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Abstract This study aimed to investigate the potential differences in the match running performance of professional soccer players 5 min. before scoring and conceding a goal in the Polish Ekstraklasa. The sample consisted of 278 matches with 570 goals scored during official matches of the 2022/23 Polish Ekstraklasa season. All data was collected utilising the computerised multiple-camera optical tracking system TRACAB. Total distance covered (TD), standing distance (StD; 25.2 km h−1) were analysed in 5-min intervals prior to a goal scored for both teams. The employed linear mixed models showed that all examined match-running performance metrics were higher in teams that scored a goal compared to teams that conceded a goal. Within 5 min before scoring a goal in Polish Ekstraklasa matches, the scoring team produced significantly greater TD (∆ 95%CI 256.8–300.4 m; p = 0.001), WD (∆ 95%CI 52.3–95.8 m; p = 0.001), JG (∆ 95%CI 100.5–144.1 m; p = 0.001) and RD (∆ 95%CI 16.2–59.8 m; p = 0.001) compared to the conceding team, although no differences were found for HSR and SprD. These results demonstrate the enhanced identification potential of key physical performance factors influencing goal scoring in the Polish Ekstraklasa, thereby optimising the training process and improving overall performance. To enhance the effectiveness of soccer training, coaching and performance staff should consider this study's findings, that indicate an increase in the volume of medium- and low-intensity running efforts preceding a goal.

Abstract A new azo polymer containing photoisomerizable azo pyridine functionalities was synthesized via Mitsunobu reaction of 4-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)pyridine with poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) (p(HEMA-co-MMA)) for creating new photochromic materials. The resulting polymer with azo pyridine side groups was characterized for structural, thermal, and optical properties. UV–vis, 1H NMR and IR spectroscopies confirmed that all hydroxyl groups in p(HEMA-co-MMA) were substituted with azo dye. The obtained azo copolymer exhibited high thermal stability (around 240 °C) and a glass transition temperature (113 °C), promising for applications. The trans-to-cis isomerization upon UV irradiation and the thermal back reaction of the azo chromophore in the copolymer in the solid state was studied. A photostationary state with 50% content of cis-isomers upon 6 min of UV irradiation was reached, and during 48 h dark relaxation at ambient temperature, all cis-isomers converted to the trans form. Additionally, the possibility of efficient photogeneration of surface relief gratings with high amplitude of azo copolymer surface modulation was demonstrated.

Study aim: This study aimed (i) to describe psychomotor parameters for different temperature and humidity conditions, and (ii) to verify whether conditions at the borderline between some and great thermal discomfort on the humidex scale affect psycho-motor parameters in soccer players.

W artykule przeanalizowano percepcję obciążeń wynikających z kosztów transakcyjnych w procesie eksternalizacji trzech usług lokalnych w Polsce – transportu, usług opiekuńczych oraz usług wodno-kanalizacyjnych. Narzędziem interpretacji wyników badania empirycznego jest koncepcja kosztów transakcyjnych w odniesieniu do trudności monitorowania usług. W artykule postawiono pytania o to, które z analizowanych typów kosztów monitowania postrzegane są przez samorządowców jako bardziej dolegliwe oraz w jaki sposób to postrzeganie różni się między formami organizacyjnymi świadczenia usług publicznych. W badaniu ustalono, że umowy z agentem publicznym są postrzegane jako droższe niż umowy z agentem prywatnym. Porozumienia administracyjne i zakup od innego samorządu są ważnym narzędziem dostarczania usług w Polsce, służą dopasowywaniu struktury wykorzystywanej do świadczenia usługi do wielkości rynku oraz zasobów potrzebnych do świadczenia danej usługi. Skuteczność monitorowania tych kontraktów jest ważnym elementem budowania jakości rządzenia w Polsce.

Objective. An accurate identification of patients at the need for prioritized diagnostics and care are crucial in the emergency department (ED). Blood gas (BG) analysis is a widely available laboratory test, which allows to measure vital parameters, including markers of ventilation and perfusion. The aim of our analysis was to assess whether blood gas parameters in patients with dyspnea at an increased risk of respiratory failure admitted to the ED can predict short-term outcomes. Methods. The study group eventually consisted of 108 patients, with available BG analysis. The clinical and laboratory parameters were retrospectively evaluated, and three groups were distinguished—arterial blood gas (ABG), venous blood gas (VBG), and mixed blood gas. The primary endpoint was short-term, all-cause mortality during the follow-up of median (quartile 1–quartile 3) 2 (1–4) months. The independent risk factors for mortality that could be obtained from blood gas sampling were evaluated. Results. The short-term mortality was 35.2% (38/108). Patients who died were more frequently initially assigned to the red triage risk group, more burdened with comorbidities, and the median SpO2 on admission was significantly lower than in patients who survived the follow-up period. In the multivariable analysis, lactate was the strongest independent predictor of death, with 1 mmol/L increasing all-cause mortality by 58% in ABG (95% CI: 1.01–2.47), by 80% in VBG (95% CI: 1.13–2.88), and by 68% in the mixed blood gas analysis (95% CI: 1.22–2.31), what remained significant in VBG and mixed group after correction for base excess. In each group, pH, pO2, and pCO2 did not predict short-term mortality. Conclusions. In patients admitted to the ED due to dyspnea, at risk of respiratory failure, lactate levels in arterial, venous, and mixed blood samples are independent predictors of short-term mortality.

