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Introduction: Oxidative stress, through the increased bioavailability of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is a major cause of hypertension. The resulting endothelial remodeling promotes the production of vasoconstrictor substances leading to an increase in blood pressure. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and vasorelaxant properties of the decoction (PAD), ethyl acetate (EAP), and residual aqueous (ARP) fractions of immature Phaseolus vulgaris pods on NMRI mice thoracic aorta rings. Methods: Phytochemical screening was performed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum trichloride colorimetric methods were used to quantify total polyphenol compounds (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC), respectively. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by 2,29-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic (ABTS●), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH●), and ferric ion (FRAP) radical reduction methods. The DMT 620M ADInstruments myograph technique was used to evaluate the ex-vivo vasodilatory effects of Phaseolus vulgaris extracts on aortic rings. Results: Chromatographic fingerprints showed the presence of flavonoids, coumarins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes, and saponins in the extracts studied. The TPC (61.07±0.04 mgGAE/g) and TFC (6.16±0.03 mgQE/g) of EAP were statistically significant compared to that of PAD and ARP (p

Introduction: Flemingia faginea, a Fabaceae family medicinal plant, has been used for a long time in Burkina Faso for the treatment of hypertension and excess salt. However, the safety of the preparations derived from this plant has not yet been scientifically documented. This study aimed to evaluate the acute and subacute oral toxicity of the leafy stems aqueous decoction of F. faginea (FAD) in healthy normotensive mice and rats and the impact on their normal blood pressure. Material and Methods: The acute oral toxicity study was conducted according to the toxicity class method of the Economic Cooperation and Development Organization (OECD) guideline 423. Subacute toxicity was carried out according to the OECD Guideline 407 for repeated dose chemical toxicity for 28 days. Hematological and biochemical analyzes of blood were performed after autopsy. An evaluation of the impact of the extract on the blood pressure of rats was performed using the non-invasive method. Results: A single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg bw to mice did not cause mortality or clinical signs or symptoms of toxicity during the 14-day study. The FAD was classified in the fifth category of the Harmonized System of Classification of the United Nations and considered practically safe with an estimated 50% lethal dose of 5000 mg/kg bw. Daily gavage of male and female rats with doses of 100,500 and 1000 mg/kg did not result in mortality or significant adverse effects during the 28days of experimentation. There were no significant differences in body weight gain, food &water consumption or relative vital organ weights in treated animals. Analysis of the hematological and biochemical parameters of blood serum did not show significant differences between treated and control animals in this study. Additionally, no aberrant changes were found in the systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the test animals during the 28 days of inclusion compared to those of the control group. Conclusion: The extract FAD could be considered safe within the doses tested for the results of the toxicological evaluation. However, microscopic, histopathological, and subchronic investigations will have to be carried out to confirm the safety of this extract use.

Introduction: The trunks barks of Anogeissus leiocarpus contains multiple antihypertensive components and are, therefore, widely used for the treatment of hypertension. Objective: This study aimed to formulate capsules containing a freeze-dried aqueous extract of the trunk’s barks. Methodology: Three (03) capsule formulations were prepared using wet granulation from lyophilised aqueous extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus trunk bark, with different proportions of excipients including Corn starch used as the diluent, Polyvinylpyrrolidone K25 (PVP) used as binding agent and Magnesium stearate used as gliding agents. The filling of capsules was done using a semi-automatic capsule filler with empty capsules of size 3. The flow properties of the granules and the quality control were performed according to the European Pharmacopoeia 10th ed. Results/Discussion: All granules had good flow properties, and the F1 and F3 formulations had the best pharmaceutics characteristics according to the recommendations of the European Pharmacopoeia 10th ed. The mean levels of phenolic tracers were 0.039±0.0097 mg gallic acid equivalent per capsule (GAE/capsule) for the F1 formulation and 0.059±0.0063 mg GAE/capsule for the F3 formulation. Conclusion: This study allowed the galenic formulation of capsules based on extracts of good characteristic quality for the treatment of hypertension. Keywords: Anogeissus leiocarpus, extract, excipients, formulations, capsule

