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Between 2004 and 2017, multiple studies on the herbicide resistance of weeds were conducted by the Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute in Poland. Weed seeds, collected from fields located in various regions of Poland where herbicide use was ineffective, were used in studies conducted under greenhouse conditions. A total of 261 loose silky bent (Apera spica-venti L.) samples were found to be herbicide resistant, which translates to 52.4% of the fields under study. Nearly 50% of the analyzed samples exhibited resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides. Resistance to acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors was found in 18 fields, whereas resistance to photosystem II (PSII) inhibitors (isoproturon) was found in 12 fields. Herbicide resistance of blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) occurred in 26 of the fields under study. In addition, resistance of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) to acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitors occurred in 10 spring cereal crops. In the case of winter wheat, resistance of cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.) to tribenuron-methyl occurred in 23 fields. Scentless chamomile (Matricaria inodora L.) and field poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) were resistant to tribenuron-methyl in four and three fields, respectively, of winter wheat. In the case of sugar beet, three biotypes of fat hen (Chenopodium album L.) and two biotypes of redroot amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) were resistant to metamitron. Horseweed (Conyza canadensis L.), which grows on railway tracks, exhibited resistance to glyphosate. This paper reviews all studies conducted in Poland on weed resistance. Based on the results, maps of weed resistance in Poland were created.

The paper is intended to examine fundamental research problems connected with two processes that currently feature in urban space: demolition and regeneration as well as relationships between them seen from the perspective of diverse conceptual and theoretical approaches debated in geographic urban studies. Regeneration understood as a sequence of planned actions is about the redevelopment of degraded urban areas. Its idea is to introduce spatial, economic, social, and cultural changes in these areas to restore their social attributes, such as: improved standard of living, sustainable positive relations among various user groups, improved comfort in using the areas, and elimination of the existing inequalities. Demolition of a city means destruction of its infrastructure leading to morphological, functional, social, and cultural transformations. Knowledge about the reasons, course and effects of demolition helps us decide what types of demolition best fit given circumstances and subsequently propose effective remedy measures. By identifying relationships between demolition and regeneration in contemporary cities we can learn more about both processes and, consequently, more efficiently modernise organisation of space and its arrangement to meet the needs and requirements of present and future users. In conclusion we propose research questions which delineate the direction of further interdisciplinary studies in this field.

Field experiments to evaluate the split application of mesotrione + s-metolachlor, mesotrione + terbuthylazine, dicamba + prosulfuron, terbuthylazine + mesotrione + s-metolachlor, and sulcotrione in the cultivation of sorghum var. Rona 1 were carried out in 2012 and 2013. The field tests were conducted at the field experimental station in Winna Góra, Poznań, Poland. Treatments with the herbicides were performed directly after sowing (PE) and at leaf stage 1–2 (AE1) or at leaf stage 3–4 (AE2) of sorghum. The treatments were carried out in a laid randomized block design with 4 replications. The results showed that the tested herbicides applied at split doses were effective in weed control. After the herbicide application weed density and weed biomass were significantly reduced compared to the infested control. The best results were achieved after the application of mesotrione tank mixture with s-metolachlor and terbuthylazine. Application of split doses of herbicides was also correlated with the density, biomass, and height of sorghum.

Trinexapac-ethyl is a popular plant growth regulator used in various crops, mostly due to its unique anti-lodging properties. Recently it has been found that this substance is also active in stress protection, which may increase its importance in the coming years. This paper presents a new approach to its application. Trinexapac-ethyl belongs to the cyclohexanedione class of herbicide chemistry, thus it is structurally similar to common graminicides frequently used with adjuvants. This study examines the effects of the application of trinexapac-ethyl with adjuvants. Field trials were conducted in the Institute of Plant Protection in Poznań (Poland), in 2014 and 2015. Trinexapac-ethyl was applied at recommended (0.4l・ha-1) and reduced doses (0.2l・ha-1) with organosilicone surfactant, ammonium sulphate and citric acid on spring barley. Stem shortening, yield components and grain quality were examined. The results of the study confirmed the possibility of dose reduction of trinexapac-ethyl by way of combined application with citric acid that reduced the pH of spray liquid or with ammonium sulphate without affecting its effectiveness. The greatest stem height reduction was observed after the application of a full dose of trinaxapac ethyl and its reduced dose in the mixture with citric acid or ammonium sulphate. Depending on the year of study, the effectiveness of the substances on stem reduction ranged from 5.6 to 16.5%. The tested mixtures did not have any significant impact on the number of grains per ear or the yield of spring barley. Trinexapac-ethyl and its mixtures with adjuvants did not influence the crude protein and starch in spring barley grains.

