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In this article, we draw on a narrative inquiry into the experiences of children, youth, and families waiting for mental health support during the COVID-19 pandemic in Western Canada. We foreground two youths' experiences (Gillian, who self-identifies as transgender, and Malek, who self-identifies as racialized) to highlight the complex barriers and supports each encountered while attempting to secure appropriate care as they navigated moments of crisis within their worlds of home, school, and communities. By inquiring into their mental health stories, we foreground the unique ways these youth enacted counterstories to disrupt hegemonic constructions of their identities, build agency, and support their wellbeing.

There are few longitudinal studies of adolescent students' choice to persist in post-compulsory education. Hence, the present study introduces a longitudinal model that describes the interplay between sociological and psychological explanations of adolescents' choice to persist in post-compulsory education in the UK. Data on parental education, early childhood self-regulation (age 5), sustained school engagement (ages 7, 11, 14) and persistence in education after the end of compulsory schooling (age 17) were utilised. The sample comprised 8333 (51.1% females, 89.5% white) children from the Millennium Cohort Study. Statistical analyses included state-trait modelling, longitudinal mediation and multigroup moderation. A trait-state-occasion model was run to disentangle the trait from state variance in school engagement. Afterwards, two hypotheses were formulated, namely the 'instilment' and the 'differential'. The 'instilment' hypothesis involved a longitudinal predictive model, whereby parental education predicted early childhood self-regulation which, in turn, predicted sustained school engagement which predicted students' choice to persist. The 'differential' hypothesis examined whether higher vs. lower parental education changed the nature of the predictive relations between self-regulation, sustained school engagement and persistence. The results were in favour of an 'instilment' hypothesis, whereby higher parental education was translated to higher levels of early self-regulation which predicted higher sustained engagement, which, in turn, predicted greater probability of persisting in post-compulsory education. The findings suggest a pathway from early childhood experiences to educational outcomes via the development of a trait of engaging with school.

This study examined how students from historically marginalized identity groups (i.e., Black and Latinx, females, and first-generation college students) engage momentarily in a school-based task. We explored how John Henryism, defined as effortful, active coping as a response to environmental stress, and growth and fixed mindset mediate the relationship between identity groups and momentary engagement outcomes (i.e., positive/negative emotions and cognitive engagement). Findings from two structural equation models--one including John Henryism as a mediating latent construct and one without--demonstrated that only John Henryism mediated the relationship between historically underrepresented groups and positive momentary engagement (i.e., increased cognitive engagement and positive emotions, while lowering negative emotions) while growth mindset did not. These findings suggest that John Henryism and growth mindset may work together to buffer environmental stressors that affect historically underrepresented students' academic success.

As cities globally aim for healthier environments and confront biodiversity threats, integrating nature into urban settings becomes crucial for various ecosystem services and ecological functions. Urban green spaces, with features like trees, water elements, and green roofs, play a vital role in supporting biodiversity and human health. However, designing such spaces involves navigating tradeoffs, such as balancing recreational needs with wildlife habitat preservation. To address this challenge, the San Francisco Estuary Institute (SFEI) developed Ecology for Health, a science-based urban design guide. This guide, accessible on SFEI's Making Nature's City Toolkit website, merges biodiversity research with the health benefits of green spaces, aiming to enhance urban community well-being.The guide offers strategies across three scales: urban planning, site design, and detailed design and management. It synthesizes three decades of global research on urban greening, human health, and biodiversity, with a focus on supporting native wildlife. Highlighted strategies from the guide include enhancing greenspace connectivity, optimizing park and waterfront designs, and balancing planning and site design considerations. These insights, coupled with feedback received during an outreach event with practitioners following publication of the guide, offer valuable direction for planners and designers aiming to create biodiverse urban environments that promote both human health and wildlife conservation.