Lazare Belemnaba,1 Mathieu Nitiéma,1 Sylvain Ilboudo,1 Gueswindé Geoffroy Ouédraogo,1 Noufou Ouédraogo,1 Mohamed Bonewendé Belemlilga,1 Souleymane Compaoré,1,2 Salfo Ouédraogo,1,2 Sylvin Ouédraogo1 1Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (IRSS/CNRST), 03 BP 7047, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso; 2Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina FasoCorrespondence: Lazare BelemnabaResearch Institute for Health Sciences (IRSS), Department of Medicine and Traditional Pharmacopeia (MEPHATRA/Ph), National Centre for Scientific and Technological Research (CNRST), 03 BP 7047, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina FasoTel +226 25 36 33 64/25 36 32 15Fax +226 25 36 28 38/25 36 03 94Email lbelemnaba2@gmail.comBackground: The present study investigates the effect of an aqueous extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa (AEAL) on normotensive Wistar rats and its chronic antihypertensive effects in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats by using a non-invasive tail-cuff model.Methods: The effects of AEAL (50mg/kg) and NaCl 0.9% on blood pressure were investigated by daily oral administration in normotensive Wistar rats over four weeks. L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats were produced by L-NAME (40mg/kg) daily oral administration for two weeks. For chronic antihypertensive effects, induced hypertensive rats have received L-NAME in combination with AEAL (10 or 50mg/kg/day) for two following weeks.Results: In normotensive rats, daily administration of AEAL (50mg/kg) has no significant effect on their blood pressure, which was similar to that of the control group. L-NAME’s daily oral administration induces a progressive increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) from 115.8 ± 7.9mmHg to 153.5 ± 4.6mmHg after two weeks, which was maintained to the end of the treatment. In L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats, AEAL (50mg/kg/day) significantly decreases the SPB from 160.0 ± 5.8 mmHg to 108.8 ± 2.7mmHg after only four days of administration. However, the lower dose of AEAL (10mg/kg) also normalized the SBP of L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats but only evident after seven days of administration. Moreover, AEAL does not effect on the serum biochemical parameters (ALAT, ASAT, CREAT, etc.) and any macroscopic adverse effect was detected on the sensible organs involved during hypertension. In the aorta rings from treated rats, AEAL (50mg/kg/day) alone or in combination with L-NAME has enhanced the vasodilation effect of acetylcholine. However, the vasodilation effect of AEAL alone or in association with L-NAME has enhanced the sodium nitroprusside effect in treated rat aorta rings after autopsy.Conclusion: These findings suggest that AEAL affords significant antihypertensive effects against L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats without modification of serum parameters and deleterious effects.Keywords: Anogeissus leiocarpa, non invasive, L-NAME-induced hypertension, vasorelaxation

Lannea microcarpa, is one of the species of medicinal plants used in medicine and traditional pharmacopoeia for the treatment of human pathologies in Africa. This review focuses on the ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological previous studies of Lannea microcarpa. Some information on phytochemical makeup and its effects on human health are already documented. However, information concerning its ethnopharmaceutical and phytopharmaceutical potential is scarce and poorly documented. These data were obtained by documentary researches using different scientific sites such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, ResearchGate, PubMed, and SCIENCEDOMAIN, from theses, dissertations and scientific articles. Additional information was obtained from classic books about herbal medicine and others scientific databases. Ethnobotanical surveys carried out have indicated their uses in the management of arterial hypertension. It appears from bibliographic research that Lannea microcarpa has vasorelaxant, hypotensive and antihypertensive effects, etc. Other studies have shown the presence of phytochemicals of interest for the management of high blood pressure. However, their use in traditional forms does not make it possible to guarantee the stability of medicinal preparations. Quality control and standardization studies were carried out in order to define the optimal conditions for guaranteeing effectiveness. This article gives an overview of previous studies carried out on the plant in order to have data for the improvement of its use.

Les plantes constituent un réservoir pour les pharmacopées du monde. Plusieurs médicaments importants sont fabriqués à partir des substances actives d’origine végétales. En outre de nombreux médicaments modernes ont été fabriqués à partir de ces matières premières. Les plantes médicinales sont utilisées directement sous forme fraîche, sèche ou transformée, stabilisée, ou extrait ou formulée avec d’autres plantes ou excipients de synthèse. Dans tous les cas, la matière végétale utilisée pour fabriquer la forme posologique doit faire preuve de son efficacité, son innocuité et être de qualité conforme aux exigences de la Pharmacopée Européenne pour les phytomédicaments, garantissant ainsi sa sécurité d’emploi. Pour ce faire, l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) a mis à la disposition des états membres des guides et standards permettant d’harmoniser et de sécuriser leur utilisation. Ainsi de nombreux pays africains ont adopté ces outils après des modifications appropriées pour faire progresser la recherche et le développement (R&D) de médicaments à base de plante. Le but de ce travail était de faire une synthèse des différentes étapes de production, de contrôle qualité et de standardisation des matières premières issues des plantes médicinales et des médicaments à base de plantes médicinales.Mots clés : Pharmacopée, médicaments, médecine traditionnelle, sécurité d’emploi, phytomédicaments. English title: Production of raw materials and manufacturing of drugs from medicinal plants Plants are a reservoir for the world's pharmacopoeias. Several important medicines are made from active substances of plant origin. In addition, many modern medicines have been made from these raw materials. Medicinal plants are used directly in fresh, dry or processed, stabilized, or extracted form or formulated with other plants or synthetic excipients. In all cases, the herbal material used to manufacture the dosage form must demonstrate its efficacy, safety and be of a quality that meets the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia for phytomedicines, thus ensuring its safe use. To this end, the World Health Organization (WHO) has made available to Member States guides and standards to harmonize and secure their use. Thus, many African countries have adopted these tools after appropriate modifications to advance research and development (R&D) of plant-based drugs. The aim of this work was to make a synthesis of the different stages of production, quality control and standardization of raw materials from medicinal plants and herbal medicines.Keywords: Pharmacopoeia, drugs, traditional medicine, safe use, phytomedicines.

