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Since the description in 1900 of the iconic Happy Face spider, Theridion grallator, Simon, along with nine relatives, the Theridion fauna of the Hawaiian Islands has remained unstudied. Here, we present a systematic revision of the Hawaiian Theridion, which includes the examination of abundant material collected during the last 50 years, with scanning of the genitalia of several species using SEM techniques, and a cladistic analysis based on 22 morphological characters, to provide a first hypothesis of the phylogenetic structure of the group. We describe eight new species, namely T. ariel, sp. nov., T. caliban, sp. nov., T. ceres, sp. nov., T. ferdinand, sp. nov., T. juno, sp. nov., T. miranda, sp. nov., T. prospero, sp. nov. and T. sycorax, sp. nov. Additionally, we provide new diagnoses for former species and illustrate and describe for the first time the male of T. kauaiense Simon, 1900 and the female of T. praetextum Simon, 1900. We further propose that T. campestratum Simon, 1900 is a junior synonym of T. melinum Simon, 1900 and T. praetextum concolor Simon, 1900 is a junior synonym of T. praetextum. Finally, we provide updated information on the distribution of the species. Most species are easily diagnosed based on the male and female genitalia, but we also reveal the existence of somatic characters that differ among species, such as the body size and the shape and size of the chelicerae, which may have played a role in the diversification and coexistence of some of the species. The preferred cladogram from the cladistic analysis, although compatible with a progression rule, also suggests a complex pattern of multiple back and forward colonisations, albeit most of the clades are poorly supported.

This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Villastrigo, Adrian; Jach, Manfred A.; Cardoso, Anabela ; Valladares, Luis F.; Ribera, Ignacio; 2018; "A molecular phylogeny of the tribe Ochthebiini (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae, Ochthebiinae)"; Systematic Entomology, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12318.

Mite harvestmen of the family Neogoveidae have a tropical trans-Atlantic distribution with representatives in equatorial West Africa and the Neotropics, specifically in the south-east region of the USA and in northern South America, being conspicuously absent from Central America. We provide a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the family including representatives of all genera but the monotypic Tucanogovea Karaman, 2013, and new information on the type species described by Jochen Martens in 1969 that were unavailable for molecular study until now: Brasiliogovea microphaga, Metagovea oviformis and ‘? Gen. enigmaticus'. Additionally, we revisit the somatic and male genitalic morphology of representatives of all genera by means of scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy, and describe the new genera Leggogovia Benavides & Giribet, gen. nov., Microgovia Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, gen. nov., Waiwaigovia Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, gen. nov. and 13 new species: Brasiliogovea aphantostylus Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Brasiliogovea microstylus Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Brasiliogovea yacambuensis Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Metagovea matapi Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Metagovea planada Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Microgovia chenepau Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Neogovea branstetteri Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Neogovea enigmatica Martens, sp. nov., Neogovea matawai Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Parogovia montealensis Benavides & Giribet, sp. nov., Parogovia prietoi Benavides & Giribet, sp. nov., Parogovia putnami Benavides & Giribet, sp. nov. and Waiwaigovia schultzi Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov. Phylogenetic analyses based on maximum likelihood, parsimony and Bayesian inference support the monophyly of Neogoveidae and a sister group relationship of Neogoveidae + Ogoveidae with Troglosironidae (a clade named Sternophthalmi). Relationships among neogoveid genera are largely congruent between methods as follows: ((Leggogovia gen. nov., Metasiro), (Parogovia, ((Canga, Microgovia gen. nov.), ((Brasiliogovea, Neogovea), (Huitaca, (Waiwaigovia gen. nov., Metagovea)))))). In light of our results, the following taxonomic changes are proposed: Metagovea oviformis Martens, 1969 is transferred to Microgovia, gen. nov.; Parogovia pabsgarnoni Legg, 1990 is transferred to Leggogovia, gen. nov.; ‘? Gen. enigmaticus Martens, 1969' is an invalid name according to the ICZN; the corresponding taxon is redescribed and formally named as Neogovea enigmatica Martens, sp. nov.

Two hundred and sixty-two adventive aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) have been previously reported in North America north of Mexico. We update this to include 25 previously unrecorded species, and include information on the location and date of first discovery, biogeographic origin, and economically important North American hosts for these species. The number of adventive species introduced per year has decreased overall since 1930.We discuss aphids intercepted at United States ports of entry and identified by the Systematic Entomology Laboratory from 2000–2016 and comment on how the composition of species intercepted may affect the adventive species that become established.

© 2015 The Authors. Systematic Entomology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Royal Entomological Society This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

Over the past decade the mitochondrial (mt) genome has become the most widely used genomic resource available for systematic entomology. While the availability of other types of ‘–omics’ data – in particular transcriptomes – is increasing rapidly, mt genomes are still vastly cheaper to sequence and are far less demanding of high quality templates. Furthermore, almost all other ‘–omics’ approaches also sequence the mt genome, and so it can form a bridge between legacy and contemporary datasets. Mitochondrial genomes have now been sequenced for all insect orders, and in many instances representatives of each major lineage within orders (suborders, series or superfamilies depending on the group). They have also been applied to systematic questions at all taxonomic scales from resolving interordinal relationships (e.g. Cameron et al., 2009; Wan et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2012), through many intraordinal (e.g. Dowton et al., 2009; Timmermans et al., 2010; Zhao et al. 2013a) and family-level studies (e.g. Nelson et al., 2012; Zhao et al., 2013b) to population/biogeographic studies (e.g. Ma et al., 2012). Methodological issues around the use of mt genomes in insect phylogenetic analyses and the empirical results found to date have recently been reviewed by Cameron (2014), yet the technical aspects of sequencing and annotating mt genomes were not covered. Most papers which generate new mt genome report their methods in a simplified form which can be difficult to replicate without specific knowledge of the field. Published studies utilize a sufficiently wide range of approaches, usually without justification for the one chosen, that confusion about commonly used jargon such as ‘long PCR’ and ‘primer walking’ could be a serious barrier to entry. Furthermore, sequenced mt genomes have been annotated (gene locations defined) to wildly varying standards and improving data quality through consistent annotation procedures will benefit all downstream users of these datasets. The aims of this review are therefore to: 1. Describe in detail the various sequencing methods used on insect mt genomes; 2. Explore the strengths/weakness of different approaches; 3. Outline the procedures and software used for insect mt genome annotation, and; 4. Highlight quality control steps used for new annotations, and to improve the re-annotation of previously sequenced mt genomes used in systematic or comparative research.

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are the world's most devastating insect pests of horticultural crops. Besides causing damage to wide variety of fruits, vegetables and flower crops, they limit the development of agriculture in many countries because of the strict trade quarantines imposed to prevent their spread. About 70 species of fruit flies are considered important agricultural pests, and many others are minor or potential pests (White and Elson-Harris 1992). Alam (1967) reported 10 tephritid fruit flies from Bangladesh (East Pakistan). Kapoor et al. (1980) recorded 11 tephritid fruit flies from Bangladesh. However, there is no published report on the occurrence of Diarrhegma modestum (Fabricius) from Bangladesh. This species has been reported only from India (West Bengal, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) where it breeds in the pods of drumstick, Moringa oleifera Lam. (Family: Moringaceae) used as vegetable in India (Hancock and Drew 1994). The fruit fly has also been recorded to breed in decaying wood (Bezzi 1913). Four adult flies of both sexes were collected during May-June, 2012 from the ribbed gourd, Luffa acutungula (L.) Roxb., in a field of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment housing colony Campus, Ganakbari, Savar, Dhaka (23 0 59"N, 90 0 16"E). Various cucurbit crops, viz. Cucurbita maxima Duchesne ex. Lam., Trichosanthus cucumerina L. and Luffa acutungula along with a considerable amount of drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lam.) were cultivated in this field. The collected fruit flies were carried to the fruit fly laboratory, Insect Biotechnology Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Ganakbari, Savar, Dhaka-1349, Bangladesh. Each fruit fly was kept in a eppendorf tube containing 70% ethanol for preservation. The preserved fruit flies were sent to Dr. Allen L. Norrbom, Systematic Entomology laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington DC 20013-7012, USA for identification. Specimens of the fruit fly were also collected from Gurudaspur Upazila of Natore district and Regional Horticultural Research Centre, Chapainawabgonj in 2013. Dr. A. L. Norrbom identified the specimens that were sent to him as Diarrhegma modestum which has not been reported from Bangladesh before.