Background: Clinically relevant acute postoperative pancreatitis (CR-PPAP) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is a complication that may lead to the development of local and systemic consequences. The study aimed to identify risk factors for CR-PPAP and assess the impact of CR-PPAP on the postoperative course after PD. Methods: The study retrospectively analyzed data from 428 consecutive patients who underwent PD at a single center between January 2013 and December 2022. The presence of increased amylase activity in plasma, above the upper limit of normal 48 h after surgery, was checked. CR-PPAP was diagnosed when accompanied by disturbing radiological features and/or symptoms requiring treatment. We investigated the relationship between the occurrence of CR-PPAP and the development of postoperative complications after PD, and possible predictors of CR-PPAP. Results: The postoperative follow-up period was 90 days. Of the 428 patients, 18.2% (n = 78) had CR-PPAP. It was associated with increased rates of CR-POPF, delayed gastric emptying, occurrence of intra-abdominal collections, postoperative hemorrhage, peritonitis, and septic shock. Patients who developed CR-PPAP were more often reoperated (37.17% vs. 6.9%, p < 0.0001)) and had increased postoperative mortality (14.1% vs. 5.74%, p < 0.0001). Soft pancreatic parenchyma, intraoperative blood loss, small diameter of the pancreatic duct, and diagnosis of adenocarcinoma papillae Vateri were independent risk factors for CR-PPAP and showed the best performance in predicting CR-PPAP. Conclusions: CR-PPAP is associated with an increased incidence of postoperative complications after PD, worse treatment outcomes, and an increased risk of reoperation and mortality. Pancreatic consistency, intraoperative blood loss, width of the duct of Wirsung, and histopathological diagnosis can be used to assess the risk of CR-PPAP. Amylase activity 48 h after surgery > 161 U/L is highly specific in the diagnosis of CR-PPAP.

Introduction. At the present time, more and more people are struggling with dermatological problems and premature aging of the skin. Environmental pollution, stress, an unbalanced diet or improper hygiene and care can lead to the loss or disruption of the skin's natural protective layer – the microbiome. Cosmetics with probiotics and prebiotics can become an antidote to skin problems, because in addition to caring properties, they support dermatological treatment. They contribute to increasing the elasticity of the skin, reduce the visibility of wrinkles, and also relieve the symptoms of atopic dermatitis and acne or psoriasis. Aim. The aim of the study was to assess the state of knowledge about the skin microbiome, probiotic and prebiotic cosmetics and their effectiveness. Material and method. The study was conducted among consumers of skin care cosmetics. The research group consisted of 108 people. The research method was a questionnaire consisting of 19 questions. Results. More than half of the respondents correctly defined the skin microbiome. Probiotic and prebiotic preparations are known to consumers, but are used by few people (36.1%). The best known cosmetics were intimate cleansers and preparations for washing the face and body. 33.3% of respondents declared the use of probiotic cosmetics due to skin dermatological problems. Acne and premature skin aging were the most frequently indicated. When using probiotic preparations, the respondents noticed an improvement in skin hydration, reduction of skin dryness, skin regeneration, smoothing, reduction of inflammatory changes, improvement of skin tone and reduction of sebum secretion. Conclusions. Knowledge of the microbiome and its role is insufficient. Probiotic cosmetics are known to a narrow group of consumers. Probiotic preparations are used in the case of skin dermatological problems. The respondents are satisfied with the effects of using probiotic cosmetics, but most do not have an opinion. Users of probiotic cosmetics notice the beneficial effect of these preparations on the skin.

W artykule przedstawiono klasyfikację gmin w Polsce, dzieląc gminy w wymiarze przestrzennym na zurbanizowane i niezurbanizowane. Przedstawiono rozkład przestrzenny gmin zurbanizowanych i ich podstawowe charakterystyki. Klasyfikację wykonano za pomocą analizy skupień k-średnich danych przestrzennych pochodzących z baz danych Corine Land Cover. Porównanie klasyfikacji administracyjnej i klasyfikacji opartej na danych o pokryciu terenu w gminach w Polsce wskazuje istnienie największych różnic w obszarach funkcjonalnych miast oraz wzdłuż dynamicznie rozwijających się szlaków komunikacyjnych w zakresie identyfikacji terenów miejskich pod względem sposobu użytkowania terenu.

WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control entered into force 55 years after the first publication on relationship between smoking and lung cancer. The need to increase use of evidence into practice is widely emphasized. Purpose. Presentation of the knowledge translation process and discussion of the basis on which this concept was created. The state of knowledge. The concept of knowledge translation was created at the beginning of the 21st century in response to problems related to the production and dissemination of scientific evidence, including the so-called the know-do gap. These problems constitute a significant barrier to adherence to the principles of evidence-based medicine and practice. The translation of knowledge is seen as an operationalization of the above principles and a shortening of the path from evidence to effect. There are many approaches to knowledge translation, and there are problems and limitations in evaluating this process. This can cause confusion amongst stakeholders in the health system. Conclusions. Knowledge translation is a developmental and increasingly popular concept. There is no (yet?) better tool to improve evidence-based practice, both in medicine and public health than knowledge translation. The issue of knowledge translation should be disseminated in literature, tested in research, raised in discourse and implemented in health professionals education in Poland.

