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Although the impacts of single-species invasions on resident communities have been widely studied, the ecological effects of co-invasion (simultaneous invasion by multiple alien species) remain largely unexplored. In this study, using an analytical framework, we investigate the individual and combined effects of two global plant invaders (Leucanthemum vulgare and Lupinus polyphyllus) on the aboveground vegetation (plant richness, diversity and biomass) and belowground soil variables (pH, salinity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, organic carbon [OC], phosphorous, and potassium) of grassland communities in the Himalaya. We studied these ecological variables in comparable plots under the following four scenarios: both invaders absent (i.e. uninvaded), either of the two invaders present (i.e. single species invasion), and both invaders present (i.e., co-invasion). Our results show invasion effects vary with the invasion scenarios and the studied variables. The single species invasion plots had lower mean plant richness and diversity but higher mean soil OC than the uninvaded plots. The co-invasion plots had significantly increased mean plant biomass and soil OC, but had a non-significant effect on plant richness and diversity compared to the uninvaded plots. The overall combined effect of species' co-invasion was additive in nature, but the effect varied significantly with choice of the response variable. We found synergistic effects of co-invasion on species richness and diversity, antagonistic effects on soil pH, and additive effects on the remaining response variables when compared with the predicted additive effect of the two invaders. Our findings suggest that further spread of L. polyphyllus will impact the resident plant community more severely when co-invading with L. vulgare than when invading alone, thereby lending support to the invasional meltdown hypothesis. Nevertheless, antagonistic and additive impacts for soil pH and other response variables respectively hint towards other alternate mechanisms at play. Overall, our study showcases a proof-of-concept to empirically estimate the additive, antagonistic and synergistic impacts of plant co-invasions, and also provides a model for designing co-invasion studies on other taxa/systems/scales elsewhere. Finally, based on the insights gained from this study, we highlight priority areas of future research in species' co-invasions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In recent years, significant attention has been given to the strategy of linking novel active molecules with different biological targets and antitumor mechanisms to the axial positions of Pt(IV) complexes, aiming to synthesize new Pt(IV) antitumor complexes with excellent properties. In this study, Satraplatin analogs and the highly lipophilic bioactive molecule cannabidiol (CBD) were chosen as the main research subjects. By combining these two and introducing other bioactive small molecules, we aimed to enrich the functionalities of Pt(IV) antitumor complexes. Five new multifunctional Pt(IV) antitumor complexes, P1–P5, were prepared. All Pt(IV) prodrugs demonstrated antitumor effects in various tumor cell lines. Notably, compound P1 exhibited significant inhibitory effects, with half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values that were 2.1, 1.5, and 1.3 times higher than those of satraplatin in HCT‐116, A549, and HeLa cell lines, respectively, and 2.4, 1.5, and 2.0 times higher than those of the combination of satraplatin and CBD. The cytotoxicity of P1 toward cancer cell lines is significantly higher than that of the combination therapy group, providing preliminary evidence that the strategy of combining CBD and platinum‐based antitumor drugs into a complex is highly effective in simultaneously enhancing the cytotoxicity of both, resulting in a good synergistic antitumor effect. Further research shows that after treating cells with P1, the induced ROS generation increases in a dose‐dependent manner, disrupting the cell's redox homeostasis, leading to oxidative stress, and ultimately causing cell apoptosis. This strategy of introducing the bioactive molecule CBD into platinum‐based drug formation complexes to improve efficacy has been shown to be feasible and deserves further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To attain a thorough examination of the dynamic interaction mechanism between China's utilization of water resources and its economic and social development, this paper innovatively introduces a Western theoretical framework within an Eastern context. The aim is to quantify the process of decoupling and synergistic evolution from 2006 to 2020. Decoupling signifies achieving economic growth while reducing resource use or mitigating environmental impacts, whereas synergy denotes enhancing economic efficiency while contributing to environmental protection. This paper employs the Tapio elastic coefficient method to construct a decoupling model. A collaborative model, based on the entropy weight Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and weighted average methods, also assesses the organization and coordination of subsystems within the complex water‐economic‐social system. The findings reveal a strong decoupling between China's water resource management and economic and social systems, as indicated by a consistently negative decoupling index. Similarly, the economic system exhibits a degree of inefficiency influenced by factors like economic cyclicality and resource allocation. In contrast, the social system experienced a decline, particularly during the pandemic (2019–2020), leading to a social instability. This study provides valuable policy formulation and sustainable development insights, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics between water utilization, economy, and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is an important cereal crop grown in arid and semiarid regions where water and other resources are limited. Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns have resulted in frequent droughts, which caused significant yield loss in sorghum. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in sorghum cultivation due to its resilience to climate change and potential source of food and income. The symbiotic interaction of sorghum with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has been found to induce several physiological and molecular changes that improve the ability of sorghum to withstand drought stress. This symbiotic relationship enhances water and nutrient uptake, osmotic adjustment, activation of stress‐responsive genes, stomatal regulation, and antioxidant defense, leading to improved drought tolerance in sorghum. Agricultural practices such as reduced tillage, cover cropping, intercropping, crop rotation, and the use of organic amendments promote the diversity and effectiveness of AM fungal symbiosis. Such agricultural practices create more favorable conditions for AM fungal establishment and growth while reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. In this review, we highlight AM fungal symbiosis on sorghum growth, physiology, and molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of AM fungal symbiosis under moisture deficit conditions. Overall, the present review elucidates sorghum production and breeding success in Ethiopia, the symbiotic mechanisms between plants and AM fungi, the prospects of biofertilizers in sustainable agriculture, the potential of AM fungal symbiosis as a sustainable approach to improve sorghum production and its synergistic effect with other crop management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to investigate the synergistic and antagonistic interactions of combined application of Phosphorus and Zinc fertilizers on sweet pepper in net house conditions. Pot experiment consists of thirteen treatments combinations set up in a completely randomized design. The treatment combinations comprising of four levels of phosphorus (0, 237.5, 355.5 and 475 kg Single Super Phosphate ha−1) and three levels of Zn (5, 7.5 and 10 kg Zinc Sulfate ha−1) including one control (100% NPK). The available macro and micronutrients content in potting mixture was confirmed in medium range before conducting the experiment. The results clearly demonstrate the treatment comprising 475 kg SSP ha−1 with 10 kg ZnSO4 ha−1 (T13) showed synergistic effects on vegetative characteristics, above and below ground nutrient content as well as nutrient uptake. When balanced phosphatic and zinc fertilizers (T13) are applied to soil, there is a low possibility of an antagonistic reaction. Antagonism problems arise most frequently when the soil's Zn content is extremely low in combination with excess application of P fertilizer limiting their availability to plants. To avoid P-Zn antagonism in the soil system, utilization of appropriate fertilizer