Abstract Background Adult day programs aim to facilitate aging in place by supporting the health and well-being of persons with dementia and providing respite to their caregivers. However, studies on the effects of day programs are inconclusive, and we especially lack insights into the context conditions and mechanisms of day programs that may produce different outcomes for different groups of persons with dementia and their caregivers. Our objective was to conduct a realist review, synthesizing research on day programs to develop program theories explaining how and why day programs do or do not produce positive or negative outcomes for different groups of persons with dementia, and caregivers. Methods We identified 14 literature reviews (including 329 references published between 1975 and 2021) on adult day programs. From this initial pool of studies, we will include those that focused on day program attendees with dementia or meaningful cognitive impairment, and/or their caregivers, and that report how day program contexts (C) and mechanisms (M) bring about outcomes (O) for attendees and caregivers. We will extract CMO statements (i.e., narratives that explain how and why day programs do or do not bring about certain outcomes for whom and under what circumstances). Using additional focused searches, citation mapping, citation tracking, and discussions with our researcher and expert team members, we will identify additional references. CMO statements will be synthesized, transformed into hypotheses, and linked and visualized to form program theories. Using focus groups and the James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership method, we will discuss and prioritize our CMO statements and refine our program theories with 32 experts (older adults, caregivers, Alzheimer societies, caregiver organizations, day program staff and managers, and health system and policy decision makers). Discussion By identifying essential elements and processes of day programs and related knowledge gaps, this study will generate much-needed knowledge to leverage the full potential of day programs so they can provide appropriate care, preventing premature institutionalization, and unnecessary acute and primary care use. This will ultimately improve the quality of life of persons with dementia and their caregivers, alleviate caregiver burden, and reduce social costs. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42024504030

Abstract Background A genotype-by-environment (G × E) interaction is defined as genotypes responding differently to different environments. In salmonids, G × E interactions can occur in different rearing conditions, including changes in salinity or temperature. However, water flow, an important variable that can influence metabolism, has yet to be considered for potential G × E interactions, although water flows differ across production stages. The salmonid industry is now manipulating flow in tanks to improve welfare and production performance, and expanding sea pen farming offshore, where flow dynamics are substantially greater. Therefore, there is a need to test whether G × E interactions occur under low and higher flow regimes to determine if industry should consider modifying their performance evaluation and selection criteria to account for different flow environments. Here, we used genotype-by-sequencing to create a genomic-relationship matrix of 37 Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, families to assess possible G × E interactions for production performance under two flow environments: a low flow regime (0.3 body lengths per second; bl s−1) and a moderate flow regime (0.8 bl s−1). Results Genetic correlations for the same production performance trait between flow regimes suggest there is minimal evidence of a G × E interaction between the low and moderate flow regimes tested in this study, for Chinook salmon reared from 82.9 ± 16.8 g ( $${\overline{\text{x}}}$$ x ¯ ± s.d.) to 583.2 ± 117.1 g ( $${\overline{\text{x}}}$$ x ¯ ± s.d.). Estimates of genetic and phenotypic correlations between traits did not reveal any unfavorable trait correlations for size- (weight and condition factor) and growth-related traits, regardless of the flow regime, but did suggest measuring feed intake would be the preferred approach to improve feed efficiency because of the strong correlations between feed intake and feed efficiency, consistent with previous studies. Conclusion This new information suggests that Chinook salmon families do not need to be selected separately for performance across different flow regimes. However, further studies are needed to confirm this across a wider range of fish sizes and flows. This information is key for breeding programs to determine if separate evaluation groups are required for different flow regimes that are used for production (e.g., hatchery, post smolt recirculating aquaculture system, or offshore).

The current study explored how children's social interactions during a six-month period of school closures impacted the development of their social and emotional functioning on return to school. A sample of 81 primary school children (age 8-12 years) in Ireland completed measurements of social and emotional functioning before and after the school closure period, and a measure of the types of social interactions they experienced with parents, siblings, and peers, during school closures. Playing outside with friends, playing with siblings, and spending quality time with parents, protected children from declines in social and emotional functioning. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand the meaning of the term well-being as conceptualised by parents, grandparents, principals and teachers in the Irish primary education system. Design/methodology/approach: A hermeneutic phenomenological approach was adopted to understand the nature and meaning of the phenomenon of well-being. Interviews were carried out with 54 principals, teachers, parents and grandparents from a representative sample of primary schools in Ireland. Each participant was asked the same, open, question: "What does well-being mean to you?" Responses were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a combination of the principles of the hermeneutic circle and Braun and Clarke's framework for thematic analysis. Findings: Three conceptualisations of well-being were identified (1) well-being is about being happy, (2) well-being is about being healthy and safe and (3) well-being is something you "do". Originality/value: To the best of our knowledge this paper is the first of its kind to describe how well-being is conceptualised by adults in Irish primary school contexts. In particular it highlights how neoliberal conceptualisations of well-being as a "thing", a commodity exchanged on assumptions of individualism, moralism and bio-economism, have crept into the education of our youngest citizens.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused worldwide educational disruption. This paper addresses a gap in the literature relating to the impact of the pandemic on learning experiences of children in rural communities in the Global South, particularly in earlier years of schooling. Children in these communities are at considerable disadvantage in comparison to their urban peers due to poor school infrastructure and challenges in recruitment and retention of teachers. Drawing on a mixed-methods study of primary school children, their teachers and families in rural Sierra Leone, both during and immediately after school closures, the paper highlights how primary schools and their communities responded to the pandemic and how this influenced children's engagement with their learning. While national planning focused on pandemic control measures and provision of some remote learning support, findings highlight challenges for poor rural communities in accessing basic learning supports and the consequent disruption to children's education.

