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Amener a la vie ou l’en exclure, c’est la un des pouvoirs magistraux des mots. Lorsque ces mots ressortissent de la nosographie et qu’ils designent les usures liees au temps, celles de la vieillesse et de la senescence, ils nous font penetrer dans les territoires redoutes de la degenerescence cognitive. La maladie d’Alzheimer, telle qu’elle est mediatiquement presentee, en est une expression qui reunit toutes les craintes liees au vieillissement et a la folie. De fait, dans les representations partagees, s’en voir attribuer l’etiquette diagnostique, c’est courir un risque majeur : celui d’etre depossede de son dernier cycle de vie. Comment les individus composent-ils avec cette crainte ? C’est la question initiale qui a preside a l’enquete anthropologique dont nous presentons ici quelques resultats. Menee en France sur la base de quatorze entretiens individuels conduits aupres de fils et de filles de parents âges touches par la maladie d’Alzheimer, elle devoile les strategies deployees par ces accompagnants pour tenir a la marge l’etiquette diagnostique au profit d’un « diagnostic maison » dont l’objectif central, loin de signer un deni de la maladie, est de preserver l’identite du vieux parent et de le maintenir dans le cours de sa vie habituelle. Il s’agit de renormaliser ce qui prendrait les tours d’un ecart trop important a la norme dominante d’un « bien vieillir » a peine altere et en pleine sante, en se glissant dans une categorie socialement admise : celle de l’usure et de ses degres. Nous montrerons que ce diagnostic repose sur l’attribution d’etiquettes librement choisies qui se substituent les unes aux autres au fil de la progression des alterations rendues acceptables, car pensees et nommees autrement, dissociees des categories medicales dont on redoute qu’elles n’enferment le sujet au mieux dans un statut de patient, au pire de dement.

Bien que de nombreux auteurs aient traite, dans la relation mere-enfant, l’importance de l’alimentation, (et donc du rapport a la nourriture) et l’interpretation des troubles qui peuvent en resulter, nous proposons dans cet article de constituer une verification experimentale d’une question specifique : que se transmet-il entre mere et enfant dans le contexte alimentaire ? Au travers d’une recherche multidisciplinaire alliant socio-anthropologie et psychologie, nous avons constitue et etudie un recueil de donnees couplant representations socioculturelles, histoires alimentaires personnelles ainsi qu’observations et analyses de la qualite des interactions alimentaires aupres d’une population de meres francaises et leur enfant (sain) âge de 1 a 2 ans.

This study examined the impact of social support and of temporal and social comparisons on well-being and selfreported health in four capital cities: Paris, Berlin, Moscow and Beijing. Based on the lifespan control theory, an integrative model investigating the influence of these coping strategies, especially on the psychological regulation of health losses, was tested on 1141 respondents aged 45 to 70 years by using structural equation modelling with multigroup comparisons. Results indicated a good fit of the model to participants’ responses. In all contexts, physical weaknesses favoured the use of social and temporal comparison strategies rather than social support. Moreover, across the cities, coping strategies were oriented more toward protecting self-evaluation of health than toward enhancement of well-being. Social comparison decreased the impact of physical weaknesses on health evaluation and on well-being in the four cities, but to a lesser extent in China. Results are discussed regarding the normative cross-cultural aspects that intervene during ageing in the four urban contexts.

In the framework of the development of pyrochemical techniques for future nuclear systems, we propose to investigate the development of computational tools in order to optimise the control of chemical parameters for pyrochemical processes (electrodeposition, oxide selective precipitation, liquid/liquid reductive extraction). This paper discusses how potential–oxoacidity diagrams can be automatically constructed and gives illustrative examples on how these diagrams may help in the choice and the optimisation of pyrochemical processes.

The separation of fission products from a molten salt with a liquid metal has been largely investigated. However, it appears that the metals are not optimized for this purpose. The activity coefficients are needed for the simulations of the efficiency and selectivity of the extraction process which allows identifying the best suited extracting metal. The aim of this work is to find an easy way of determining the activity coefficients in liquid metals by means of electrochemical techniques. This paper describes the methods used as well as the results obtained.