The family Nomoclastidae is revised and, based on a cladistic analysis, Callcosma Roewer, 1932 is transferred to the family from Cranaidae. The monotypic genus Napostygnus Roewer, 1929, hitherto considered incertae sedis, is also assigned to Nomoclastidae. Zygopachylus Chamberlin, 1925 and Poassa Roewer, 1943 are synonymised under Quindina Roewer, 1914, consequently creating the new combinations Quindina limbata (Roewer, 1914) and Quindina albomarginis (Chamberlin, 1925). The new combination Quindina marginata (Roewer, 1963), comb. nov. is proposed, as the type-species of Deriacrus, D. simoni Roewer, 1932, is not congeneric with Deriacrus marginatus Roewer, 1963 and has the synapomorphies of Quindina, such as a row of large rounded tubercles on the lateral margin and enlarged tubercles on the dorsal scutum. A new genus and species are proposed, Kichua rheimsae, sp. nov., from Ecuador (type locality: Ecuador, Napo, Cantón Quijos, Parroquira Cozanga, Yanayacu Research Station). In addition, seven new species are herein described: Callcosma abrapatricia, sp. nov. (type locality: Peru, Moyobamba, Abra Patricia Private Conservation Area); Callcosma cofan, sp. nov. (type locality: Ecuador, Sucumbíos, Cabanas Cuyabeno); Callcosma barasana, sp. nov. (type locality: Colombia, Vaupés, Tararira, Estacción Biológica da Caparu); Quindina albiocularia, sp. nov. (type locality: Panama, Coclé, Valle de Antón); Quindina burbayar, sp. nov. (type locality: Panama, Reserva Natural Privada Burbayar); Quindina kuna, sp. nov. (type locality: Panama, Darién, Chucantí); and Quindina morae, sp. nov. (type locality: Panama, Gamboa, Sendero del Oleoducto).

Devilleferus brunkei Jenkins Shaw & Solodovnikov, gen. et sp. nov., a distinctive new genus and species of Staphylinini rove beetle with an unusual set of morphological characters is described from the tropical Andes (Ecuador and possibly Colombia and Bolivia) in South America. To resolve systematic placement of the new genus within Staphylinini we assembled a dataset of 68 morphological characters scored for 34 taxa representing a broad sample of the respective rove beetle tribe, and performed Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony phylogenetic analyses. Both analytical methods unambiguously placed Devilleferus as sister to the subtribe Amblyopinina, and overall they corroborated recently established subtribal systematics for Staphylinini inferred mainly from molecular markers. Based on the shared synapomorphies, Devilleferus is assigned to the subtribe Amblyopinina. The internal relationships within Amblyopinina remain to be clarified in a broader study of that very poorly explored austral lineage.

Systematic Entomology (2012), 37, 497–549 A phylogenetic analysis of the genera of Aphelininae (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), with a generic key and descriptions of new taxa J U N G - W O O K K I M and J O H N H E R A T Y Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, U.S.A. Abstract. The genera of Aphelininae (Aphelinidae) are reviewed on a worldwide basis. Identification keys and a phylogenetic hypothesis are presented for 16 genera, of which four are new (Mashimaro n.g., Neophytis n.g., Punkaphytis n.g., Saen- gella n.g.) and Paraphytis is resurrected. Newly described species are Mashimaro hawksi n.sp., Mashimaro lasallei n.sp., Neophytis myartsevae n.sp., Neophytis munroi n.sp., Punkaphytis erwini n.sp. and Punkaphytis hayati n.sp. New combi- nations from Aphytis include Neophytis melanosticus (Compere) and N. dealbatus (Compere), and Paraphytis acutaspidis (Rosen & DeBach), P. angusta (Com- pere), P. anomala (Compere), P. argenticorpa (Rosen & DeBach), P. australiensis (DeBach & Rosen), P. benassyi (Fabres), P. breviclavata (Huang), P. capillata (Howard), P. ciliata (Dodd), P. cochereaui (DeBach & Rosen), P. costalimai (Gomes), P. densiciliata (Huang), P. fabresi (DeBach & Rosen), P. haywardi (De Santis), P. hyalinipennis (Rosen & DeBach), P. maculatipennis (Dozier), P. maculata (Shafee), P. mandalayensis Rosen & DeBach, P. nigripes (Compere), P. noumeaensis (Howard), P. obscura (DeBach & Rosen), P. peculiaris (Girault), P. perplexa (Rosen & DeBach), P. transversa (Huang), P. vittata (Compere) (revived status) and P. wallumbillae (Girault). A parsimony analysis of 50 morphological characters for 54 species in 21 genera, including four outgroups (Coccophagus, Eunotiscus, Eury- ishomyia and Eriaphytis), resulted in three equally parsimonious trees supporting monophyly of all genera except Neophytis. Neophytis was paraphyletic to a mono- phyletic Aphytini but is monophyletic in unpublished molecular analyses. Three tribes are recognised (Aphelinini, Aphytini and Eutrichosomellini). The questionable inclu- sion of Eretmocerus (Eretmocerini) within Aphelininae is discussed. Introduction Aphelinidae is a diverse group of small-sized (1–2 mm) chal- cidoids (Hymenoptera). The World fauna consists of 1156 described species in 32 genera (Noyes, 2011). The number and definitions of some genera have been revised fairly recently (Hayat, 1998). However, the phylogenetic relationships of Correspondence: John Heraty, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A. E-mail: john. heraty@ucr.edu ∗ Present address: Structural Pest Control & Pesticides Division, Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, North Carolina, Raleigh, NC 27699-1631, U.S.A. © 2012 The Authors Systematic Entomology © 2012 The Royal Entomological Society the family or subfamilies have not been assessed within a cladistic framework. Monophyly of Aphelinidae is still an open question (Yasnosh, 1976; Woolley, 1988; Gibson, 1989; Heraty et al., 1997; Hayat, 1998; Heraty & Schauff, 1998; Gib- son et al., 1999). Gibson (1989) considered Aphelinidae s.s. (excluding Eriaporinae) as paraphyletic with respect to Sig- niphoridae based on the anterior extension of the metasternum between the mesocoxae. The possible close relationships of Azotinae (Aphelinidae) and Signiphoridae potentially render Aphelinidae paraphyletic with respect to Signiphoridae (Wool- ley, 1988). Consequently, no single character defines the family Aphelinidae without excluding other families of Chalcidoidea. In addition, molecular data have not supported any higher level groupings in the family, with Aphelininae (excluding