Menstruation and menstrual stigma have recently attracted the attention of education policymakers in England. In 2019, the Department for Education (DfE) published new guidance on delivering relationships, sex and health education that included teaching about menstrual wellbeing and in 2020 made menstrual products freely available in all state-funded primary and secondary schools in England. The DfE argue that these dual interventions are important for tackling menstrual stigma by normalising menstruation in school. However, these interventions emphasise the management of menstruation in terms of physical health while this article argues that foregrounding how menstruation features in young people's everyday experiences and routines could also be important for addressing stigma. This theory-focussed paper invites a turn away from a humanist positioning on menstruation and menstrual stigma. It discusses existing human-centred research on menstruation and draws on ideas from relational sociomaterial theory to highlight how researching the role of material things in young people's engagements with menstruation can influence understandings about menstrual stigma and young people.

Abstract Background Past empirical evidence on the longitudinal relations between emotional mental health symptoms and parent-child close relationships has produced mixed and inconclusive results. Some studies suggest a unidirectional relation, whereas other studies point toward a bidirectional association. Additionally, most of the past research has been carried out with adolescent samples, rather than children. Hence, this study aimed to estimate the longitudinal relations between children’s trait emotional difficulties and trait parent-child closeness, accounting for the time-invariant and time-varying state components of each factor. Methods Participants were 7,507 children (ages 3 years, 5 years, 7 years, and 9 years) from the Growing Up in Ireland cohort. Α bivariate stable trait, autoregressive trait, and state (STARTS) model was estimated using Bayesian structural equation modelling. Results The STARTS model revealed that children’s emotional difficulties and parent-child closeness were relatively stable across time, and these overarching traits were strongly negatively correlated. Children’s earlier trait emotional difficulties predicted later trait parent-child closeness and vice versa between 3 years and 5 years, and between 5 years and 7 years, but these effects disappeared between 7 years and 9 years. At all pairs of time points, state emotional difficulties and state parent-child closeness were weakly negatively correlated. Conclusions Overall, the results suggest that early and middle childhood are critical stages for improving parent-child relationships and reducing children’s emotional difficulties. Developing close parent-child relationships in childhood appears to be a key factor in reducing children’s subsequent emotional difficulties. Children who face greater than usual emotional difficulties tend to be more withdrawn and less receptive to close parent-child relationships and this could serve as an important screening indicator.

Abstract We developed a composite symptom score (CSS) representing disease-related symptom burden over time in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Longitudinal data were collected from an open-label Phase IIB study in which 239 patients completed the validated MD Anderson Symptom Inventory for MPM (MDASI-MPM). A blinded, independent review committee of external patient-reported outcomes experts advised on MDASI-MPM symptoms to include in the CSS. Through iterative analyses of potential symptom-item combinations, 5 MPM symptoms (pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, muscle weakness, coughing) were selected. The CSS correlated strongly with the full MDASI-MPM symptom set (0.92–0.94) and the Lung Cancer Symptom Scale-Mesothelioma (0.79–0.87) at each co-administration of the scales. The CSS also had good sensitivity to worsening disease and global quality-of-life ratings. The MDASI-MPM CSS can be used as an outcome in MPM clinical trials, including in responder analyses and at the individual patient level. It is brief enough to administer frequently, including electronically, to better capture symptom trajectories during and after a trial and in clinical practice. As a single score, the CSS addresses multiplicity issues that can arise when several symptoms increase due to worsening disease. Our process can be adapted to produce a CSS for other advanced-cancer trials.