methods, supplies, and rates was done. As a result, the present study confirms that recommended fertilizer doses combined with phosphorus @ 475 kg SSP ha−1 and zinc @ 10 kg ZnSO4 ha−1, is the best nutrient combination for improving plant growth parameters; however, in terms of soil parameters, P and Zn fertilizers affected micronutrient content in soil, which further interacted antagonistically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BiFeO3 (BFO) has received considerable attention as a lead-free ferroelectric film due to its large theoretical remnant polarization. However, BFO suffers from a large leakage current, resulting in poor ferroelectric properties. Herein, the sol–gel method was used to deposit a series of BFO-based thin films on fluorine-doped tin oxide substrates, and the effects of the substitution of the elements Co, Cu, Mn (B-site) and Sm, Eu, La (A-site) on the crystal structure, ferroelectricity, and leakage current of the BFO-based thin films were investigated. Results confirmed that lattice distortion by X-ray diffraction can be attributed to the substitution of individual elements in the BFO-based films. Sm and Eu substitutions contribute to the lattice distortion in a pseudo-cubic structure, while La is biased toward pseudo-tetragonal. Piezoelectric force microscopy confirmed that reversible switching of ferroelectric domains by nearly 180° can be realized through the prepared films. The ferroelectric hysteresis loops showed that the order for the polarization contribution is as follows: Cu > Co > Mn (B-site), Sm > La > Eu (A-site). The current density voltage curves indicated that the order for leakage contribution is as follows: Mn < Cu < Co (B-site), La < Eu < Sm (A-site). Scanning electron microscopy showed that the introduction of Cu elements facilitates the formation of dense grains, and the grain size distribution statistics proved that La element promotes the reduction of grain size, leading to the increase of grain boundaries and the reduction of leakage. Finally, a Bi0.985Sm0.045La0.03Fe0.96Co0.02Cu0.02O3 (SmLa-CoCu) thin film with a qualitative leap in the remnant polarization from 25.5 (Bi0.985Sm0.075FeO3) to 98.8 µC/cm2 (SmLa-CoCu) was prepared through the synergistic action of Sm, La, Co, and Cu elements. The leakage current is also drastically reduced from 160 to 8.4 mA/cm2 at a field strength of 150 kV/cm. Thus, based on the increasing entropy strategy of chemical engineering, this study focuses on enhancing ferroelectricity and decreasing leakage current, providing a promising path for the advancement of ferroelectric devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the face of increasing antifungal resistance among Candida albicans biofilms, this study explores the efficacy of a combined treatment using Kangbainian lotion (KBN) and miconazole nitrate (MN) to address this challenge. Methods: Using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS Analysis for Identification of Active Compounds in KBN Lotion; FICI for synergy evaluation, XTT and ROS assays for biofilm viability and oxidative stress, fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) for structural and viability analysis, and real-time fluorescence for gene expression. Conclusion: Our study indicates that the combined application of KBN and MN somewhat impacts the structural integrity of Candida albicans biofilms and affects the expression of several key genes involved in biofilm formation, including ALS1, ALS3, HWP1, HSP90, and CSH1. These preliminary findings suggest that there may be a synergistic effect between KBN and MN, potentially influencing not only the structural aspects of fungal biofilms but also involving the modulation of genetic pathways during their formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Organic insecticides against Aedes aegypti L. mosquitoes are regarded as one of the most important tools for containing arboviruses transmitted by this species, such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya in tropical countries including Thailand, considering the development of mosquito resistance to synthetic chemical larvicides. The most critical way to contain outbreaks is to control the vector that transmits pathogens. Monoterpenes are new, effective, and eco-friendly alternatives. This study investigated the larvicidal and pupicidal activities of two monoterpenes—geranial and trans-cinnamaldehyde—and their combinations. The efficacies of each formulation were compared against each other and temephos. Binary mixtures were significantly more effective than single formulations or temephos. They are safe for the non-target aquatic predator, guppies (Poecilia reticulata). These combinations make excellent insecticides for both larvae and pupae mosquito vector control, and the results open up the opportunity for both compounds to be developed into eco-friendly products. Monoterpenes are effective and eco-friendly alternatives to conventional chemical larvicides. We tested single and binary mixtures of monoterpenes—geranial and trans-cinnamaldehyde—for their larvicidal and pupicidal activities against Aedes aegypti L. and for non-target toxicity on guppies (Poecilia reticulata Peters), using 1% (w/w) temephos as a reference. Geranial and trans-cinnamaldehyde at 250 ppm showed stronger larvicidal and pupicidal activities with a 100% mortality rate and an LT50 ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 h. All combinations were strongly synergistic against larvae and pupae compared to single formulations, with an increased mortality value (IMV) of 6% to 93%. The combination of geranial + trans-cinnamaldehyde (1:1) at 200 ppm showed the highest impact, with an IMV of 93%. The strongest larvicidal and pupicidal activities, a 100% mortality rate, and an LT50 of 0.2 h were achieved by geranial + trans-cinnamaldehyde (1:1) 500 ppm. They were thirty times more effective than a 1% temephos solution (LT50 ranging from 6.7 to 96 h) and caused obviously shriveled cuticles and a swollen respiratory system. All single and binary mixtures were not toxic to the guppies. Thus, the combination of geranial + trans-cinnamaldehyde has great potential as a safe insecticide for controlling mosquito larvae and pupae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important problems and the main obstacle of this process is the transformation of the complex structure of lignocellulose. One of the ways to break the lignocellulosic structure is to use suitable pretreatment compounds and nanoparticles with appropriate concentration. For this purpose, the synergistic effect of 6%NaOH pretreatment with different magnetite nanoparticle (MNP) concentrations was assessed for maximizing the biogas production. In this study, the optimal mixing ratio of MSW and SS codigestion was determined from our previous studies (MSW:SS 60:40). Application of the 6%NaOH pretreatment alone increased biogas and methane production by 24.6 and 35.4%, respectively, compared to the control. Also, the 6%NaOH pretreatment alone elevated cellulose by 85% while reducing lignin and hemicellulose by 64 and 33%, respectively. The greatest biogas and methane production was obtained in the reactor of 6%NaOH with an MNP concentration of 110 ppm, experiencing an 86 and 162% increase compared to the control. The greatest reduction in total solids and volatile solids was also obtained in this digestor by 76.6 and 79%, respectively, compared to the control reactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among females and accounts for around 25% of all female melanomas worldwide with increasing incidence every day. Among various natural phytochemicals studied against breast cancer, curcumin has been found to possess antioxidative properties with established safety record. Curcumin is a pleiotropic molecule possessing chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic properties. Curcumin arrests cancer formation at various stages ranging from transformation, proliferation as well as invasion. Transformation is arrested by constitutive de-activation of transcription factors like STAT 3, AP-1, NF-kB. Curcumin controls the expressions of oncogenes, growth factor like EGF, PGDF, FGF, decoy receptors, cyclin D1, survival factors that are important for tumoral cell proliferation. Curcumin successfully inhibits tumor metastasis by supressing the expression of matrix metalloproteinase, COX 2, adhesion molecules, Chemokines and TNF. Curcumin has revealed anticancerous effects in synergism with various compounds like piperine, genistein, mitomycin C, phosphatidicholine, monomethoxy polyethylene glycol, epigallocatechin gallate and metformin. Recent studies have attempted to study the efficacy of curcumin loaded nanoparticles as drug delivery system. This paper attempts to review the work on antitumoral effects of curcumin against breast cancer, underlying mechanisms and proposes further investigations that are needed for rational cancer therapy.

