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Introduction: Sarcoidosis has many possible clinical presentations since it can affect any organ, most commonly the lungs. The hallmark of the disease consists of the formation of non-necrotising granulomas. Pathogenesis is thought to rely on the interplay of genetic, environmental and epigenetic factors. This case highlights the importance of a thorough clinical history and physical examination, and the correlation with imaging findings in the diagnostic work-up of the non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Case description: A 57-year-old woman was admitted due to the sudden onset of malaise, dizziness, and chest discomfort. Sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia was evidenced and the patient rapidly evolved with haemodynamic instability; she underwent successful electrical cardioversion. The electrocardiogram afterwards showed a high-risk electrocardiographic pattern. Invasive coronary angiography excluded obstructive epicardial coronary lesions. Physical examination revealed skin lesions on the lower limbs which raised suspicion for erythema nodosum and therefore a biopsy was performed. Transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed features consistent with an inflammatory cardiomyopathy, and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator was placed. The histologic examination of the cutaneous lesions showed a non-necrotising granulomatous inflammatory process. Radionuclide imaging was inconclusive. The patient underwent an endomyocardial biopsy, which confirmed the diagnosis of systemic sarcoidosis with cardiac involvement. Conclusions: Systemic sarcoidosis with cardiac involvement is a challenging diagnosis. The role of imaging techniques such as transthoracic echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and radionuclide imaging is essential in raising suspicion and diagnosing this pathology. Endomyocardial biopsy is the ‘gold standard’ for its diagnosis; however, it has a low diagnostic yield.

Systemic sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease involving multiple organs and systems. A 36-year-old woman was admitted due to multiple nodules of the trunk for 4 months. Upon admission， laboratory and auxiliary examinations were performed. A biopsy specimen revealed multiple nodules in the superficial dermis， which were composed of cells with abundant cytoplasm， large cell body and round or oval nuclei. PET/CT revealed systemic multiple lymph node enlargement complicated with active metabolism. She was eventually diagnosed with systemic sarcoidosis. After combined treatment of methylprednisolone， hydroxychloroquine and tofacitinib for 4 months， the skin lesions were significantly mitigated and no new skin lesions were found. This case prompts that Janus kinase inhibitors can be used to replace conventional immunosuppressants with reproductive toxicity for systemic sarcoidosis patients of reproductive age.

Abstract Background The role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the early management of chronic cardiac inflammatory conditions is growing. Our case enlightens the benefit of quantitative mapping in the monitoring and treatment guidance in systemic sarcoidosis. Case presentation We report about a 29-year-old man with an ongoing dyspnea and bihilar lymphadenopathy, suggesting sarcoidosis. Cardiac magnetic resonance showed high mapping values, but no scarring. In follow-ups, cardiac remodeling was noted; cardioprotective treatment normalized cardiac function and mapping markers. Definitive diagnosis was achieved in extracardiac lymphatic tissue during a relapse. Conclusion This case shows the role that mapping markers can play in the detection and treatment at early stage of systemic sarcoidosis.