Introduction. Assessments of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic so far are negative. They can be summarized as: the world was not prepared, action was insufficient, public and private institutions failed people to protect their health and everyday life. The pandemic highlighted public health weakness. Purpose. The aim is: (1) to polemic with the comparison of the pandemic to the black swan, (2) to list the negative and positive effects of the pandemic mentioned in the literature, (3) to discuss public health attributes related to counteracting epidemics, and (4) to present ways of recovery after pandemic crisis from a public health perspective. The state of knowledge. Comparing the COVID-19 pandemic to the black swan is incorrect. The literature describes the negative effects of a pandemic better than its positive effects, but there is a trend to explore unexpected positive effects or the balance of losses and gains. The public health tasks in counteracting epidemics include the development and implementation of preparedness and response plans, pursuit of health equity and fairness and care on the most vulnerable through interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral activities. The literature recommends many solutions to improve the health systems, including public health, and to strengthen the role of public health. They can be assigned to three groups: macro factors related to the political-economic context, meso factors related to the internal principles of the health system functioning and micro factors related to the functioning of the system in relations with users. Conclusions. Public health is essential to national security. It is up to decision makers, the establishment, citizens and the community to implement the postulates to improve the health and public health system.

Kryzys wywołany pandemią COVID-19 ujawnił niedociągnięcia i słabości gospodarek regionalnych. W związku z tym powinien on być postrzegany jako impuls do zmian, mających na celu budowanie większej odporności na podobne sytuacje. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie autorskiej koncepcji badania społeczno­‑ekonomicznych konsekwencji kryzysu wywołanego pandemią COVID-19 oraz wyzwań pojawiających się w obliczu zidentyfikowanych problemów rozwojowych. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że do niezbędnych wartości, które trzeba wzmocnić, aby stworzyć nowoczesną i odporną gospodarkę regionalną, należą kompetencje, wiedza naukowa i technologiczna, kapitał finansowy oraz bezpieczeństwo publiczne i społeczne. W celu wzmocnienia wartości priorytetowych warto przyjąć określone style działań, które pozwolą na efektywne wykorzystanie endogenicznych zasobów regionu. Są nimi elastyczność, dywersyfikacja, komunikacja i współpraca. Autorzy posługują się metodą analizy naukowej i dedukcją, ponadto odwołują się do własnych obserwacji zjawisk społeczno­‑gospodarczych oraz krytycznej analizy literatury i dokumentów strategicznych.

This paper focuses on poli-organisational governance structures in which local governments provide services in the drinking water sector. A set of hypotheses was developed relating to the choice between in-house, corporatized, or externalised service delivery. The empirical evidence was based on long term socio-economic factors at local government levels in Poland. Local Polish government constitutes a highly decentralised system which features a wide range of service delivery governance arrangements. This is the first systematic attempt to investigate the different types of water service delivery in this environment. The model was tested using quantitative tools created on statistical variables, and by a survey of 1089 municipal representatives. The research findings provide insight into a set of context variables which describe the conditions under which local officials keep the service in-house, and the conditions that incline local authorities to engage public or private agents. The survey questionnaire allowed us to identify 15 different arrangements for drinking water supply delivery. The research findings provide evidence that the likelihood of in-house provision of water services is determined by the size of the local government, the abundance of the environment, the level of modernisation, and the locality’s financial selfmanagement.

Celem badań przedstawionych w artykule była ocena skutków połączenia miasta na prawach powiatu Zielona Góra z gminą wiejską o tej samej nazwie w 2015 roku w kontekście funkcjonowania demokracji lokalnej. A także weryfikacja zjawiska jazdy na gapę z wykorzystaniem wspólnych zasobów w kontekście reformy terytorialnej. Analiza, oparta na quasi-eksperymentalnym schemacie z wykorzystaniem metody synthetic control, nie potwierdziła hipotezy jazdy na gapę z wykorzystaniem wspólnych zasobów, co jest wynikiem odróżniającym to badanie od wcześniej prowadzonych. Wyniki naszego badania wskazują również, że zastosowana w Zielonej Górze strategia może być skuteczna w osiągnięciu pośredniego celu politycznego, jakim było zapewnienie przychylności mieszkańców dla prowadzonej reformy i wysoka legitymizacja jej rezultatów.