The use of modern drugs to manage hypertension and diabetes is enough expensive and requires constant monitoring of the patient due to the chronicity and complications of these diseases. Thus, the populations of southern Burkina Faso have opted for the use of plants, including Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R.Br. ex G. Don, Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst, Lannea acida A. Rich, Lannea microcarpa Engl. & K. Krause and Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile. To better contribute to preserving these five target species, the present study analyses the floristic diversity of the different vegetation types in which they occur, assesses their availability and determines the health status of their stands. To achieve this, a floristic inventory was conducted in 109 plots, including 26 plots of 500 m2 in riparian forests, 22 of 2500 m2 in fallows 31, 18 and 12 of 1000 m2 in tree savannahs, shrub savannahs and fenced areas, respectively. The diameter at breast height (dbh) of each individual of the target species was measured in each plot and its health status assessed. Results showed that species diversity varied significantly among vegetation types. According to the Shannon index, riparian forests were the most diversified (H = 2.62 ± 0.02 bits). Lannea microcarpa, Lannea acida, Sclerocarya birrea, and Balanites aegyptiaca were very frequent (Ri ≤ 60) to moderately frequent (60

Introduction: Punica granatum is a plant used in traditional and alternative medicine for the management of several diseases. Objective: The objective of the present work is to compare the phytochemical characteristics and the antioxidant properties of extracts of leaves powders of Punica granatum L. collected for standardization. Methodology: We worked on seven samples of powders of leaves of Punica granatum L collected in seven different regions of Burkina Faso. Two types of extracts, aqueous and hydroethanolic were prepared with each sample. We performed a phytochemical screening by thin layer chromatography (TLC), then determined the content of the various extracts in total phenolic and flavonoids as well as a study of the antioxidant activity of the aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts of the plant. Results: Fourteen extracts of Punica granatum are obtained and these contain secondary metabolites such as tannins, sterols, triterpenes, saponosides and flavonoids. The anti-free radical activities at the DPPH* were more important in the samples from the towns of Dedougou, Banfora and Fada. The anti-free radicals at ABTS of extracts from the towns of Manga, Banfora, Fada and Kaya were found to be the most active. The FRAP test shows better activity of samples from the cities, Manga, Dedougou and Banfora. Conclusion: At the end of this work, the towns of Dedougou and Banfora may be the sites to be favored as harvesting sites because their samples were the richest in phenolic compounds and had the best antioxidant activities compared to the tests carried out.

Diabetes mellitus is a socially significant disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and metabolic disorders of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids due to reduced function of insulin. Medicinal plants, rich in bioactive components that promote prevention and treatment, are inexpensive and no side effects. Apium graveolens, Cleome gynandra, and Hibiscus sabdariffa from Burkina Faso were investigated for their phytochemical profile and antioxidant activities. The high-performance thin-layer chromatography profile revealed flavonoids, tannins, and sterols in these herbaceous. The Hibiscus sabdariffa methanolic extract exhibited the highest total phenolic (138.4 ± 0.5 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoid (52.8 ± 0.6 mg RuE/g DW) contents comparatively to Cleome gynandra and Apium graveolens. Hibiscus sabdariffa methanolic extract also presented the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.31 ± 0.002 mg/mL) using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity assay. A high correlation between flavonoid contents and hydrophilic antioxidant activities (r = 0.99) was observed, indicating that flavonoids contribute significatively to these herbaceous antioxidant properties. Apium graveolens, Cleome gynandra, and Hibiscus sabdariffa constitute a natural source of phenolic compounds that could be exploited in diabetes mellitus management.

Like other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, hypertension is currently a public health problem in Togo. To decrease the insufficient of the methods previously used, a new survey technique, namely ATRM (Achat en Triplet des Recettes Médicinales), has been proposed. This study aims to contribute to a better knowledge of traditional remedies for their safe and sustainable use in the management of hypertension. ATRM method applied with 34 herbalists of 17 markets in maritime and Lomé-Commune health regions. Plant species and parts used, preparation and administration methods and market characteristics of plants were collected. In total, 62 plant species (56 genera and 30 families) were identified from 102 collected recipes. These recipes included 70% single plant recipes and 30% associated plant recipes, showing the influence of the ATRM method in reducing the number of plants in the recipes. Lippia multiflora Moldenke (23.50%) was the most used plant species followed by Uvaria chamae P. Beauv (8.20%), Acanthospermum hispidum DC. (4.92%), Lannea kerstingii A. Rich. (3.83%), Vitex doniana Sweet (3.83%), and Senna sieberiana DC. (3.28%). Leafy stems (33.33%), roots (20.83%) and trunk bark (16.67%) were the most used organs. The recipes were mainly prepared as a decoction and administered orally. In the transit market, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (7.12 USD/kg), Senna occidentalis (L.) Link (4.98 USD/kg), Senna angustifolia Vahl (3.73 USD/kg) and Gardenia aqualla Stapf. & Hutch. (3.56 USD/kg) were the most expensive plants. 59.18% of the plant parts sold were roots, fruits, seeds, trunk bark and whole plants. These results suggest, on the one hand, an extensive biological investigation for effective management of hypertension. On the other hand, there is an urgent need to preserve the species whose vital organs were heavily sold.