Aim: The aim of this retrospective study is to examine the frequency and clinical features of skin lesions in patients with sarcoidosis and to compare them with the literature. Materials and Methods: The files of patients diagnosed with sarcoidosis in the last 10 years in our hospital were reviewed retrospectively. Age, gender, age at diagnosis, dermatology consultation or dermatological examination findings were recorded for all patients. Results: Thirty (69.8%) of the patients diagnosed with sarcoidosis were female and 13 (30.2%) were male. The mean age was 49.7 ± 12.2. When the patients are grouped according to the age ranges at which they are diagnosed, there are 1 (%2.3) patient between the ages of 10-19, 4 (%9.3) patients between the ages of 20-29, 6 (%13.9) patients between the ages of 30-39, 16 (%37.2) patients between the ages of 40-49, 8 (%18.6) patients between the ages of 50-59 and 8 (%18.6) patients over the age of 60. The mean age at which female patients were diagnosed with sarcoidosis was 47.56±12.85, and the mean age at which male patients were diagnosed with sarcoidosis was 41.86±13.81 years. The mean follow-up period of the patients was 4.0±3.1 years. Thirty-one (72.1%) of all patients were examined in dermatology. Dermatological findings including erythema nodosum were detected in 8 (18.6%) patients. Conclusion: Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disease that can progress with various clinical findings and should be considered in the differential diagnosis with its frequent or rare findings. In this study, in which the data of patients diagnosed with sarcoidosis in the last 10 years in our hospital were evaluated, our findings were generally similar to the literature data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease involving multiple organs and systems. A 36-year-old woman was admitted due to multiple nodules of the trunk for 4 months. Upon admission, laboratory and auxiliary examinations were performed. A biopsy specimen revealed multiple nodules in the superficial dermis, which were composed of cells with abundant cytoplasm, large cell body and round or oval nuclei. PET/CT revealed systemic multiple lymph node enlargement complicated with active metabolism. She was eventually diagnosed with systemic sarcoidosis. After combined treatment of methylprednisolone, hydroxychloroquine and tofacitinib for 4 months, the skin lesions were significantly mitigated and no new skin lesions were found. This case prompts that Janus kinase inhibitors can be used to replace conventional immunosuppressants with reproductive toxicity for systemic sarcoidosis patients of reproductive age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Elevated ACE expression in tissues (reflected by blood ACE levels) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and is also a marker for granulomatous diseases. We developed a new approach for characterization of ACE status in the blood—ACE phenotyping and established normal values of ACE levels 50–150% of control pooled plasma. ACE phenotyping was performed in citrated plasma of 120 patients with known interstitial lung diseases. In the 1st set of 100 patients we found 22 patients with ACE levels > 150%; ACE phenotyping also objectively identified the presence of ACE inhibitors in the plasma of 15 patients. After excluding these patients and patient with ACE mutation that increases ACE shedding, 17 patients were identified as a suspicious for systemic sarcoidosis based on elevation of blood ACE (> 150% of mean). A new parameter that we have established–ACE immunoreactivity (with mAb 9B9)—allowed us to detect 22 patients with decreased values (

Background: The role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the early management of chronic cardiac inflammatory conditions is growing. Our case enlightens the benefit of quantitative mapping in the monitoring and treatment guidance in systemic sarcoidosis. Case presentation: We report about a 29-year-old man with an ongoing dyspnea and bihilar lymphadenopathy, suggesting sarcoidosis. Cardiac magnetic resonance showed high mapping values, but no scarring. In follow-ups, cardiac remodeling was noted; cardioprotective treatment normalized cardiac function and mapping markers. Definitive diagnosis was achieved in extracardiac lymphatic tissue during a relapse. Conclusion: This case shows the role that mapping markers can play in the detection and treatment at early stage of systemic sarcoidosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease histologically characterized by the presence of non-caseating granulomas. Granulomas can affect all structures of the body, giving heterogeneous manifestations and making the diagnosis of this disease a real challenge. We report the case of a 72-year-old woman who presented with two rare manifestations of sarcoidosis: an orbital and a pulmonary pseudotumor. The orbital tumor revealed the disease. Clinically, the patient had palpebral swelling. Orbital MRI showed an orbital pseudotumor hypointense on T1, and hyperintense on T2, heterogeneous and enhanced after gadolinium injection. The thoracic localization was asymptomatic, revealed by the chest Computed Tomography (CT) scan. Histological evidence of granuloma was obtained at both locations. The level of angiotensin-converting enzyme was high. All the other systemic granulomatous diseases were eliminated. We started a systemic corticotherapy with good clinical results.