Systematic Entomology (2011), 36, 267–284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00557.x Cales (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): morphology of an enigmatic taxon with a review of species J A S O N L . M O T T E R N , J O H N M . H E R A T Y and E M I L Y H A R T O P Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, U.S.A. Abstract. Calesinae is a small group of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) that are parasitoids of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). One species, Cales noacki Howard, has been introduced from South America into citrus-growing regions of North America, the Mediterranean and Africa for biological control. The remaining species are found in Australia and New Zealand: a classic Gondwanan disjunction. The subfamily consists of a single genus, Cales, which is currently unplaced within Chalcidoidea. Its taxonomic position has historically been unstable, although most often Cales is associated with Aphelinidae. Here, we present a detailed morphological study of the group with an emphasis on Australian species. Although Cales shares many characteristics with Aphelinidae, especially Coccophaginae and Eretmocerus, more studies of character systems across Chalcidoidea are needed to determine which features may be synapomorphic. Consequently, we leave Cales incertae sedis within Chalcidoidea. We also describe a new species from New Zealand, Cales berryi sp.n., reared from the whitefly Asterochiton pittospori on lemonwood, Pittosporum eugenioides, and we present a key and review the four known species of Cales. Introduction Although the monophyly of some chalcidoid groups is strongly supported by morphological or molecular synapomorphies, many higher-level relationships within the superfamily remain uncertain. Establishing relationships within Chalcidoidea is hindered by a lack of comprehensive morphological studies, either across character systems or across taxa. Some detailed studies are available (e.g. Darling, 1988; Gibson, 1989; Heraty et al., 1994, 1997; Basibuyuk & Quick, 1995; Heraty & Schauff, 1998; Krogmann & Vilhelmsen, 2006), but more information is needed to determine the utility of various morphological features for phylogenetic reconstruction. Wide diversity of form and function, resulting in uncertainty regarding sister-group relationships, has left some chalcidoid groups unplaced into higher taxonomic categories, and several families are regarded as either paraphyletic or polyphyletic (Gibson et al., 1999; Campbell et al., 2000). The genus Cales Howard is an economically important and easily defined Correspondence: Jason L. Mottern, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A. E-mail: jmott002@student.ucr.edu © 2010 The Authors Systematic Entomology © 2010 The Royal Entomological Society group that currently defies placement into any family within Chalcidoidea. Taxonomic history. The taxonomic history of Cales and its higher classification is complex, and reflects the uncertainty various workers have encountered when trying to classify the group. Cales noacki was first described from specimens reared from Orthezia sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Campinas, Brazil (Howard, 1907). Howard placed this species in the tribe Pteroptricini (now Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae), which was then included in the subfamily Aphelininae. Br`ethes (1914) described Diaspidophilus pallidus from specimens reared from the white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), in Argentina, and placed it in the family Mymaridae. Mercet (1929) synonymized Diaspidophilus with Cales and erected the new subfamily Calesinae within Aphelinidae. Dozier (1933) placed Cales within Trichogrammatidae while studying whitefly parasitoids in Haiti. Paranthemus spenceri Girault was described from Australia and placed in Mymaridae (Girault, 1915), but Paranthemus was later synonymized with Cales by Viggiani (1981). A third species was reared from an Australian whitefly, Orchamoplatus citri (Takahashi) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

14 species new to science are described, viz. Amblyaspis joenssoni, Euxestonotus sabahensis, Leptacis cheyi (all from Malaysia), L. jani (from Laos), L. maliauensis (from Malaysia), L. ongkudoni (from Malaysia), L. pederseni (from Laos), L. reticulaticeps (from Malaysia), L. solodovnikovi, L. vilhelmseni (both from Laos), Sacespalus viklundi (from Malaysia), Synopeas laosianum (from Laos), S. opaciceps and S. waidii (both from Malaysia). The following species described in Leptacis by Ushakumari, R., Narendran, T.C., 2007. A taxonomic revision of Leptacis Foerster (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae) of India. Rec. Zool. Surv. India 107, 7–32 are transferred to Synopeas: L. aeros, L. alus, L. asiaticus, L. benazeer, L. diversus, L. manii, L. mustus, L. nuperus and L. scaposus. Synopeas saltaense is a nom. nov. for S. intermedius Buhl, 2005 preoccupied by S. intermedius (Ushakumari, R., 2004. Diversity of Platygaster Latreille (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) of Kerala. In Rajmohana, K., Narendran, T.C., Perspectives on biosystematics and biodiversity: Prof. T. C. Narendran commemoration volume. Systematic Entomology Research Scholars Association, University of Calicut, Kozhikode, India, pp. 573–591). New locality records for 20 already known Oriental platygastrid species are given.

American Entomologist • Summer 2009 F or the December, 2007 annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America in San Diego, I was invited by Dr. Martha Lutz to present a paper in the education symposium on the history of the book Introduction to the Study of Insects and its impact on the teaching of entomology. Since the book has undergone seven editions in the more than half a century since its inception, it seems appropriate to describe the development of the book and how it has survived and prospered over the years. When I was in graduate school at The Ohio State University back in the early 1950s, I took a course in Advanced Systematic Entomology taught by a young assistant professor named Donald Joyce Borror. The course consisted of three-hour labs in which we keyed out insects using a book of keys by Brues and Melander published in 1932, supplemented by mimeographed keys prepared by Borror, who was an accomplished writer of keys and was constantly revising and improving them as we students found exceptions and specimens that wouldn’t run through the keys. Borror found ways to make the keys work. We were barely aware that Borror and another Ohio State Entomology Professor, Dr. Dwight M. DeLong, were working on a book, ultimately to be entitled Introduction to the Study of Insects.

«Tradition has exercised a paralysing grip on many fields of science, but nowhere is this more evident than in systematic entomology» HINTON, 1939: 139

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 168, Washington, D.C., 20013-7012, USA*e-mail: andrelmartinsbiol@hotmail.comReceived: January 5, 2016 – Accepted: April 9, 2016 – Distributed: May 31, 2017

Tardigrades represent one of the most abundant groups of Antarctic metazoans in terms of abundance and diversity, thanks to their ability to withstand desiccation and freezing; however, their biodiversity is underestimated. Antarctic tardigrades from Dronning Maud Land and Victoria Land were analysed from a morphological point of view with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and from a molecular point of view using two genes (18S, 28S) analysed in Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood frameworks. In addition, indel-coding datasets were used for the first time to infer tardigrade phylogenies. We also compared Antarctic specimens with those from Italy and Greenland. A combined morphological and molecular analysis led to the identification of two new evolutionary lineages, for which we here erect the new genera Acanthechiniscus, gen. nov. (Echiniscidae, Echiniscoidea) and Mesobiotus, gen. nov. (Macrobiotidae, Macrobiotoidea). Moreover, two species new to science were discovered: Pseudechiniscus titianae, sp. nov. (Echiniscidae : Echiniscoidea) and Mesobiotus hilariae, sp. nov. (Macrobiotidae : Macrobiotoidea). This study highlights the high tardigrade diversity in Antarctica and the importance of an integrated approach in faunal and taxonomic studies. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8AAB42BF-B781-4418-A385-DC80C18EC31D

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:44:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-01-01 Water striders (pond skaters) occur worldwide and are conspicuous in most aquatic environments, but the taxonomy of many groups remains unresolved. Here we revise the South American species of the Palaeo- and Neotropically distributed Cylindrostethus Mayr, 1865, a genus characterised by its long, cylindrical body and fast jumping-gliding locomotion. Using a cladistic analysis of morphological characters, we confirm the subdivision of Neotropical Cylindrostethus into two major groups. Nine species of Cylindrostethus are recognised from South America, one of which was recently discovered in Amazonian Brazil and Peru: C. bassleri Drake, 1952; C. bilobatus Kuitert, 1942; C. drakei, sp. Nov.; C. hungerfordi Drake & Harris, 1934; C. linearis (Erichson, 1848); C. meloi Floriano & Cavichioli, 2013; C. palmaris Drake & Harris, 1934; C. podargus Drake, 1958; C. regulus (White, 1879). Two species are placed in synonymy: (C. podargus≤C. stygius Drake, 1961, syn. Nov.); (C. linearis≤C. erythropus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1850), syn. Nov.). A key to the nine species is provided, along with detailed descriptions and illustrations. Journal compilation. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR) Departamento de Biodiversidade e Ecologia Pontifícia Universidade Católica of Rio Grande Do sul Division of Biological Sciences Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)

In 2007 this Journal celebrates its 150th volume and its 150th birthday. Although it is not the only journal reaching this age, it is still a rare event amongst entomological journals to publish a volume every year during one and a half century, and without changing its name. During the 150 years of the journal’s existence, society as a whole, science, as well as the entomological community, have changed considerably. Where 150 years ago written media were almost the only way of communication between scientists, as printed publications, or handwritten letters, now the printed media are often considered obsolete, and old fashioned, and communication has been taken over by the new media. The role of paper journals evidently is changing and journals have to adapt to modern ways of communication. The Tijdschrift voor Entomologie (further abbreviated as TvE) is following this trend as well by developing a website (http://www.nev.nl/tve) and providing pdf files of the published papers. The requirements for the validity of species descriptions by the Code (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999) prevents journals from completely dropping paper publication in favour of web publication, but in other fields of science this is already a fact. In this paper we will briefly review the history of TvE, particularly with regard to changes in content, with reference to authorship, taxonomic group, topics etc. At the occasion of the publication of this issue, we also will upgrade the TvE website with the complete index to 150 volumes, and pdf files of several recent volumes. Here we will also present some information on the methods used preparing the index for the website.

