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A well-known remedy from the rainforest—Synadenium grantii from the family of Euphorbiaceae—reveals itself to us in its essence by resonant trituration. The medicine used by the shamanic healer Don Agustin in life-threatening crises arises in potentiated form also as a wise helper for someone who is faced with the question: Is the road leading back to life again, or should I say goodbye to this world? Clinical studies show impressively that ‘planta milagrosa’ the ‘miracle plant’, as it is also called, enables the soul in its innate wisdom to choose one of the two ways: the way back to a fulfilling life or the way to a reconciled dying full of light. With Synadenium grantii, the rainforest grants us a companion in our last days. It allows us to come home entirely into our own essence.

Objetivo: Determinar la toxicidad aguda y seriada de la dosis de látex de Synadenium grantii (Euphorbiaceae) en Rattus norvegicus var. albinus. Metodología: Se trabajó con una muestra seleccionada de 30 especímenes divididos en 6 grupos experimentales a los cuales se les trató con látex diluido a los primeros 3 grupos, distribuidos en forma aleatoria y por sonda orogástrica. Además, se utilizó un subgrupo de 16 especímenes para el cálculo de la dosis letal media (DL50). Conclusión: El látex de Synadenium grantii (Euphorbiaceae) tiene efectos adversos agudos y seriados en ratas; además que el efecto adverso dosis dependiente evidenciado fueron los latidos cardiacos incrementados en número e intensidad; y el látex puro presenta una dosis letal media de 0,6 ml a la administración por vía orogástrica.

Synadenium grantii is a Euphorbiaceae plant commonly found in Brazil, known as Janaúba or Leitosinha, whose latex is traditionally used for several purposes. However, it is not known whether the nematicidal action of this plant latex occurs due to the action of proteases. The present work aims to evaluate the nematicidal activity of proteases from Synadenium grantii latex on Meloidogyne incognita and Panagrellus redivivus. S. grantii latex used in the present study was collected from specimens found in Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The drained latex was collected in Eppendorf microtubes and immediately stored on ice at 4 °C. After this extraction, the latex was frozen (-20 °C) during 2 hours, thawed at room temperature (25 °C) and centrifuged at 10,000 g at 4 °C for 30 minutes to remove larger particles and concentrate the proteases. After the centrifugation, assays of enzymatic activity were performed in order to know in which of the phases the enzymes were found. S. grantii latex presented protease, but no chitinase activity. The results show that there was a significant difference (p

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the methanol extract of Synadenium grantii Hook f. stems and its main isolated compound Query3,4,12,13-tetraacetylforbol-20-phenylacetate (1) on experimental dysmenorrhea in mice. Female Swiss mice (n = 6–15) of 6–8 weeks old were used, selected according to the period of the estrous cycle. Animals in proestrus were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 3 days with estradiol. They orally received, on the 4th day, S. grantii extract, the compound 1, ibuprofen or hyoscine butylbromide (Buscopan compound®). Then they were injected (i.p.) with oxytocin 1 h later and individually observed regarding the abdominal writhing for 45 min. The uterus was weighed, photographed and fixed in paraffin for histological analysis. The extract inhibited the abdominal writhing and similar results were obtained with compound 1 and the positive control drugs Ibuprofen and hyoscine butylbromide. Reduction of uterus volume and histological inflammatory parameters, such as oedema and leukocyte infiltrate, were observed in animals treated with the extract and compound 1. Our data show promising activity of the extract against dysmenorrhea, indicating important anti-inflammatory activity. Compound 1 appears to be, at least in part, the main responsible for this promising biological effect.

In southern Brazil, the bottled latex of Synadenium grantii Hook f., Euphorbiaceae, is popularly used as a treatment of all types of cancer. Similarly, Synadenium umbellatum Pax. is used in the central western region of Brazil for the same purpose and in the same manner of use. Both plants are popularly known as janaúba or leitosinha. The objectives of this study were to use pharmacobotanical analysis to verify whether these two species, which are considered to be distinct, are actually the same to determine anatomical markers; to assist in the identification and differentiation of other Euphorbia; and to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of the latex in relation to HeLa and HRT-18 cells. Leaves and stems of the species were collected in Goiânia and Ponta Grossa and were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy techniques. The latex was also collected and analyzed in relation to its cytotoxic effect by employing MTT and NR techniques. The pharmacobotanical study of the specimens in both localities showed that they were the same species, namely Euphorbia umbellata (Pax) Bruyns, which is the scientific nomenclature accepted and confirmed by an expert taxonomist who specializes in Euphorbia. The pharmacobotanical characteristics highlighted in this study can assist in the identification of the taxon and contribute to the control of the quality of this plant drug. The evaluation of the latex in relation to HRT-18 cells demonstrated action after 48 h of experiment. In contrast, in relation to HeLa cells its induced cytotoxicity in all times and a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 values (72 h) observed were 252.58 ± 18.51 μg/ml and 263.42 ± 15.92 μg/ml to MTT experiment and 250.18 ± 19.48 μg/ml and 430.56 ± 19.71 μg/ml to NR experiment for the HeLa and HRT-18 cells, respectively. Keywords: HeLa, HRT-18, Morfo-anatomy, Synadenium grantii, Synadenium umbellatum