Abstract Spaceflight poses a myriad of environmental stressors to astronauts´ physiology including microgravity and radiation. The individual impacts of microgravity and radiation on the immune system have been extensively investigated, though a comprehensive review on their combined effects on immune system outcomes is missing. Therefore, this review aims at understanding the synergistic, additive, and antagonistic interactions between microgravity and radiation and their impact on immune function as observed during spaceflight-analog studies such as rodent hindlimb unloading and cell culture rotating wall vessel models. These mimic some, but not all, of the physiological changes observed in astronauts during spaceflight and provide valuable information that should be considered when planning future missions. We provide guidelines for the design of further spaceflight-analog studies, incorporating influential factors such as age and sex for rodent models and standardizing the longitudinal evaluation of specific immunological alterations for both rodent and cellular models of spaceflight exposure.

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION The gelation properties of myofibrillar protein (MP) directly affect the texture, taste and water‐holding capacity (WHC) of meat products. To enhance the gelation properties of single‐species meat MP, the present study investigated the influence of different proportions of beef, pork and chicken MP on the physicochemical properties, structure and gelation properties of the MP.The results revealed that, when the proportion reached 5:2:3, the particle size decreases, leading to the maximum decomposition and unfolding of MPs, which exposes a greater number of hydrophobic amino acid residues. These changes promote interactions between protein molecules, especially the unfolding of α‐helices and the formation of β‐sheets during the heating process, which provides favorable conditions for the formation of protein gels and improves the gel strength and WHC of MP gels. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy revealed that the mixed MP gels are more compact and have more uniform gel networks and pores compared to single‐species MP gels.Based on these results, the synergistic effect is induced by the interactions between proteins from different. This research provides a method for the subsequent development of new meat products and improvement of meat product quality, and also lays a theoretical foundation for composite research of proteins from different sources. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the MTT 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the ability to increase the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin in HepG2 and MDA-MB-231 cells, the protective effects of ethanolic extract of tamarillo were assessed in the current study. The cells were pre-treated with tamarillo ethanolic extract at 10 g/mL for 4 h before being exposed to 0.6 mM H2O2 for 3 h showed the greatest protection, with a significant increase (P 0.05) in cell viability of 79% compared to the control (57%). The results support a role that cyto-protective effect of tamarillo and doxorubicin which low in toxicity opens a new possible approach for possible future use in conventional chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and evaluate the biological capabilities of the essential oils (EOs) extracted from leaves and stems of wild Aeschynomene indica L. plants by the hydrodistillation method. By using GC-FID/MS, fifty-six and fifty-five compounds, representing 95.1 and 97.6% of the essential oils in the leaves and stems, respectively, were characterized. The predominant constituents of A. indica EOs were (E)-caryophyllene, linalool, viridiflorol, phytol, hexadecanoic acid, trans-verbenol, and α-guaiene. The antibacterial and synergistic activities of the EOs were assessed by microdilution and checkerboard assays. The results revealed a potent inhibition and bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with MICs of 0.312–0.625 mg/mL. When combined with traditional antibiotics, the essential oils of A. indica possessed excellent synergistic effects against all tested bacteria. Additionally, the EOs of A. indica leaves showed higher antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.11 ± 0.01 µg/mL) compared to the stem oil (IC50 = 0.19 ± 0.01 µg/mL) using the ABTS radical scavenging assay. The in vitro cytotoxicity of EOs against human cancer cell lines HepG2, MCF-7, A-549, and HCT-116 was examined, and MTT assays showed that the EOs possessed a significant cytotoxic potential against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, with IC50 values of 10.04 ± 1.82 and 15.89 ± 1.66 μg/mL, and a moderate cytotoxic activity against other tested cells. In conclusion, the A. indica EOs could be considered a potential source of pharmacologically active compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of drug‐resistant strains in tuberculosis treatment underscores the urgency for novel therapeutic approaches. This study investigates the anti‐tuberculosis activity of green‐synthesized copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) using garlic and astragalus extracts. The physicochemical characterization of the nanoparticles confirms successful synthesis, followed by assessment of their antibacterial properties and safety profile. Rats infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis are treated with nanocomposites derived from garlic extract at doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight. Evaluation includes the analysis of Early secreted antigenic target of 6 kDa (ESAT‐6) expression and confirmation of antibodies through molecular assays. Administration of garlic and nanocomposites demonstrates significant inhibitory effects on tuberculosis progression in rats, validated by safety assessments and antibacterial efficacy. Notably, the 100 mg/kg dosage exhibits pronounced mitigation of tuberculosis‐induced oxidative stress and lung damage. In conclusion, the combined administration of garlic extracts and green‐synthesized nanocomposites shows promising efficacy in reducing tuberculosis infection, highlighting a potential avenue for anti‐tuberculosis interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photothermal therapy (PTT) can overcome cancer treatment resistance by enhancing the cell membrane permeability, facilitating drug accumulation, and promoting drug release within the tumor tissue. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have emerged as effective agents for PTT due to their unique properties and biocompatibility. Approved for the treatment of anemia, as MRI contrast agents, and as magnetic hyperthermia mediators, IONPs also offer excellent light-to-heat conversion and can be manipulated using external magnetic fields for targeted accumulation in specific tissue. Optimizing parameters such as the laser wavelength, power density, shape, size, iron oxidation state, functionalization, and concentration is crucial for IONPs' effectiveness. In addition to PTT, IONPs enhance other cancer treatment modalities. They improve tumor oxygenation, enhancing the efficacy of radiotherapy and photodynamic therapy. IONPs can also trigger ferroptosis, a programmed cell death pathway mediated by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Their magneto-mechanical effect allows them to exert a mechanical force on cancer cells to destroy tumors, minimizing the damage to healthy tissue. This review outlines strategies for the management of the photothermal performance and PTT efficiency with iron oxide nanoparticles, as well as synergies with other cancer therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant activities of lycopene (LY), lutein (LU), chlorogenic acid (CA), and delphinidin (DP) were tested in vitro on H9c2 cell-based models. Some indicators, such as the generation of reactive oxygen (ROS), the quantification of cell antioxidant activity (CAA), and the expressions of SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT, were calculated to examine their antioxidant interactions. From our results, the phytochemical mixtures (M1: CA-LU: F3/10, M2: DP-CA: F7/10, M3: DP-LY: F5/10) displayed strong synergistic effects based on the generation of ROS and the quantification of CAA. However, great antagonistic bioactivities were seen in the combinations of LY-LU: F5/10 (M4), CA-LU: F9/10 (M5), and DP-LY: F7/10 (M6). Western blotting analysis indicated that the possible mechanism underlying the synergistic antioxidant interactions among phytochemical combinations was