Here we present a phylogeny of beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) based on DNA sequence data from eight nuclear genes, including six single-copy nuclear protein-coding genes, for 367 species representing 172 of 183 extant families. Our results refine existing knowledge of relationships among major groups of beetles. Strepsiptera was confirmed as sister to Coleoptera and each of the suborders of Coleoptera was recovered as monophyletic. Interrelationships among the suborders, namely Polyphaga (Adephaga (Archostemata, Myxophaga)), in our study differ from previous studies. Adephaga comprised two clades corresponding to Hydradephaga and Geadephaga. The series and superfamilies of Polyphaga were mostly monophyletic. The traditional Cucujoidea were recovered in three distantly related clades. Lymexyloidea was recovered within Tenebrionoidea. Several of the series and superfamilies of Polyphaga received moderate to maximal clade support in most analyses, for example Buprestoidea, Chrysomeloidea, Coccinelloidea, Cucujiformia, Curculionoidea, Dascilloidea, Elateroidea, Histeroidea and Hydrophiloidea. However, many of the relationships within Polyphaga lacked compatible resolution under maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference, and/or lacked consistently strong nodal support. Overall, we recovered slightly younger estimated divergence times than previous studies for most groups of beetles. The ordinal split between Coleoptera and Strepsiptera was estimated to have occurred in the Early Permian. Crown Coleoptera appeared in the Late Permian, and only one or two lineages survived the end-Permian mass extinction, with stem group representatives of all four suborders appearing by the end of the Triassic. The basal split in Polyphaga was estimated to have occurred in the Triassic, with the stem groups of most series and superfamilies originating during the Triassic or Jurassic. Most extant families of beetles were estimated to have Cretaceous origins. Overall, Coleoptera experienced an increase in diversification rate compared to the rest of Neuropteroidea. Furthermore, 10 family-level clades, all in suborder Polyphaga, were identified as having experienced significant increases in diversification rate. These include most beetle species with phytophagous habits, but also several groups not typically or primarily associated with plants. Most of these groups originated in the Cretaceous, which is also when a majority of the most species-rich beetle families first appeared. An additional 12 clades showed evidence for significant decreases in diversification rate. These clades are species-poor in the Modern fauna, but collectively exhibit diverse trophic habits. The apparent success of beetles, as measured by species numbers, may result from their associations with widespread and diverse substrates - especially plants, but also including fungi, wood and leaf litter - but what facilitated these associations in the first place or has allowed these associations to flourish likely varies within and between lineages. Our results provide a uniquely well-resolved temporal and phylogenetic framework for studying patterns of innovation and diversification in Coleoptera, and a foundation for further sampling and resolution of the beetle tree of life., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY that accompany this article, Will and Hebert respond to 10 questions selected by V.S. to reflect the balance of issues raised by the PEET audience (Hebert and Gregory, 2005; Will et al., 2005). Alternatively, you can follow the original debate as all 2 hours of the complete symposium are available to watch as a streaming video from http:// streamer.cen.uiuc.edu/seminars/peet/peet2-3-4.wmv (Windows Media Player required). A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS R EFERENCES Anonymous. 2003. What’s in a name? Economist 366:62. Blaxter, M. 2003. Counting angels with DNA. Nature 421:122– Godfray, H. C. J., and S. Knapp. 2004. Introduction [to a theme issue ’Taxonomy for the twenty-first century’]. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Gotelli, N. J. 2004. A taxonomic wish-list for community ecology. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 359:585–597. Hebert, P. D. N., A. Cywinska, S. L. Ball, and J. R. deWaard. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270:313–322. Hebert, P. D. N., and T. R. Gregory. 2005. The promise of DNA barcoding for taxonomy. Syst. Biol. 54:852–859. Hebert, P. D. N., M. Y. Stoeckle, T. S. Zemlak, and C. M. Francis. 2004. Identification of birds through DNA barcodes. PLoS Biol. 2:1657– Holmes, B. 2004. Barcode me. New Scientist 182:32–35. Kurosawa, O., and M. Washizu. 2004. Acquisition and amplification of targeted position of electrostatically stretched DNA. J. Inst. Electro- stat. Jpn. 28:59–64. Lipscomb, D. L., N. Platnick, and Q. D. Wheeler. 2003. The intellectual content of taxonomy: a comment on DNA taxonomy. TREE 18:65–66. May, R. M. 2004. Tomorrow’s taxonomy: Collecting new species in the field will remain the rate-limiting step. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Moritz, C., and C. Cicero. 2004. DNA barcoding: Promise and pitfalls. PLoS Biol. 2:1529–1531. NCBI. 2005. National Center for Biological Information. Gen- Bank statistics available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/ tools/restable stat.html. Nicholls, H. 2003. DNA: The barcode of life? Originally published on behalf of Elsevier by BioMedNet. Now available at http://www. uoguelph.ca/∼phebert/media/BioMedNet%20News%20article. pdf. Pennisi, E. 2003. Modernizing the tree of life. Science 300:1692–1697. Rodman, J. E., and J. H. Cody. 2003. The taxonomic impediment over- come: NSF’s Partnerships for Enhancing Expertise in Taxonomy (PEET) as a model. Syst. Biol. 52:428–435. Schindel, D. E., and S. E. Miller. 2005. DNA barcoding a useful tool for taxonomists. Nature 435:17. Tautz, D., P. Arctander, A. Minelli, R. H. Thomas, and A. P. Vogler. 2003. A plea for DNA taxonomy. TREE 18:70–74. Taylor, R. W. 1983. Descriptive taxonomy: Past, present, and future. Pages 93–134 in Australian systematic entomology: A bicentenary perspective (E. Highley, and R. W. Taylor, eds.). CSIRO, Canberra. Vincent, M., Y. Xu, and H. Kong. 2004. Helicase-dependent isothermal DNA amplification. EMBO Rep. 5:795–800. Will, K. W., B. D. Mishler, and Q. D. Wheeler. 2005. The perils of DNA barcoding and the need for integrative taxonomy. Syst. Biol. 54:844– First submitted 23 March 2005; reviews returned 9 June 2005; final acceptance 12 July 2005 Associate Editor: Vincent Savolainen Syst. Biol. 54(5):844–851, 2005 c Society of Systematic Biologists Copyright ISSN: 1063-5157 print / 1076-836X online DOI: 10.1080/10635150500354878 The Perils of DNA Barcoding and the Need for Integrative Taxonomy K IPLING W. W ILL , 1 B RENT D. M ISHLER , 2 AND Q UENTIN D. W HEELER 3 ESPM Department—Insect Biology and 2 Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK “Your work, Sir, is both new and good, but what’s new is not good and what’s good is not new.” Samuel Johnson We argue that DNA barcoding has both new and good elements, but unfortunately no elements that are both. We are strongly in favor of the good idea of using DNA for identification, but that is old hat—the use of DNA for identification goes back to the beginning of molecular systematics. The DNA barcoders cannot take any credit for that. Their new idea that DNA barcoding can replace normal taxonomy for naming new species and studying their relationships is worse than bad, it is destructive. Statements by some barcoding proponents suggest an in- evitable replacement of taxonomic research rather than augmentation of technology to taxonomic science, e.g., “a COI-based identification system will undoubtedly Downloaded from http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/ at UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY on August 29, 2013 I thank Kipling Will and Paul Hebert for taking part in the de- bate, Mike Irwin and Gail Kampmeier for organizing the fifth biennial PEET conference, and the National Science Foundation for financially supporting this meeting. Kevin Cummings, Martin Hauser, Andrew Miller, Mark Wetzle, and Kazunori Yoshizawa provided specimens and in some cases unpublished DNA sequences that were used dur- ing the species identification demonstration in this session. Martin Hauser, Mathys Meyer, Floyd Shockley, Daniela Takiya, and Jamie Zahniser assisted in the running of the debate. The symposium video was filmed and edited by Ritch Strom on behalf of the office of con- tinuing education at the University of Illinois. Rasplus Jean-Yves, Kevin Johnson, Rod Page, Diana Percy, Vincent Savolainen, Jason Weckstein, and an anonymous reviewer provided comments on an earlier (and considerably different) version of this manuscript. This work was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (DEB-0107891). VOL. 54