The electrochemical properties of plutonium have been studied in molten equimolar NaCl/KCl and CaCl 2 at 1073 K by cyclic voltammetry. The respective standard potentials of Pu(III)/Pu redox couple, −2.54 V and −2.51 V (versus Cl − /Cl 2 reference electrode), led to the calculation of the activity coefficients of Pu(III) in each electrolyte. In CaCl 2 the complexation of Pu(III) ions is lower and the voltage gap between Pu(III)/Pu redox system and the solvent limit is higher. Use of these results to construct potential–pO 2− diagrams for plutonium at 1073 K gives a rational overview of plutonium properties in these media.

Activity coefficients in liquid metal and salt phases are important parameters for predicting the separation efficiency of reductive extraction or electrochemical pyrochemical processes. The electrochemical properties of Ce and Pu in gallium metal and chlorides media – CaCl2 and equimolar NaCl–KCl – have been studied at 1073 K. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry show the thermodynamic feasibility of using gallium as solvent metal for pyrochemical processes involving Pu and Ce. The activity coefficient of Pu in liquid Ga (log(γPu,Ga) = −7.3 ± 0.5) is deduced from the results and is a basis of assessing the potential for using liquid metals in pyrochemical separation of actinides and lanthanides. Evaluation of literature data for Al, Bi and Cd suggests that Ga is most favorable for selective separation of Pu from Ce near 1073 K.

The azomethine ylid strategy for β-lactam synthesis, which involves the fragmentation of a β-lactam-based oxazolidinone to give a carboxylated azomethine ylid, has been extended to the C(2)-unsubstituted penem scaffold associated with C(6)-exoalkylidene penems. This involved the use of S-methyl dithioformate as a reactive 1,3-dipolarophile, which was most effectively employed by initial trapping with cyclopentadiene and subsequent regeneration of S-methyl dithioformate via a retro Diels-Alder reaction in the presence of the requisite oxazolidinone. This provided access to the penam scaffold, and this overall sequence was very effectively accelerated by microwave irradiation. The synthesis of C(2)-unsubstituted penems was then accomplished by application of an oxidative elimination sequence.

In Brittany, the way in which pizza is adopted gives us an interesting context in which to observe and understand modes and mecanisms of borrowing. In the land of the crepe, two kinds of pizza — one of Meridional and one of American ancestry — are mixed to make a new culinary dish which is in accordance with the practice of its local, Les voies d'adoption de la pizza en Bretagne constituent un terrain d'observation privilégié pour interroger les modalités de l'emprunt, les mécanismes l'autorisant, ceux le favorisant ou l'empêchant. La compréhension de l'approche d'un élément de culture exogène trouve au pays de la crêpe et de la galette un éclairage précieux : ce sont deux types de pizzas - d'ascendance « méridionale » et « américaine » - que les Bretons mêlent ici pour donner lieu à l'émergence d'une nouvelle donne culinaire s'accordant — sans se confondre — à la pratique des cousines locales., Sanchez Sylvie. Pizzas, crêpes et autres galettes. In: Communications, 77, 2005. Faire sien. Emprunter, s'approprier, détourner, sous la direction de Martyne Perrot. pp. 127-148.

Summary The chemical properties of americium chlorides have been studied in the fused eutectic LiCl-KCl as a function of temperature ranging from 743K to 943K. Titration of Am(III) chlorocomplex by O2- demonstrated the existence of soluble AmO+ species as well as the precipitation of AmOCl and Am2O3 solid compounds. The corresponding solubility products of AmOCl and Am2O3 have been determined. Calculated Am(II) disproportionation equilibrium constant indicates that the stability of Am(II) chlorocomplex increases with the increase of temperature.

