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Background and aim: The infraorbital foramen morphometric and anatomical variations is the critical factor for avoiding iatrogenic nerve injuries during surgery on the middle third of the face with safe regional anesthesia. The present study aimed to carry out the morphometric analysis of infra orbital foramen in human dry skull. Material and Methods: This morphometric study was carried out on 72 dry human skulls in the Department of Anatomy, Surayya Azeem Teaching Hospital, Lahore from January 2022 to June 2022. Research and ethical committee approved the study protocol. Skulls of identified age and gender with no apparent pathology, traumatic lesions, and deformity were enrolled. Skulls (>18 years) with bone resorption in the alveolar region and had orbital and nasal cavities damaged were excluded. Vernier caliper was used for the measurement of infra orbital foramen exact location on both sides. Transverse and sagittal diameter were measured. Infraorbital foramen and inferior margins of infraorbital margin were measured in order to determine the sagittal diameter. Infraorbital foramen medial margin to lateral margin of pyriform aperture was measured transversely. This study examined the relationship between the infraorbital foramen and the 1st premolar as well as its shape. There was also an indication of accessory foramen. SPSS version 26 was used for descriptive statistics. Results: Of the total 72 dry human skulls, there were 58 (80.6%) male and 14 (19.4%) females. The incidence of oval, triangular, semilunar, and round shape infra orbital foramen (left versus right) was (38.4% vs. 40.3%), (17.8% vs. 16.9%), (26.7% vs. 28.6%), and (17.1% vs. 14.2%) respectively. The occurrence of single and accessory intra orbital foramen was 91.8% and 8.2% respectively. The intra orbital foramen opening was directed medially downward, medially in, and downward was 34 (47.2%), 32 (44.4%), and 6 (8.3%) respectively. In association with upper teeth, the intra orbital foramen on the right and left side was 38.4% and 54.9% respectively; the buccal cusps of the maxillary second premolar teeth were located on the same vertical axis. Conclusion: The present study concluded that accurate localization of the IOF is essential to prevent infraorbital nerve injury. Additionally, foramen oval shape was the most prevalent shape followed by round shape. Knowledge regarding IOF location is critical in maxillofacial region during numerous surgery procedures which might lead to infraorbital vessels and nerve. Thus careful approach should be followed to avoid damage to foramen. Keywords: Infra orbital foramen, human skulls, morphometric analysis

Background: Ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate in women with infertility has been practiced more than 40% years but in infertile patients this treatment plan proved to be ineffective with multiple complication. Body weight plays an important role modulating reproductive development and functioning. Aim: To observe the effects on body weight of female albino rat after use of clomiphene citrate and letrozole for consecutive 1-4 estrous cycles Method: Eighty four adult female Albino rats were equally divided into three groups for this research. Body weight of each rat was measured before and after the experiment. Vaginal smear cytology of each rat was performed to study different phases of estrous cycle. Control group A was given normal saline orally , In Experimental group B rats were given letrozole (Femara) at dose 5mg/kg orally and in Experimental group C rats were given clomiphene citrate at dose 100ug/kg orally. Results: Significant weight gain is observed in rats taking clomiphene citrate as compared to letrozole Conclusion : Comiphene citrate directly affects the body weight which indirectly reduces the ovulation induction and pregnancy rate. Letrozole is good alternate for ovulation induction and for CC resistant patients. Keywords: Estrous cycle, body weight, citrate and letrozole

Objective: To determine prevalence of Typhi dot IgM positive results in COVID-19 patients at primary and secondary health care hospitals in Pakistan. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-sectional study. Setting: Tehsil Head Quarter Hospital of Burewala and District Head Quarter Hospital of Vehari. Period: 1st March 2020 to 30th June 2020. Material & Methods: Study was done among diagnosed cases of COVID-19 after taking ethical approval from ethical review board. Results were assessed by using SPSS version-24. Results: Males were predominant (71.30%) in our study as COVID-19 positives than the females. Most of the patients (51.70%) were from middle aged group, i.e. 31-60 years. Only 7.40% patients were from elder age group (more than 60 years). More than half of the patients (51.90%) were found to be positive with IgM typhi dot test. We repeated the tests and found the same results. We also calculated the prevalence of typhoid positive cases in COVID patients according to different demographic variables. As far as gender is concerned, our result was highly statistically significant when associated with typhoid positive results among COVID patients (P=0.0001). Males were predominantly having high rate of typhi dot IgM positives (71.30%) than females. Middle aged patients were found to be more affected by typhi dot positive results. Conclusion: It is concluded that there is a high and significant ratio of typhi dot positive results for IgM in COVID patients at Vihari district.