Sarcoidosis is a complicated inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of non‐caseating epithelioid granulomas in many organs. Herein, we reported a sarcoidosis case with multiple organ involvements and our diagnostic criteria and treatment plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isolated cardiac sarcoidosis (iCS) is increasingly recognized; however, its prognosis and the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy remain undetermined. We aimed to compare the prognosis of iCS and systemic sarcoidosis including cardiac involvement (sCS) under immunosuppressive therapy.We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 42 patients with sCS and 30 patients with iCS diagnosed at Kyushu University Hospital from 2004 through 2022. We compared the characteristics and the rate of adverse cardiac events including cardiac death, fatal ventricular tachyarrhythmia, and heart failure hospitalization between the 2 groups. The median follow-up time was 1535 [interquartile range, 630-2555] days, without a significant difference between the groups. There were no significant differences in gender, NYHA class, or left ventricular ejection fraction. Immunosuppressive agents were administered in 86% of sCS and in 73% of iCS patients (P = 0.191). When analyzed only with patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy (sCS, n = 36; iCS, n = 21), the cardiac event-free survival was significantly lower in iCS than sCS (37% versus 79%, P = 0.002). Myocardial LGE content at the initial diagnosis was comparable in both groups. The disease activity was serially evaluated in 26 sCS and 16 iCS patients by quantitative measures of FDG-PET including cardiac metabolic volume and total lesion glycolysis, representing 3-dimensional distribution and intensity of inflammation in the entire heart. Although iCS patients had lower baseline disease activity than sCS patients, immunosuppressive therapy did not attenuate disease activity in iCS in contrast to sCS.iCS showed a poorer response to immunosuppressive therapy and a worse cardiac prognosis compared to sCS despite lower baseline disease activity.

Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a distinctive manifestation of sarcoidosis, a multisystemic inflammatory disorder that is characterized by non-necrotizing granulomas. CS can lead to arrhythmias, heart failure (HF), and sudden cardiac death. The diagnosis of CS involves imaging in the form of a two-dimensional echocardiogram, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), an 18-fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scan, and an endomyocardial biopsy. Treatment of CS entails corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, monoclonal antibodies, and, in advanced cases, heart transplantation (HTx). This systematic review follows Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, focusing on HF in sarcoidosis patients. Eligibility criteria include recent (2019-2024) research papers on sarcoidosis-induced heart failure, excluding other causes. The databases searched were PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. From 36,755 initial articles, 2,060 remained after filtering, and 17 were selected for quality assessment. Based on quality assessment, 11 studies were included in the final review. In CS, a variety of treatment strategies can be implemented. Corticosteroids are the first-line therapeutic options, and in the majority of cases, they are very successful in controlling the disease progression. Immunosuppressive agents like methotrexate and azathioprine are used to avoid long-term steroid use. Both corticosteroids and immunosuppressives act by reducing inflammation and preventing myocardial scarring. Biological agents like infliximab and adalimumab prevent disease progression by targeting specific inflammatory pathways and are used in refractory cases. Regular HF management drugs like angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), sodium-glucose transport protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, beta-blockers, and diuretics help in optimizing cardiac function. In severe cases, a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) may be required. The ultimate treatment for end-stage CS is HTx, which has to be supplemented with a strong, individualized regimen of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressives to avoid graft rejection and to control sarcoidosis. Due to a lack of standard protocols for management and limited knowledge about CS, the ideal treatment of HF is still a matter of debate. Hence, further research and clinical trials need to be performed to optimize patient outcomes., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Palvia et al.)

Abstract Sarcoidosis is a complicated inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of non‐caseating epithelioid granulomas in many organs. Herein, we reported a sarcoidosis case with multiple organ involvements and our diagnostic criteria and treatment plan.

Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease histologically characterized by the presence of non-caseating granulomas. Granulomas can affect all structures of the body, giving heterogeneous manifestations and making the diagnosis of this disease a real challenge. We report the case of a 72-year-old woman who presented with two rare manifestations of sarcoidosis: an orbital and a pulmonary pseudotumor. The orbital tumor revealed the disease. Clinically, the patient had palpebral swelling. Orbital MRI showed an orbital pseudotumor hypointense on T1, and hyperintense on T2, heterogeneous and enhanced after gadolinium injection. The thoracic localization was asymptomatic, revealed by the chest Computed Tomography (CT) scan. Histological evidence of granuloma was obtained at both locations. The level of angiotensin-converting enzyme was high. All the other systemic granulomatous diseases were eliminated. We started a systemic corticotherapy with good clinical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Data regarding clinical outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) vs surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in patients with sarcoidosis is lacking. This study aims to clarify the clinical outcomes of TAVR vs SAVR in patients with sarcoidosis. Methods Data was collected from the National Inpatient Sample database from 2016-2019 using validated ICD-10-CM codes for sarcoidosis, TAVR, and SAVR. Patients were divided into two cohorts: those who underwent TAVR and those who underwent SAVR. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's chi-squared test to determine clinical outcomes of TAVR vs SAVR in patients with sarcoidosis. Results The prevalence of sarcoidosis was 0.23% among total study patients (n=142,420,378). After exclusions, the prevalence of TAVR was 650 (49%) and SAVR was 675 (51%) in patients with sarcoidosis. Patients who underwent TAVR were on average older (74 vs 65 years old, p=0.001), and more likely to be female (57 vs 40%, p<0.001) compared to patients who underwent SAVR. The TAVR cohort had higher rates of congestive heart failure (CHF) (77.7 vs 42.2%, p=0.001), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (42.3 vs 24.4% p=0.001), anemia (5.4 vs 2.2%, p=0.004), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (1.5 vs 0%, p=0.004), and hypothyroidism (31.5 vs 16.3%, p=0.001) compared to the SAVR cohort. Inpatient mortality post-procedure was higher in the SAVR cohort compared to the TAVR cohort (15 vs 0, p=0.001). Regarding post-procedure complications, respiratory complications were more common in the SAVR cohort (4.4 vs 0%, p=0.001), while TAVR was associated with a higher incidence of permanent pacemaker (PPM) insertion (2.15 vs 0.8%, p=0.001). There was no statistical difference in the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) (0.8 vs 1.5%, p=0.33), AKI requiring hemodialysis (0 vs. 0.7%, p=0.08), or stroke (0.8 vs 0.7, p=1) post-procedure between the two cohorts. Conclusion This study found that in the sarcoidosis population, TAVR was associated with reduced mortality, shorter hospital length of stay, and lower hospitalization costs in comparison to SAVR., Competing Interests: Human subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve human participants or tissue. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Khan et al.)

Introduction: Sarcoidosis has many possible clinical presentations since it can affect any organ, most commonly the lungs. The hallmark of the disease consists of the formation of non-necrotising granulomas. Pathogenesis is thought to rely on the interplay of genetic, environmental and epigenetic factors. This case highlights the importance of a thorough clinical history and physical examination, and the correlation with imaging findings in the diagnostic work-up of the non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy., Case Description: A 57-year-old woman was admitted due to the sudden onset of malaise, dizziness, and chest discomfort. Sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia was evidenced and the patient rapidly evolved with haemodynamic instability; she underwent successful electrical cardioversion. The electrocardiogram afterwards showed a high-risk electrocardiographic pattern. Invasive coronary angiography excluded obstructive epicardial coronary lesions. Physical examination revealed skin lesions on the lower limbs which raised suspicion for erythema nodosum and therefore a biopsy was performed. Transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed features consistent with an inflammatory cardiomyopathy, and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator was placed. The histologic examination of the cutaneous lesions showed a non-necrotising granulomatous inflammatory process. Radionuclide imaging was inconclusive. The patient underwent an endomyocardial biopsy, which confirmed the diagnosis of systemic sarcoidosis with cardiac involvement., Conclusions: Systemic sarcoidosis with cardiac involvement is a challenging diagnosis. The role of imaging techniques such as transthoracic echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and radionuclide imaging is essential in raising suspicion and diagnosing this pathology. Endomyocardial biopsy is the 'gold standard' for its diagnosis; however, it has a low diagnostic yield., Learning Points: Systemic sarcoidosis with cardiac involvement is a challenging diagnosis as it may present in many different ways.The case presented highlights the importance of a thorough clinical history and physical examination, and the correlation with imaging findings.Imaging techniques such as transthoracic echocardiogram, cardiac magnetic resonance and radionuclide imaging are essential in raising suspicion and diagnosing cardiac sarcoidosis., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interests: The Authors declare that there are no competing interests., (© EFIM 2024.)

