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The first evidence of phoresy of Dendrochernes cyrneus (L. Koch, 1873) on Cerambyx cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 is documented. A critical review of all known literature reports of phoresy involving D. cyrneus is also presented. Two of these reports relate to the same observation and are the result of the systematic turmoil within the family Cerambycidae. Both species are treated as primeval forest relics and their isolated populations live in the scattered remains of the ancient forests that covered Europe in the past. We provide new information about the ecological relationships of D. cyrneus with saproxylic beetles, and discuss the ecological preferences of the two species and their role as indicators of the quality of the environment.

Arthropods play an essential role in steppe ecosystems. However, studies testing the overall response of terrestrial arthropods to overgrazing are scarce. The problem is particularly worrisome in Central Asia, while, to date, only a very few broader studies have been conducted in this region. We investigated how epigeic terrestrial arthropod assemblages respond to different livestock grazing pressure in two ecozones in SE Mongolia by examining their structure using pitfall traps. We also assessed which groups can be utilised as the most efficient indicators of grazing intensity. Our analyses demonstrated that the habitat type, grazing intensity, and the interaction of these variables had a significant effect on the overall species composition and abundance. However, the grazing intensity caused different changes in the composition of arthropod communities in both studied ecozones. Contrary to the semi-desert, in the steppe habitat, the grazing had the strongest impact in the moderately grazed site. It is most likely because steppe-dwelling species are more sensitive to loss of plant biomass and changes in habitat structure. We also found that the most representative species within and from different groups can react differently to changing grazing intensities, indicating with their presence the characteristics of the respective habitat. Such differences should also be considered when elaborating the management plan of conserved species but also when applying grazing management in different habitat types. Our survey is one of the most comprehensive in Central Asia and should help implement further, more targeted studies in the corresponding habitats. In meadow steppes and other arid habitats, livestock grazing is one of the most severe causes of desertification and leads to an overall decline in vegetation cover, plant species richness and aboveground biomass, and, consequently, most often negatively affects arthropod diversity. Although the impact of grazing on arthropod diversity has already been the subject of numerous studies, most of them were focused only on a single or small number of arthropods and were conducted outside Central Asia (e.g., there is only one paper dealing with analyses of several arthropod groups conducted in Mongolia, where over 40% of the human population depends on pastoral livestock production and up to 90% of its territory belongs to various arid areas). We hypothesise that the overall diversity of different arthropod groups will change according to the grazing intensities, and these changes will depend on the habitat type and will differ between arthropod groups. Our analyses demonstrated that the habitat type, grazing intensity, and the interaction of these two variables significantly impacted the overall species composition and abundance. Our results highlight that the different terrestrial arthropod groups and representative species of the most abundant groups can react differently to changes in grazing intensity, and such differences should be considered when elaborating the management plan of conserved species and when applying grazing management in different habitat types. Our results also highlight that the species diversity alone cannot indicate the changes in species composition along the grazing intensity, and one should also consider the individual needs of specific species while investigating the impact of grazing on arid habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]