Sickle cell disease remains a major public health problem in Burkina Faso and Africa. For the management of this pathology in young children, the Institute for Research in Health Sciences has developed an herbal drug called FACA® syrup. The objective of this study was to verify the safety and pharmacological efficacy of this formulation for its use in the management of sickle cell disease. Acute and subacute oral toxicity tests were performed on Wistar rats in accordance with Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development test guidelines and anti-sickling activity of FACA® syrup was evaluated according to the Emmel test. In the acute test, FACA® syrup didn’t cause mortality or any behavioral change at dose of 2000 mg/kg/b.w suggesting that the test product estimated LD50 is 5000 mg/kg b.w. The results of subacute toxicity study indicate that the daily administration of FACA® syrup during 28 days did not result in significant change on physical, haematological and biochemical parameters up to dose of 1000 mg/kg b.w. The evaluation of effect of FACA® syrup in vitro on sickling revealed that, FACA® syrup possesses a real antisickling activity. Regarding these results FACA® syrup would be considered as safe in both acute and subacute exposure and could be used in the management of sickle cell diseases. Keywords: FACA® syrup, oral toxicity, sickle cell anemia, Antisickling activity

Diabetes, has become a public health problem whose prevalence is increasing in subsahelian Africa. The present study aimed to determine the consensus level of plant use and their antidiabetic potentiality. Thus, a semi-structured interview carried out from May 2014 to April 2018 with 120 traditional healers allowed retaining nine species after selection according to the frequency of citation and the bibliographic review: Crescentia cujete L., Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq. Ficus platyphylla Delile, Lannea acida A. Rich., Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile, Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch. & Dalziel, Feretia apodanthera Delile, Cassia italica (Mill.) Lam. ex F.W. Andrews and Boscia angustifolia A. Rich. Phytochemical screening of methanolic and aqueous extracts was performed by high performance thin layer chromatography and the total flavonoids, hydrolyzable and condensed tannins were determined by spectrophotometer method. Results showed that thirty-seven, fifty-five and sixty-five species were inventoried in the provinces of Bazega, Zounweogo and Sanmatenga respectively but the Informant Consensual Factor related to the plant use remains low (FIC

Background: Hypertension and diabetes are major public health issues in developed and low-income countries today. The prevalence of these diseases is higher in low-income countries due to high population density, weak health care systems, and a high number of undiagnosed and untreated people. Due to these factors, the majority of patients rely heavily on herbal medicines for their management. This study aimed to assess the vulnerability and ecological importance of species of interest for the two diseases in the sub-sahelian area of Burkina Faso. Methods: A semi-structured interview was conducted with 70 Traditional healers from the departments of Kaya and Barsalogho using a questionary. Floristic inventories followed by measurements of diameters at breast height (dbh) were conducted on 50 plots of 50m x 20m. Results: Ethnobotanical surveys identified 36 species that are used for the management of hypertension and diabetes; 25 woody species were vulnerable (IV ≥ 2). Among these species, Cadaba farinosa, Lannea acida, Parkia biglobosa, Saba senegalensis, Sclerocarya birrea, Tamarindus indica, Ximenia americana, and Ziziphus mauritiana were highly vulnerable (IV ≥ 2.5). Consistent with the Traditional healers perception, most of these highly vulnerable species were rare (RI ≥ 80%) in the sample units. In addition, only Combretum micranthum and Cassia sieberiana had the highest importance value indices. Conclusions: These results justify that there is a real threat to heavily used species. It appears necessary for traditional healers to apply the right methods of plant use that will not compromise the availability of local plant resources.

Aims: To investigate ovicidal and larvicidal activities of an aqueous decoction (AD) and hydroethanolic macerate (HEM) extracts and fractions of the leaves of Saba senegalensis. Study Design: In vitro, the ovicidal and larvicidal activities of AD and HEM extracts and fractions of the leaves of Saba senegalensis on the eggs and larvae (L1) of Heligmosomoides bakeri. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at the department of Medicine and Traditional Pharmacopeia-Pharmacy (MEPHATRA-PH) of Institute of Research in Health Sciences (IRSS) between June 2015 and December 2016. Methodology: The phytochemical groups of the extract and fractions of Saba senegalensis were determined by a colorimetric and Thin Layer Chromatography methods. The eggs were obtained from feces of mice deliberately infected and the larvae from the eggs were incubated at 25 ±2℃ for 72 hours. Eggs and larvae were exposed to increasing concentrations (100; 625; 1250; 2500; 3750 µg/mL) of the different extracts, 48 hours and 24 hours for the eggs and larvae respectively. Distilled water and DMSO 0.1% were used as negative controls while albendazole and levamisole were used as positive controls. Results: The phytochemical groups of interest are the tannins, saponins, flavonoids and triterpenes. The negative control had given 2.16% of egg hatch inhibition and 0% of larvae mortality mean while the positive control had given 100% in both cases. The extracts inhibited eggs hatching and affected larval survival. Pharmacological effects were concentration-dependent. The ovicidal and larvicidal activity of HEM is more interesting than that of AD with an Emax = 95.60% and an IC50 = 390 µg/mL. It is the same for the larvicidal activity with Emax = 100% and an LC50 = 900 µg/mL. However, the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: These results show the ovicidal and larvicidal properties of the S. senegalensis leaves.