Reactions between plutonium trichloride and oxide ions were studied in the fused NaCl+CaCl2 equimolar mixture at 823 K, by potentiometry with an yttria-stabilised zirconia membrane electrode. Titration curve demonstrated the existence of a precipitated plutonium oxide (Pu2O3) with dissociation constant 10−17.5 (molality scale). The combination of this data with the standard potentials allowed to set up the potential–pO2− diagram of plutonium which summarises the properties of plutonium species in the melt. Keywords: Plutonium, Molten salt, Nuclear energy, Solubility measurements, Equilibrium diagrams

1,2,5-Orthoesters of d -arabinose are key compounds for the construction of a glycosylation system that allows the stereoselective synthesis of any interglycosidic linkage between arabinofuranosidic units. Application to the synthesis of a pentaarabinofuranoside of the mycobacterial cell wall is also described.

The chemical and electrochemical properties of americium chlorides have been studied in the fused LiCl–KCl eutectic at 743 K using a tungsten working electrode and a pO 2− indicator electrode. The standard potential of Am (III)/Am (II) and Am (II)/Am redox couples were determined using cyclic voltammetry. Titration of Am (III) chlorocomplex by O 2− demonstrated the existence of the soluble americium species AmO + and the precipitation of AmOCl and Am 2 O 3 . The electrochemical behaviour of AmO + was then studied by cyclic voltammetry. All these data allowed us to draw the potential–pO 2− diagram which summarises the properties of americium species in the melt.

Diffusion of copper in copper sulfides, Cu 2-x S is studied as a function of by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at room temperature. Copper sulfide compositions were determined from electromotive force determinations in the Cu|Cu 2+ aq|Cu 2-x S galvanic cell. The same cell was used to change the x value by imposing a potential different of the equilibrium one. Experimental EIS determinations relate diffusion coefficients and concentrations of diffusing species. The experimental data are discussed accordingly.

A short and efficient enantiospecific total synthesis of natural (+)-laurene and its enantiomer is described. The methodology was developed by employing a stereoselective H-ene reaction of an isocyclic allyltrimethylsilane with paraformaldehyde, followed by a lipase-mediated kinetic resolution of the racemic key intermediate.

The stability of indium chloride and oxide as well as the electrochemical behaviour of indium ions have been studied in the equimolar CaCl2–NaCl melt at 550 ∘C by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and different electrochemical techniques, using molybdenum and tungsten wires as working electrodes. Voltammetric and chronopotentiometric studies showed signals attributed to the presence of three oxidation states of indium, i.e. 0, i and iii. The standard potential of the redox couples, as well as the solubility products of indium oxides have been determined, showing that In(iii) ions are completely reduced to monovalent indium by the indium metal according to the reaction: In (Ш) + 2 In ↔ 3 In () and that In2O is a strong oxide donor according to the reaction: In2O(s)→ 2 In() + O2- These results have allowed the construction of E-pO2− equilibrium diagrams summarising the properties of In–O compounds. The electrodeposition of indium was uncomplicated at Mo and W electrodes. Very good adherence of liquid indium to the electrode materials was observed, with the formation of Na–In alloys at highly reducing potentials, and there was no evidence of indium dissolution into the melt. Moreover, the voltammograms corresponding to the electrochemical In(iii)/In(i) exchange were well defined. The two electrochemical steps were found to be quasi-reversible, and the values of the kinetic parameters, ko and α, for both reactions, as well as the diffusion coefficients, DIn(III) and DIn(I) were calculated.