Introduction: The Synadenium grantii Hook species is a medicinal plant of the Euphorbiaceae family and is popularly known in the Midwest regions of Brazil as leitosinha or janaúba. All the parts of Synadenium grantii Hook as stem, latex, leaves and flowers are used for the treatments of various disease, but no elemental composition has been done. Objective: The aim of present work was to measure the macroelements (K, Mg, Mo and P) and microelements (Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn, Si, Ni, Co, Cd and Al) in the leaves of medicinal plant Synadenium grantii Hook used in the treatment of diseases by rural and urban communities of the Campo Grande, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Method: The chemical digestions of samples were prepared utilizing HNO3 and H2O2 and microwave digestion system Speedwave Berghof, Germany. After digestion, the concentrations of the elements in leaves were determined by technique of Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) with a Dual Plasma (Thermo Scientific – iCAP 6000 Series) Results: Results demonstrated that the Synadenium grantii leaves are source of K but aren't the best source of Na and P. Its leaves are rich in elements such as Mg, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo and Zn. The leaves of Synadenium grantii showed a high content of Mg values tolerable upper intake level. However, Fe, Na, P, Mn, Mo and Zn are below the values tolerable upper intake level. The leaves of this plants have elements as Ni, Cu, Cr, Cd above the permissible limit set by WHO and FAO. Conclusions: The gaps in knowledge about the level of contents in the Synadenium grantii was completed in this work and would serve as a tool for deciding the dosage of prepared from this plant with medicinal and nutritional purposes. Brazil should create legal standards for the use of medicinal plants based on internationally practiced requirements. Keywords: Medicinal plants, Synadenium grantii, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Synadenium grantii Hook f., Euphorbiaceae, is popularly known as leitosinha or janaúba. The diluted latex (18 drops/L of water) is commonly used in the south of Brazil to treat gastric disturbances. This study evaluated phytochemical screening and toxicity using Artemia salina Leach of crude bark extract and also latex. The toxicity and the anti-ulcer activity of S. grantii latex were also tested in rats. Phytochemical results showed presence of tannins, terpenes, unsaponificable substances, coumarins and anthraquinones in the crude bark extract and terpenes in the latex. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis demonstrated the presence of diterpene tigliane esters in the latex, identified as 12-deoxyphorbol-13-(2-metilpropionate) and phorbol 12,13,20-triacetate. The toxicity results using A. salina presented CL50 26.58μg/mL and CL50 778.66μg/mL, for the latex and the crude bark extract respectively. The toxicological hepatic parameters of the diluted latex were not different to the control group (p