Aims: We aimed in this study to investigate the mechanisms of the vasorelaxation effect caused by the anthocyanins-enriched extract of Odontonema strictum flowers. Study Design: Anthocyanins-enriched extract of Odontonema strictum flowers and vasorelaxantes activities of mice aortic rings. Place and Duration of Study: The flowers of Odontonema strictum (Nees) Kuntze (Acanthaceae) were collected in January 2015 at the “Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)” experimental station in Ouagadougou. The experiments were conducted in October - November 2018 at the department of Medicine and Traditional Pharmacopeia-Pharmacy (MEPHATRA-PH)/IRSS. Methodology: The extract was enriched in anthocyanins using Amberlite XAD-7 non-ionic resin column. The vasorelaxant activity of anthocyanins-enriched extract of O. strictum flowers (OSF) was tested using isolated organ-chamber technique with mice aorta rings. Results: OSF showed concentration-dependent relaxant effects on mice endothelium intact or denuded aortic rings pre-contracted with U46619 (10-7 M) and KCl (80 mM). OSF induced relaxation in the mice aortic rings by stimulating smooth muscle cells. The vasorelaxant effect of OSF (10-1000 µg/mL) was similar in endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings. The maximum relaxant effect was 93.78 ± 4.69% and 92.30 ± 3.19% for endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings, respectively. Moreover, after incubation of the aorta rings with OSF (400 µg/mL) or vehicle (0.02% of DMSO) in PSS, OSF blocked the contraction through mechanism involving inhibition of CaCl2 and U46619 effect. Conclusions: The present study provides a pharmacological evidence for the antihypertensive medicinal use of Odontonema strictum by highlighting its vasorelaxant activity.

Aims: This study investigated the antioxidant activity and the 90 days subchronic toxicity of the standardized LAMIC phytomedicine prototype based on aqueous extracts from Lannea microcarpa trunk bark. Methods: Three spectrophotometric methods were used to evaluated the antioxidant activity of LAMIC which were 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzolin-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. For the standardized LAMIC subchronic toxicity study, male and female Wistar rats were used by daily oral administration at doses of 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg bw consecutively for 90 days. Results: The LAMIC extract exhibit better inhibitory activity against DPPH radical than ABTS radical with respective IC50 values of 45.38±3.21 µg/mL and 66.45±18.76 µg/mL, while FRAP assay exhibit antioxidant activity of 211.34±15.92 mmol EAA/g. Subchronic oral administration of LAMIC was well-tolerated at all tested doses. No behavioral and physiological changes and mortality were observed. The LAMIC extract did not present any impact on general hematological parameters and biochemical parameters. Moreover, no significant changes were raised in organ and body weight of treated groups compared to the Control group. Conclusion: These results support that LAMIC prototype was a valuable source of natural antioxidants and no toxicity was associated to its long terms oral consumption in rats indicating a potential application as a cardiovascular protective formulation. Keywords: LAMIC–Lannea microcarpa–Standardization–Antioxidant–Subchronic toxicity.

Considered safe because being from natural origin, plant products can exhibit toxic effects during their use. To ensure safe use of Annona senegalensis Pers. (Annonaceae), plant widely used for its therapeutic potential, the phytochemical and safety profiles of its root wood were investigated. Standard tube characterization tests were used to highlight phytochemical groups of root wood of the plant. Acute and subacute toxicity tests were carried out in Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice following the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) test guidelines. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of sterols and triterpens, polyphenols, reducing compounds, and flavonoids in root wood of Annona senegalensis (A. senegalensis). In toxicological studies, the results indicate that the aqueous extract has a low acute toxicity with an LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg b.w. The results of subacute toxicity study indicate that the mice receiving 300 mg/kg b.w. of extract experienced mildly decreased body weights in comparison with the control in non-significant manner, especially at the fourth week. After 28 days of treatment, apart aspartate aminotransferase (AST), no significant changes were found in the blood serum biochemical parameters such as total proteins, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glucose, creatinin, and lipid levels of the treated mice in comparision with the control group. In view of the current results, A. senegalensis root wood aqueous extract would be considered as safe in both acute and subacute exposure. However, long-term toxicity studies are needed for further toxicological profile elicitation of the plant, and a possible reinforcement of clinical relevance of the results of laboratory studies. Key words: Annona senegalensis, blood chemistry, Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice, phytochemical compounds, sex-related toxicity, traditional medicine.