This paper undertakes a critical analysis of a planned change, the Safe Learning Model (SLM), devised over time by Concern Worldwide, and implemented in 100 primary or elementary schools in a rural district of Sierra Leone. We situate the documentation pertaining to the SLM (micro) within its wider national (meso) and international (macro) context of influential policy texts. We undertake a mixed methods analysis of these macro, meso and micro documents, interrogated through the prism of various change paradigms (scientific management, progressivism, critical theory, teacher professionalism and social movement) and in doing establish where these various document clusters, their explicit and implicit influences, may be located along the arc of change paradigms, thus surfacing their ideological assumptions, intent and influences. The paper concludes that in seeking to improve the quality of teaching, learning, and living in this instance, scientific management casts long shadows. The power, perspectives and financial influence of international agencies dominate change discourses whereby 'learning crises' require urgent responses in the form of testing and measuring that prevail over more expansive pedagogical capacity building. Consequently, perpetuating a 'weighing the pig' mindset downplays or ignores the ecology of teaching and learning, particularly the centrality of teachers, as professionals and role models, more likely to be compliant than transformative.

Mental disorders are a growing problem worldwide, putting pressure on healthcare systems and wider society. Anxiety and depression are estimated to cost the global economy US$1 trillion per year, yet only 2% of global median government healthcare expenditure goes towards mental health. There is growing evidence linking housing, socio-economic status and local environmental conditions with mental health inequalities. The aim of this paper is to link several open-access datasets at the local area level (N = 32,844) for England to clinical mental health metrics and describe initial statistical findings. Two mental health metrics were used: Small Area Mental Health Index (SAMHI) and diagnosed depression prevalence. To demonstrate the utility of the longitudinal mental health data, changes in depression prevalence were investigated over two study periods (2011–19, i.e. austerity; and 2019–22, i.e. COVID-19). These data were linked to housing data (energy efficiency, floor area, year built, type and tenure) from Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs); socio-demographic data (age, sex, income and education deprivation, household size) from administrative records; and local environment data (winter temperature, air pollution and access to green space). The linked dataset provides a useful resource with which to investigate the social and environmental determinants of mental health. Practice relevance Initial observations of the data revealed a non-linear relationship between home energy efficiency (EPC band) and the mental health metrics, with depression prevalence higher in local areas where the mode EPC bands were C and D, compared with B and E. Researchers can further investigate this relationship using the dataset through robust statistical analysis, adjusting for confounding variables. National and local governments may use the dataset to help allocate resources to prevent and treat mental health conditions. Practitioners can map and interrogate the data to describe their local areas and make preliminary conclusions about the relationships between the built environment and mental health. This preliminary analysis of the data demonstrated a gradient in SAMHI and depression prevalence with income and employment deprivation at the local area level.

As people in the UK spend 95% of their time indoors, buildings are an important modifier of exposure to both non-optimal temperatures and air pollution. High ambient temperature and high PM2.5 (particulate matter) concentrations often occur together in urban areas. Residential building types prone to overheating (e.g. purpose-built flats) are often also more common in urban areas. Together, this may lead to spatial and demographic inequalities in indoor exposure to heat and PM2.5 from outdoor sources. By combining building simulations (EnergyPlus), a spatially distributed description of the residential building stock—from publicly available Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) data, ambient temperature, PM2.5 data and area-level (40–250 households) socio-demographic data—we estimated these inequalities in exposure for the population of England and Wales. Maximum indoor temperature was higher in areas with larger ethnic minority and infant populations, and lower in areas with a higher proportion of people aged ≥ 65 years. Indoor concentrations of outdoor-source PM2.5 were higher in areas with larger ethnic minority and low-income populations. With rising inequality in England and Wales, housing and environmental conditions play an important role in contributing to health inequalities from social disadvantage. Policy relevance Differences in environmental exposures may partly explain inequalities in health outcomes. These differences are mediated by dwelling type and quality. Identifying the driving factors for differences in environmental exposures may allow for the development of interventions to address health inequalities more effectively. This study finds differences in indoor exposure across socio-demographic groups due to both location and housing. This could be of interest to national, regional and local authorities responsible for targeting building retrofit interventions across the housing stock.

Background Implementation of the cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention guidelines in the UK has been repeatedly evaluated under the auspices of the British Cardiovascular Society in three Action on Secondary and Primary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events (ASPIRE) surveys in 1994–1995, 2008–2010 and 2017–2019. The primary care arm of ASPIRE-2-PREVENT (A-3-P) was conducted to evaluate lifestyle and medical risk factor management in people at high risk of atherosclerotic CVD in everyday clinical practice.Methods A-3-P was a cross-sectional survey in 27 general practices and health centres across 5 English National Health Service regions. Patients with no history of atherosclerotic CVD started on blood pressure and/or lipid and/or glucose lowering treatments were identified retrospectively and interviewed at least 6 months after the initiation of medication.Results 557 patients attended the interview and examination (45.8% women; mean age 61.7±10.8 years). The risk factor control was poor: 9.3% of patients were smokers, 38.1% obese (body mass index≥30 kg/m2) and 53.5% centrally obese (waist circumference≥88 cm for women, ≥102 cm for men). Only 37.8% of patients on blood pressure-lowering therapies achieved the target of