The aim of this study was to elaborate and validate the risk analysis procedure of metallic foreign bodies’ occurrence in food. The enterprise selected for the study was a company processing dry foods. The procedure was based on Failure Mode and Effect Analysis. The implementation of the procedure allowed to find two production stages at risk of metallic particles' contamination, which were: reception of raw materials into the plant and packaging of finished products. The group of products at the highest risk of contamination was: buckwheat, prunes, brown cane sugar, brown flax and “tropical” muesli. The methods of risk management and the risk communication were established. The procedure may be a convenient tool for better food safety assurance and can be used in many food processing enterprises where the risk of metallic foreign bodies’ occurrence in finished products is high. Practical Applications Metallic foreign bodies are common in some kinds of food. Occurrence of metallic foreign bodies significantly decreases food safety. The procedure elaborated and validated in this study is based on Failure Mode and Effect Analysis. The implementation of the procedure allows to find production stages at risk of metallic particles' contamination. The procedure may be a convenient tool for better food safety assurance and can be used in many food processing enterprises where the risk of metallic foreign bodies’ occurrence in finished products is high.

portuguesEmbora o conhecimento sobre o uso agricola de bioestimulantes aumente, ainda ha pouca informacao sobre suas interacoes com outros produtos quimicos, como por exemplo, herbicidas. O objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em avaliar o efeito dos herbicidas MCPA + dicamba, dicamba + triasulfuron + e florasulam + 2,4-D, usados com bioestimulantes a base de extratos de algas marinhas (Klepak) e nitrofenois (Asahi) sobre a eficiencia do controle de plantas daninhas e o rendimento da producao das plantas cultivadas. Os estudos de campo foram realizados nos anos de 2014 e 2015 pelo Instituto de Protecao de Plantas - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas em Poznan (Polonia). O experimento foi realizado na cultura do trigo, cultivar ‘Torridon’ com quatro repeticoes. Foram estudadas diferentes opcoes de mistura de herbicidas versus bioestimulantes que foram aplicados em mistura de tanque ou o bioestimulante foi aplicado tres dias apos a aplicacao do herbicida. As condicoes climaticas afetaram o desempenho das misturas utilizadas. A adicao de bioestimulante ao herbicida nao modificou a eficiencia do controle de plantas daninhas, mas revelou grande influencia nos parâmetros de produtividade do trigo. O uso de bioestimulantes provocou a melhora da qualidade dos graos, aumentando o teor de gluten. Palavras-chave: bioestimulante; algas marinhas; herbicidas; aplicacao combinada trigo de primavera EnglishAlthough the knowledge on agricultural using of biostimulants increases, there is still little information on their interactions with other chemicals i.e. herbicides. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of popular herbicides (MCPA + dicamba, dicamba + triasulfuron, florasulam+2,4-D) used with and without biostimulants based on seaweed extract (Kelpak) and nitrophenols (Asahi) on weed control efficiency, yield and quality of the crop. Field trial was carried out in the years 2014 and 2015 in the Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute in Poznan (Poland). The experiment was established on spring wheat cv.‘Torridon’, in 4 replications, using randomized block design. In the experiment two variants of application were tested. In the first variant preparations (herbicide and biostimulant) were applied as tank mixtures at the crop growth stage BBCH 30 and in the second variant in some combinations herbicide application was followed by biostimulant used alone. Weather conditions had a profound impact on tested preparations activity. Addition of biostimulants to herbicide had not affected weed control efficacy but application of herbicide and biostimulant mixture revealed its influence on yield parameters of wheat. Biostimulants influenced yield quality parameters e.g. by enhancing gluten amount in grains. Key words: biostimulant; seaweeds; algae extract; herbicides; tank mixtures; wheat