to enhance the accumulation of Nrf2 in the nucleus and the expression of its downstream antioxidant enzymes, HO-1 and GCLC. The combinations (M1–M3 groups) showed significant protection against the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential than individual groups to avoid excessive ROS production. The M4–M6 groups exerted antagonistic protective effects compared with the individual groups. In addition, lutein and lycopene absorption was improved more because of the presence of chlorogenic acid and delphinidin in the M1 and M3 groups, respectively. However, delphinidin significantly reduced the cellular uptake of lycopene in the M6 group. It appeared that antioxidant interactions of phytochemical combinations may contribute to the restoration of cellular redox homeostasis and lead to an improvement in diet quality and collocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spaceflight poses a myriad of environmental stressors to astronauts´ physiology including microgravity and radiation. The individual impacts of microgravity and radiation on the immune system have been extensively investigated, though a comprehensive review on their combined effects on immune system outcomes is missing. Therefore, this review aims at understanding the synergistic, additive, and antagonistic interactions between microgravity and radiation and their impact on immune function as observed during spaceflight-analog studies such as rodent hindlimb unloading and cell culture rotating wall vessel models. These mimic some, but not all, of the physiological changes observed in astronauts during spaceflight and provide valuable information that should be considered when planning future missions. We provide guidelines for the design of further spaceflight-analog studies, incorporating influential factors such as age and sex for rodent models and standardizing the longitudinal evaluation of specific immunological alterations for both rodent and cellular models of spaceflight exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemotherapy drugs are commonly used in cancer treatment, despite their numerous negative side effects. Today, there are studies to reduce the side effects of these drugs and to increase their benefits by combining them with natural substances. Our study investigated the antioxidant and antiradical activities of Ellagic acid (EA), a natural substance, DOC and MIX, commonly used chemotherapeutics, as well as their combinations (EA+DOC, EA+MIX). For this purpose, the methods of DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activity, Fe3+ -Fe2+ and Cu2+-Cu1+ reduction capacity were used. After the study, the interactions were analysed with the combination index using Compusyn software. Concentrations with maximum synergy in combinations have been identified. For this purpose, firstly, the combination concentrations used in the antioxidant activity methods and the absorbance values were entered into the Compusyn programme. When DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activity results were entered into the programme, more effective synergistic effect was observed for EA+DOC at lower concentrations (7:7µg/mL), (0.125:1µg/mL) respectively. For EA+MIX, no synergistic effect was observed with the application of DPPH scavenging activity results to the programme, while for ABTS•+ scavenging activity, more effective synergistic effect was observed at higher concentrations within the applied doses (0.750:6µg/ml). When Fe3+ -Fe2+ and Cu2+ -Cu1+ reduction results were applied to the programme; synergistic effect was observed at higher concentrations (17:17µg/mL) for both EA+DOC and EA+MIX and even strong synergistic effect was observed in many of them. The obtained results provide guidance for the use of these combinations in further studies, such as anticancer and enzyme studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Old-World bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a significant threat to crops worldwide and has become resistant to traditional synthetic insecticides. The present study investigated the pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) Metarhizium robertsii (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) strain WG-04 or Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) strain WG-10, and an entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species Heterorhabditis bacteriophora against the second and fourth instar larvae of H. armigera. Both fungal species and H. bacteriophora were evaluated, singly or in combination. After 24 and 48 h post-application of the fungal spores (106 spores/mL), H. bacteriophora was introduced at a rate of 50 infective juveniles/mL, and mortality was observed at 3-, 5-, and 7-days post-treatment. Adult emergence, egg hatching, and percentage pupation were recorded. The integration of both types of biocontrol agents exhibited additive and synergistic interactions in larval stages, and enhanced mortality was recorded when EPF was used in combination with the nematodes. In the individual application of all three biocontrol agents alone, the order of efficacy was H. bacteriophora > B. bassiana > M. robertsii; however, in joint treatments, the increase in mortality and decrease in percentage egg hatching, pupation, and adult emergence was determined to be directly linked to the exposure period of the H. bacteriophora. The results of this study suggest that combining H. bacteriophora with EPF could provide a solid foundation for an economically viable method for managing H. armigera larvae in chickpea fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the combined administration of docetaxel (DOC) and erlotinib (ERL) using nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), with folic acid (FA) conjugation to enhance their synergistic anticancer efficacy against triple-negative breast cancer. NLCs were developed through hot melt homogenization–ultrasound dispersion, and optimized by a quality-by-design (QbD) approach using Plackett–Burman design and Box–Behnken design. Plots were generated based on maximum desirability. Spherical, nanosized dispersions (<200 nm) with zeta potential ranging from −16.4 to −14.15 mV were observed. These nanoformulations demonstrated ~95% entrapment efficiency with around 5% drug loading. Stability tests revealed that the NLCs remained stable for 6 months under storage conditions at 4 °C. In vitro release studies indicated sustained release over 24 h, following Higuchi and Korsmeyer–Peppas models for NLCs and FA NLCs, respectively. Additionally, an in vitro pH-stat lipolysis model exhibited a nearly fivefold increase in bioaccessibility compared to drug-loaded suspensions. The DOC–ERL-loaded formulations exhibited dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity, revealing synergism at a 1:3 molar ratio in MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells, with combination indices of 0.35 and 0.37, respectively. Co-treatment with DOC–ERL-loaded FA NLCs demonstrated synergistic anticancer effects in various in vitro assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) infection and the rapid spread of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria pose a serious threat to global healthcare. Polymyxin E (colistin), a group of cationic antimicrobial polypeptides, is currently one of the last resort treatment options against carbapenem-resistant Gramnegative pathogens. The effectiveness of colistin has been compromised due to its intensive use. This study found that fingolimod (FLD), a natural product derivative, exhibited a significant synergistic bactericidal effect on K. pneumoniae when combined with colistin, both in vitro and in vivo. The checkerboard method was employed to assess the in vitro synergistic effect of FLD with colistin. FLD enhanced the susceptibility of bacteria to colistin and lowered effectively minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) when compared to colistin MIC, and the fractional inhibitory concentrations (FIC) value was less than 0.3. The timekill curve demonstrated that the combination treatment of FLD and colistin had significant bactericidal efficacy. The in vitro concurrent administration of colistin and FLD resulted in heightening membrane permeability, compromising cell integrity, diminishing membrane fluidity, and perturbing membrane homeostasis. They also induced alterations in membrane potential, levels of reactive oxygen species, and adenosine triphosphate synthesis, ultimately culminating in bacterial death. Moreover, the combination of FLD with colistin significantly influenced fatty acid metabolism. In