The stability of indium chloride and oxide as well as the electrochemical behaviour of indium ions have been studied in the equimolar CaCl2-NaCl melt at 550°C by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and different electrochemical techniques, using molybdenum and tungsten wires as working electrodes. Voltammetric and chronopotentiometric studies showed signals attributed to the presence of three oxidation states of indium, i.e. 0, I and III. The standard potential of the redox couples, as well as the solubility products of indium oxides have been determined, showing that In(III) ions are completely reduced to monovalent indium by the indium metal according to the reaction: In(III) + 2 In ↔ 3 In(I) and that In2O is a strong oxide donor according to the reaction: In2O (s) → 2 In(I) + O2- These results have allowed the construction of E-pO2- equilibrium diagrams summarising the properties of InO compounds. The electrodeposition of indium was uncomplicated at Mo and W electrodes. Very good adherence of liquid indium to the electrode materials was observed, with the formation of Na-In alloys at highly reducing potentials, and there was no evidence of indium dissolution into the melt. Moreover, the voltammograms corresponding to the electrochemical In(III)/In(I) exchange were well defined. The two electrochemical steps were found to be quasi-reversible, and the values of the kinetic parameters, ko and α, for both reactions, as well as the diffusion coefficients, DIn(III) and DIn(I) were calculated.

High temperature molten salt electrosynthesis is a promising method for preparing thin layers of metallic or composite compounds. In this case no post heat treatment (modifying the interface composition) is needed. In this work, we report the electrowinning of ZnSe which is performant for realizing diode lasers and solar cells. Thin films containing up to 90% well crystallized ZnSe with Se/Zn around 1.1 and a grain size equal to 1 μm was obtained in the molten mixture NaClCaCl2 fused at 550°C. Optical properties are currently studied.

Indium selenide has been prepared by electrodeposition from indium sulphate and selenious acid solutions at 22 and 82°C. The deposits were analysed chemically and the films were characterised by anodic stripping, X-ray diffractometry and optical measurements. The reactions occurring during the process were studied. The formation of In2Se3 occurs via a reduction of Se(IV) into Se(-II), which then reacts with the In3+ ions to give In2Se3. Deposits prepared at 82°C have a better crystallinity than those obtained at 22°C. Optical characterisation of the electrodeposited In2Se3 gives a band gap energy of 1.58 eV. Voltammograms under illumination with the deposits as electrode material show a strong anodic photocurrent characteristic of an n-type semiconductor. Annealing at 390°C under an argon atmosphere increases the photocurrent.

The theoretical expression for the electrochemical impedance of anodic oxidation of a metal in which two successive charge transfer steps occur and involving two adsorbed species has been established. An equivalent electrical circuit has been given and the relationships between electrical and kinetic parameters were used for clearly discussing the dependence of the shapes of the impedance spectra upon potential and relative values of kinetic parameters. In particular, the appearance of an inductive effect or a negative polarization relativistic is strongly correlated with relative values of kinetic parameters and especially those of desorption steps.

S-Alkyl dithioformates, generated by a cycloreversion process, react as 1,3-dipolarophiles with beta-lactam-based azomethine ylids to provide, after (net) elimination of MeSH, C(2)-unsubstituted penems. The overall cycloreversion/cycloaddition sequence was accelerated by microwave irradiation. [reaction: see text]

The electrodeposition of copper indium diselenide has been studied in the presence of an excess of In(III) ions by voltammetric methods, X-ray diffraction analysis and chemical analysis of the deposits. It is shown that the presence of In(III) in the solution favours the reduction of Se(IV) to Se(II-) via the formation of CuInSe2. Two indium codeposition processes are observed. The first involves the formation of CuInSe2 + Cu2Se or CuInSe2 + In2Se3, depending on the ratio α of the Se(IV) flux to the CU(II) flux. It corresponds to an easier reduction of CuSe into Cu2Se and Se(II-). The second codeposition process results in a mixture of Cu + CuInSe2. It corresponds to an easier reduction of Cu2Se into Cu and Se(II-). The phases obtained under various conditions of potential and flux ratio are given.

The reactions accompanying the electrodeposition of binary copper selenium compounds from cupric sulfate and selenious acid solutions were studied by voltammetry. The deposits were chemically analyzed and the formed phases were identified by X-ray diffractometry. The deposit composition is determined by the fluxes of the Cu(II) and Se(IV) species arriving at the electrode in a relatively narrow potential range, from [minus]0.5 to [minus]0.8 V vs. MSE. For the more negative values of potential, only Cu[sub 2]Se is obtained as a solid but nonadherent compound. If there is a selenium excess, it is reduced to soluble selenide species. A model gives the distribution of the formed products as a function of the solution concentration and applied potential.

