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Many sports organisations operate as non-profits, but the emphasis and role of for-profits in this sector cannot be avoided. Today, sports activities are connected to the business sector and generate profit, hence, sports sector is a decisive part of the economy. Sport profile companies differ in their organisational strategy formulation approach. The main focus was to learn more about their strategy approach and market behaviour. 350 sports business organisations were involved in a survey of 3,248 companies, and the Chi-square test, variance analysis, and principal component analysis were applied to the sample. Results showed that 75.7% of the responding sports companies had no written strategic plan. The availability of written strategies seemed to depend on the organisation's scale. The market-following behaviour was confirmed in the case of smaller sports enterprises. Fitness service providers appeared to follow a market-leading behaviour. Growth, investment, and development naturally emerged as essential factors for companies with higher sales revenue and operating sports facilities, and they were relatively less important in sports goods production and trade. Most of the results showed that in the sports business sector, large-scale organisations focus on strategic-related issues more than other players in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in achieving sustainability and in meeting the expectations of stakeholders has been well documented. Using a collection of 2173 publications on CSR and its connections with business performance, this study conducted a bibliometric investigation using the Systematic Literature Network Analysis (SLNA) technique combined with network visualizations to demonstrate the current research trends, most topical themes and the developing areas of interest in the growing field of CSR and its linkages with business performance for an approximate period from 2004 to 2023 as published in the Scopus database of two decades. The goal was to explore the research gaps by analyzing the most cited authors and most impactful publications by year, location, subject area and document type. The study also outlined the trends by topic prevalence, commonly used keywords and citation networks based on co-occurrence and co-authorship to identify the current thematic gaps. The results reveal a mild rate of growth in scholarly interest around the field of CSR and business performance until 2022, where a manifold increase in publications was recorded. An expanding focus on human, social and organizational behavior, economic systems, financial and social performance, leadership, stakeholder management and management science was identified, although there is a scarcity of studies around issues regarding developing countries, climate change, CSR disclosure and small businesses. These findings demonstrate the current state of the research and offer interesting insights and timely research directions as a roadmap for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution from road vehicles enters the air environment from many sources. One such source could be if the vehicle is equipped with an auxiliary heater. They can be classified according to whether they work with diesel or gasoline and whether they heat water or air. The subject of our research series is an additional heating system that heats the air, the original fuel is gasoline. This device has been built up in a modern engine test bench, where the environmental parameters can be controlled. The length of the test cycle was chosen to be 30 min. The tested fuels were E10, E30, E100 and B7. A 30-min operating period has been chosen in the NORMAL operating mode of the device as a test cycle. The focus of the tests was particle number concentration and soot composition. The results of the particle number concentration showed that renewable fuel content significantly reduces the number concentration of the emitted particles (9.56 × 108 #/cycle for E10 vs. 1.65 × 108 #/cycle for E100), while B7 causes a significantly higher number of emissions than E10 (3.92 × 1010 #/cycle for B7). Based on the elemental analysis, most deposits are elemental carbon, but non-organic compounds are also present. Carbon (92.18 m/m% for E10), oxygen (6.34 m/m% for E10), fluorine (0.64 m/m% for E10), and zinc (0.56 m/m% for E10) have been found in the largest quantity of deposits taken form the combustion chamber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The air pollutant emissions of a motor vehicle do not only mean the emissions from the engine used for propelling the vehicle. Another possible source is the passenger compartment heater. In the focus of our research, we investigated the effect of mixing gasoline-powered cabin air and ethanol (E10, E30, E100 on a volumetric basis) on the emissions of the equipment. Among the pollutant components examined, there were conventional components and so called not-conventional components. The chosen length of the test was 1800 s, while the intake air parameters temperature (tin) and relative humidity (h) have been kept constant (tin = 15 °C, h = 30%). Bioethanol mixing has a significant reducing effect on NOx (oxides of nitrogen) and CO2 (carbon dioxide). As for the components CO (carbon monoxide), THC (total hydrocarbons), CH4 (methane) and N2O (nitrous oxide), the values of the components reach usable values only in the start-up and burnout phases, while in the stable-operation phase, their values are outside the limit of detectability. A small part of THC is only CH4; a more significant part is NMHC (non-methane hydrocarbons). The results of the developed vehicle fleet model for calculating the GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions of a vehicle fleet equipped with such a device showed that the fleet's GHG emissions are less than 1% of the annual emissions from the combustion of transport fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stationary heating devices can be used to warm up the coolant of an internal combustion engine or the cabin air of a vehicle. This kind of heat engine transforms the chemical energy content of liquid fuels into heat energy. The combustion process and the emission of such a device is in focus in this study, which would be the first part in a greater project in the field. Therefore, some relevant parameters have been established. Relevant cycles have been chosen for the kinds of heat engines. It means a normal mode cycle for the stationary device and a WLTC cycle in the case of the direct injection gasoline engine. Fuel used was the same for both. This heat transfer process is such, that the combustion seems to be quite simple and rough in the stationary device compared to that of in internal combustion engine. This means an inhomogenous combustion with non-premixed flame at a low combustion temperature. This situation affects the emission characteristic accordingly, so causes low NOx and relatively high particle relevant emission comes out from the device. As far as the device's particle relevant emission is concerned it would be suitable for further investigation described at the end of the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]