Aims: To evaluate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of extracts of Saba senegalensis leaves. Study Design: In vitro antioxidant assay and in vivo anti-inflammatory, analgesic assay of Saba senegalensis extracts. Place and Duration of Study: Saba senegalensis leaves, were collected in the Centre Region of Burkina Faso, in June–July 2015. The experiments were conducted at the department of Medicine and Traditional Pharmacopeia-Pharmacy (MEPHATRA-PH) of Institute of Research in Health Science (IRSS). Methodology: The anti-oedematous tests with carrageenan and the analgesic with acetic acid and investigate effect on isolated organ were carried out. The standards were acetylsalicylic acid and paracetamol. Results: After five hours of carrageenan-induced edema test, aqueous decoction (AD) presented better inhibition on all measure. In fact, at the different doses of 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg it presented percentages of inhibitions respectively of 30.81%, 62.27% and 72.71%. For the analgesic test, the hydroethanol macerate (HEM) showed a better pain reduction compared to the AD with a maximum effect of 77.28% at 400 mg/kg. Antioxidant activity with AD and his fractions shows that AD showed a better activity for the DPPH assay with an IC50 of 1.74 ± 0.10 μg/mL and a reducing power of 59.53 ± 2.16 mmol ET/g Sample. For HEM and his fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction (FHEM-AcOEt) showed a better IC50 of 0.18 ± 0.01 μg/mL for the DPPH test and dichloromethane fraction (FHEM-DCM) a reducing power agent of 88.88 ± 2.65 mmol ET/g Sample. All fractions were endowed with antioxidant properties by both methods. Conclusion: The study findings suggest that the presence of phenolic and terpenoid compounds could explain the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of these extracts.

Waltheria indica L. (Malvaceae) is a plant used in Burkina Faso for the treatment of various ailments including asthma. The aim of the study was to evaluate the pharmacological relaxant effect of the leafy stem extracts of Waltheria indica and thereby verify claim of use in treating asthma. Aqueous decoction and hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from the powdered leafy stems were screened for the presence of some phytoconstituents. The in vitro relaxant effect of the two extracts was evaluated on acetylcholine- (ACh 10−5 M) and potassium chloride- (KCl 6 × 10−2 M) induced contractions on rat-isolated tracheal preparations. To examine whether the potassium (K+) channels are involved in the relaxant effect, glibenclamide, an ATP-sensitive potassium channel inhibitor, was used. Moreover, to assess the safety of the extracts, acute oral toxicity was carried out on mice. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, and coumarins in the hydroalcoholic extract. Tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, and coumarins were not detected in the aqueous decoction. With respective EC50 values of 1.517 ± 0.002 mg/mL and 1.433 ± 0.001 mg/mL on ACh-and KCl-provoked contractions, the hydroalcoholic extract was found more potent in relaxing the isolated rat tracheal preparations compared to the aqueous decoction. In the presence of glibenclamide, the relaxant effect of the hydroalcoholic extract (EC50 = 0.191 ± 0.002 mg/mL) increased and was higher than that of the aqueous decoction. At dose of 5000 mg/kg of body weight, the extracts did not produce deaths or any significant changes in the general behavior of mice. The results suggest that different mechanisms including modulation of calcium and potassium channels, particularly the ATP-sensitive K+ channels, could be involved in the relaxation effect. These findings could justify the traditional use of W. indica in the management of asthma.

Introduction: L’acces durable a des medicaments de qualite et abordables par la production locale contribue au developpement sanitaire et socioeconomique d’un pays. L’unite de production pharmaceutique (UPHRAMA) a ete creee pour pallier a ce besoin au Burkina Faso. Cependant, elle rencontre d'enormes difficultes susceptibles d'entrainer sa fermeture. Objectif: L’objectif de cette etude est d’analyser les determinants de la survie de l’unite de production de medicaments (UPHARMA). Methodes: La methodologie utilisee a combine la recherche bibliographique et l’enquete de terrain qui a consiste en une serie d’entretiens. Resultats/Discussion: Les resultats obtenus indiquent que l’unite n'a pas de personnalite juridique lui permettant de jouir d'une autonomie dans la gestion de ses activites. L'encrage institutionnel ne la permet pas de mener ses activites dans une logique d'entreprise commerciale competitive. Les activites de l’unite se trouvent piegees par la procedure de gestion des actes administratifs et financieres de la fonction publique. Au regard de ce constat, elle doit etre envisagee comme etant une societe a capitaux publics avec une personnalite juridique ayant une autonomie financiere et de gestion. Conclusion: Au regard des analyses, il ressort que l’unite est soumise de facon caracteristique aux principes de l’administration publique marque par la subordination, la dependance et le controle qui refletent le pouvoir de l'Etat. La creation d’un nouveau statut juridique, celui d’entreprise publique autonome avec des modes de gestion et de financements adequats favorisera la mobilisation de ressources pour booster les activites de recherche-developpement de nouveaux phytomedicaments au sein de l’IRSS. Introduction: Sustainable access to quality and affordable medicines through local production contributes to health and socio-economic development of a country. The pharmaceutical production unit (UPHRARMA) was created to address this issue in Burkina Faso. However, it encounters serious difficulties which could lead to its closure. Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the determinants of the survival of this production unit. Methods: The method combined a bibliographic review and field survey which consisted of a number of interviews. Results/Discussion: The results showed that the unit has no legal form enabling autonomy in management activities. Its institutional anchor does not allow it to perform its activities as a competitive commercial enterprise. The activities of the unit are trapped by the public procedures of administrative and financial management. In that line, the status of the unit should be revised as a public shareholding company with a legal form allowing financial and management autonomy. Conclusion: Regarding the results, U-PHARAMA is subject to the public administration’s principles such as subordination, dependence and control. The new legal status will allow an autonomy of a public company with adequate management and financing mechanisms. This will encourage funds raising in order to mobilize resources for boosting research and development of new phytomedicines within the health sciences research institute.

