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The purpose of this study was to design and engineer a simple approach to enhance the catalytic activity and thermal stability of Lipase. Lipase is an enzyme with exciting multifarious applications in the industry. In this respect, we observed that the catalytic activity of Lipase was enhanced when it was subjected to in situ synthesis of silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) within the enzyme structure. At alkaline pH, the in situ synthesis of AgNCs inside Lipase altered its activity, and the resulting nanohybrid showed enhanced enzymatic activity. Compared with the catalytic efficiency of free Lipase (72.33 min mM ), the Lipase clustered with silver nanoclusters (L-AgNCs) showed enhanced catalytic efficiency (109.22 min mM ). Thermodynamic parameters of free Lipase and L-AgNCs were determined by calculating activation energy (Ea) values to be 19.92 KJ mol-1 and 17.29 KJ mol-1, respectively. The lower activation energy of L-AgNCs designates it to be more stabilized and highly active to bind with the substrate having a higher rate of reaction instead of free Lipase. Molecular docking analysis showed that silver binds to amino acid residues of the Lipase enzyme, which was also supported by the XPS analysis. Therefore, L-AgNCs conjugate represented a novel Lipase preparation technique with attributes of high activity and stability that could be an attractive choice in diverse applications ranging from catalysis to diagnostics. The overall study proposed an innovative strategy to improve enzyme stability and catalytic activity.

Nanotheranostics is an emerging frontier of personalized medicine research particularly for cancer, which is the second leading cause of death. Supramolecular aspects in theranostics are quite allured to achieve more regulation and controlled features. Supramolecular nanotheranostics architecture is focused on engineering of modular supramolecular assemblies benefitting from their mutable and stimuli-responsive properties which confer an ultimate potential for the fabrication of unified innovative nanomedicines with controlled features. Amalgamation of supramolecular approaches to nano-based features further equip the potential of designing novel approaches to overcome limitations seen by the conventional theranostic strategies, for curing even the lethal diseases and endowing personalized therapeutics with optimistic prognosis, endorsing their clinical translation. Among many potential nanocarriers for theranostics, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have shown various promising advances in theranostics and their formulation can be tailored for several applications. Despite the great advancement in cancer nanotheranostics, there are still many challenges that need to be highlighted to fill the literature gap. For this purpose, herein, we have presented a systematic overview on the subject and proposed LNPs as the potential material to manage cancer via non-invasive approaches by highlighting the use of supramolecular approaches to make them robust for cancer theranostics. We have concluded the review by entailing the future perspectives of lipid nanotheranostics towards clinical translation., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Lipid-based theranostic systems in nanometer regime are promising carriers for cancer theranostic agents for curing different types of tumor. • LNPs can be functionalized with various targeting moieties and possess the potential to cross different physiological barriers hence improving the pharmacokinetics. • The applicability of supramolecular design of LNPs is discussed with respect to tumor physiology particularly targeting tumor microenvironment and metastasis (responsible for tumor spread) to treat resilient tumors. • Due to the negligible toxicity and multifunctional potential, currently there are many clinical trials and patents are underway based on this design.