The theoretical development of the ‘new sociology of childhood,’ coinciding with the recognition of children’s right to express their voice and have it heard on matters affecting them, has inspired the proliferation of participatory methods in research with and by children. This paper addresses a gap in the methodological literature by comparing two such participatory methods, focus group discussions and photovoice, in an exploration of care in children’s school lives. Drawing on the narratives of 49 Second Class children (typically aged eight to nine years) participating in Ireland’s national longitudinal study of primary schooling, Children School Lives ( https://www.cslstudy.ie ), the paper details the data collection, processing, and analysis associated with each method, as well as the emergent themes arising from each. We draw on our exploration of care in children’s school lives in order to illustrate the comparison of the two participatory methods. Our comparative analysis underscores the greater complexity associated with the data collection, processing, and analysis for photovoice. In addition, emergent themes suggest two distinct discourses on care arising from each method. While narratives from focus group discussions offer descriptive accounts of children’s experiences, photovoice data provide a more personal, emotive, and in-depth account of care in children’s school lives. Methodological decisions taken in this study and implications for future research which employs participatory methods with children are discussed and positioned within the wider literature.

Abstract Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death worldwide, although limited data are currently available regarding the impact of consuming ultra-processed food (UPF) on its incidence. Given the increased consumption of UPF in Iran, we aimed to investigate the association between UPF intake and CVD risk. Methods Individuals without CVD (n = 2050) aged ≥ 30 years old were recruited from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). Dietary data were collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and UPF intakes were assessed based on the Nova food classification. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for potential confounders were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the risk of CVD across tertiles of UPF intake. Results A 10.1% incidence of CVD occurred over a median follow-up of 10.6 years, with a 22% increase in CVD risk per each 50 g/day UPF intake. Participants with the highest intake of UPF had a 68% greater incidence of CVD compared to those with the lowest intake (HR = 1.68, 95% CI=1.14–2.48) after controlling for potential confounders. Regarding sub-groups of UPF, participants in the 3rd tertile compared to the reference had a significantly increased risk of CVD (HR = 1.56, 95% CI=1.04–2.34). Nevertheless, intake of bread, fast food, sweetened beverages, sweets and desserts, high-fat dairy products, and other UPFs were not associated with greater CVD risk. Conclusion Our findings support the hypothesis that the incidence of CVD is enhanced with the higher consumption of UPF in a representative sample of the Iranian population.

Museum occurrence records are popular sources of information for creating Environmental Niche Models (ENMs), which allow the mapping of the potential niche ranges of species. Occurrence data is often downloaded en masse from established databases. However, the use of non-traditional data sources, such as occurrence records from community/citizen science outreach and social media, is increasing in use and abundance. Data from non-traditional data sources are potentially valuable records of information, particularly for species where museum occurrence records may be comparatively scarce. In the current study, we aimed to determine the impact of adding occurrence data from non-traditional databases to ENMs that were originally created using traditional databases with a group of comparatively understudied species, native Australian bees. We used the Maxent algorithm to model the potential environmental niches of eight species. We created three models for each species: 1) one consisting of only location data from museum specimen collection records from the Atlas of Living Australia (ALA) (a traditional database), 2) one combining ALA and geo-tagged social media (Flickr) data, and 3) a model combining ALA and geo-tagged community science data from iNaturalist. This resulted in 24 different models. By comparing the models produced from each of the augmented data sets with the traditional species data set (ALA vs. ALA & Flickr; ALA vs. ALA & iNaturalist) we showed that there were significant differences, not only in predicted ranges, but also in the weighting of environmental variables used by the models to predict the environmental niche. Differences were more greatly influenced by the geographic location of the extra occurrences rather than the number of additional occurrence points. We demonstrate the potential value and risks of including social media and community science geo-tagged image data in supplementing knowledge of species distributions, particularly for relatively under-sampled species such as native bees.