The nereidid Pseudonereis variegata (Grube, 1866) described from Chile includes 14 synonymised species from 10 type localities with a discontinuous distribution, but no taxonomic or molecular studies have investigated the status of this species outside Chile. Two synonymised species, Mastigonereis podocirra Schmarda, 1861 and Nereis (Nereilepas) stimpsonis Grube, 1866, were described from South Africa and investigated here using morphological examination. MtCOI species delimitation analyses and morphology were used to determine the status of P. variegata in South Africa. Morphological examination revealed that museum and freshly collected specimens from South Africa that conform to the general description of P. variegata are similar to M. podocirra and N. stimpsonis with respect to the consistent absence of homogomph spinigers in the inferior neuropodial fascicle, expanded notopodial ligules and the subterminal attachment of dorsal cirri in posterior parapodia. The synonymy of M. podocirra and N. stimpsonis as P. variegata are rejected and P. podocirra, comb. nov. is reinstated. Morphologically, Pseudonereis podocirra differed from specimens from Chile with regard to the numbers of paragnaths, the absence of homogomph spinigers and changes in parapodial morphology along the body. Independence of these species was further supported by genetic distances, automatic barcode gap discovery and multi-rate Poisson tree process species delimitation analyses of 77 mtCOI sequences. Haplotype network revealed no genetic structuring within the South African populations. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F0B1A5AF-9CE9-4A43-ACCF-17117E1C2F21

Bombyliinae, one of the largest subfamilies of Bombyliidae, including 78 genera assigned to four tribes, is distributed on all continents except Antarctica. Their larvae are parasitoids, and adults are important pollinators. The Australian Bombyliinae currently has 17 described genera and 87 described species. The purpose of this study is to establish the phylogeny of the Australian members of the subfamily Bombyliinae, including the boundaries and relationships of the genera, using morphological characters. One maximum parsimony tree was generated from 83 morphological characters scored for 50 species, representing all recognised genera and some unplaced species that we considered may represent new genera. Phylogenetic analysis recovered the relationships between the recognised Australian genera of Bombyliinae and clarified generic limits. The group comprises five main clades, with the genus Pilosia being sister to the remaining Bombyliinae. On the basis of this analysis, four new genera are described: Lambkinomyia Li & Yeates, gen. nov., Dissodesma Bowden & Li, gen. nov., Nigromyia Li & Yeates, gen. nov. and Robertsmyia Li & Yeates, gen. nov. Ten new species are described: Dissodesma immaculata Li & Yeates, sp. nov., Dissodesma flava Li & Yeates, sp. nov., Dissodesma smarti Li & Yeates, sp. nov., Nigromyia collessi Li & Yeates, sp. nov., Nigromyia crocea Li & Yeates, sp. nov., Nigromyia flavimana Li & Yeates, sp. nov., Nigromyia longistriata Li & Yeates, sp. nov., Nigromyia pantherina Li & Yeates, sp. nov., Nigromyia parva Li & Yeates, sp. nov. and Nigromyia tomentosa Li & Yeates, sp. nov. Two new junior synonyms are identified: Apiformyia is a junior synonym of Eristalopsis and Brychosoma is a junior synonym of Staurostichus. The following new combinations are proposed: from Apiformyia: Eristalopsis australis (Yeates), comb. nov.; from Bombylius: Dissodesma primogenita (Walker) comb. nov.; from Brychosoma: Staurostichus aureolatus (Walker), comb. nov., Staurostichus hilaris (Walker), comb. nov. and Staurostichus pictipennis (Macquart), comb. nov.; from Laurella: Robertsmyia pallidoventris (Roberts), comb. nov.; from Mandella: Lambkinomyia cinctiventris (Roberts), comb. nov., Lambkinomyia flavovillosa (Roberts), comb. nov., Lambkinomyia pallida (Roberts), comb. nov. and Lambkinomyia rubida (Roberts), comb. nov.; and from Meomyia: Mandella australis (Guérin-Méneville), comb. nov. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E4A86A19-4AC3-498C-8BDF-B8B501E5A248

Phylogenetic relationships of two morphologically similar scolopendrid genera, Rhysida Wood, 1862, and Alluropus Silvestri, 1912, were investigated based on broad-scale taxonomic sampling from SE Asia, India and Australia. Morphological revision and molecular phylogenetics using three loci validate seven Rhysida species in SE Asia and Australia: R. lithobioides (Newport, 1845), R. longipes (Newport, 1845), R. immarginata (Porat, 1876), R. nuda (Newport, 1845), R. carinulata (Haase, 1887), R. singaporiensis Verhoeff, 1937 and R. polyacantha Koch, 1985. The nominal SE Asian species R. leviventer Attems, 1953 and R. marginata Attems, 1953 are placed in junior subjective synonymy with R. lithobioides and Alluropus calcaratus (Pocock, 1891), respectively. The monotypic genus Alluropus is redescribed, molecular phylogeny recovering it nesting together with Indo-Australian Rhysida. Taxonomic revision reassigned R. calcarata Pocock, 1891 to Alluropus based on its morphological and molecular similarity to the type, A. demangei Silvestri, 1912, the differences between putative species being sexual variation. Two morphologically distinct allopatric populations of A. calcaratus, comb. nov. (= A. demangei, syn. nov.) were found in the Indochina subregion. Phylogenetic relationships in Otostigminae remain unsettled because clades within several genera lack significant support, although Rhysida consistently falls into two clades that are not each other’s closest relative.

In a review of major features of the history of U.S. systematic entomology, three phases are postulated that correlate with broader trends in biology. In an initial ‘Golden Age’ during the late 19th century, systematics was the central focus of the new profession of entomology, which exemplified the Land-Grant ideal of leadership in basic science coupled with essential support to agriculture. Paradise was lost in a subsequent ‘dark age’ of eclipse for systematics generally, accentuated in entomology by a turn-of-the-century schism between applied and basic research, later exacerbated by the advent of synthetic organic pesticides. The past two decades, however, have seen a revival of systematics, with prominent contribution from entomologists, driven by advances in systematic theory, computing power, and new data from molecular techniques. Additional impetus comes from the rising biodiversity crisis and, in entomology, rediscovery of insect ecology and taxonomy as essential underpinnings for environmentally sound pest management. Entomology has provided a refuge for systematics in a period of hostility to systematics and organismal biology more broadly, whereas a revitalized systematics is now a key link in the argument for preservation of entomology as a discipline.