Cymbopogon nardus(L.) Rendle (Poaceae) (C. nardus) still known as Ceylon citronella is an aromatic plant imported from India, Sri Lanka and introduced to the rest of the world including Africa. In Burkina Faso, the essential oil (EO) of this plant is used to formulate biopesticides. The objectives of this study consisted of evaluating the toxicological profile of the EO ofC. nardusfor its safe use. Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity was assessed on Wistar rats and skin, and eye irritant power was determined on rabbits according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines. In Acute oral toxicity test, a single administration of EO at a dose of 2000 mg/kg.b.w. to rats did not result in mortality or sign of toxicity. The LD50 of this EO is estimated to 5000 mg/kg b.w. The 28 days sub-acute toxicity study with doses of 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg.b.w of EO did not show mortality in both sexes. Furthermore, there was no significant difference observed in body weight gain, relative organ weights, food and water consumption in test groups compared to control ones. However, there was a significant increase in AST, creatinine levels at a dose of 1000 mg/kg.b.w. and total protein at tested doses in both sexes. The skin and eye irritation studies on rabbit show that the EO had a very weak irritant power on the skin and the eye. These results suggested thatC. nardusEO can constitute an alternative to synthetic pesticides and used in biopesticides formulation. &nbsp

Cassia sieberiana DC. (Caesalpiniaceae), Guiera senegalensis JF. Gmel (Combretaceae) and Excoecaria grahamii (Hochst) Pax. (Euphorbiaceae) are used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso to treat gastro-intestinal parasites. Standard methods were used for phytochemical screening and to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic activity of the aqueous extracts of the three (3) plants using the egg hatch test against Haemonchus contortus eggs. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of anthocyanosides, tannins, saponosides, reducing compounds, carbohydrates, flavonoids and triterpenic steroids in the extracts of the root bark of C. sieberiana and the leaves of C. sieberiana, G. senegalensis and E. grahamii. All extracts inhibited significantly (p< 0.05) the eggs hatch of H. contortus. At the concentration of 14.25 mg/mL, the percentages of inhibition varied from 60.33 ± 8.43 to 76.6 ± 4.91%. These results indicate that the studied plants possess anthelminthic activities and thus justify their use for the treatment of gastrointestinal parasites infections. Key words: Anthelmintic activity, medicinal plants, phytochemical, in vitro, Haemonchus contortus, Burkina Faso.

Background:Anogeissus leiocarpusis a Sahel tree traditionally used by the residents of Burkina Faso for its antihypertensive properties. In this study, experiments were conducted to evaluate whether an aqueous extract of theAnogeissus leiocarpus(AEAL) trunk bark induces a vasorelaxant effect on porcine coronary artery rings and to investigate the underlying mechanism.Methods:AEAL-induced relaxations were assessed using porcine coronary artery rings suspended in organ chambers. The phosphorylation levels of Src, Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were assessed in a primary endothelial cell culture by Western blot. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was assessed using dihydroethidine.Results:In porcine coronary artery rings, AEAL at 0.1–300 μg/mL induced endothelium-dependent relaxations, which were inhibited in the presence of inhibitors of nitric oxide (NO) and the endothelium-derived hyperpolarization pathways. Moreover, the AEAL-induced NO-mediated relaxations were significantly reduced by the inhibitors of Src and PI3-kinase as well as by the membrane-permeant ROS scavengers. In cultured porcine coronary artery endothelial cells, treatment with AEAL is associated with an intracellular generation of ROS. Moreover, the AEAL induced the phosphorylations of Akt (Ser473), eNOS (Ser1177) and a transient phosphorylation of Src (Ser17) in a time-dependent manner.Conclusions:These findings indicate that AEAL is a potent inducer of endothelium-dependent NO-mediated relaxations in porcine coronary arteries through the redox-sensitive Src/PI3-kinase/Akt pathway-dependent activation of eNOS.