This paper presents the results of beam investigations on semiconductor IR lasers using novel detectors based on thermocouples. The work covers the design, the fabrication of detectors, and the experimental validation of their sensitivity to IR radiation. The principle of operation of the manufactured detectors is based on the Seebeck effect (the temperature difference between hot and cold junctions induced voltage appearance). The devices were composed of several thermocouples arranged in a linear array. The nano- and microscale thermocouples (the hot junctions) were fabricated using a typical Si-compatible MEMS process enhanced with focused ion beam (FIB) milling. The performance of the hot junctions was tested, focusing on their sensitivity to IR radiation covering the near-infrared (NIR) radiation (λ = 976 nm). The output voltage was measured as a function of the detector position in the XY plane. The measurement results allowed for reconstructing the Gaussian-like intensity distribution of the incident light beam.

The photoinduced birefringence behaviors of host–guest systems based on heterocyclic thiazole–azo dyes with different substituents, dispersed into PMMA matrix, were investigated under three excitation wavelengths, i.e., 405 nm, 445 nm or 532 nm. The wavelengths fell on the blue side, near the maximum or on the red side of the absorption bands of trans-azo dyes, respectively. We found that photoinduced birefringence was generated at a similar extent in all studied systems, except the system containing a 2-methyl-5-benzothiazolyl as thiazole–azo dye substituent. For this material, the achieved birefringence value was the highest among the whole series, regardless of the excitation wavelength. Moreover, we identified the optimal irradiation wavelength for efficient birefringence generation and showed that large absorption of excitation light by trans isomer does not account for achieving a significant degree of molecular alignment. The obtained results indicate that thiazole–azo dye with a 2-methyl-5-benzothiazolyl substituent shows promising photoinduced birefringence, and can be considered a dye potentially suitable for optical applications.

Celem postawionym w prezentowanym badaniu jest odpowiedź na pytanie o rodzaj emocji okazywanych przez wójtów/burmistrzów/prezydentów w mediach społecznościowych. Za pomocą metody analizy ładunku emocjonalnego zostały przebadane posty umieszczane w sieci społecznościowej Facebooka. Z badania wynika, że na szczycie hierarchii agendy budowanej na Facebooku przez wójtów/burmistrzów/prezydentów znajduje się tworzenie pozytywnego wizerunku osoby skłonnej do kształtowania relacji z odbiorcami oraz że firmowanie profilu osobiście sprzyja informowaniu o konkretnych decyzjach wobec bardziej ogólnych informacji o wydarzeniach w gminie. Najważniejszym wnioskiem jest to, że wójtowie/burmistrzowie/prezydenci częściej posługują się ładunkiem emocjonalnym w mediach społecznościowych niż administratorzy profili organizacyjnych oraz że są to najczęściej emocje pozytywne.

The purpose of this paper is to seek to highlight the usefulness of storytelling skills for the development of transversal competencies in the context of FLE teaching / learning in Romance philology at Adam Mickiewicz University. As a first stepwe define the importance of transversal competencies in develop-ing the general communicative competence of the student as a participant in social life, then we go on to describe narrative competence as transversal competence and to show its role in managing the ‘SOI’ integrity, finally, we concentrate on developing narrative competence on Roman philology at Adam Mickiewicz University.

Introduction: In order to improve the quality of perinatal care in Poland, the Regulation of the Minister of Health of September 20, 2012 introduced the standards of medical treatment when providing medical care from the field of perinatal care to women during the period of physiological pregnancy, physiological childbirth, postpartum and newborn care ( so-called the standards of perinatal care). Although the standards have been in force for several years, there are still problems with their compliance and their low knowledge among women giving birth. Research objective: Assessment of the level of knowledge about the Standards perinatal care and of Patients' Rights and the rights arising from them by women giving birth in the hospitals in Szczecin. Materials and Methods: The study included 335 women who have given birth in the hospitals in Szczecin. The study was performed since January 2016 till March 20158 by means of a diagnostic survey, based on the author’s questionnaire, developed on the basis of the standards of perinatal care 20th September 2012. Results: Among women giving birth vaginally 42% reported knowledge of the standard. 41% of women who have given birth by caesarean section declared that they know the standard. No statistically significant differences were found between the knowledge or lack of knowledge of the standards in terms age, education, and attend or not at antenatal class. We found statistically significant relationship between the knowledge of the standards and having a birth plan. Conclusions: 1. Knowledge of the standards declared more women, in comparison to the research conducted a few years earlier. Despite this their knowledge is still not high. 2. Women in spite of declaring knowledge of the standard are not aware that they were not followed. 3. There is still a need to educate women and staff on the standards of prenatal care and Patients' Rights.

The article reviews the history and the direction of development for railway CCTV (Closed-Circuit TeleVision) systems. The authors described the CCTV system at PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A. and the associated network and server infrastructure. The authors proposed an operational model for a centralized CCTV system that assumes states of partial fitness, in accordance with the regulations of the national railway infrastructure administrator. The aim of the paper is to review, analyse, and evaluate the operational reliability of railroad video monitoring systems in relation to the assumptions of the national railroad infrastructure manager using an operational model. A unified system structure is presented in the article. The model was used as a base to calculate the probabilities for the system while staying in the assumed states. Calculations showed that a centralized CCTV system is characterized by high reliability and satisfies the expectations of PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A. in this respect. The obtained result of 99.88% probability of leaving the analysed video surveillance system in a fully operational condition within a year indicates a high level of security of the applied solutions in such a large system. The analysed system is one of the largest such solutions designed in the European Union and the largest in Poland, which is an important contribution to the development and implementation of such extensive video surveillance systems in the future. The research question is whether the extensive centralized railway CCTV systems will meet the requirements of PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A.