BACKGROUND: The supraclavicular fossa is the dominant location for human brown adipose tissue (BAT). Activation of BAT promotes non-shivering thermogenesis by utilization of glucose and free fatty acids and has been the focus of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for modulation in order to improve body weight and glucose homeostasis. Sympathetic neural control of supraclavicular BAT has received much attention, but its innervation has not been extensively investigated in humans. METHODS: Dissection of the cervical region in human cadavers was performed to find the distribution of sympathetic nerve branches to supraclavicular fat pad. Furthermore, proximal segments of the 4th cervical nerve were evaluated histologically to assess its sympathetic components. RESULTS: Nerve branches terminating in supraclavicular fat pad were identified in all dissections, including those from the 3rd and 4th cervical nerves and from the cervical sympathetic plexus. Histology of the proximal segments of the 4th cervical nerves confirmed tyrosine hydroxylase positive thin nerve fibers in all fascicles with either a scattered or clustered distribution pattern. The scattered pattern was more predominant than the clustered pattern (80% vs. 20%) across cadavers. These sympathetic nerve fibers occupied only 2.48% of the nerve cross sectional area on average. CONCLUSIONS: Human sympathetic nerves use multiple pathways to innervate the supraclavicular fat pad. The present finding serves as a framework for future clinical approaches to activate human BAT in the supraclavicular region.

School engagement in adolescence is often associated with better academic performance at school, but what are the longitudinal associations between school engagement and adult educational and employment status? The current study explored these longitudinal associations using data spanning 40-years of life, from the 1970 British Cohort Study. School engagement at age 16-years was used to predict highest educational level at age 34-years, and socioeconomic status and income at ages 34- and 46-years, controlling for childhood socioeconomic status, cognitive ability, gender, and ethnic minority status, collected at ages 5- or 10-years. The 13,135 individuals in the sample were born in 1970, were mainly White (96%), and were identified at age 5-years as being 48% female. Longitudinal structural equation models revealed that adolescent school engagement had a persistent, positive impact on adult educational and employment outcomes after individual differences were controlled for. The results are interpreted using the perspective that school engagement can channel resources which are important for later educational and occupational success.

The temperature rise and increases in extreme heat events related to global climate change is a growing public health threat. Populations in temperate climates, including the UK, must urgently adapt to increased hot weather as current infrastructure primarily focusses on resilience to cold. As we adapt, care should be taken to ensure existing health inequalities are reduced. Lessons can be learned from regions that experience warmer climates and applied to adaptation in the UK.We identified known indicators of heat-health risk and explored their distribution across area level income for London. Understanding these indicators and their distributions across populations can support the development of interventions that have the dual aim of improving health and reducing inequalities. An exploratory analysis was conducted for each indicator at neighbourhood level to assess existence of disparities in their distributions across London. A systems-thinking approach was employed to deduce if these amount to systemic inequalities in heat risk, whereby those most exposed to heat are more susceptible and less able to adapt. Using this information, we proposed interventions and made recommendations for their implementation.We find inequalities across indicators relating to exposure, vulnerability, and adaptive capacity. Including inequalities in urban greening and access to greenspace, physical and mental health and access to communication and support. Through a system diagram we demonstrate how these indicators interact and suggest that systemic inequalities in risk exist and will become more evident as exposure increases with rising temperatures, depending on how we adapt. We use this information to identify barriers to the effective implementation of adaptation strategies and make recommendations on the implementation of interventions. This includes effective and wide-reaching communication considering the various channels and accessibility requirements of the population and consideration of all dwelling tenures when implementing policies relating to home improvements in the context of heat.

The construct of pathological demand avoidance (PDA) is relatively new and contested. Clinical reports indicate a population who obsessively resist everyday demands and have an extreme need for control. Children and adolescents who might experience PDA, and their families, struggle significantly in their daily lives, creating a need for more research into the phenomenon. To assist the developing research field, this scoping review focuses on the methodologies used to study PDA in children and adolescents. A systematic search of six databases and grey literature uncovered 57 unique records after duplicates were removed. 21 documents containing 22 studies were retained for analysis. Of the 22 studies, 21 were from the UK and one was from the Faroe Islands. There were 18 quantitative analyses and 11 qualitative analyses. Half of the studies were cross-sectional and quantitative and almost half used mixed methods. Samples were non-representative and studies often used comparison groups of children with and without PDA. Researcher’s conceptualizations of PDA were coded into categories of emotional, socio-cognitive, and neurological differences. Studies of PDA focused mostly on PDA symptoms, mechanisms, and precipitants, with fewer studies of PDA origins and problems resulting from PDA or possible supports for individuals. The EDA-Q and the DISCO were the main measures used to identify PDA. Quantitative data were often analyzed using inferential statistics, and qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis, content analysis, and narrative summaries. Implications for future research are discussed.