The use of herbal drugs for primary care is nowadays central to the global health system. In developing countries, it meets both economic and socio-cultural requirements. However, this increase about the use of herbal medicines has led to various forms of abuses related to factors that are generally extrinsic to the drug, such as incorrect botanical identification, falsification, fungal or bacterial contamination, etc. The need for the standardization of herbal drugs is more than ever important for the viability of phytotherapy. This study focuses on saye, a mixture of three plants including the root of Cochlospermum planchonii; the whole plant of Phyllanthus amarus and the leaves of Cassia alata. This traditional polyherbal formulation that we intend to promote is used in Burkina Faso as a herbal tea to treat malaria. In this present study, the aim is to control the quality and standardization of the saye and its different components in order to produce an antimalarial phytomedicine. More precisely, we present here, the phytochemical composition and physico-chemical study of the mixture and the vegetable raw materials. In this study, we are particularly concerned with the study of organoleptic properties, moisture content, total ash content, successive extraction yields, fingerprinting by thin layer chromatography, phytochemical screening and total flavonoids content. To evaluate the content of flavonoids selected as chemical bioactive marker, we used a method of spectrophotometric assay. The phytochemical study established fingerprints, identified the main secondary metabolites and determined the total flavonoid content in a selective extract of the saye. The physico-chemical analysis provided satisfactory results on the main indices, such as moisture content, total ash, heavy metals, etc. These results indicate a good treatment of plant raw materials and will certainly be used for the standardization of the drug and its quality control for future clinical studies.

Vegetables are grown world-wide in almost 200 countries, but they are regularly subject to pest pressure. To cope with the multiple pests, farmers resort to pesticides whose use in developing countries carries health and environmental risks. This study aimed to investigate the practices of vegetable farmers from Ouagadougou when using pesticides, and to examine the potential for contamination of ground and surface water. Based on the use of questionnaires and field observations, this study investigated farmers’ practices on vegetable pest management using pesticides. The physicochemical properties of the active ingredients of pesticide were analysed, and Goss and GUS algorithms were applied to estimate the risk of surface and ground water contamination, respectively. The majority of producers were male (58%), illiterate (80%) and use pesticide in their vegetable crops (97.72%). The products used by the farmers in the study areas were insecticides (28), herbicides (5), fungicides (1), and nematicide (1), altough more than 50% of these pesticides were registered for the treatment of cotton crops but not for vegetables. Depending on the crop, 88% of the farmers applied pesticides up to 5 times or more per cropping season. Among active ingredients from pesticides used by farmers, eight are highly solubles, nine are readily degradables, six are moderately mobiles, and five are imobiles. Five have high potential to contaminate surface water while one has high potential to contaminate ground water. These results can be used for the development of tool to predict water contamination by pesticides in pest management by vegetable farmers. This could contribute to the reinforcement of pesticides policy for advance their health, environmental and economic consequences.

The leaves of Ficus sycomorus are used in Burkina Faso folk medicine for the treatment of sickle cell disease. The present comparative study of crude extracts of leaves (decoction, macerated extract and a 95% ethanol extract) was performed with the aim to assess the efficiency of this traditional use and to determine the most active of the three extracts. Antisickling activity was assessed by the Emmel's test. Vasorelaxant effect on rat aortic rings precontracted by phenylephrine with and without N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester chloride (L-NAME) was also evaluated. The 95% ethanol extract (20 mg mL(-1)) showed the most antisickling activity on sickle erythrocytes, by inhibiting completely sickling of double heterozygote SC cells in 60 min and that of homozygote SS cells in 90 min. On the aorta this extract exhibited a significant (p

Sickle cell disease is a major public health problem. It is the first genetic disease in the world. FACA syrup offers an alternative treatment. It is a dry powder preparation of two components, the roots barks of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Lam. (Rutaceae) Zepernick, Timler and Calotropis procera. Ait. R.B.r. (Asclepiadaceae). The product was developed at Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IRSS) from a traditional recipe used in Burkina Faso for treatment of sickle cell crises. This study aimed to establish physical-chemical, pharmaco technical and microbiological control parameters essential for the standardization of the phytomedicine. This valuation concerned specifications of moisture content, pH, the fingerprint by thin layer chromatography, pesticide residues, heavy metal content, microbial quality, and total ash. These charcteristics were determined by the methods prescribed by the World Health Organization (1998) and the European Pharmacopoeia 6th edition. The results have shown that dry syrups and reconstituted syrups were sweet, slightly spicy with a bitter after taste, a white room color and a faint odor. The density at the preparation was 0.985 and the pH was 5.93. After 2 months of storage in the laboratory, the organoleptic parameters of the reconstituted syrups have not changed. They were mold free, the density remained around 1 and the pH between 5 and 4. These parameters have shown that the quality of plants powders and these medicine comply with the recommendations of the European pharmacopoeia. Faca syrup may contribute to the better management of sickle cell disease in children.