Katarzyna Grzesiak,1 Aleksandra Rył,2 Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka,3 Iwona Rotter,2 Barbara Dołęgowska,4 Marcin Słojewski,5 Olimpia Sipak-Szmigiel,6 Weronika Ratajczak,1 Anna Lubkowska,7 Emilia Metryka,3 Małgorzata Piasecka,1 Maria Laszczyńska1 1Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; 2Department of Medical Rehabilitation and Clinical Physiotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; 3Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; 4Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; 5Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; 6Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Pregnancy, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; 7Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between changes in the levels of selected hormones in serum and prostate tissue homogenate in regard to metabolic disorders in patients with diagnosed, surgically treated benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Patients and methods: The study involved a group of 154 men with a diagnosis of BPH with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and without MetS. The serum levels of the hormones – total testosterone, free testosterone, insulin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) – were determined using the ELISA method. Prostate tissue sections obtained from the patients during transurethral resection of the prostate were frozen in liquid nitrogen. We determined the levels of the same hormones. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of serum SHBG levels, but not in the prostate tissue SHBG levels. A similar relationship was observed in regard to IGF-1, the serum levels of which were significantly higher in patients with MetS. MetS had an effect on the ratio of hormone levels in serum to their levels in the prostate tissue. Correlations between the levels of biochemical parameters and the levels of hormones in serum and the prostate tissue of BPH patients with and without MetS demonstrate that serum SHBG levels correlated weakly with waist size and triglyceride levels. Conclusion: The occurrence of MetS in BPH patients was associated with changes in the levels of hormones and proteins. These changes, however, were not always equivalent to changes in the levels of these parameters in prostate tissue. It should also be mentioned that MetS in BPH patients had an influence on a quantitative balance between the levels of SHBG in serum and prostate tissue. Keywords: benign prostatic hyperplasia, hormone levels, metabolic disorders

The focused ion beam (FIB) technique was used to fabricate a nanothermocouple (with a 90 nm wide nanojunction) based on a metal–semiconductor (Pt–Si) structure, which showed a sensitivity up to 10 times larger (with Seebeck coefficient up to 140 µV/K) than typical metal–metal nanothermocouples. In contrast to the fabrication of nanothermocouples which requires a high-tech semiconductor manufacturing line with sophisticated fabrication techniques, environment, and advanced equipment, FIB systems are available in many research laboratories without the need for a high-tech environment, and the described processing is performed relatively quickly by a single operator. The linear response of the manufactured nanothermocouple enabled sensitive measurements even with small changes of temperature when heated with a stream of hot air. A nonlinear response of the nanothermocouple (up to 83.85 mV) was observed during the exposition to an argon-laser beam with a high optical power density (up to 17.4 Wcm−2), which was also used for the laser annealing of metal–semiconductor interfaces. The analysis of the results implies the application of such nanothermocouples, especially for the characterization of laser beams with nanometer spatial resolution. Improvements of the FIB processing should lead to an even higher Seebeck coefficient of the nanothermocouples; e.g., in case of the availability of other suitable metal sources (e.g., Cr).

Liquid crystal polarization gratings are of great interest for optical communications as elements performing beam steering, splitting, multiplexing or beam combining. Material birefringence, cell thickness or a period of the liquid crystal director pattern influence, among other features, spectroscopic and electro-optical characteristics of fabricated devices, determining thus their functionality and applicability. Here, we report on liquid crystal polarization gratings that allow for complete maximization of the first-order diffraction efficiency (resulting in total elimination of the zeroth-order diffraction) for any wavelength of an incident beam from green to the near-infrared spectral region by applying a low electric voltage. The gratings with periods as small as 10 μm were obtained by holographic exposure of the cell substrates coated with light-sensitive azo polymer alignment layers, and then filled with three different liquid crystal mixtures. The influence of gold nanoparticle dopants in the liquid crystalline mixtures on spectroscopic and electro-optical properties of the devices is presented. Moreover, on the basis of the measured transmittance spectra of the fabricated gratings, the unknown birefringence of liquid crystal mixtures as well as their effective birefringence due to molecular reorientation in the electric field in the visible and near IR region were determined.

Policy innovation in unitary states relies heavily on the proclivity of local governments to identify and respond to emerging policy chal­lenges. The article contributes by applying a framework for policy innovation normally used in federal systems to a comparative analysis of two unitary states – Poland and Norway. The analy­sis serves to highlight how the effectiveness of horizontal, non-coercive diffusion mechanisms relies on established norms and traditions for local political self-rule. A key finding is that the prospects of success for ‘soft’ central govern­ment steering seem to rely not least on the re­sourcefulness of the local units. The study fur­thermore highlights the importance of historical trajectories for internal as well as external deter­minants for policy innovation.