Aim: Research was undertaken to compare the findings between patients of different ages in terms of human thymus gland parameters. Study Design: Comparative/observational study Place and study: This study was conducted at anatomy department of Jinnah Hospital, Services Hospital and General Hospital Lahore during the period from November 2013 to October 2014. Methods: Total 70 specimens of human thymus of 54 patients were enrolled in this study. All specimens were divided in to two groups I and II, Group I contains 35 patients with ages < 30 years and group II with 35 patients having ages 45 to 60 years. All specimens were fixed in 10% formalin solution and then processed for paraffin embedding. Compare the different parameters such as thickness of interlobular connective tissue and thymic capsule, length and number of Hassal’s corpuscles between both groups. Data was analyzed by SPSS 23.0. Results: In group I mean age of the patient was 24.16±3.43 years with mean BMI 21.55±6.37 kg/m2 and in group II mean age was 52.11±2.87years with mean BMI 25.07±4.39 kg/m2. There was a significant difference observed between both groups regarding thickness of interlobular connective tissue and thymic capsule, quantity and length of Hassal’s corpuscles with p-value

Background: Aspirin is amongst the most widely used drugs and has many adverse effects on gastric mucosa. Anti-inflammatory properties of Acacia catechu have been established already. Objective was to evaluate the histopathological changes induced by aspirin in the stomach of albino rats and to assess the protective effect of different doses of Acacia catechu.Methods: Experimental study Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore for 21 days. Forty-eight adult albino rats, both males and female, were divided into four groups A, B, C and D randomly; each comprising of 12 rats. Group A was control, group B was given aspirin 100 mg/kg and group C and D were given aspirin 100 mg/kg along with Acacia catechu 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively by oral route. The rats from individual group were sacrificed on 3rd day, 7th day and 14th day and stomachs were examined under light microscope to observe the inflammatory cells infiltration.Results: Gross and microscopic findings on days 3, 7 and 14 were similar. Control groups A1, A2 and A3 showed normal healthy gastric mucosa and the least number of inflammatory cells. In group B, aspirin produced ulcerations and linear breaks; with highest inflammatory infiltrates. On microscopic examination, numerous inflammatory cells were noted. Group C and D rats had minimum ulcer index and fewer inflammatory cells.Conclusions: Acacia catechu has protective role against gastric injury by inhibiting inflammation.

Background: Around the globe acid peptic disease and its potential complications are among the major cause of morbidity and is a significant burden on health system. Till now the main stay of treatment are the pharmaceutical agents which decrease the secretion of acid. But these have potential complications and tolerability issues. Among such plants one is Acacia catechu commonly available in India and Pakistan.Methods: This experimental study involved 48 albino rats that were divided into four groups. Group A, B, C, and D were given water, 100mg aspirin, 100 mg aspirin+ 250 mg Acacia catechu and 100 mg aspirin+500 mg Aacacia catechu respectively, and were sacrificed on day 3, 7 and 14th day of study and observed for changes.Results: Difference between blood vessels in subgroup B1 and subgroup C1 with subgroup D1 was statistically significant (p=0.05) and (p=0.001). Group C1 and D1 had normal vessels in mucosa and submucosa. However, dilatation of blood vessels was noted in both groups receiving Acacia catechu along with ASA.Conclusions: Aqueous extracts of Acacia catechu stem and bark showed significant anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities by increasing blood flow to the stomach.

Objective: Guillain-barré syndrome is the most common and most severe acute paralytic neuropathy. This study is also aimed at to know that if there is any association of parameters of complete blood count and whether these can be used as a prognostic marker for guillain-barré syndrome. Study Design: Retrospective cross-sectional. Place and Duration of Study: Sahiwal Medical College Sahiwal, from Oct 2019 to Aug 2020. Methodology: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Sahiwal Medical College Sahiwal, from Oct 2019 to Aug 2020 after approval from Institutional Review Board. The data was assessed by SPSS-26. Frequency distributions of study participants were calculated. Significance of the associations was assessed by Kruskal-Wallis test and one way ANOVA test. A p-value