La coopération scientifique entre les universités Lumière Lyon 2 et l'université de Łódź est très ancienne et riche, en particulier dans le domaine de la géographie urbaine. Dernièrement, elle s'est focalisée sur la démolition urbaine, c'est-à-dire l'élimination d'une partie du tissu urbain en temps de paix, dans un contexte de renouvellement urbain. Les questions posées sont les suivantes : pourquoi démolit-on une partie du tissu urbain ? Où ? Quels bâtiments son concernés? Que fait-on avec les déchets de la démolition, les gravats ? L'article présente les contextes institutionnels et historiques de la coopération scientifique entre Lyon et Łódź dont sont issues ces recherches sur la démolition, puis les résultats de travaux menés dans les deux villes sur ce thème, et enfin les différences les plus marquantes sont analysées et interprétées., Kooperacja naukowa pomiędzy Uniwersytetem Lyońskim a Uniwersytetem Łódzkim jest bardzo długa i bogata, w szczególności w domenie geografii miast. Ostatnio koncentruje się na procesie demolowania czyli eliminacji tkanki miejskiej w warunkach pokojowych w kontekście rewitalizacji miast. Postawiono następujące podstawowe pytania badawcze: Dlaczego demoluje się część tkanki miejskiej? Gdzie ma miejsce ten proces? Jakich budynków dotyczy? Co dzieje się z pozostałościami demolowania (odpadami, gruzem)? Artykuł przedstawia w pierwszej części w ujęciu historycznym ramy instytucjonalne współpracy między Lyonem a Łodzią, które zaowocowały rozwojem badań nad procesem demolowania. Dalej zaprezentowano wybrane wyniki badań prowadzonych w Lyonie i w Łodzi, oraz wskazano i zinterpretowano najważniejsze różnice w przebiegu tego procesu w obu krajach.

Diversification of crop sequences (WP 1): Perennial weed species can be managed when cover crops / green manure crops are included in the crop sequence but interventions must be species dependent, e.g. Elytrigia repens can be promoted by green manures because they prevent post-harvest cultivations. Cirsium arvense and Sonchus arvensis are two perennials that can be controlled by full-season grass-clover subjected to regular mowing for green manuring purposes and this measure has immediate application. Cover crops for diversification (WP 1):  Fast growing cover crops producing copious biomasses are generally useful for the suppression of weeds but need to be abandoned when severe infestations of Elytrigia repens require post-harvest cultivations for effective control. Growers should pay attention to the growth characteristics of cover crops when deciding on species.  Clover species like alsike clover, red clover and white clover are suitable cover crops for weed suppression including other attributes beneficial to crop production under Northern conditions. Not only cover crop species but also their varieties are of interest. This knowledge has immediate application and legumes will have fertility building benefits as well. Vigorous cover crop growth after harvest enhances both the competition against weeds and nitrogen accumulation in the soil.  Some cover crop species (e.g. Melilotus alba) can remain troublesome volunteer weeds, particularly if reduced tillage is applied. An important constrain for consideration when planning the inclusion of cover crop in the cropping system. Crop species mixtures (WP 2): Sole pea is a weak competitor in comparison with spring barley. Intercropping the two species has not demonstrated a consistent and greater suppressive ability against weeds than sole spring barley. Thus, clear recommendations cannot be made on the basis of the work in PRODIVA. Mixtures of spring barley or oat varieties (WP 3): Variety mixtures did not deviate much in their competitive abilities in comparison with the varieties grown solely. The most promising blends were often those containing a competitive variety that was also highly competitive when grown solely. Use of variety mixtures in practise should be reasoned in considerations regarding yield preservation and the alleviation of leaf diseases. Weed survey and information retrieval (WP 4): Crop diversity management on 71 farms involved region specific practices. Surveys of weed species and abundances of 207 fields with organic spring cereals indicated region specific weed communities. Only few effects of the crop diversification measures applied on the farms could be related to weed species and densities. Stakeholder involvement (WP 5): PRODIVA provides an applied overview of the most problematic weed species in the participating regions. This information to farmers and the public is made in all PRODIVA national languages. Success stories of farmers using crop diversification measures revealed crop compositions in rotations as the most important tool for weed management.