The purpose of this paper is to present theatre workshops as a tool for reducing the linguistic anxiety of students and supporting the development of linguistic competence, discourse competence, personal and interpersonal competence in the context of teaching and learning French as a foreign language at the Romance philology. As a first step, we look at the sources of inspiration and the approach, mission, objectives and conditions of the theatre workshop, then we go on to briefly describe how it works and,finally, we concentrate on the challenges of the Teaching act.

W artykule opisano wyniki badania polityki polskich miast wobec zmian klimatu. W badaniu wykorzystano kwestionariusz przeprowadzony we wszystkich polskich gminach oraz cztery studia przypadku. Analiza odniesiona została do koncepcji lokalnych porządków wiedzy. W polskich samorządach polityce klimatycznej najczęściej nadawane są inne etykiety – skuteczności w pozyskiwaniu zewnętrznych środków finansowych, oszczędności, czy działań na rzecz podnoszenia jakości życia. Etykieta polityki klimatycznej jest rzadko wykorzystywana.

Abstract Background Although immune system plays a key role in the pathogenesis of both endometriosis and ovarian cancer, its function is different. Therefore, we hypothesized, that selected immune parameters can serve as diagnostic markers of these two conditions. The aim of this study was to compare serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations of sHLA-G, IL-10 and TNF-alpha in women with selected ovarian pathologies: benign serous cysts, endometrioma and malignant tumors. Clinical significance of using them for diagnostic purposes in women with serous ovarian cysts, endometriosis, and ovarian cancer, which in the future may improve the early diagnosis of ovarian diseases. Case Presentation The study included women treated surgically for benign serous ovarian cysts, ovarian endometrioma and serous ovarian adenocarcinomas. Peripheral blood and peritoneal fluid samples were obtained intraoperatively. Patients with benign serous cysts, endometrioma and ovarian malignancies did not differ significantly in terms of their serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations of sHLA-G. Ovarian cancer patients presented with significantly higher median serum concentrations of IL-10 and TNF-alpha than other study subjects. Median concentrations of IL-10 and TNF-alpha in peritoneal fluid turned out to be the highest in ovarian cancer patients, followed by women with endometrioma and subjects with benign serous cysts. All these intergroup differences were statistically significant. Irrespective of the group, median concentrations of sHLA-G, IL-10 and TNF-alpha in peritoneal fluid were higher than serum levels of these markers. Conclusions Elevated serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations of IL-10 and TNF-alpha distinguish ovarian malignancies and endometriomas from benign serous ovarian cysts. In contrast to endometriosis, ovarian malignancies are characterized by elevated peritoneal fluid concentrations of IL-10 and TNF-alpha, elevated serum concentrations of IL-10 and low serum levels of TNF-alpha. Serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations of sHLA-G have no diagnostic value in differentiating between ovarian malignancies and endometriomas.

Background: changes in the concentration of magnesium influence numerous processes in the body, such as hormone and lipid metabolism, nerve conduction, a number of biochemical pathways in the brain, and metabolic cycles. As a result, changes in magnesium concentration may contribute to the emergence of such pathologies as depressive and metabolic disorders, including hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Methods: blood samples were taken from 342 men whose mean age was 61.66 ± 6.38 years. The concentrations of magnesium, lipid parameters, and glucose were determined using the spectrophotometric method. Anthropometric measurements were performed to determine each participant’s body mass index (BMI). Additionally, all participants completed two questionnaires: the Beck Depression Inventory and the author’s questionnaire. Results: abnormal levels of magnesium were found in 78 people. The analysis showed that these subjects more often suffered from metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus (p < 0.001), hypertension (p < 0.001), and depressive symptoms (p = 0.002) than participants with normal magnesium levels. Conclusion: our research showed that there is a relationship between abnormal levels of magnesium and the presence of self-reported conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, and depressive symptoms among aging men. These findings may contribute to the improvement of the diagnosis and treatment of patients with these conditions.

Hemicellulose is the second most abundant plant heterogenous biopolymer. Among products obtained from a wide range of agro-residues, biosurfactants, e.g., surfactin (SU), are gaining increasing interest. Our previous studies have shown that a Bacillus subtilis strain can successfully produce a significant amount of SU using a rapeseed cake. This work aimed to investigate plant hemicellulose components as substrates promoting SU’s efficient production by B. subtilis 87Y. Analyses of SU production, enzymatic activity and cell wall composition of hulled oat caryopses suggest that the main ingredients of plant hemicellulose, in particular xylan and its derivatives, may be responsible for an increased biosurfactant yield.

This study examined the influence of fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) on the intestinal morphology and gut microflora of broiler chickens. Limited information is available on the effects of FRSM on the intestinal morphology and the gastrointestinal microbiome population of animals. First, 48 21-day Ross 308 broilers were placed in metabolic cages and randomly assigned to four experimental groups. Group I birds were negative controls and received no additive. Group II birds were positive controls and received a 3% addition of unfermented rapeseed meal. Group III birds received a 3% addition of rapeseed meal fermented with the Bacillus subtilis 67 bacterial strain. Group IV birds received a 3% addition of rapeseed meal fermented with the B. subtilis 87Y strain. After 23 days of experimental feeding, the contents of the birds’ ceca were collected for microorganism determination. The histomorphology of the broilers’ ceca was also determined, and beneficial changes were found in the histology of the broilers’ ceca with the additives. Moreover, these materials inhibited the growth of pathogens and significantly stimulated the growth of probiotic bacteria. These results suggest that the addition of 3% FRSM has a potential probiotic effect and can be used as a material in feed for broilers.