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:13:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 THAIS LATANSIO DE OLIVEIRA.pdf: 1760436 bytes, checksum: 6934360fd3823c3b79ce5e2d581fe222 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 The Synadenium grantii Hook f. species is a plant of the Euphorbiaceae family and is popularly known as cega-olho, leitosinha, janaúba, cola-nota among other names. Its latex has been used traditionally in the region of “Campos Gerais” as "garrafada", obtained from this dilution in water (18 drops into 1 liter). Its medicinal applications are widespread in Brazilian popular culture to cure various types of cancer, among other diseases, such as inflammation and ulcers. However, there are no scientific studies that prove these effects besides little is known about the chemical constitution of the species. The aims of this study was to conduct a phytochemical study of S. grantii latex; evaluate its antitumor activity in vitro against melanoma cell line (B16F10); analyze the changes in the distribution of tumor cells in cell cycle phases and also to evaluate the antitumor activity of latex in vivo and histological changes in animals treated with the popular way to use latex plant. The evaluation phytochemical latex was carried out by chromatographic procedures (column chromatography and thin layer chromatography) and spectroscopic procedures (1H NMR and 13C) from which was obtained the isolation and characterization of a triterpenoid and steroid identified as euphol respectively and citrostadienol. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity was determined by the reduction method of MTT ([3 - (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and by exclusion with Trypan Blue. For the tests in vitro, látex concentrations of 0.012 μg/well to 48.8 mg/well were tested and also two isolated compounds (Euphol and Citrostadienol) at concentrations of 2.5 mg/mL - 250μg/mL. To assess changes in the cell cycle, the cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and histological evaluation was performed by hematoxylin-eosin. The cytotoxic assays demonstrated that the S. grantii latex was able to reduce the growth and viability of the cell lines showing concentration and time dependent effect in both methodologies evaluated. In addition, induced cell cycle arrest in S- G2/M phase. Isolated substances only citrostadienol showed a reduced cytotoxic activity in vitro against B16F10 lineage. In vivo assays demonstrated a reduction of 40% in the size of tumours in mice treated with the popular way to use latex but the histological evaluation of organs analyzed (tumor, lung, liver and lymph nodes) was similar in the treated and untreated animals. A espécie Synadenium grantii Hook. f. é uma planta pertencente a família Euphorbiaceae, sendo conhecida popularmente como cega-olho, leitosinha, janaúba, cola-nota e outros. Seu látex tem sido usado tradicionalmente na região dos Campos Gerais na forma de uma “garrafada”, obtida da diluição deste em água (18 gotas em 1 litro). Suas aplicações medicinais são muito difundidas na cultura popular brasileira para a cura de vários tipos de câncer, além de outras enfermidades, como inflamações e úlcera. No entanto, não existem estudos científicos que comprovem esses efeitos além de pouco se saber sobre a constituição química da espécie. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram realizar um estudo fitoquímico do látex de S. grantii; avaliar sua atividade antitumoral in vitro frente a linhagem celular de melanoma (B16F10); analisar as modificações na distribuição das células tumorais nas fases do ciclo celular e ainda avaliar a atividade antitumoral do látex in vivo bem como as alterações histológicas dos animais tratados com a forma popular de uso do látex da planta. A avaliação fitoquímica do látex foi realizada através de procedimentos cromatográficos (cromatografia em coluna e cromatografia em camada delgada) e espectroscópicos (RMN de 1H e 13C) da qual se obteve o isolamento e caracterização de um triterpeno e um esteroide identificados como eufol e citrostadienol respectivamente. A avaliação da citotoxicidade foi determinada pelo método de redução do MTT (brometo de [3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazólio) e pelo método de exclusão com Azul de Trypan. Para a realização dos ensaios in vitro, foram testadas concentrações do látex entre 1,7 μg/poço a 4,88 mg/poço e também as duas substâncias isoladas (Eufol e Citrostadienol) nas concentrações de 2,5 μg/mL - 250μg/mL. Para avaliação das modificações no ciclo celular, as células foram submetidas à análise por citometria de fluxo e a avaliação histológica foi realizada através da coloração hematoxilina-eosina. Os ensaios citotóxicos demonstraram que o látex de S. grantii foi capaz de diminuir o crescimento e a viabilidade das linhagens celulares em estudo apresentando efeito concentração e tempo dependentes nas duas metodologias avaliadas. Além disso, induziu parada do ciclo celular na fase S-G2/M. Das substâncias isoladas somente o citrostadienol apresentou uma reduzida atividade citotóxica in vitro frente a linhagem B16F10. Nos ensaios in vivo pode se observar uma diminuição em 40% no tamanho dos tumores dos camundongos tratados com a forma popular de uso do látex mas a avaliação histológica dos órgãos analisados (tumor, pulmão, fígado e linfonodos) foi semelhante no grupo tratado e não tratado.