Systematic entomology flourished as a branch of Natural History from the 1750s to the end of the nineteenth century. During this interval, the “era of Heroic Entomology,” the majority of workers in the field were dedicated amateurs. This article traces the demographic and occupational shifts in entomology through this 150-year interval and into the early twentieth century. The survey is based on entomologists who studied beetles (Coleoptera), and who named sufficient numbers of species to have their own names abbreviated by subsequent taxonomists. In the eighteenth century, 27 entomologists achieved this level of prominence, of whom 37% were academics, 19% were doctors, 11% had private incomes, 19% were clergymen, and 8% were government officials. Many of those with private incomes were members of the European aristocracy, and all but one were European men. The nineteenth century list included 192 entomologists, of whom 17% were academics, 16% were museum curators, 2% were school teachers, 15% were doctors, 6% were military men, 7% were merchants, 2% were government entomologists, 6% had private incomes, 5% were clergymen, 5% were government officials, and 4% were lawyers. The demographics of entomology shifted dramatically in the nineteenth century. Whereas many of the noteworthy entomologists of the eighteenth century were German, Swedish, or French, in the nineteenth century, many more European countries are represented, and almost one-fifth of the noteworthy entomologists were from the United States. The nineteenth century list, like the eighteenth century list, contains no women. By the twentieth century, 63% of 178 noteworthy systematic entomologists were paid professionals, teaching entomology courses in universities, or studying insect taxonomy in museums and government-sponsored laboratories. Only one person on the twentieth century list had a private income, but women (ten individuals) were included on the list for the first time.

The seven Australasian genera of blister beetles (Coleoptera : Meloidae : Nemognathinae) are reviewed. Included are a key to genera, generic synopses and descriptions of two new genera of Nemognathini, Australozonitis and Pulchrazonitis, as well as a new monotypic tribe Palaestrini, which features a bauplan of male genitalia unique not only to the subfamily Nemognathinae but to the entire family. The genus Palaestra is redefined to include several Australasian, Asian and African species previously assigned to Zonitis. Exceptional variation of male genitalia encountered in the Palaestrini challenges current subfamily definitions, which are partly based on male genitalic structure and correlated sexual behaviour. Generic synopses include synonyms, type species, number of species, geographic distribution, significant references on taxonomy, life history and morphology, and additional notes. Forty-six new combinations are proposed for species previously in Zonitis. Distribution and relationship of tribes within the Nemognathinae, as well as the biogeography of the Australasian Meloidae are outlined and discussed.

SELDEN, P. 1989. Orb-web weaving spiders in the early Cretaceous. Nature, 340:711-713. . 1990. Lower Cretaceous spiders from the Sierra del Montsech, north-east Spain. Palaeontology, 33:257-285. SKELTON, P. (ed.). 1993. Evolution. A biological and Palaeontological Approach. Addison-Wesley Publications Co., in association with Open University, Avon. THORNE, B. L., AND J. M. CARPENTER. 1992. Phylogeny of the Dictyoptera. Systematic Entomology, 17:253-268. WENZEL, J. W. 1990. A social wasp's nest from the Cretaceous Period, Utah, USA, and its biogeographical importance. Psyche, 97:21-29. WILSON, E. W. 1971. The Insect Societies. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 548 p. 1987. The earliest known ants: an analysis of the Cretaceous species and an inference concerning their social organization. Paleobiology, 13:44-53. ZHERIKHIN, V. V., AND I. D. SUKATSHEVA. 1973. On Cretaceous insectbearing "amber" (retinite) from northern Siberia, 24th Annual Report on Lec ures in Memory of N. A. Kolodovsky (April, 1971), 24:3-48, Leningrad: Nauka [in Russian].

In 1992, a survey was made of the number of doctoral students in insect systematics in 56 academic departments of entomology or related sciences in the United States and Canada. The purpose was to evaluate the human resources available to sustain insect systematics into the next century and to support the biodiversity inventory. There were 111 students reported in 1992, down from 155 in 1982. If this 28% drop is extrapolated, then the number might reach zero by 2017. Already 40% of the departments surveyed that have insect systematists on their faculties have no doctoral students in insect systematics.

Cladistics Cladistics 29 (2013) 466–542 10.1111/cla.12006 A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) John M. Heraty a, *, Roger A. Burks a,b , Astrid Cruaud a,c , Gary A. P. Gibson d , Johan Liljeblad a,e , James Munro a,f , Jean-Yves Rasplus c , Gerard Delvare g , Peter Jansˇ ta h , Alex Gumovsky i , John Huber j , James B. Woolley k , Lars Krogmann l , Steve Heydon m , Andrew Polaszek n , Stefan Schmidt o , D. Chris Darling p,q , Michael W. Gates r , Jason Mottern a , Elizabeth Murray a , Ana Dal Molin k , Serguei Triapitsyn a , Hannes Baur s , John D. Pinto a,t , Simon van Noort u,v , Jeremiah George a and Matthew Yoder w a Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; b Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; c INRA, UMR 1062 CBGP CS30016, F-34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; d Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada; e Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7007, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden; f Institute for Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; g Cirad, INRA, UMR 1062 CBGP CS30016, F-34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; h Department of Zoology, Charles University, Vinicna 7, CZ-128 44, Praha 2, Czech Republic; i Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, 30 01601, Ukraine; j Natural Resources Canada, c/o Canadian National Collection of Insects, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada; k Department of Entomology, Texas AM l Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191, Stuttgart, Germany; m Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; n Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK; o Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns, Zoologische Staatssammlung, M€ unchhausenstr. 21, 81247, Munich, Germany; p Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON, M5S 2C6, Canada; q Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada; r Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, PSI, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, 20013, USA; s Abt. Wirbellose Tiere, Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern, Bernastrasse 15, 3005, Bern, Switzerland; t PO Box 2266, Waldport, OR, 97394, USA; u Natural History Department, Iziko South African Museum, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa; v Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; w Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA Accepted 19 September 2012 Abstract Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) is extremely diverse with an estimated 500 000 species. We present the first phylogenetic analysis of the superfamily based on both morphological and molecular data. A web-based, systematics workbench mx was used to score 945 character states illustrated by 648 figures for 233 morphological characters for a total of 66 645 observations for 300 taxa. The matrix covers 22 chalcidoid families recognized herein and includes 268 genera within 78 of 83 subfamilies. Morphological data were analysed alone and in combination with molecular data from ribosomal 18S (2105 bp) and 28S D2–D5 expansion regions (1812 bp). Analyses were analysed alone and in combined datasets using implied-weights parsimony and likelihood. Proposed changes in higher classification resulting from the analyses include: (i) recognition of Eriaporidae, revised status; (ii) recognition of Cynipencyrtidae, revised status; (iii) recognition of Azotidae, revised status; (iv) inclusion of Sycophaginae in Agaonidae, revised sta- tus; (v) reclassification of Aphelinidae to include Aphelininae, Calesinae, Coccophaginae, Eretmocerinae and Eriaphytinae; (vi) inclusion of Cratominae and Panstenoninae within Pteromalinae (Pteromalidae), new synonymy; (vii) inclusion of Epichrysomalli- nae in Pteromalidae, revised status. At a higher level, Chalcidoidea was monophyletic, with Mymaridae the sister group of Rotoiti- dae plus the remaining Chalcidoidea. A eulophid lineage was recovered that included Aphelinidae, Azotidae, Eulophidae, Signiphoridae, Tetracampidae and Trichogrammatidae. Eucharitidae and Perilampidae were monophyletic if Eutrichosomatinae (Pteromalidae) was included, and Eupelmidae was monophyletic if Oodera (Pteromalidae: Cleonyminae) was included. Likelihood recovered a clade of Eupelmidae + (Tanaostigmatidae + (Cynipencyrtus + Encyrtidae). Support for other lineages and their impact on the classification of Chalcidoidea is discussed. Several life-history traits are mapped onto the new phylogeny. © The Willi Hennig Society 2013. © 2012 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Cladistics © The Willi Hennig Society 2013 Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.

