology, Agroforestry, 15. Life on land, Old-growth forest, Geography, forest naturalne
Abstract

Aim: Primary forests have high conservation value but are rare in Europe due to his-toric land use. Yet many primary forest patches remain unmapped, and it is unclear to what extent they are effectively protected. Our aim was to (1) compile the most com-prehensive European-scale map of currently known primary forests, (2) analyse the spatial determinants characterizing their location and (3) locate areas where so far unmapped primary forests likely occur.Location: Europe.Methods: We aggregated data from a literature review, online questionnaires and 32 datasets of primary forests. We used boosted regression trees to explore which bio-physical, socio- economic and forest- related variables explain the current distribution of primary forests. Finally, we predicted and mapped the relative likelihood of pri-mary forest occurrence at a 1- km resolution across Europe.Results: Data on primary forests were frequently incomplete or inconsistent among countries. Known primary forests covered 1.4 Mha in 32 countries (0.7% of Europe’s forest area). Most of these forests were protected (89%), but only 46% of them strictly. Primary forests mostly occurred in mountain and boreal areas and were un-evenly distributed across countries, biogeographical regions and forest types. Unmapped primary forests likely occur in the least accessible and populated areas, where forests cover a greater share of land, but wood demand historically has been low.Main conclusions: Despite their outstanding conservation value, primary forests are rare and their current distribution is the result of centuries of land use and forest management. The conservation outlook for primary forests is uncertain as many are not strictly protected and most are small and fragmented, making them prone to ex- tinction debt and human disturbance. Predicting where unmapped primary forests likely occur could guide conservation efforts, especially in Eastern Europe where large areas of primary forest still exist but are being lost at an alarming pace.

Published
2018

16. Natural disturbance regimes as a guide for sustainable forest management in Europe.

Author

Aszalós R, Thom D, Aakala T, Angelstam P, Brūmelis G, Gálhidy L, Gratzer G, Hlásny T, Katzensteiner K, Kovács B, Knoke T, Larrieu L, Motta R, Müller J, Ódor P, Roženbergar D, Paillet Y, Pitar D, Standovár T, Svoboda M, Szwagrzyk J, Toscani P, and Keeton WS

Subjects
Biodiversity, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Europe, Forestry methods, Trees, Ecosystem, Forests
Abstract

In Europe, forest management has controlled forest dynamics to sustain commodity production over multiple centuries. Yet over-regulation for growth and yield diminishes resilience to environmental stress as well as threatens biodiversity, leading to increasing forest susceptibility to an array of disturbances. These trends have stimulated interest in alternative management systems, including natural dynamics silviculture (NDS). NDS aims to emulate natural disturbance dynamics at stand and landscape scales through silvicultural manipulations of forest structure and landscape patterns. We adapted a "Comparability Index" (CI) to assess convergence/divergence between natural disturbances and forest management effects. We extended the original CI concept based on disturbance size and frequency by adding the residual structure of canopy trees after a disturbance as a third dimension. We populated the model by compiling data on natural disturbance dynamics and management from 13 countries in Europe, covering four major forest types (i.e., spruce, beech, oak, and pine-dominated forests). We found that natural disturbances are highly variable in size, frequency, and residual structure, but European forest management fails to encompass this complexity. Silviculture in Europe is skewed toward even-aged systems, used predominately (72.9% of management) across the countries assessed. The residual structure proved crucial in the comparison of natural disturbances and silvicultural systems. CI indicated the highest congruence between uneven-aged silvicultural systems and key natural disturbance attributes. Even so, uneven-aged practices emulated only a portion of the complexity associated with natural disturbance effects. The remaining silvicultural systems perform poorly in terms of retention compared to tree survivorship after natural disturbances. We suggest that NDS can enrich Europe's portfolio of management systems, for example where wood production is not the primary objective. NDS is especially relevant to forests managed for habitat quality, risk reduction, and a variety of ecosystem services. We suggest a holistic approach integrating NDS with more conventional practices., (© 2022 The Ecological Society of America.)

Published
2022
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17. Author Correction: European primary forest database v2.0.

Author

Sabatini FM, Bluhm H, Kun Z, Aksenov D, Atauri JA, Buchwald E, Burrascano S, Cateau E, Diku A, Duarte IM, Fernández López ÁB, Garbarino M, Grigoriadis N, Horváth F, Keren S, Kitenberga M, Kiš A, Kraut A, Ibisch PL, Larrieu L, Lombardi F, Matovic B, Melu RN, Meyer P, Midteng R, Mikac S, Mikoláš M, Mozgeris G, Panayotov M, Pisek R, Nunes L, Ruete A, Schickhofer M, Simovski B, Stillhard J, Stojanovic D, Szwagrzyk J, Tikkanen OP, Toromani E, Volosyanchuk R, Vrška T, Waldherr M, Yermokhin M, Zlatanov T, Zagidullina A, and Kuemmerle T

Published
2021
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18. European primary forest database v2.0.