The electrodeposition of copper indium diselenide has been studied in the presence of an excess of In(III) ions by voltammetric methods, X-ray diffraction analysis and chemical analysis of the deposits. It is shown that the presence of In(III) in the solution favours the reduction of Se(IV) to Se(II-) via the formation of CuInSe2. Two indium codeposition processes are observed. The first involves the formation of CuInSe2 + Cu2Se or CuInSe2 + In2Se3, depending on the ratio α of the Se(IV) flux to the CU(II) flux. It corresponds to an easier reduction of CuSe into Cu2Se and Se(II-). The second codeposition process results in a mixture of Cu + CuInSe2. It corresponds to an easier reduction of Cu2Se into Cu and Se(II-). The phases obtained under various conditions of potential and flux ratio are given.

Indium selenide has been prepared by electrodeposition from indium sulphate and selenious acid solutions at 22 and 82°C. The deposits were analysed chemically and the films were characterised by anodic stripping, X-ray diffractometry and optical measurements. The reactions occurring during the process were studied. The formation of In2Se3 occurs via a reduction of Se(IV) into Se(-II), which then reacts with the In3+ ions to give In2Se3. Deposits prepared at 82°C have a better crystallinity than those obtained at 22°C. Optical characterisation of the electrodeposited In2Se3 gives a band gap energy of 1.58 eV. Voltammograms under illumination with the deposits as electrode material show a strong anodic photocurrent characteristic of an n-type semiconductor. Annealing at 390°C under an argon atmosphere increases the photocurrent.

1,2,5-ortho esters of D-arabinose were found to be ideally suited building blocks for the stereoselective formation of α and β arabinofuranosidic linkages after nucleophilic opening of the orthoester with oxygen and sulfur nucleophiles; the tetrasaccharidic cap of the lipoarabinomannan of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was then synthesized in a highly convergent manner.

Food Products with Health Claims (FPHC) are presented as a valuable alternative to pharmaceutical products. Their acceptance is believed to vary substantially from country to country according to the degree of understanding of the health content of the claims. The results of an anthropological fieldwork involving 144 US, Japanese and French respondents show that the status and use of FPHC are also driven by three well-established anthropological factors: the meal structure, the influence of medical discourses and the social representations of the body. In each country, FPHC rectify and integrate the ordinary food consumption. They are used to conform to norms influenced by culturally constructed food habits and ideals of health. Thus, cross-cultural differences in the adoption of FPHC are not due to an allegedly defective consumers’ perception of the claims, but rather to different ways of appropriating these products depending on cultural orientations proper to each country.