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:13:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Carlos Mattar Munhoz.pdf: 1942364 bytes, checksum: 27beadc3c2442dbed10751b6f4c34610 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-25 Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná The Synadenium grantii specie is a shrub that reaches between 3 and 5 meters high, native of tropical Africa, producing of toxic latex. It is known in Brazil as janauba, tiborna or leitosinha and its latex is popularly used as remedy for reducing warts, treatment of cancer, gastric and inflammatory diseases. From its latex and aerial parts, some terpenes, anthocyanins, glycoproteins as lectin and serine proteases were already isolated. Biological studies report antitumor, antiparasitic, anti-haemostatic and anti-ulcer activities. The current study aimed to isolate and indentify bioactive compounds, as well as to identify the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of the crude stem bark extract of S. grantii and its fractions. The chemical study was performed with the chloroform fraction, obtained from the crude stem bark extract (CE) using column and thin layer chromatographic techniques what enabled to isolate three triterpenes: eufol, and for the first time from this specie friedelin and 3 friedelinol. The compounds were identified by NMR and IR spectrometry and compared with literature data. With HPLC technique it was detected the presence of flavonoids in the CE, result that was reinforced with the quantification of total phenolics, by Folin-Ciocalteaumethod, for both CE and its fractions. It was observed that this specie is source of antioxidant compounds, due to the pronounced CE action for both chemical (ABTS+•, DPPH•, O2, HOCl) and enzymatic (MPO) in vitro systems, as well as ex vivo system (free radical induced haemolysis) indicating potential not only to neutralize, but for reduce formation of free radicals, as protect cells (erythrocytes) of free radicals deleterious action. In addition, an antimicrobial study was performed using disc-diffusion and MIC methods with the following microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. The last one exhibited sensibility to CE in both disc-diffusion and MIC (312 μg/mL). A Synadenium grantii é uma planta arbustiva que atinge entre 3 e 5 metros de altura, nativa da África tropical, produtora de um látex tóxico. É conhecida no Brasil como janaúba, tiborna ou leitosinha e seu látex é popularmente utilizado como remédio para a redução de verrugas, tratamento de câncer, doenças gástricas e inflamatórias. Do látex e partes aéreas da planta já foram isolados alguns terpenos, antocianinas e glicoproteínas como lectina e serino-proteases. Pesquisas biológicas já realizadas com esta espécie indicam ação antitumoral, antiparasitária, anti-hemostática e antiúlcera. O presente estudo objetivou isolar e identificar compostos bioativos, bem como identificar o potencial antioxidante e antimicrobiano do extrato bruto das cascas do caule da S. grantii e suas frações. O estudo químico foi realizado com a fração clorofórmica obtida do extrato bruto (EB) utilizando-se técnicas de cromatografia em coluna e camada delgada o que possibilitou o isolamento de três triterpenos: o eufol e também, pela primeira vez nesta espécie, a friedelina e o 3-friedelinol. As substâncias foram identificadas por espectroscopia de RMN e IV, comparando os dados obtidos com os existentes na literatura. Pela técnica de HPLC foi detectada a presença de compostos flavonoídicos no EB, resultado corroborado com a quantificação de fenólicos totais pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteau realizado tanto com o extrato bruto quanto com suas frações. Observou-se que esta espécie é fonte de compostos antioxidantes, devido à acentuada ação do extrato, tanto em sistemas químicos (ABTS+•, DPPH•, O2 •-, HOCl) e enzimáticos (MPO) in vitro, quanto em sistema ex vivo (hemólise induzida por radicais livres) indicando o potencial não apenas para neutralizar, mas também para reduzir a formação, bem como proteger células (eritrócitos) da ação deletéria de radicais livres. Ainda, um estudo antimicrobiano utilizando-se as técnicas de disco-difusão e CIM foi conduzido com os micro-organismos Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis e Candida albicans. Esta última demonstrou sensibilidade ao EB tanto na técnica de disco-difusão quanto na técnica de CIM (312 μg/mL).