the mouse infection model, the survival rate of mice injected with K. pneumoniae was significantly improved to 67% and pathological damage was significantly relieved with combination treatment of FLD and colistin when compared with colistin treatment. This study highlights the potential of FLD in combining with colistin for treating infections caused by MDR isolates of K. pneumoniae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel oxide (NiOx)‐based inverted perovskite solar cells stand as promising candidates for advancing perovskite photovoltaics towards commercialization, leveraging their remarkable stability, scalability, and cost‐effectiveness. However, the interfacial redox reaction between high‐valence Ni4+ and perovskite, alongside the facile conversion of iodide in perovskite into I2, significantly deteriorates the performance and reproducibility of NiOx‐based perovskite photovoltaics. Here, potassium borohydride (KBH4) is introduced as a dual‐action reductant, which effectively avoids the Ni4+/perovskite interface reaction and mitigates the iodide‐to‐I2 oxidation within perovskite film. This synergistic redox modulation significantly suppresses nonradiative recombination and increases the carrier lifetime. As a result, an impressive power conversion efficiency of 24.17% for NiOx‐based perovskite solar cells is achieved, and a record efficiency of 20.2% for NiOx‐based perovskite solar modules fabricated under ambient conditions. Notably, when evaluated using the ISOS‐L‐2 standard protocol, the module retains 94% of its initial efficiency after 2000 h of continuous illumination under maximum power point at 65 °C in ambient air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigated proteomic divergence in the hemolymph of early fourth instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera fed with triflumuron (TFM) and a synergistic growth inhibitory combination of TFM and β-sitosterol (BS) in a 1:1 ratio. LC-MS analysis identified 65 proteins differentially downregulated in larvae fed with TFM and 75 in larvae fed with TFM + BS, essential for maintaining homeostasis and performing physiological and metabolic activities in H. armigera, when compared to untreated controls. In the TFM-fed larvae, deletions comprised 7 DNA processing, 11 RNA processing, 7 protein processing, 6 metabolic, 5 transport, 11 structural, 8 signal transduction, and 10 stress response proteins. TFM + BS-fed larvae showed relative deletions of 8 DNA processing, 14 RNA processing, 6 protein processing, 7 metabolic, 7 transport, 13 structural proteins, 7 signal transduction, and 12 stress response proteins. Both diets resulted in differential expression of 10 and 6 proteins, respectively, with TFM-fed larvae expressing proteins related to defense and detoxification, while TFM + BS-fed larvae expressing primarily upregulated proteins involved in sensory stimulus perception, particularly olfaction, along with one stress protein. Thus, analysis of the overall protein expression of the organism could provide an insight into important proteins suppressed and activated which can be future targets protein to control the pest population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous investigation has established the formation of tribofilm is influenced by tribochemical reactions between the electrolyte and the articulating surface of cobalt alloy through sliding tests in various simulated fluids. Although it has successfully characterized the film composition via spectroscopy analysis and indicated to have impact on material loss, a comprehensive understanding of the material degradation mechanism in tribocorrosion condition was still lacking. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of protein in the tribocorrosive degradation of cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy in different simulated physiological electrolytes. Using a similar testing protocol, tribocorrosion tests were conducted with reciprocating ceramic ball against CoCrMo samples immersed in saline and culture medium, compared to both electrolytes diluted with 25% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Synergistic and mechanistic approaches were employed to model the tribocorrosive degradation. Results reveal that protein plays a beneficial role in reducing corrosive (electrochemical) surface degradation under tribocorrosion condition, whilst increasing mechanical wear degradation in the process. Despite studies have shown that tribocorrosion behavior in metal alloys is highly influenced by the presence of organic matter, this study provides a more clarity of the roles played by protein in tribocorrosive degradation on CoCrMo surface as its novel finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disorder, characterized by demyelination and loss of axonal parts of neurons in the central nervous system involving multiple genetic and environmental factors. Although, the demyelinated lesions develop throughout the brain, but more frequently are extensive in white matter. Currently, three different approaches are being utilized to treat MS, where synthetic drugs are the most frequently used but they do not cure the disease. Secondly, the stem cell therapy but this too has limited success in treating MS in humans. The thirds technique involving administering hormones has been found to be most effective method but this too have some significant side effects. Alternatively, natural products can potentially serve as an affordable and effective substitute for the treatment of MS with minimum or no side effects. Blackseeds (Nigella sativa) and honey possessing potent neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties with no reported side effects can be a prospective candidate for an alternate remedial treatment of MS in animal model as well as in humans. In this study we established a new animal model (quail), to assess the synergistic efficacy of honey and black seed against demyelination within brain. A total of 35 male quails were used, among 10 were non treated and 25 were treated with 200 mg/kg/day cuprizone (CPZ) demyelination for six months to induce demyelination. After that they were divided into seven groups of five animal each where 3 CPZ treated groups received either honey, black seed oil or mixture of both for 6 weeks after demyelination. Behavioral tests were performed at the end of treatment. Afterwards, oligodendrocyte population was estimated in cerebellar white matter after histology. It was found that all three treatments efficiently induce remyelination. Interestingly, the mixture of honey and black seed was significantly more efficient than honey and black seed alone. Our data support the need of clinical trials for administration of N. sativa and honey in MS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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IntroductionKlebsiella poses a significant global threat due to its high antibiotic resistance rate. In recent years, researchers have been seeking alternative antimicrobial agents, leading to the introduction of natural compounds such as monoterpenes, specifically thymol and carvacrol. This review aims to illustrate the potential antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, and synergistic traits of thymol and carvacrol in combat against Klebsiella.MethodsSearching PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, we reviewed available evidence on the antibacterial effects of thymol, carvacrol, or combined with other compounds against Klebsiella until May 2024. Reference checking was performed after the inclusion of studies. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC), and anti-biofilm activity were gathered, and the MBC/MIC ratio was calculated to assess the bactericidal efficacy.ResultsWe retrieved 38 articles out of 2,652 studies screened. The gathered data assessed the anti-microbial activity of thymol, carvacrol, and both compounds in 17, 10, and 11 studies, respectively. The mean (± standard deviation) non-weighted MIC was 475.46 μg/mL (±509.95) out of 60 MIC for thymol and 279.26 μg/mL (±434.38) out of 68 MIC for carvacrol. Thymol and carvacrol showed anti-biofilm activities in the forms of disruption, inhibition, and mass reduction of biofilms. The MBC/MIC ratio was lower than 4 in 45 out of 47 cases, showing high bactericidal efficacy. FIC values were gathered for 68 combinations of thymol and carvacrol with other compounds, and they were mostly synergistic or additive.ConclusionThymol and carvacrol alone or in combination with other compounds, specifically known antibiotics, show great antimicrobial activity.