■ SYLVIE SANCHEZ Die Anpassung der neapolitanischen Pizza an den französischen Markt : die Geschichte einer erfolgreichen Begegnung Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts waren es Ureinwanderer aus Süditalien, die ihre Existenz in Frankreich auf die Zubereitung und den Verkauf der Pizza gründeten. In der Folgezeit teilten ihre im Lande geborenen Nachkommen sowie Neueinwanderer aus sämtlichen italienischen Regionen dieses Geschäft unter sich auf. Jeder dieser Unternehmer verlieh der Kommerzialisierung der Pizza ein eigenes Gesicht, das seiner identitären Nähe zu diesem Gericht entsprach und das sich im Verlauf von dessen persönlicher Wiederaneignung herausbildete ; immer aber stand dahinter der unbedingte Wille zu beruflichem Erfolg. Die verschiedenen Formen der Kommerzialisierung der Pizza und die Verfeinerung ihrer Rezepte und ihrer Art der Servierung läßt erkennen, wie sehr sich eine ursprünglich lokale Spezialität im Kontakt mit unterschiedlichen kulturellen Gruppen von ihren Ursprüngen entfernt hat., ■ Sylvie Sanchez The Adaptation of the Napolitan Pizza Business in France. A Success Story If the professional activity based on pizza selling was primarily linked to the migrants coming originally from Southern Italy in the beginning of the 20th Century, it became then a general activity chosen both by national people and new Italian migrants wherever they come from. Each and every actor, according to its identity proximity with this dish and as a result of a reappropriation process, gives pizza marketing a distinctive content though identified to the same idea of professionnal accomplishment. The different ways to commercialise pizza as well as the recipe declension or the manner to present it illustrate the way how this local speciality liberated itself from its origins according to the interactions with the distinctive culture groups., ■ Sylvie Sanchez Il commercio della pizza napoletana adattato in Francia o la storia di un incontro riuscito All'inizio del XX° secolo, vendere la pizza era l'attività professionale dei primi migranti venuti dall'ltalia meridionale. Poi è stato la scelta degli autochtoni e dei nuovi migranti italiani da qualsiasi origine. Ognuno di questi, secondo la sua prossimità identitaria con questo cibo e dopo un processo di riappropriazione, da un contenuto specifico al commercio della pizza, sempre con la stessa idea di riuscita professionale. La commercializzazione, la declinazione delle ricette o i diversi modi della proposta, mettono in luce come una specialità locale si è emancipata dalle origini tramite interazioni fra gruppi di culture differenti., ■ Sylvie Sanchez L’adaptation du commerce de la pizza napolitaine en France ou l’histoire d’une rencontre réussie Si au début du XXe siècle l'activité professionnelle basée sur la vente de la pizza a d'abord été le fait des primo migrants originaires de l'Italie méridionale, elle a par la suite été le choix des autochtones comme des nouveaux migrants italiens toutes origines confondues. Chacun de ces acteurs, en fonction de sa proximité identitaire avec le mets et à l'issue d'un processus de réappropriation, va donner à la commercialisation de la pizza un contenu particulier mais toujours médiatisé par la même idée de réussite professionnelle. Les formes que vont prendre la commercialisation du mets comme la déclinaison de ses recettes ou la manière de le proposer vont illustrer la manière dont une spécialité locale s'est émancipée de ses origines au fil des interactions avec des groupes de cultures différentes., ■ Sylvie Sanchez La adaptación del comercio de la pizza napolitana en Francia, o la historia de un encuentro exitoso Si, a principios del siglo XX, la actividad profesional dedicada a la venta de pizzas ha sido ejercida por inmigrantes de la primera generación originarios de Italia meridional, ha sido ulteriormente escogida tanto por autóctonos como por inmigrantes italianos más allá de cualquier origen geográfico. Cada uno de estos actores, en función de su proximidad identitaria con dicho manjar y gracias a un proceso de reapropiación, da al comercio de la pizza un contenido peculiar pero siempre mediatizado por la misma idea del éxito profesional. Las formas que toma la comercialización de la pizza ilustra la manera con la cual una especialidad local se ha ido emancipando de sus origenes conforme operaban interacciones con grupos de culturas diferentes., Sanchez Sylvie. L'adaptation du commerce de la pizza napolitaine en France ou l'histoire d'une rencontre réussie. In: Diasporas. Histoire et sociétés, n°7, 2005. Cuisines en partage. pp. 68-79.

Oligoarabinofuranosides 1−4, fragments of the arabinan components found in the mycobacterial cell wall have been synthesized. 1 and 2 are representative of the structural features of the internal core of arabinogalactan, arabinomannan and lipoarabinomannans. 3 is the capping motif of the lipoarabinomannan of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG while 4 is the hexasaccharide found at the non-reducing end of arabinogalactan. Complete stereocontrol was achieved for the elaboration of glycosidic linkages between arabinofuranoside units: α-glycosides were obtained by participation of an ester or carbonate group on the 2-position, while β-arabinofuranosides were secured by an internal aglycon delivery approach. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)