The aim of the field experiments carried out in the years 2009-2011 was to assess the application of reduced doses of chlorsulfuron on yield and quality parameters of winter triticale semi-dwarf and full-height cultivars. The herbicide effect was evaluated in two cultivars, Grenado and Pizarro. The cultivars were of different plant heights. Chlorsulfuron was applied at the recommended dose (15 g a.i. ∙ ha-1), at areduced dose (10.5 g a.i. ∙ ha-1) and at areduced dose with an adjuvant. Treatments with the herbicide were conducted directly after the triticale had been sown. Visual assessment of weed infestation was carried out in spring, after the start of the vegetation of the cultivated plant. The study assessed triticale grain yield, grain number per ear, thousand grain weight, and selected qualitative parameters of grain (protein and starch content). The obtained data proved the usefulness of reduced doses of chlorsulfuron in weed control both separately and in a combination with the adjuvant. The average percent of the weed control was very high for both cultivars and for the assessed doses of herbicide. Both experimental factors (herbicide dose and triticale cultivar) influenced the level of the obtained grain yield of triticale, and the thousand kernel weight. While grain number per ear and protein and starch content depended only on the examined cultivar

Glasshouse experiments were carried out to assess the effect of popular medicinal herbs dry matter on germination and early growth of common buckwheat (Fagpopyrum esculentum), opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) and two cultivars of oilseed rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera). Depending on species of the herb, leaves, inflorescences, fruits and whole plants were used. The greatest stimulatory effect on seedling emergence of common buckwheat was exhibited by Urtica sp. while seedling emergence of opium poppy was most affected by Hypericum sp. Seedling emergence of common buckwheat was reduced by the use of Matricaria sp. inflorescence, while Euphrasia sp. herb reduced emergence of opium poppy. Urtica sp. leaves caused a significant increase in fresh matter of buckwheat as well as opium poppy. The greatest reduction in fresh matter of buckwheat was noted as a result of using Euphrasia sp. herb, while in the case of opium poppy, fresh matter was most reduced by using Tilia sp. inflorescence. Mentha sp. exhibited a strong stimulatory effect on seedling emergence of oilseed rape cultivar Californium, while Achillea sp. had an inhibitory influence. All the examined medicinal plants inhibited seedling emergence of semi-dwarf hybrid oilseed rape cv. Maximus. Inhibitory or a stimulatory effect on germination of winter oilseed rape seeds was not always correlated with a reduction or an increase in plant fresh matter. Key words: Early growth, fresh mass, germination, herbs.

Field experiments carried out in the 2005-2007 time period were aimed at assessing the use of competitive potential against weeds of spring cereals cultivated in mixtures, for the purpose of reducing the herbicide application selected for the research. In the experiments, a mixture of the active substances, florasulam + 2,4 D (Mustang 306 SE), was applied at a recommended dose (0.5 l/ha) and then at a reduced dose (0.3 l/ha). The research objects were the spring wheat cultivar Bryza, spring barley cultivar Antek, and oat cultivar Cwał. The cereals were grown in two-species mixtures, and in pure sowing. The effect of a decreased herbicide dose was compared to the effect of the recommended dose, and the control. The research included two-time analysis of crop weed infestation (weed species composition, number, and fresh weight of weeds), determination of the number of productive culms, number of grains per ear (panicle), the thousand grain weight, and grain yield of spring cereals. The obtained results confirmed that spring cereals cultivated in mixtures had a higher competitive potential against weeds in comparison with individual species which were pure sowed. The use of the reduced herbicide dose proved to be effective in weed control and ensured a significant increase in grain yields of spring cereals. The applied herbicide doses did not affect grain number per ear and the thousand grain weight.