Introduction: Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. Cardiac involvement is present in 20-30% of all patients1 . In cardiac sarcoidosis myocardium and endocardium are typically affected, while pericardial involvement and supraventricular arrhythmias are less common1-3. Case report: 55-year-old female patient was diagnosed in June 2022 with mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy as an incidental finding during evaluation for dyspnea and episode of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Radiological findings, bronchoscopy and further workup confirmed the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Quantiferon test was negative and was done to ruled out tuberculosis. Echocardiography verified the hyperechogenic calcified pericardium with “septal bounce” sign and constrictive hemodynamics (Figure 1). In the June 2023, a CT coronary angiography was performed, which revealed an almost completely thickened (up to 15 mm) and diffusely calcified pericardium, sparing the posterior contour of both atria and the apex of both ventricles, which compresses the ventricles with a clear disturbance of the diastolic function of the heart (Figure 2). There was no pericardial effusion or coronary artery calcification. Due to heart failure, a right-sided heart catheterization was performed, confirming the ventricular interdependence phenomenon and the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis. Magnetic resonance of the heart did not prove a clear signs of myocardial sarcoidosis, but showed signs of constrictive pericarditis, with potential pericardial sarcoidosis (Figure 2). Metabolically active lymph nodes of the neck, mediastinum, lung hilum, axilla, retroperitoneum and inguinal were observed with a subsequent PET-CT. There were no focal or diffuse pathological accumulation of activity along the calcified pericardium. Based on the performed diagnostic workup, an elective partial pericardiectomy was indicated. Conclusion: We report a rare case of systemic sarcoidosis, presented with constrictive pericarditis and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. The most likely etiology of constrictive pericarditis is pericardial sarcoidosis. Determining the etiology of constrictive pericarditis is challenging, indicating in some cases partial or total pericardiectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a 65-year-old African American woman who was found to have pericardial effusion secondary to cardiac sarcoid. Pericardial effusion is a rare manifestation of cardiac sarcoid. All cases of sustemic sarcoid should be evaluated for cardiac involvement which can be difficult to detect.

Purpose of Review: The purpose of this review is to provide a framework to distinguish Blau syndrome/Early Onset Sarcoidosis and Sarcoidosis clinically. We also discuss relevant differences in genetics, pathogenesis, and management of these diseases. Recent Findings: Blau syndrome and Sarcoidosis share the characteristic histologic finding of noncaseating granulomas as well as some similar clinical characteristics; nevertheless, they are distinct entities with important differences between them. Blau syndrome and Early Onset Sarcoidosis are due to one of numerous possible gain-of-function mutations in NOD2, commonly presenting before age 5 with a triad of skin rash, arthritis, and uveitis. However, as more cases are reported, expanded clinical manifestations have been described. In systemic Sarcoidosis, there are numerous susceptibility genes that have been identified, and disease is thought to result from an environmental exposure in a genetically susceptible host. It most often presents with constitutional symptoms and pulmonary involvement and typically affects adolescents and adults. Summary: This paper reviews the similarities and differences between Blau syndrome and Sarcoidosis. We also discuss the importance of distinguishing between them, particularly with regard to prognosis and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 34-year-old male patient who had left orchiectomy and received three cycles of chemotherapy for testicular mix germ cell carcinoma was referred for 18fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for complaints of weight loss and fever. PET/CT showed multiple and progressive 18F-FDG uptakes in supra and infra diaphragmatic lymphatic regions, and multiple abnormal 18F-FDG uptakes were noted in the lytic formed skeletal lesions. Clinicians remain in doubt regarding the multiple metastatic lesions without elevated serum tumor marker levels (alpha-fetoprotein, beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin, CA19-9, and carcinoembryonic antigen). Biopsy of the lytic lesion in the iliac bone revealed granulomatous inflammation suggestive of sarcoidosis. Systemic prednisone at 20-40 mg/daily was started. 18F-FDG PET/CT images showed complete metabolic response to prednisone 8 months following the start of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease with a myriad of clinical manifestations and a predilection to involve the lungs, eyes, lymph nodes, and skin. A 38‐year‐old man presented to dermatology with a history of progressive dyspnea, pulmonary consolidations on chest X‐ray, and hilar adenopathy on computed tomography scan. Skin exam revealed asymptomatic, yellow to brown macules on the right lower extremity. Biopsy of a lesion showed diminutive syringotropic granulomas and perivascular hemosiderin; stains for bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi were negative. Subsequent fine needle aspiration of a hilar mass revealed non‐necrotizing epithelioid granulomas further supporting a diagnosis of sarcoidosis. The patient was placed on systemic steroids and had improvement of his pulmonary symptoms and stabilization of his hilar lymphadenopathy without resolution of his pigmented purpuric dermatosis (PPD) like lesions. Only three prior cases of syringotropic sarcoidosis have been reported; however, the biopsies had revealed conspicuously large granulomas in contrast with the small granulomas in our case, and none of the prior patients had clinical examination findings that mimicked PPD. Recognition of rare dermatologic and histopathological appearances of sarcoidosis is paramount as cutaneous sarcoidosis may be the harbinger of a systemic illness, which requires a timely diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcoidosis is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease which belongs to a group of systemic granulomatous diseases. It can be confirmed through characteristic systemic and ocular manifestations and histological findings. Biopsy is the golden standard for diagnosing sarcoidosis. Ocular sarcoidosis can be confirmed, probable, or possible. Over a two-year period, ocular manifestations were studied on a sample of 52 patients, each followed for four months and diagnosed with some form of systemic sarcoidosis. Most frequent systemic manifestations in patients with ocular sarcoidosis were pulmonary, skin, glandular, and systemic generalized sarcoidosis. The disease was diagnosed four times more frequently in females than males (42:10, respectively; p < 0.05). Most frequent, and statistically significant, manifestation of ocular sarcoidosis is anterior uveitis (64.61%; p < 0.01). Macular edema and periphlebitis associated with periarteritis were frequent, and statistically significant (43.90% and 29.26%, respectively; p < 0.05). Overall, with regards to gender and location (right eye; left eye), visual acuity was >0.5 and of statistical significance (76.92%; p < 0.01). The most common therapy consisted of systemic corticosteroids (26.67%) and/or a combination of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs (23.33%). In 16 eyes treated with repeated doses of sub-Tenon's injections, both initial and control visual acuity correlated with average thickness. There was positive correlation between several optical coherence tomography findings before and after treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depending on the location, dermatoses can produce blemishes that severely impair quality of life and require highly effective treatment that is otherwise used for extensive skin involvement. We report the case of a 39-year-old, otherwise healthy male disfigured by an 8 × 7-cm hypopigmented and centrally atrophic annular plaque with erythematous indurated borders in an area of scar tissue on his forehead. Skin biopsies revealed non-caseating granulomas, and hilar involvement was identified, leading to the diagnosis of systemic sarcoidosis stage II with cutaneous involvement. The lesions proved resistant to multiple therapies, but responded within 4 months to adalimumab with regression of the lesion and inflammatory infiltrate. The visual analogue scale of disease activity decreased from 7/10 to 3.5/10, and the Dermatology Life Quality Index from 16/30 to 3/30 points. In conclusion, TNF-α inhibition can control inflammation and disfigurement by cutaneous sarcoidosis and restore quality of life.