In the present study the property of lectin agglutination in blood on normal and different cancer patients has been observed. The purifiedSynadenium grantii root lectin was non blood group specific and its utility as a diagnostic tool in malignancy was studied. Hemagglutination (units/ml) of red blood cells of different types of cancer was compared with the normal control's red blood cells. Out of 113 total cancer patients, only a group of 29 breast cancer patients showed significant increase in titre value (P

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:13:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Larissa Costa.pdf: 1496969 bytes, checksum: f2789534183e9d45cff02658f91ba9fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-25 The Synadenium grantii Hook. f. species is a plant of the Euphorbiaceae family and is popularly known as cega-olho, leitosinha, janaúba, cola-nota among other names. It has been used for many years in the form of prepared diluted latex (18 drops/1 liter of water) for the treatment of gastric disorders, and neoplastic diseases. However, there are currently no scientific studies that prove these effects, no information about the safe use of this plant by humans, as well as few phytochemical studies about this species. Therefore, the objectives of this work were: to conduct a phytochemical screening of the species; to determine the toxicity (LC50) of latex and crude extract in a lethality test with Artemia salina Leach; to evaluate the biochemical parameters (white blood cell count, determination of alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], albumin, creatinine and C-reactive protein); to evaluate the toxicological parameters (macroscopically evaluate organs such as liver, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, uterus, ovaries, adrenal glands and stomach in animal experiments); and to determine its antiulcer activity with the aim of enhancing academic and popular knowledge about this species. Phytochemical screening was performed using the hydroalcoholic crude extract of the bark and the latex, in both of which the presence of several classes of secondary metabolites of pharmacological interest, including: coumarins, tannins, anthraquinones, saponifiable compounds and terpenes were found. Toxicity tests against A. salina were performed using the fresh latex and crude bark extract at concentrations of 10 - 0.05% (v/v) and 1000 to 1 μg/mL respectively. The results showed that in the tested concentrations, the latex has marked toxicity (LC50 = 26.58 μg/mL) while the crude extract of the bark showed low toxicity (LC50 = 778.66 μg /mL). In acute toxicity tests, it was possible to determine that a dose of 2.4 g/kg (0.5 ml) of S. grantii latex presented biochemical changes related to the AST, ALT parameters that were evaluated. To determine the antiulcer activity we used adult female Wistar rats that suffered from ulcers induced by two models (ethanol and indomethacin). The fresh latex showed a gastroprotective effect in relation to both the evaluated models and a 90 % rate of inhibition in the formation of ulcers, whilst the prepared latex showed a 5.7 % inhibition when the ethanol model was utilised to induce ulcers. The results of this study indicate the importance and need for additional studies in the search for evidence of biological activity for this popularly propagated plant species and the need for more studies regarding the safety of using it. A espécie Synadenium grantii Hook. f. é uma planta da família Euphorbiaceae, sendo conhecida popularmente como cega-olho, leitosinha, janaúba, cola-nota e outros. Há muitos anos é utilizada sob a forma de preparado do látex diluído (18 gotas/1 litro de água), para o tratamento de distúrbios gástricos, e de doenças neoplásicas. No entanto, não existem estudos científicos que comprovem esses efeitos, nem informações sobre a segurança de utilização dessa planta pelos seres humanos além de haver poucos estudos fitoquímicos sobre esta espécie. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram realizar a triagem fitoquímica da espécie; determinar a toxicidade (CL50) do látex e extrato bruto em teste de letalidade com Artemia salina Leach; avaliar parâmetros bioquímicos (contagem de leucócitos; determinação de alanina-amino transferase (TGP), aspartato-amino transferase (TGO), albumina, creatinina e proteína C reativa) e toxicológicos (avaliar macroscopicamente os órgãos (fígado, baço, rins, pâncreas, útero, ovários, glândulas suprarrenais e estômago), frente a modelos experimentais com ratos Wistar e determinar a atividade antiulcerogênica, visando contribuir para incrementar o conhecimento popular e acadêmico acerca desta espécie. A triagem fitoquímica foi realizada com o extrato bruto hidroalcoólico do caule e com o látex, nos quais se constatou a presença de diversas classes de metabólitos secundários de interesse farmacológico, entre eles: cumarinas, taninos, antraquinonas, compostos saponificáveis e terpenos. Os testes de toxicidade frente a A. salina foram realizados utilizando o látex e o extrato bruto do caule nas concentrações de 10 - 0,05% (v/v) e 1000 - 1 μg/mL respectivamente. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que, nas concentrações testadas, o látex apresenta toxicidade acentuada (CL50=26,58μg/mL) enquanto que o extrato bruto do caule demonstrou baixa toxicidade (CL50=778,66μg/mL). Nos testes de toxicidade aguda, pode-se determinar que na dose de 2,4g/kg (0,5 mL) o látex de S. grantii apresentou alterações bioquímicas frente os parâmetros TGO, TGP avaliados. Para a determinação da atividade antiulcerogênica foram utilizados ratos Wistar fêmeas adultas que sofreram indução de úlcera por dois modelos: etanol e indometacina. O látex apresentou efeito gastroprotetor frente aos dois modelos avaliados e com inibição na formação de úlceras em 90%, já o preparado do látex demonstrou uma inibição de 5,7% quando realizado o modelo do etanol para indução de úlcera. Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho indicam a importância e a necessidade de estudos adicionais na busca de comprovação das atividades biológicas popularmente propagadas para esta espécie vegetal e a necessidade de mais estudos em relação à segurança de utilização desta.

Quantitative and qualitative analyses were carried out on the latex of four Euphorbiaceae naturally growing in eastern Africa. Rubber ( cis -1,4

The latex of Synadenium grantii Hook. f. (Euphorbiaceae) yielded a novel skin irritant, 12-O-tigloyl-4-deoxyphorbol-13-isobutyrate (I). The identity of the diterpene parent alcohol and the relative positions of the esterifying groups were established by spectral analysis and experiments leading to the hydrolysis and acetylation of I. Compound I is the first phorbol derivative to be reported from the genus Synadenium.