Pot experiments performed in the Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute were designed to determine the influence of the root systems of various spring cereal species sown in mixtures. The experiment used the Bryza variety of spring wheat, Antek variety of spring barley, and Cwał variety of oat, sown in two-species mixtures (8 + 8 plants per pot). In three of the six study objects, plastic sleeves were used at the time of sowing the seeds so as to separate the root systems of the cereal species under study. Cereals were harvested at full maturity. The height and number of stalks, the number of cereal spikes (panicles), dry root weight, dry stalk weight, the number of grains per spike (panicle), the 1,000-grain weight, and grain yield were established. The results have shown that the strongest competitor in the mixtures was barley. Barley also responded positively to the presence of both wheat and oat in the mixtures.

Winter oilseed rape is strongly responsive to changes in the plant density. Any change in plant density significantly affects the morphological characteristics and yield of the crop. In addition, plant growth habit can be modified by the use of plant growth regulators. Apart from plant growth regulators like eg. chlorocholine chloride some triazoles have dual properties (fungicide and plant growth regulator) eg. tebuconazole. The trials were carried out in the years 2006-2008 at the Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute in Poznan (Poland). The treatments consisted of chlorocholine chloride, tebuconazole and flusilazole applied in spring at the growth stage BBCH 30 and BBCH 50 of winter oilseed rape. The field trials were conducted with two sowing densities of winter oilseed rape: 60 seeds/ m2 and 120 seeds/m2. The vegetation seasons varied according to the weather conditions, and the second testing year was characterised by drought in May and June. In the experiments plant height, SPAD units, number of siliques per plant, seed number per silique, weight of thousand seeds, yield, protein and fat content in the seeds were estimated. The increase of silique numbers per plant appeared only at the lower sowing density as a result of the application of tebuconazole or a mixture of tebuconazole with CCC. Flusilazole had a positive impact on seed number per silique. At both sowing densities, changes in the weight of a thousand seeds under the influence of the test preparations, were observed only in that year which had wet weather conditions. A more favourable effect of the test substances on the weight of a thousand seeds was obtained at the lower sowing density. All the tested substances positively affected SPAD unit values at the lower sowing density. At the higher sowing density, SPAD unit values increased after the application of flusilazole, and after a mixture of CCC + tebuconazole. The tested substances had a positive impact on plant yield but they did not affect the protein and fat content in oilseed rape seeds.

Purpose. The aim of this paper is to characterize the process of revitalization of post-industrial urban areas as well as the tourist areas in the context of the stages of the tourist area life cycle (TALC) and to find the mutual relations between these processes. Method. Theoretical considerations illustrated with examples from different geographical locations in the world. Findings. In the context of revitalization of postindustrial urban areas, the scope and dimension of the process has been analyzed, as well as the relationship between the course and the place it occurs. In addition, the authors stressed the important feature of the revitalization process i.e. the impact on the development of cultural tourism in cities. Additionally, in the context of the revitalization of tourist areas - using examples from different countries and geographical locations in the world – the authors identified the different variants of the process associated with the stages of the tourism area life cycle (TALC). Research and conclusion limitations. An essential element to be taken into account by making comparisons of different geographic locations is the diversity of the space management system and decision-making in urban policy occurring in the individual countries. Practical implications. The article is addressed to practitioners, policy-makers working in different locations in Poland as well as the managers, who are engaged in the process of urban revitalization. Originality. Analysis of the phases of stagnation, rejuvenation or decline in the tourist area life cycle and the the development of cycle tourist areas, as well as the issue of revitalization of postindustrial urban areas in the context of their use for tourism is an innovative element of the work. Type of paper. Developing and modifying existing theories.