Introduction: An association has consistently been reported between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC develops within premalignant polyps. The aim of this work was to examine the relationship between colorectal polyp subtypes and T2DM across the population, including in low- and non-screening age groups. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out using an audit of a colonoscopy database and histopathology reports at a tertiary teaching hospital during 2016. Included were consecutive patients undergoing colonoscopy for a diverse range of indications. Univariable and multivariable analyses were carried out to assess the associations between T2DM, age, sex, indications for the procedure and different types of colorectal polyps. Results: Data were extracted from colonoscopies in 1395 patients. Evidence of T2DM was observed in 257 (18%) patients. Any adenoma was present in 109 (42%) patients with T2DM compared with 256 (22%) patients with no evidence of T2DM [odds ratio (OR) 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9-3.4, P < 0.001]. In patients

Abstract Introduction and aim Exercise training (Ex) and intermittent fasting (IF) are effective for improving body composition and cardiometabolic health overweight and obese adults, but whether combining Ex and IF induces additive or synergistic effects is less well established. We therefore, performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the combined versus independent effects of Ex and IF on body composition and cardiometabolic health in adults. Method An electronic search was conducted in three main online databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, from inception to March 9, 2023 for studies involving Ex plus IF trials versus standalone Ex and/or IF interventions in adults. Interventions had a duration of ≥ 2 weeks. Standardized (SMD) or weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated in order to compare effects on body weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat lean body mass (LBM), visceral fat, and waist circumference. For cardiometabolic health, outcomes included fasting glucose, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, and VO2max/peak. Results Ex plus IF decreased body weight [WMD: -3.03 kg (95% CI: -3.44 to -2.61), p = 0.001], BMI [WMD: -1.12 kg.m2 (95% CI: -1.28 to -0.95), p = 0.001], body fat [SMD: -0.72 (95% CI: -1.23 to -0.21), p = 0.005], visceral fat [SMD: -0.34 (95% CI: -0.63 to -0.05), p = 0.01], and waist circumference [WMD: -2.63 cm (95% CI: -4.16 to -1.11), p = 0.001] more than Ex alone. However, changes in body composition and cardiometabolic health markers were not significantly different for Ex plus IF when compared with IF alone, with the exception of VO2max/peak [SMD: 0.55 (95% CI: 0.14 to 0.97), p = 0.009]. Conclusion We demonstrate that a combination of Ex and IF produces superior changes in body composition, but not in markers of cardiometabolic health when compared with Ex or IF alone. Ex plus IF could therefore be effective for weight and fat loss but has no additive or synergistic effects for other cardiometabolic health markers.

This study explored the longitudinal dynamics of teacher violence and student wellbeing in rural Sierra Leone, West Africa. The participants, totaling 3170 children with an age range of 5 years to 11 years, were cluster-sampled from a large geographic area to ensure gender balance and representation from diverse linguistic backgrounds and religious affiliations. They were drawn from the Safe Learning Study, which spanned over 5 years and involved 100 schools in rural Sierra Leone. Data collection took place in four waves from November 2018 to May 2021. Participants completed self-report questionnaires pertaining to psychological wellbeing and experiences of violence from teachers. The study employed a random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RICLPM) to examine the relationship between violence and mental health across waves. Across children, a relationship between teacher violence and student wellbeing was observed over time. However, for individual children, higher wellbeing predicted lower instances of violence, and vice versa, although to a weak extent. These findings highlight the complex interplay between violence and wellbeing within the cultural sample. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the social dynamics surrounding violence and wellbeing, informing targeted interventions and policy initiatives aimed at creating safer and healthier environments for at-risk populations.

Hāpuku (Polyprion oxygeneios) is a promising candidate for aquaculture production in New Zealand. Methods for spawning, juvenile production, and growout to harvest entirely on land, where water quality, pathogens, environmental impacts, and genetic “pollution” can be tightly controlled, have been developed, and genetic improvement to optimise land-based production is the obvious next step. However, estimates of genetic parameters are required to design a rigorous, disciplined, and effective selective breeding program. By using existing data consisting of irregularly spaced repeated measurements of fork length and live body weight collected on wild-collected founders and two generations of captively reared progeny, we evaluated the species’ genetic potential for improvement in growth. We first tested a range of univariate random regression models to identify the best-fitting models for these data. Subsequently, using a bivariate model, we estimated variance components for growth trajectories of fork length and whole body weight. With one to six records available per fish, the best-fitting univariate models included only a fixed effect for contemporary groups and fixed and random genetic third-order Legendre polynomials. More complex models that included full-sib family and/or permanent environmental effects produced unacceptable constrained and/or non-positive-definite solutions. Both traits are moderately heritable at all stages of the growout phase (~0.4–0.5), and the genetic correlation patterns between daily breeding values estimated via the covariance function are different for length and weight. Genetic correlations for length between all pairs of age-specific breeding values are positive and strong (>0.7) and change gradually and smoothly with increasing temporal separation. For weight, these correlations deteriorate more rapidly with increasing time lags between measurements and become negative for some age pairings. We conclude that random regression analyses are a valuable tool for extracting genetic information from irregularly spaced repeated measurements of fish size, speculate that emerging technologies for high-throughput genotyping and phenotyping will add to the value of this approach in the near future, and reason that a breeding strategy that rigorously takes into account the potentially unfavourable genetic correlations between breeding values for weight at some ages will further adapt hāpuku to land-based systems and enhance the profitability commercial-scale production.