Many methods, based on morphological, molecular or chemical characters, have been used to address the question of species taxonomic status. Integrative taxonomy aims to define stronger supported taxonomic hypotheses by considering complementary datasets from different characters. By following an integrative approach, the present study includes molecular, chemical and morphological criteria to establish the taxonomic status of two rare and doubtful cuckoo bumblebee taxa: Bombus (Psithyrus) barbutellus and Bombus (Psithyrus) maxillosus. These two sympatric taxa are discriminated by few morphological criteria (mainly wing darkness and hair length). We used these morphological character diagnoses to establish an a priori status of our samples (23 specimens). We developed a combined molecular dataset from one nuclear gene, elongation factor 1α (EF-1α), and one mitochondrial gene, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), spanning 1623 bp, and a chemical dataset of sexual marking pheromones (73 compounds). The molecular data were subjected to maximum-likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic inference under partitioned model and maximum parsimony. The chemical data were analysed by clustering and the two-group k-means method to test divergences between the two species. The resulting phylogenetic trees show no consistent divergence between the two taxa. Moreover, we found no divergence in the sexual marking pheromones in the clustering and two-group k-means analyses. These converging results support the conspecificity of both taxa. Nonetheless, our determinations using the traditional morphological criteria separated our samples into two taxa. We conclude that the morphological criteria seem to relate to intraspecific variations: B. maxillosus is regarded as a syn.n. of B. barbutellus. © 2011 The Authors. Systematic Entomology © 2011 The Royal Entomological Society.

Contact: tixier@supagro.inra.fr; Species of the mite family Phytoseiidae are well known as predators of mite pests all over the world. Their identification is thus of great interest for biological control. The specimens examined in this study belong to the species Cydnodromus idaeus (described from Brazil) and C. picanus (described from Chile). They were collected together on the same plant in Argentina. These species are mainly differentiated by the presence/absence of the dorsal solenostomes (gland openings) gd2. Some morphometric differences were observed between the Argentinian specimens and the type material of C. idaeus and C. picanus; however, they were not sufficient to support a species separation. Morphological and molecular analyses with two mtDNA (12S rRNA, CytB) and a nuclear DNA (ITS) marker showed no difference between Argentinian specimens with and without the solenostome gd2. Also, molecular differentiation between these latter specimens, C. picanus and C. idaeus, was very low, suggesting that all these individuals belong to the same species. Biological experiments confirm these results, as 75% of the progeny resulting from females with gd2 had gd2 present whereas all the descendants resulting from the females without gd2 had gd2 present too. The presence/absence of this solenostome seems thus to be variable within a species and cannot be used diagnostically. We conclude that all specimens from Argentina belong to C. idaeus and that C. picanus is a junior synonym of C. idaeus. The present results were unexpected as the presence/absence of solenostomes is used in Phytoseiidae identification keys and as one of a suite of diagnostic characters for discriminating between species. The consequences of these findings for the taxonomy of Phytoseiidae are discussed.

13 páginas, 2 figuras, 3 tablas., The primary purpose of DNA-barcoding projects is to generate an efficient expertise and identification tool. This is an important challenge to the taxonomy of the 21st century, as the demand increases and the expert capacity does not. However, identifying specimens using DNA-barcodes requires a preliminary analysis to relate molecular clusters to available scientific names. Through a case study of the genus Eumunida (Decapoda : Eumunididae), we illustrate how naming molecule-based units, and thus providing an accurate DNA-based identification tool, is facilitated by sequencing type specimens. Using both morphological and unlinked molecular markers (COI and 28S genes), we analysed 230 specimens from 12 geographic areas, covering two-thirds of the known diversity of the genus, including type specimens of 13 species. Most hypotheses of species delimitation are validated, as they correspond to molecular units linked to only one taxonomic name (and vice versa). However, a putative cryptic species is also revealed and three entities previously named as distinct species may in fact belong to a single one, and thus need to be synonymised. Our analyses, which integrate the current naming rules, enhance the a-taxonomy of the genus and provide an effective identification tool based on DNA-barcodes. They illustrate the ability, This work was supported by the ‘Consortium National de Recherche en Génomique’, and the ‘Service de Systematique Moléculaire’ of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (UMS 2700 CNRS-MNHN). It is part of the agreement n 2005/67 between the Genoscope and the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle on the project ‘Macrophylogeny of Life’ directed by Guillaume Lecointre. These data fed the MarBol project supported by the Sloan Foundation.

Sodreaninae is reviewed and all ten species are combined under its type genus, Sodreana Mello-Leitão, 1922, according to a cladistic analysis of morphological characters, which revealed a pectinate pattern of clades. The subfamily is endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest from Santa Catarina state to Rio de Janeiro state. Sodreana is herein considered a senior synonym of Stygnobates Mello-Leitão, 1927, Zortalia Mello-Leitão, 1936, Gertia B. Soares & H. Soares, 1946 and Annampheres H. Soares, 1979. The following new combinations are proposed: Sodreana barbiellinii (Mello-Leitão, 1927), Sodreana hatschbachi (B. Soares & H. Soares, 1946), Sodreana inscripta (Mello-Leitão, 1939), Sodreana leprevosti (B. Soares & H. Soares, 1947b), Sodreana bicalcarata (Mello-Leitão, 1936). Sodreana granulata (Mello-Leitão, 1937) is revalidated from the synonymy of Sodreana sodreana Mello-Leitão, 1922. Three new species are described: Sodreana glaucoi from Ilhabela and Boraceia, São Paulo state; S. curupira from Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro state, and S. caipora from Ubatuba, São Paulo state. Sodreaninae species are restricted to forested areas and most occur in the southern part of the coastal Atlantic rainforest, one species occurs in interior Atlantic rainforest. The biogeographical analysis (Brooks Parsimony Analysis) resulted in a single and fully resolved most parsimonious tree with three main: components: northern (Bahia and Serra do Espinhaço), southern (Santa Catarina, Paraná, Serra do Mar of São Paulo), and central (Espírito Santo, Serra da Bocaina, southern state of Rio de Janeiro, Serra dos Órgãos, Serra da Mantiqueira, Serra do Mar of São Paulo).

International audience; Trichomyia lengleti, sp. nov., is described from the Lower Cenomanian amber of La Buzinie, Charente (southwest France) from a piece of fully opaque amber. The Upper Albian Trichomyia swinhoei Cockerell, 1917 is transferred from the Trichomyiinae to the Sycoracinae incertae sedis, stat. nov. Trichomyia lengleti, sp. nov. is the oldest representative of the subfamily Trichomyiinae, supporting at least a Cretaceous diversification for the Psychodidae. The discovery of this fossil fly and its study (thanks to propagation-phase-contrast synchrotron X-ray imaging) improves our knowledge of the biodiversity and the historical evolution of psychodoid flies. A checklist of fossil trichomyiine species is given.

Periclimenes rectirostris Bruce, 1981 and Periclimenes josephi Li, 2008 are two palaemonid shrimps reported from the deep water in the western Pacific. Prior morphological studies suggest their systematic status might be problematic. Therefore, we attempted to re-evaluate the systematic status of the two species in this study. Based on an analysis incorporating molecular, morphological and ecological data, P. rectirostris is suggested to belong to the genus Sandimenes Li, 2009, but the systematic status of P. josephi is still undetermined due to the polyphyletic state of the genus Zenopontonia Bruce, 1975a. Meanwhile, a preliminary reconstruction of the evolutionary process of the echinoid-associated palaemonid shrimps is presented. Additionally, a well-supported clade mainly comprising the echinoderm or mollusc-associated taxa is recovered, and multiple host shifts are presumed to have occurred during their diversification.

One of the major problems hindering the systematic study of tachinid flies is that genera are often poorly defined, making it difficult to unambiguously assign species among closely related genera. Within the tribe Winthemiini, an example of this problem is represented by the unstable classification of the Afrotropical species most recently classified as Smidtia capensis (Schiner). This species has been previously assigned to four different genera on the basis of limited examination and evidence. Here, we evaluate the identity and phylogenetic affinities of this species and other members of the tribe Winthemiini using morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis. We demonstrate that S. capensis actually belongs to the genus Winthemia Robineau-Desvoidy. We also find that Winthemia is paraphyletic with respect to two monotypic genera, Crypsina (type species Crypsina prima Brauer & Bergenstamm) and Hemiwinthemia (type species Hemiwinthemia calva Villeneuve). On the basis of morphological and genetic evidence, we propose to extend the generic limits of Winthemia to include W. londti, sp. nov. (South Africa), W. capensis (Schiner), comb. nov. (South Africa), W. prima (Brauer & Bergenstamm), comb. nov. (China, Japan, Australia) and W. calva (Villeneuve), comb. nov. (D.R. Congo), thus synonymising with Winthemia the generic names Crypsina, syn. nov. and Hemiwinthemia, syn. nov.