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease that most commonly involves the lungs and the lymph nodes, but with genitourinary tract involvement, can easily mimic testicular cancer with metastasis to the lungs. We describe the case of a 30-year-old African-American male who presented with complaints of a headache, skin lesions, and a scrotal mass. A computed tomography scan of the head showed lesions in the frontotemporal and pons region, causing obstructive hydrocephalus. An ultrasound of the scrotum showed an enlarged epididymis bilaterally as well as a solid hypoechoic ill-defined mass on the right side, separate from the intact testis. Given the high suspicion for testicular malignancy with brain metastasis, a right orchiectomy was completed. The pathology revealed non-caseating necrotizing granulomas that stained negative for tubercular and fungal organisms, which was consistent with sarcoidosis. Additionally, the patient’s skin and central nervous system (CNS) lesions improved on steroids that had been started for cerebral edema. Given the predilection of testicular cancer for CNS metastasis, neurosarcoidosis can also be mistaken for testicular cancer metastasis to the CNS, as seen in our case. Differentiating testicular cancer from genitourinary sarcoidosis is difficult but can be clarified using a combination of clinical presentation, epidemiology, serum markers (ACE, AFP, B-HCG), biopsies from skin/lymph nodes, and sometimes imaging. It is critical to differentiate genitourinary sarcoidosis from malignancy, as a misdiagnosis can lead to unnecessary surgical interventions, which have important implications for future fertility. There can also be a coexistence of as well as an association between testicular cancer and sarcoidosis, which should be recognized by health care providers. Both authors contributed equally to the manuscript.