John Henryism (JH), named after the American folk hero John Henry, is a construct characterised by a behavioural predisposition for high-effort coping with psychosocial stressors. While it has been rigorously studied in the health sciences, little empirical research has focused on how JH emerges within educational contexts, specifically during schoolwork. This exploratory study investigated factors related to JH--race/ethnicity, gender, first-generation college student status, and high-effort coping--on school-based cognitive and emotional engagement. Results revealed that high JH scores predicted positive cognitive and emotional momentary engagement, particularly for racial/ethnic minorities and first-generation college students. Furthermore, in comparing our subsample of first-generation females with our overall sample of female students, we learned that JH had a greater positive influence on first-generation females' momentary engagement than on that of the overall sample of female students. Findings suggest that historically marginalised groups may regularly rely on JH to cope with systemic inequality in school activities.

Schools have a duty of care to children that extends beyond educational performance to include wellbeing and welfare. Yet, research has highlighted the tensions that arise when 'care' and 'learning' are treated as binaries, especially when schools operate within unequal socio-­economic conditions. Extended COVID-19 school closures brought these issues into sharp relief, highlighting the central role of schools as a front line service in the lives of poorer children. This paper provides qualitative insights into the classed experiences of extended school closure and the role and response of schools through the eyes of parents, teachers and principals in Ireland. We frame these responses in the context of the provision of a careful education, exploring the role of normative and affective relations in teaching and learning. Questions are posed in relation to schools as care regimes and the 'mission creep' between educational and welfare provision in schools serving poorer children.

In spite of widespread initiatives to improve access to education for girls, substantive concerns remain. While there is a rich and growing body of literature on gendered experiences of school in majority world contexts, absent is a focus on how this intersects with children's out of school lives. Further, research with children in rural communities is limited, including those who are in the earlier years of their schooling. This paper addresses these gaps, focusing on gendered dynamics in the everyday lives of children in five rural communities in Northern Sierra Leone. Drawing on Bourdieu, it explores the dialectical interplay between gendered and generational structures, understood as the gendered habitus, in a wider context of structural poverty, uneven and fragile post-colonial restructuring and development. This sets the groundwork for children's gendered dis/positioning, and ultimately capacity to engage with schooling.

To effectively address pollution and its negative effects, educational interventions that incorporate immersive learning environments (ILEs) or gamification have been developed by scholars, educators, and healthcare professionals for use with children and young people. The aim was to scope this body of knowledge to provide evidence on (i) the efficacy of such applications and (ii) the theoretical and design elements of these applications. In total, 33 applications were identified across 31 papers. Overall, the quality of the existing empirical work was poor, the scope of the evaluations was limited, and there was limited evidence of theory-informed design. The authors call on scholars, editors, reviewers, and funding bodies to help raise the standard of work in the field.

Investigating the risk factors associated with bullying and victimisation in Ireland is important for understanding the individual and environmental conditions in which these actions emerge, and for informing the design of preventative programmes in childhood and adolescence. The aim of this systematic review is to identify studies which, over the past 10 years, have examined the risk factors associated with bullying and victimisation in Irish school settings, and to examine which preventative programmes have been made to date to counter these phenomena. Using systematic literature search techniques, we identified 19 relevant studies. Data were extracted, the quality of papers was appraised, and a descriptive synthesis was applied. The results of the systematic review suggest a varied picture of risk factors that included individual and social-relational factors connected with bullying (e.g. minority group belonging, behavioural adaptation problems, lack of prosociality, psychoticism) and victimisation (e.g. poor school support, minority group belonging, neurotic, socio-behavioural problems with peers, ease in communication with peer and parent). Theoretical and psycho-educational implications are discussed.