Author

Sabatini FM, Bluhm H, Kun Z, Aksenov D, Atauri JA, Buchwald E, Burrascano S, Cateau E, Diku A, Duarte IM, Fernández López ÁB, Garbarino M, Grigoriadis N, Horváth F, Keren S, Kitenberga M, Kiš A, Kraut A, Ibisch PL, Larrieu L, Lombardi F, Matovic B, Melu RN, Meyer P, Midteng R, Mikac S, Mikoláš M, Mozgeris G, Panayotov M, Pisek R, Nunes L, Ruete A, Schickhofer M, Simovski B, Stillhard J, Stojanovic D, Szwagrzyk J, Tikkanen OP, Toromani E, Volosyanchuk R, Vrška T, Waldherr M, Yermokhin M, Zlatanov T, Zagidullina A, and Kuemmerle T

Subjects
Databases, Factual, Europe, Conservation of Natural Resources, Forests
Abstract

Primary forests, defined here as forests where the signs of human impacts, if any, are strongly blurred due to decades without forest management, are scarce in Europe and continue to disappear. Despite these losses, we know little about where these forests occur. Here, we present a comprehensive geodatabase and map of Europe's known primary forests. Our geodatabase harmonizes 48 different, mostly field-based datasets of primary forests, and contains 18,411 individual patches (41.1 Mha) spread across 33 countries. When available, we provide information on each patch (name, location, naturalness, extent and dominant tree species) and the surrounding landscape (biogeographical regions, protection status, potential natural vegetation, current forest extent). Using Landsat satellite-image time series (1985-2018) we checked each patch for possible disturbance events since primary forests were identified, resulting in 94% of patches free of significant disturbances in the last 30 years. Although knowledge gaps remain, ours is the most comprehensive dataset on primary forests in Europe, and will be useful for ecological studies, and conservation planning to safeguard these unique forests., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Published
2021
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19. Drainage ditches enhance forest succession in a raised bog but do not affect the spatial pattern of tree encroachment.

Author

Nowakowska J, Gazda A, Tomski A, and Szwagrzyk J

Subjects
Poland, Forestry methods, Forests, Trees, Wetlands
Abstract

The study was conducted in the raised bog Kusowo (Baltic region, West Pomerania, Poland). Along a transect line crossing two open mires affected by forest succession we analysed tree age distribution. One of those mires had been drained in the past years and still retained some open ditches, while the other one was located far from the ditches. Every 10 meters along the transect line one tree was drilled at the root collar in order to determine its age. We also conducted phytosociological analyses and short-term water level measurements in the sample plots. We expected faster tree encroachment in the undisturbed part of the open mire. The results showed, that there were no significant differences in water table level and in soil moisture indicator values between the formerly drained and undisturbed open mire. There were also no statistically significant differences in tree encroachment between the disturbed and undisturbed mires. Location and the age distribution of the trees suggest that changes in the tree growth conditions cannot be directly explained by the general decreasing of water level in the bog, although periods following drainage works were associated with more numerous establishment of young trees, in the drained part of the bog as well as in the part not directly affected by drainage ditches., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Published
2021
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20. Upward expansion of distribution ranges of tree species: Contrasting results from two national parks in Western Carpathians.

Author

Gazda A, Kościelniak P, Hardy M, Muter E, Kędra K, Bodziarczyk J, Frączek M, Chwistek K, Różański W, and Szwagrzyk J

Subjects
Climate Change, Poland, Altitude, Environmental Monitoring methods, Forests, Parks, Recreational trends, Trees growth & development
Abstract

We analysed the distribution of trees along the elevation gradient in two national parks located in the Western Carpathians (49°30'-49°37' N; 19°28'-20°15' E), dominated by natural forest stands to answer two questions: do immature trees occur at higher elevations compared to mature ones? Has the upper limit of the distribution of the seedlings increased during the period under study, and were the changes proportional to the increase in the mean annual temperature in that period? Data used in our study had been collected in permanent sample plots, distributed regularly over the entire forest area in two national parks. The measurements were taken twice, separated by at least 12 years. We analysed the upper distribution range of the most abundant tree species following tree ontogenic stages for two measurement times. The analysed tree species showed contrasting patterns of the distributions of saplings related to the distributions of mature individuals. In one of the national parks, two species (Silver fir and European beech) showed a significant upward expansion. As three measurements were taken in this park, we found that the expansion has increased over time. In the second national park, located only 45 km to the west from the first one, we found no upward expansion in the distribution of both European beech and Silver fir, while Sycamore maple showed a slight downward trend. We conclude that the dynamics of the tree distributions along the elevation gradient in the mountain areas do not follow a uniform path; the indirect effects of changes in environmental conditions may produce different patterns, reflecting the complex nature of the interactions shaping the distributions of the trees., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Published
2019
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