Etefon, trineksapak etylu i chlorek chloromekwatu są popularnie stosowanymi retardantami wzrostu w uprawie zbóż. Obok działania retardacyjnego (hamowania wzrostu elongacyjnego pędu), a tym samym ochrony roślin przed wyleganiem, charakteryzuje je także znaczny wpływ na procesy rozwoju roślin. Celem badań była ocena wpływu trineksapaku etylu, etefonu i chlorku chloromekwatu stosowanych w mieszaninach i w zabiegach sekwencyjnych. Badania polowe prowadzono w Instytucie Ochrony Roślin, w latach 2008–2010. Do doświadczeń wybrano dwie odmiany żyta ozimego: odmianę populacyjną — Dańkowskie Diament i odmianę heterozyjną – Visello. W doświadczeniach stosowano regulatory wzrostu i rozwoju roślin: trineksapak etylu (Moddus 250 EC), chlorek chloromekwatu (Antywylegacz płynny 675 SL) i etefon (Cerone 480 SL). Retardanty stosowano w mieszaninach (zabieg w fazie BBCH 31 rośliny uprawnej) lub w zabiegach sekwencyjnych (I zabieg w fazie BBCH 31, II zabieg w fazie BBCH 37). Mieszaniny stosowano w kombinacjach: trineksapak etylu + chlorek chloromekwatu oraz trineksapak etylu + etefon. W wariancie zabiegów sekwencyjnych stosowano: trineksapak etylu (I zabieg) i chlorek chloromekwatu (II zabieg) oraz trineksapak etylu (I zabieg) i etefon (II zabieg). W doświadczeniach oceniano wysokość roślin, wyleganie, zawartość chlorofilu w liściu podflagowym, liczbę źdźbeł kłosonośnych na jednostce powierzchni, masę 1000 ziaren, liczbę ziaren w kłosie, plon, gęstość ziarna w stanie zsypnym, wilgotność ziarna oraz zawartość białka i skrobi w ziarnie. Poszczególne lata badań charakteryzowały odmienne warunki pogodowe. Zaobserwowano znaczne różnice w podatności odmianowej na badane substancje oraz sposób ich aplikacji.

Ścisłe doświadczenia polowe wykonano w latach 2005–2007 na terenie Stacji Doświadczalnej w Winnej Górze, należącej do Instytutu Ochrony Roślin — PIB w Poznaniu. Celem prowadzonych badań było porównanie skuteczności chwastobójczej mieszaniny tritosulfuron + dikamba (Mocarz 75 WG) w pszenicy jarej odmiany Bryza, jęczmieniu jarym odmiany Antek oraz owsie odmiany Cwał wysiewanych w siewach czystych i w dwugatunkowych mieszankach. Herbicyd Mocarz 75 WG zastosowano w dawce 0,2 kg·ha-1 w fazie 3–5 liści zbóż plecakowym opryskiwaczem Gloria. Analizę zachwaszczenia łanu zbóż wykonywano metodą ilościowo-wagową, dwukrotnie w okresie wegetacji (3–4 tygodni po zabiegu oraz 7–8 tygodni po zabiegu). Skuteczność działania herbicydu w mieszankach porównywano z jego efektywnością w siewach czystych poszczególnych gatunków. Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika, że z badanych mieszanek w najmniejszym stopniu zachwaszczona była mieszanka jęczmienia z owsem, a w największym pszenicy z owsem. Potwierdzono, że mie¬szanki pszenicy z jęczmieniem, pszenicy z owsem oraz jęczmienia z owsem wpływają na redukcję zachwaszczenia. Ponadto wykazano wyższą skuteczność działania mieszaniny tritosulfuron + dikamba w mieszankach w porównaniu do siewów czystych poszczególnych komponentów. Plony ziarna zbóż w mieszankach z udziałem pszenicy istotnie przewyższały plony pszenicy w siewie czystym, natomiast plony mieszanki jęczmienia z owsem plonowały wyżej niż oba gatunki wysiewane pojedynczo.

The establishment of local self-government was a key part of the post-1989 transformation in East and Central Europe. Local government in both Western and East and Central Europe has increasingly been expected to play a role in local economic development (LED). Local government is one important agent in the complex processes of building 'institutional thickness' to ensure the development of local economies and the quality of life of inhabitants. This paper presents the results of a national postal questionnaire survey of the LED role of the lowest level of local self-government in Poland, the gmina or commune. The paper establishes a baseline of knowledge regarding: the local economic problems faced by communes; their attitudinal, strategic and organisational responses; and the main factors which are hindering the communes' LED role.