ABSTRACT With the widespread misuse of disinfectants, the clinical susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) to chlorhexidine (CHX) has gradually diminished, posing significant challenges to clinical disinfection and infection control. K. pneumoniae employs overexpression of efflux pumps and the formation of thick biofilms to evade the lethal effects of CHX. Plumbagin (PLU) is a natural plant extract that enhances membrane permeability and reduces proton motive force. In this study, we elucidated the synergistic antimicrobial activity of PLU in combination with CHX, effectively reducing the MIC of CHX against K. pneumoniae to 1 µg/mL and below. Crucially, through crystal violet staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy live/dead staining, we discovered that PLU significantly enhances the anti-biofilm capability of CHX. Mechanistically, experiments involving membrane permeability, alkaline phosphatase leakage, reactive oxygen species, and RT-qPCR suggest that the combination of PLU and CHX improves the permeability of bacterial inner and outer membranes, promotes bacterial oxidative stress, and inhibits oqxA/B efflux pump expression. Furthermore, we conducted surface disinfection experiments on medical instruments to simulate clinical environments, demonstrating that the combination effectively reduces bacterial loads by more than 3 log10 CFU/mL. Additionally, results from resistance mutation frequency experiments indicate that combined treatment reduces the generation of resistant mutants within the bacterial population. In summary, PLU can serve as an adjuvant, enhancing the anti-biofilm capability of CHX and reducing the occurrence of resistance mutations, thereby extending the lifespan of CHX.IMPORTANCEAs disinfectants are extensively and excessively utilized worldwide, clinical pathogens are progressively acquiring resistance against these substances. However, high concentrations of disinfectants can lead to cross-resistance to antibiotics, and concurrent use of different disinfectants can promote bacterial resistance mutations and facilitate the horizontal transfer of resistance genes, which poses significant challenges for clinical treatment. Compared with the lengthy process of developing new disinfectants, enhancing the effectiveness of existing disinfectants with natural plant extracts is important and meaningful. CHX is particularly common and widely used compared with other disinfectants. Meanwhile, Klebsiella pneumoniae, as a clinically significant pathogen, exhibits high rates of resistance and pathogenicity. Previous studies and our data indicate a significant decrease in the sensitivity of clinical K. pneumoniae to CHX, highlighting the urgent need for novel strategies to address this issue. In light of this, our research is meaningful.

Combining two or more chemicals in chemotherapy is rapidly increasing because of its higher efficacy, lower toxicity, lower dosages, and lower drug resistance. Here, we identified a novel combination of luteolin (LUT) and curcumin (CUR), two bioactive compounds from foods, synergistically suppressed triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell proliferation (LUT 30 µM + CUR 20 µM), colony formation (LUT 1 µM + CUR 2 µM), and tumor growth in xenograft mice (LUT 10 mg/kg body weight/day + CUR 20 mg/kg body weight/day, i.p. injection every other day, 5 weeks), while the individual chemical alone did not show these inhibitory effects significantly at the selected concentrations/dosages. Our total RNA transcriptome analysis in xenograft tumors revealed that combining LUT and CUR synergistically activated type I interferon (IFN) signaling and suppressed transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathways, which was further confirmed by the expression/activity of several proteins of the pathways in tumors. In addition, this combination of LUT and CUR also synergistically decreased oncoprotein levels of c-Myc and Notch1, the critical molecules required to maintain stem cell properties, tumor clonal evolution, and drug resistance. These results suggest that the combination of LUT and CUR synergistically inhibits TNBC by suppressing multiple cellular mechanisms, such as proliferation, colony formation, and transformation, as well as tumor migration, invasion, and metastasis, via regulating IFN and TGF-β signaling pathways. Therefore, combining LUT and CUR may be an effective therapeutic agent to treat highly aggressive, drug-resistant TNBC patients after clinical trials.

Highly efficient and low-cost bio-oil upgrading process is critical for the realization of renewable biomass as the substitution for fossil oil in the production of biofuel. In this study, a highly dispersed Co/SiO2–Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by simple wet impregnation, and its catalytical activity in the hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol, one of the most key reactions of bio-oil upgrading, was evaluated. The as-prepared catalyst could provide a full conversion of guaiacol (100%) and 96.8% selectivity of cyclohexane under relatively mild conditions (250 °C, 2-MPa H2, 1 h). The characterizations of the as-prepared Co/SiO2–Al2O3 catalyst confirmed a highly dispersed Co particle with the SiO2–Al2O3 support, which favored the selectivity of cyclohexane. In addition, both the synergy of Co0 and Coδ+ species and the medium-strength acidic sites contributed to the high catalytical performance of the catalyst. According to the distribution of the products, the reaction path from guaiacol to cyclohexane was speculated. Furthermore, the Co/SiO2–Al2O3 catalyst also possessed high stability and versatility. The above properties together with the easy preparation method entitled the Co/SiO2–Al2O3 catalyst great potential as a non-noble metal catalyst for the scale-up applications in bio-oil upgrading process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrolysis behaviors of polypropylene (PP), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and their mixtures are investigated by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) under varying heating rates to research the co-pyrolysis kinetic and synergistic effect. Model-free methods (Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method, and Starink method) and model-fitting techniques (Malek method, Coats-Redfern method) were utilized to determine key kinetic parameters. The average activation energy are 224.69–225.19 kJ/mol for PP, 186–188.5 kJ/mol for LDPE, 195.64–197.48 kJ/mol for PP/LDPE composites. Model-fitting analysis was employed to elucidate the thermal pyrolysis mechanisms. For PP and LDPE, the A3/2 mechanism was found to be the governing pathway, whereas the PP/LDPE blends exhibited the A1 mechanism. Subsequently, compensation effect equations were derived to elucidate the synergistic interactions between PP and LDPE during co-pyrolysis process. The co-pyrolysis of PP and LDPE mixtures exhibit a lower pyrolysis temperature compared to the individual materials. Furthermore, the activation energy and pre-exponential factor results indicate a promotion effect in the early stage and an inhibiting effect in the later stage of the pyrolysis process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, phytochemical analyzes and investigations for in vitro antimicrobial activity of two endemic species Achillea schischkinii Sosn. and A. teretifolia Willd. were carried out. The essential oils and fatty acids as well as the different solvents extracts were obtained from aerial parts of the plants. Gas chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC / MS) techniques were used to analyze the phytochemical composition of the volatiles and fatty acid methyl esters. In vitro antimicrobial evaluations of the plant extracts were determined against Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019, C. tropicalis ATCC 750, and C. glabrata ATCC 90030 by microdilution method. The antifungal combination of infusion of A. schischkinii with fluconazole was determined by the checkerboard method againts Candida species. Chemical compositions of A. schischkinii and A. teretifolia were determined as 1,8-cineol (25.2-30.4 %), and camphor (7.0-5.5 %). Antimicrobial evaluation of different extracts of A. teretifolia, were performed for the first time in this study. The MIC values were observed between at 156.25-5000 μg / mL for both of the plant extracts. The combination showed a synergistic effect (FIC =0.5) against C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sub-critical water is an environment-friendly solvent. It is widely used for the extraction of various organic compounds. It can be used to dissolve and transport organic matter in oil shale. In this study, the conversion of oil shale was synergistically catalyzed by the addition of Fe or Ni to the Fe inherent in samples under sub-critical water conditions. Oil shale can be converted to gas, oil and residues of oil. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis results presented that the weight loss of raw oil shale was up to 15.85%. After sub-critical water extraction, the weight loss rate of the residues was reduced to 8.41%. With the application of a metal catalyst, Fe or Ni, the weight loss of residues was further reduced to 7.43% and 6.57%, respectively. According to DTG curves, it was found that there were two weight-loss rate peaks. The decomposition process of kerogen in oil shale could be divided into two cracking processes. One is decomposed at a high velocity at around 420 °C, and another is decomposed at a low velocity at around 515 °C. Gas chromatography (GC) results of gas products indicated that Fe or Ni could contribute to producing normal alkanes, such as methane, ethane, propane, etc., which are produced by the hydrogenation of alkenes via hydrogen transfer during the conversion process of kerogen. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was conducted to analyze the components of the liquid products. The results showed that n-alkanes, iso-alkane, oxygenated hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds were the major components of the kerogen cracking products. When Ni was introduced as a catalyst, the contents of aromatic compounds and oxygenated hydrocarbons in the liquid products were increased from 19.55% and 6.87% to 22.38% and 13.77%, respectively. This is due to the synergistic effect of the addition of Ni with the inherent Fe in oil shale under sub-critical water which ensures kerogen is more easily cracked to produce aromatic compounds and oxygenated hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the ultrasonic-microwave synergistic intensive leaching of indium from zinc oxide dust and compares it with conventional leaching, single ultrasonic leaching, and microwave leaching. Additionally, the temperature rise behavior of zinc oxide dust in a sulfuric acid system is examined. The results demonstrate that ultrasonic-microwave co-leaching significantly reduces leaching time compared with conventional leaching and improves the leaching rate of indium compared with single ultrasonic leaching and microwave leaching. The optimal process conditions for ultrasonic-microwave synergistic leaching are determined to be an ultrasonic power of 200 W, microwave power of 200 W, leaching time of 30 min, sulfuric acid concentration of 180 g L−1, and liquid to solid ratio of 8:1. Under these conditions, the leaching rates of indium, zinc, aluminum, and iron are 91.25, 97.69, 74.57, and 48.62%, respectively. In contrast, under the same conditions, the leaching rates of indium and zinc by single ultrasonic leaching were 89.01 and 94.12%, respectively, and the leaching rates of indium and zinc by single microwave leaching were 88.59 and 95.59%, respectively. These findings indicate a synergistic effect of ultrasound and microwave. The accuracy of the single factor optimization experiment results was verified using the response surface analysis method to optimize the experimental conditions. The results indicated that the single factor optimization experiment was accurate. Studies in chemical kinetics studies demonstrated that the leaching of indium is primarily influenced by ultrasound microwave power and sulfuric acid concentration. Additionally, the leaching process is governed by chemical reactions. Arrhenius diagram was used to plot the (1/W–lnK) and (ln[H2SO4] − lnK) diagrams. The reaction coefficient for ultrasound-microwave is − 7.5, and the reaction order for sulfuric acid is 0.815. The chemical kinetic models are: 1 − (1 − x)1/3 = exp(− 4.12 − 7.5/W).t, 1 − (1 − x)1/3 = exp(− 4.654 + 0.815ln[H2SO4]).t. The mechanism of ultrasonic-microwave synergistic enhancement for leaching indium from zinc oxide dust was elucidated. This research introduces a novel method for indium leaching, which holds significant theoretical and practical implications. Future research should focus on enhancing the amplification technology of ultrasonic-microwave leaching equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An effective method was applied for the synergistic recovery of valuable elements. • High leaching efficiencies of REEs, Co, and B in the spent NdFeB magnets. • Mechanically induced lattice strain enhancing activity of NdFeB magnets. • The new process reduced the activation energy as well as the roasting temperature. The efficient and sustainable recovery of rare earth resources from spent NdFeB magnets has received considerable and increasing attention. However, the currently prevalent NdFeB magnets recovery techniques focus only on the recovery for rare earth elements (REEs), some of which also recover cobalt (Co) or boron (B). Herein, a simple mechanochemical strategy was proposed to recover REE, Co, and B from spent NdFeB magnets by mixing the NdFeB magnets powder and FeCl 3 6H 2 O through the grinding-roasting-water leaching technological route. The results indicated high leaching efficiencies of 98.94 % for REEs, 99.99 % for Co, and 93.36 % for B from the NdFeB magnets. Additionally, iron remains in the leaching residue as iron oxide (96.73 wt %), achieving the complete separation of REEs, Co, B, and Fe. This mechanochemical based technology offers a green and efficient recovery process, facilitating more effective synergistic recovery of valuable elements from spent NdFeB magnets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although metastatic cancer treatment has advanced in current medicine, finding effective treatments remains challenging due to the metastatic mechanism complexity. The integrity of the Golgi apparatus exerts a vital impact on the evolution and metastasis of a tumor. Meanwhile, targeted cancer therapy is a promising approach for treating cancers. Inspired by the research being conducted on the use of targeted cancer therapies, we developed a Golgi apparatus-targeted multifunctional graphene nanoplatform (PPG-CS@PTX) for the synergistic chemotherapy/photothermal therapy (PTT)/ photodynamic therapy (PDT) of metastatic breast cancer using single near-infrared (NIR) radiation. Interestingly, the obtained nanoparticles preferentially accumulated at the Golgi apparatus and liberated a considerable amount of paclitaxel in a slightly acidic environment. Subsequently, aided by a single NIR radiation, the Golgi structure was destroyed through synergistic chemotherapy/PTT/PDT. Consequently, migration, invasion, and tumor growth were successfully suppressed in vitro and in vivo. Overall, this study offers a promising strategy for treating metastatic breast cancer through synergistic chemotherapy/PTT/PDT with single NIR irradiation (980 nm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research demonstrated the impact of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) content on corrosion resistance and flame retardancy properties of hybrid graphene oxide/halloysite/ intumescent flame retardant (GO-HNT-IFR) coatings. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studied indicates that the GO0.6-H0.3 coating exhibited superior corrosion resistance (Rct = 2.490 x 109 Ω·cm) compared with hybrid GO-HNT-IFR coatings. Tafel polarization data revealed a decrease in polarization resistance, Rp simultaneously increases the corrosion rate, Rcorr of the epoxy coatings containing APP compare with GO0.6-H0.3 coating. Salt spray test result demonstrated that all epoxy coating filled with hybrid nanofillers maintained excellent surface integrity, preventing corrosion for up to 500 h under controlled accelerated corrosive conditions. A reasonable increment of limited oxygen index up to 12.5% was reported by the addition of 1 phr APP, indicating its best flame retardancy and thermal stability properties among coating samples. The appropriate addition of APP (1 phr) enhanced the flame retardancy and thermal stability properties of hybrid GO-HNT-IFR coatings to a certain extent but it is impaired by increasing the APP loading. Transmission electron microscopy results validated the formation of aggregation at high APP loading, consequently affecting coating performances as well as its adhesion strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) is the carcinogenic, persistent, and a priority pollutant with bioaccumulation property that threatens human health and the environment. The present study was aimed to investigate the efficiency of electrochemically activated persulfate for DNP degradation in batch and continuous mode. Experiments were performed in an electrolytic batch plexiglass reactor equipped with anode and ring-shaped cathode electrode. The effect of operational parameters includes pH, electrode potential, PS concentration; DNP concentration, electrode type, and flow rate were evaluated on DNP removal. The results showed that pH and electrode potential had a significant influence on the degradation efficiency. The optimum condition was obtained in acidic condition (pH 3), electrode potential of 10 V, DNP concentration of 10 mg/L, Na2S2O8 of 15 mM and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 80 min by Fe-SM electrode (91.6%). Comparisons between different electrodes indicated the degradation rate was increased based on the following order: Fe-SM > Pt-SM > Fe-SS > Pt -SS. Results suggested that Fe-based electrodes are the effective alternative for PS activation in order to DNP removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, the development of chiral D‐/L‐CuxOS nanoparticle‐engineered metal–organic frameworks (Fe‐MIL‐88B‐NH2), denoted as D‐/L‐CuxOS@Fe‐MOFs, for cuproptosis and ferroptosis synergistic therapy is described. The D‐/L‐CuxOS@Fe‐MOF displayed intense circular dichroism (CD) bands at 488 nm due to the chirality transfer from chiral penicillamine ligands. Chiral D‐/L‐CuxOS@Fe‐MOF showed tumor microenvironment‐triggered catalytic therapeutic activity by simultaneously depleting L‐glutathione (GSH) and generating potent reactive oxygen species in cancer cells. In vivo experimental results synchronously demonstrated D‐CuxOS@Fe‐MOF with higher efficiency of cancer therapy. The findings revealed that copper/iron ions released from chiral D‐CuxOS@Fe‐MOF induced augmented oxidative stress and potent ferroptosis, which synergizes with cuproptosis for enhanced cancer therapy. The synergistic index for D‐CuxOS@Fe‐MOF is determined to be 1.94, while L‐CuxOS@Fe‐MOF and D,L‐CuxOS@Fe‐MOF with 1.75 and 1.84, respectively. To the best of the knowledge, this is the first report of a chiral nanomaterial capable of inducing synergistic ferroptosis‐cuproptosis therapy for cancers. The results should invigorate studies pursuing the rational design of chiral nanomaterials for efficacious cancer therapy based on cuproptosis and ferroptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the potency of uranium extraction by dibutyl carbitol solvent has been investigated. The cheapness of this solvent is advantageous. Response surface methodology was applied to design the experiments and analyze the results to evaluate the effects of four effective variables, i.e., nitric acid concentration, dibutyl carbitol concentration, temperature, and mixing time to determine optimal conditions. The optimal conditions of uranium extraction were obtained at nitric acid concentration 30%, dibutyl carbitol concentration 60%, and T = 20 °C. Under these conditions, uranium extraction was 50.12%. The synergistic extraction with a mixture of dibutyl carbitol and tributyl phosphate improved to 88.42%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Nickel oxide (NiOx)‐based inverted perovskite solar cells stand as promising candidates for advancing perovskite photovoltaics towards commercialization, leveraging their remarkable stability, scalability, and cost‐effectiveness. However, the interfacial redox reaction between high‐valence Ni4+ and perovskite, alongside the facile conversion of iodide in perovskite into I2, significantly deteriorates the performance and reproducibility of NiOx‐based perovskite photovoltaics. Here, potassium borohydride (KBH4) is introduced as a dual‐action reductant, which effectively avoids the Ni4+/perovskite interface reaction and mitigates the iodide‐to‐I2 oxidation within perovskite film. This synergistic redox modulation significantly suppresses nonradiative recombination and increases the carrier lifetime. As a result, an impressive power conversion efficiency of 24.17% for NiOx‐based perovskite solar cells is achieved, and a record efficiency of 20.2% for NiOx‐based perovskite solar modules fabricated under ambient conditions. Notably, when evaluated using the ISOS‐L‐2 standard protocol, the module retains 94% of its initial efficiency after 2000 h of continuous illumination under maximum power point at 65 °C in ambient air.

Impairment of fish growth and immune system due to stress and disease are major constraints in aquaculture industry. Traditionally, antibiotic was used as prophylactic agent in the health management of aquaculture species. However, antibiotic only provide a temporary solution to the problem of disease outbreak. Over-reliance on antibiotic also has led to the increasing cases of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria from aquaculture sites and contamination of antibiotic residues into human food chain. Probiotic, prebiotic and symbiotic are therefore suggested as alternatives to prophylactic antibiotic to be used in the aquaculture industry. A potential prophylactic agent is polysaccharide that could be developed into an alternative antibiotic for aquatic animals. In this review paper, definition, sources, and mode of action of polysaccharide are presented. The roles of polysaccharides in fish farming with emphasis on growth improvement, immune system enhancement, disease resistance stimulation in tilapia farming, and the effects of polysaccharides on abiotic stressors are summarized and discussed.

Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the synergistic role and advantages of integrating noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in disorders of the pancreatobiliary (PB) system.

Monoterpenes are effective and eco-friendly alternatives to conventional chemical larvicides. We tested single and binary mixtures of monoterpenes—geranial and trans-cinnamaldehyde—for their larvicidal and pupicidal activities against Aedes aegypti L. and for non-target toxicity on guppies (Poecilia reticulata Peters), using 1% (w/w) temephos as a reference. Geranial and trans-cinnamaldehyde at 250 ppm showed stronger larvicidal and pupicidal activities with a 100% mortality rate and an LT50 ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 h. All combinations were strongly synergistic against larvae and pupae compared to single formulations, with an increased mortality value (IMV) of 6% to 93%. The combination of geranial + trans-cinnamaldehyde (1:1) at 200 ppm showed the highest impact, with an IMV of 93%. The strongest larvicidal and pupicidal activities, a 100% mortality rate, and an LT50 of 0.2 h were achieved by geranial + trans-cinnamaldehyde (1:1) 500 ppm. They were thirty times more effective than a 1% temephos solution (LT50 ranging from 6.7 to 96 h) and caused obviously shriveled cuticles and a swollen respiratory system. All single and binary mixtures were not toxic to the guppies. Thus, the combination of geranial + trans-cinnamaldehyde has great potential as a safe insecticide for controlling mosquito larvae and pupae.