Tunable diffraction gratings and phase filters are important functional devices in optical communication and sensing systems. Polarization gratings, in particular, capable of redirecting an incident light beam completely into the first diffraction orders may be successfully fabricated in liquid crystalline cells assembled from substrates coated with uniform transparent electrodes and orienting layers that force a specific molecular distribution. In this work, the diffraction properties of liquid crystal (LC) cells characterized by a continually rotating cycloidal director pattern at the cell substrates and in the bulk, are studied theoretically by solving a relevant set of the Euler-Lagrange equations. The electric tunability of the gratings is analyzed by estimating the changes in liquid crystalline molecular distribution and thus in effective birefringence, as a function of external voltage. To the best of our knowledge, such detailed numerical calculations have not been presented so far for liquid crystal polarization gratings showing a cycloidal director pattern. Our theoretical predictions may be easily achieved in experimental conditions when exploiting, for example, photo-orienting material, to induce a permanent LC alignment with high spatial resolution. The proposed design may be for example, used as a tunable passband filter with adjustable bandwidths, thus allowing for potential applications in optical spectroscopy, optical communication networks, remote sensing and beyond.

Aspergillus niger (IAFB 2301) was employed for bioconversions of 2-phenylethanol as an immobilized or free mycelium and also as a spore suspension. Experiments were conducted on laboratory and half-preparative scale (bioreactor New Brunswick Scientific, BioFlo Model C32). Thus, A. niger applied as free mycelium, depending on the outcome, supported formation of the mixture of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and hydroxytyrosol (final concentration of 13.8 mg/L and 3.7% efficiency) or 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, as single product (final concentration of 140 mg/L and 18% efficiency). In case of scaling experiments conducted with flow and batch reactors, accordingly, the following results were achieved: 1. mixture of antioxidants 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and hydroxytyrosol formed with final concentration of 76 mg/L and 10% efficiency (simplified flow system and immobilized mycelium); 2. (S)-1-phenylethane-1,2-diol synthesized with a final concentration of 447 mg/L and 65% (1.3 L batch reactor).

Development of an addiction is conditioned by many factors. The dopaminergic system has been shown to be the key element in this process. In this paper, we analyzed the influence of dopamine receptor 2 polymorphism rs1076560 in two groups—polysubstance-dependent male patients (n = 299) and the controls matched for age (n = 301). In both groups, we applied the same questionnaires for testing—Mini-international neuropsychiatric interview, the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, and the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory. The real-time PCR method was used for genotyping. When we compared the controls with the case group subjects, we observed significantly higher scores in the second group on both the state and trait scales of anxiety, as well as on the Neuroticism and Openness scales of the NEO-FFI; and lower scores on the scales of Extraversion and Agreeability of the NEO-FFI. The model 2 × 3 factorial ANOVA of the addicted subjects and controls was performed, and the DRD2 rs1076560 variant interaction was found for the anxiety state and trait scales, and for the NEO-FFI Neuroticism scale. The observed associations allow noticing that analysis of psychological factors in combination with genetic data opens new possibilities in addiction research.

Background and Objectives: Abnormal concentrations of bioelements (magnesium, manganese, chromium, copper, zinc) have been associated with physical and emotional dysfunctions, including depression. This association, however, has not been analyzed in testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS) or patients with depressiveness, i.e., when individual symptoms do not form the picture of a full-syndrome depressive disorder. This study aimed to assess the relationship between concentrations of selected bioelements and the incidence of depressive symptoms in men aged 50 years and older with a concurrent testosterone deficiency syndrome. Material and Methods: Blood samples were taken from 314 men; the mean age of the population was 61.36 ± 6.38 years. Spectrophotometric method for biochemical analysis of magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) was used. The diagnosis of testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS) was based on the total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), estradiol (E2), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels by ELISA. Each participant completed the Androgen Deficiency in Aging Male (ADAM) questionnaire, as well as the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-Ia) measuring the severity of depressive symptoms. Results: Emotional disturbances manifested as depressive symptoms were diagnosed in 28.7% of all participants and testosterone deficiency syndrome in 49.3%. In the TDS group, the analysis showed a significant correlation between the level of manganese (R = 0.225, p = 0.005) and chromium (R = 0.185, p = 0.021) with the incidence of depression. Conclusions: The results of our study demonstrated a relationship between manganese and chromium concentrations with the incidence of depression in men aged 50 years and older with a concurrent testosterone deficiency syndrome. This may indicate that there is a correlation between these bioelements, as well as emotional disorders manifested as depressive symptoms in aging men with a diagnosed testosterone deficiency.