The phylogenetic relationships of the Australian species of Feaellidae are assessed with a molecular analysis using mitochondrial (CO1) and nuclear (ITS2) data. These results confirm the morphological analysis that three previously undescribed species occur in the Pilbara bioregion, which are named and described: Feaella (Tetrafeaella) callani, sp. nov., F. (T.) linetteae, sp. nov. and F. (T.) tealei, sp. nov. The males of these three species, as well as males of F. anderseni Harvey and other unnamed species from the Kimberley region of north-western Australia, have a pair of enlarged, thick-walled bursa that are not found in other feaellids. Despite numerous environmental impact surveys for short-range endemic invertebrates in the Pilbara, very few specimens have been collected, presumably due to their relictual distributions, restricted habitat preferences and low densities. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:131F0587-F2EE-405F-BE5A-772F072D9915

New surveys from the Bush Blitz and Planetary Biodiversity Inventory programs has revealed a largely unknown biota of plant bugs in Australia. The mirid subfamily Orthotylinae has exploded in Australia, in association with perennial shrubs in arid and semi-arid Australia. This work documents the discovery of a new clade of 18 new species of the plant bug subfamily Orthotylinae. These new species belong to Naranjakotta, gen. nov., which was analysed phylogenetically and found to be monophyletic. The distribution of Naranjakotta and included species are documented, and analysed in reference to the distribution of all other orthotylines across continental Australia. A paralogy-free subtree analysis was conducted based on a recent phytogeographic classification, which resulted in the recognition of eastern and western subclades, with Tasmania and the Eyre Peninsula unresolved. The host plant associations were optimised at generic and ordinal levels to the Naranjakotta phylogeny and an ancestral Lamiales association for Naranjakotta and an ancestral Acacia association for a subclade of Naranjakotta were found. The eighteen new species described in this work are: N. bicolorata, sp. nov., N. chinnocki, sp. nov., N. cryptandraphila, sp. nov., N. dimorpha, sp. nov., N. graphica, sp. nov., N. hakeaphila, sp. nov., N. hibbertiaphila, sp. nov., N. hyalina, sp. nov., N. keraudrenia, sp. nov., N. lochada, sp. nov., N. macfarlanei, sp. nov., N. minor, sp. nov., N. myrtlephila, sp. nov., N. rosa, sp. nov., N. splendida, sp. nov., N. unicolorata, sp. nov., N. wanarra, sp. nov. and N. watheroo, sp. nov. Orthotylus sidnicus (Stål) is transferred to Naranjakotta.

The South Australian members of the flat-millipede genera Oncocladosoma Jeekel, 1985 and Somethus Chamberlin, 1920 are revised using an integrative approach incorporating sequence data and morphology. The partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcoding gene and partial nuclear ribosomal 28S rRNA were amplified and sequenced for 15 Oncocladosoma specimens and 10 Somethus specimens and the datasets were used for molecular phylogenetic analysis and genetic distance determination. Both morphology and molecular data indicate that all species of Oncocladosoma fall within Somethus, and therefore, Oncocladosoma is synonymised with Somethus. Within those species supported by molecular data, features of the solenomere tip are relatively stable and useful for species identification. 28S rRNA has proven to provide sufficient nucleotide variation to provisionally discriminate species. Oncocladosoma castaneum ingens Jeekel, 1985, O. clavigerum Jeekel, 1985 and O. conigerum Jeekel, 1985 are junior synonyms of Somethus castaneus, comb. nov., and Somethus modicus Jeekel, 2002 is a synonym of S. scopiferus Jeekel, 2002. New records and electron scanning micrographs of gonopods are provided for S. castaneus, comb. nov., S. inflatus (Jeekel, 2002), comb. nov., S. lancearius Jeekel, 2002, S. scopiferus Jeekel, 2002, and Somethus grossi Jeekel, 1985, together with a key to the South Australian species of Somethus.

The rapid decline in biological diversity mandates immediate attention to the need to inventory species diversity. This priority, however, is accompanied by a similarly great need for the continued expansion and application of theoretical advances in systematic biology. These provide hypotheses of evolutionary patterns of common ancestry that are necessary for studies of evolutionary mechanisms and interpretations of every source of comparative biological data. The constraints imposed on comparative entomological studies by cladistic theory are discussed, along with the incredible diversity of the insects. The latter is illustrated in a “speciescape” that contrasts species diversity of major taxa of living organisms. The current decline in insect systematics is discussed, and it is concluded that resources must be allocated for primary components of the systematic entomology agenda: species inventories, monographic and revisional taxonomy, and cladistic analyses.

Australia houses some unusual biota (insects included), much of which is undescribed. Cystococcus Fuller (Hemiptera : Sternorrhyncha : Coccoidea : Eriococcidae) currently comprises two species, both of which induce galls exclusively on bloodwoods (Myrtaceae: Corymbia Hill & Johnson). These insects display sexual dichronism, whereby females give birth first to sons and then to daughters. Wingless first-instar females cling to their winged adult brothers and are carried out of the maternal gall when the males fly to find mates – a behaviour called intersexual phoresy. Here, we use data from two gene regions, as well as morphology and host-use of the insects, to assess the status of a previously undescribed species. We describe this newly recognised species as Cystococcus campanidorsalis, sp. nov. Semple, Cook & Hodgson, redescribe the two existing species – C. echiniformis Fuller and C. pomiformis (Froggatt), designate a lectotype for C. echiniformis, and provide the first descriptions of adult males, and nymphal males and females for the genus. We have also reinterpreted a key morphological character of the adult females. This paper provides a foundation for further work on the genus, which is widespread across northern Australia and could prove to be useful for studies on biogeography and bloodwood ecosystems. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3A9DC645-0CBC-48B0-8BD3-5ACC0E2130D1

Bayesian analysis of four partial gene sequences (28S rDNA, wg, CAD and COI mtDNA) from exemplars of all genera and 12 of 17 informal groups of the Notonomus-series of pterostichine carabids strongly supports a clade requiring redefinition of Notonomus Chaudoir, 1862. Notonomus is redefined to include all species currently placed in Notonomus by Lorenz (2005a) plus two Sarticus Motschulsky, 1865 species (S. blackburni (Sloane, 1895) and S. impar (Sloane, 1893)), all species of Leiradira Castelnau, 1867, Conchitella Moore, 1962 Loxodactylus Chaudoir, 1865 and Acanthoferonia Moore, 1965. Analysis of combined data places Sarticus sister to Notonomus with low support. Individual gene analyses indicated wg is in conflict with other loci and analyses exclusive of wg place Parhypates Motschulsky, 1866 sister to Notonomus with very high support. Leiradira species form a clade within Notonomus including Notonomus dimorphicus Darlington, 1961 and N. flos Darlington, 1961. Six new species of the subgenus Leiradira from Queensland are described; Notonomus (Leiradira) thynnefiliarum, N. (L.) vadosus, N. (L.) viridis, N. (L.) spectabilis, N. (L.) iridescens and N. (L.) barrae. Two additional species of Notonomus s.l. are described; Notonomus hephaestus from the Lamb Range, Queensland, which is part of a mimicry complex with Notonomus (Leiradira) aurifer (Darlington, 1961); and Notonomus nocturnocappellus, from New South Wales, which represents a unique combination of characteristics for the genus. Descriptions of all species of Notonomus (Leiradira) with a wide gula, a grouping equivalent to Darlington’s concept of Leiradira, are given. An identification key to species of Notonomus (Leiradira), the two newly described Notonomus s.l. species and all recognised subgenera of Notonomus is provided.