In the years 2011–2012, three field experiments were carried out in maize to evaluate effect of weed control with herbicides applied at reduced doses as two foliage treatments. Herbicides were applied in the following system: early foliage treatment at the 2–3 leaf stage of maize with Lumax 537,5 SE (s-metolachlor + terbuthylazine + mesotrione) at 1.5 l/ha and second treatment at the 5–7 leaf stage of maize with Hector 53,6 WG (nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron) at the 35 g/ha, Milagro 040 SC (nicosulfuron) at 0.5 l/ha, Titus 25 WG (rimsulfuron) at 30 g/ha or Maister 310 WG (foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron). Adjuvant Atpolan Bio 80 SL at the dose of 1.0 l/ha was added to herbicides in the second foliage treatment. The conducted experiments showed the advantages of the application of two foliage treatments with the use of herbicides at reduced doses against Echinochloa crus-galli and broad-leaved weeds in maize. There were no symptoms of the phytotoxic effect of the applied herbicides found on maize plants in performed experiments. High effectiveness of weed control in maize with the use of different systems of herbicide application affected favorably maize yield and weight of 1000 grains. No effect on protein, oil and starch content was observed.

Optimized application of the preparations aims at the utilization of the current state of knowledge, extension services and technical potential of sprayers in order to apply herbicides in the amounts required to achieve a specific objective, at the same time not exceeding the recommended dose of the preparation. The choice of a herbicide for a given level of weed infestation and development phases of weeds is a key element in weed control strategy. Weed control in spring cereals in Poland is based on the use of foliar applications. In studies on spring cereals the application of herbicides in the split dose system, using preparations designed for early weed growth stages, made it possible to obtain high effectiveness of weed control., Optymalizacja stosowania preparatów ma na celu wykorzystanie stanu aktualnej wiedzy, doradztwa oraz technicznych możliwości opryskiwaczy, w celu aplikacji środków ochrony roślin w ilości niezbędnej do uzyskania określonego celu, nie przekraczając zalecanej dawki preparatu. Dobór herbicydu do występującego zachwaszczenia oraz faz rozwoju chwastów jest kluczowym elementem w strategii odchwaszczania. W Polsce zwalczanie chwastów w zbożach jarych oparte jest na stosowaniu nalistnych zabiegów. W badaniach w zbożach jarych aplikacja herbicydów w systemie dawek dzielonych, stosując preparaty na wczesne fazy wzrostu chwastów, umożliwia uzyskanie wysokiej efektywność odchwaszczania uprawy zbóż jarych.

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of Bromus sterilis seed burying, different day/night temperatures and also different water pH of the subsoil on B. sterilis germination. Moreover, the weed thresholds in winter wheat cultivation were defined in these studies. B. sterilis become a serious problem in winter sown cereals and therefore the studies connected with the weed distribution and weed biology are necessary. Results show that B. sterilis seeds buried at the 1.5 cm depth were characterized by the best and the earliest germination. Strong reduction of B. sterilis seeds germination was observed at the 10 cm depth seed burying. Range of tested day/night temperatures and water pH did not affect the seeds germination; however, differentiated speed of this process was observed. Increasing B. sterilis infestation has a significant effect on such parameters as ears number per sq. m., weight of 1000 grains and winter wheat grain yield.

Artykul prezentuje oryginalną, nową koncepcje teoretyczną wielości rzeczywistości przestrzeni turystycznej, dla ktorej inspiracją staly sie prace Leona Chwistka. Autorzy wprowadzają podzial rzeczywistości turystycznej na formy, ktore nastepnie charakteryzują za pomocą nowatorskiego narzedzia analizy, jakim są itineraria. Rozwazania teoretyczne zilustrowano przykladami analiz empirycznych na podstawie badan z lat 2012–2015.