W artykule opisano wskaźnik skonstruowany na potrzeby mierzenia przepływów finansowych pomiędzy samorządami w Polsce. Przepływy te uznano za miernik współpracy międzysamorządowej oraz siły powiązań funkcjonalnych przecinających granice administracyjne. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie skali i przedmiotu transferów finansowych między samorządami oraz analiza czynników wpływających na ich zróżnicowanie. Największe wydatkowe transfery finansowe występują w funkcjonalnych obszarach miejskich, ale tylko w zakresie wydatków bieżących. Transfery w zakresie wydatków inwestycyjnych są większe poza tymi obszarami oraz stanowią cechę charakterystyczną gmin o niższym poziomie zamożności. Najsilniej powiązaną funkcją jest dostarczanie usług transportowych ? tak w wymiarze wydatków bieżących, jak i inwestycyjnych.

Tekst ma na celu prezentację doświadczeń zebranych podczas realizacji modułu fakultatywnego pt. Pedagogika przygody, w którym uczestniczyli studenci pedagogiki na Wydziale Pedagogiki i Psychologii Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. Zaprezentowane zostaną również wyniki pilotażowych badań ankietowych dotyczących pedagogiki przygody i gier terenowych, przeprowadzonych wśród studentów. W tekście znajdzie się także odniesienie do metody pracy o nazwie live action role-playing (larp). Zaprezentowane zostaną wyniki badań pilotażowych z zastosowaniem larpów, przeprowadzonych w klasie pierwszej szkoły podstawowej w Piekarach Śląskich. Głównym celem badań była weryfikacja założenia, że gra fabularna w postaci live action role-playing, oparta na autorskim scenariuszu, wpływa na integracje dzieci w wieku wczesnoszkolnym. Zastosowano metodę quasi-eksperymentu pedagogicznego oraz studium przypadku. Podjęte działania polegały na poprowadzeniu larpa z grupą dzieci, które są na etapie wzajemnego poznawania się. Zastosowano technikę obserwacji skategoryzowanej. Studium przypadku zostało uzupełnione swobodną rozmową z poszczególnymi dziećmi. Do przeprowadzenia badań skonstruowano autorskie narzędzie pt. Arkusz obserwacji integracji grupowej oraz autorski scenariusz live action role-playing pt. W Baśniowej Krainie. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań można stwierdzić, że live action role-playing w pracy z grupą pomagają odpowiednio zbudować jej strukturę i wspierają kształtowanie się pozytywnych relacji w grupie. Larp umożliwia przeżywanie, doświadczenie i poznanie, co z kolei pozwoliło uczestnikom gry zacieśnić istniejące między nimi relacje.

Recognizing and distinguishing coal and gangue are essential in engineering, such as in coal-fired power plants. This paper employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) to recognize coal and gangue images and help segregate coal and gangue. A typical workflow for CNN image recognition is presented as well as a strategy for updating the model parameters. Based on a powerful trained image recognition model, VGG16, the idea of transfer learning was introduced to build a custom CNN model to solve the problems of massive trainable parameters and limited computing power linked to the building of a brand-new model from scratch. Two hundred and forty coal and gangue images were collected in a database, including 100 training images and 20 validation images for each material. A recognition accuracy of 82.5% was obtained for the validation images, which demonstrated a decent performance of our model. According to the analysis of parameter updating in the training process, a principal constraint for obtaining a higher recognition accuracy mainly resided in a shortage of training samples. This model was also used to identify photos from a washing plant stockpiles, which verified its capability of dealing with field pictures. CNN combined with the transfer learning method we used can provide fast and robust coal/gangue distinction that does not require harsh data support and equipment support. This method will exhibit brighter prospects in engineering if the target image database (as with the coal and gangue images in this study) can be further enlarged.

The efficiency of the application of microbial preparations enhancing soil properties as well as the diversified fertilization of spring wheat nitrogen was evaluated in the field experiment. Factors of the experiment referred to the levels of nitrogen fertilization: 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg/ha as well as the application of microbial preparations, namely, Proplantan (disaccharide, and polysaccharide, lactic acid, carotene, riboflavin, thiamine, amylase, sea salt, minerals), Effective microorganisms (milk bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, moulds) and UGmax microorganisms (lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, actinomycetes, macro- and microelements). The quantity of Nmin in the soil layer of 0-0.9 m ranged in respective years from 72.8 to 98.5 kg/ha before the spring wheat seeding and from 58.6.8 to 68.2 kg/ha after the crop was harvested, whereas the amount of N mineralization ranged from 18.9 to 53.3 kg/ha. Grain yields of wheat developed at a high level from 3.26 to 8.31 t/ha. To create the biomass, spring wheat plants absorbed nitrogen ranging from 78 kg N/ha in objects not fertilized to 184 kg N/ha in objects fertilized with the dose of 160 kg N/ha, and the share of nitrogen accumulated in the seeds amounted on average to 82% of the total uptake of that element. The highest N use efficiency, N physiological efficiency, N agronomic efficiency and N apparent recovery fraction were detected in objects fertilized with the dose of 40 kg N/ha. Each increase in the level of nitrogen fertilization affected lowering of the values of evaluated fertilization efficiency ratios.