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Introduction: Obturation of the canal space, efficient disinfection, and thorough canal debridement are essential components of endodontic therapy success. A crucial first step is biomechanical preparation. Objectives: This study set out to assess various file systems’ cleaning efficacy in terms of the thickness of dentin that remained after cleaning. Materials and Method: Twenty permanently removed anterior teeth were used in the investigation, and they were split into two groups: Group B used reciprocating WaveOne file systems, and Group A used ProTaper Next (PTN). After obtaining a pre‑CBCT scan, the corresponding file groups proceeded with biomechanical preparation. A post‑CBCT scan was obtained, and the dentin thickness remaining was compared between the pre‑ and post‑CBCT scans. Statistics were used to analyze the data. Result: Dentin thickness decrease was shown to be minimal for ProTaper Next (PTN) and maximal for WaveOne; nonetheless, the intergroup comparison was deemed to be highly inconsequential. Conclusion: After biomechanical preparation, WaveOne is a highly recommended rotary endodontic device that does not significantly reduce the residual dentin thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dental caries is a dynamic process. By using therapeutic agents, early, noncavitated lesions and caries limited to the enamel can be stopped or even remineralized. For the remineralization of the initial carious lesion, many nonfluoridated remineralizing agents were investigated. Objectives: An observational study to assess the remineralizing efficacy of tricalcium phosphate (TCP), nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) and ozone remineralizing agents on the artificial carious lesion. Methodology: In this observational research, the artificial carious lesion was produced on extracted 40 premolar teeth. Later, remineralizing agents (Group A: nHAp, Group B: TCP, Group C: Ozone remineralizing agents, Group D: Control group (Deionized water) were used to remineralize demineralized teeth. Utilizing the Vickers Hardness Number, the level of demineralization and remineralization was assessed. Later these readings were statistically assessed using the Tukey's HSD (honestly significant difference) and ANOVA tests in SPSS version 21.0. The P value was set at 0.05 or less. Results: After demineralization, there was a decrease in enamel microhardness values, with 32% in Group A, 26% in Group B, 22% in Group C, and 21% in Group D, respectively. From the baseline to demineralization, there was a statistically significant decrease in microhardness across all groups. After remineralization, Groups A, B, and C experienced an increase in microhardness while Group D experienced no changes. This showed that Group A had the highest remineralization percentage, followed by Group B and Group C. Conclusion: nHAp and TCP had the greater remineralizing ability, which can be used to manage initial carious lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study compares the precision of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and two-dimensional radiography for mini-implant implantation. Materials and Method: For 30 sites (in 15 patients between the ages of 13 and 26 years), the buccal interradicular region among the 2nd premolar and 1st molar was found to be the best location for mini-implants. Next, two groups of the mini-implant implantation process were created. Mini-implants were positioned at the CBCT data-identified sites in the CBCT group. Mini-implants were inserted in the RVG group by using two-dimensional digital radiography and a specially constructed guide. To assess the precision of the mini-implant implantation, post-placement CBCT images were acquired. The obtained data were statistically analyzed. Result: The two groups showed a statistically considerable variation in the mini-implant placement's departure from the optimal height. Due to the smaller interradicular space and decreased convenience in the posterior mandibular area, two out of 15 mini-implants in the RVG group demonstrated root contact in the mandibular jaw. Conclusion: The two-dimensional intraoral radiograph of the interradicular area provides sufficient information for mini-implant placement even though CBCT accurately visualizes the interradicular space in three dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This research was done to assess the periodontal ligament cells viability using propolis, coconut water, aloe vera, and soy milk storage media. Materials and Methods: Periodontal ligament cells were taken from freshly extracted teeth and stored into four groups of storage media: Group A-propolis, Group B-coconut water, Group C-aloe vera, and Group D-soy milk. Later, the cell viability was assessed at 1, 12, and 24 hours. Results: The periodontal ligament cell viability was significantly greater in propolis, followed by coconut water, aloe vera, and soy milk. Conclusion: We found that propolis, coconut water, aloe vera, and soy milk can be used as an effective storage media. These are naturally occurring and easily available storage medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent times, single-sitting root canal therapy has gained momentum over multiple-sitting root canal therapy due to its superior clinical outcome and less time required for treating the patient. Aim: Thus, the aim of current study was to compare the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in the serum of patients undergoing single-sitting and multiple-sitting root canal treatment. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional experimental study was conducted on 300 subjects who were indicated for root canal treatment. Subjects were categorized into Group I (single visit) and Group II (multiple visits). Clinical data was obtained and serum samples were collected both before and after 1 week of treatment completion. Inclusion criteria were those patients (a) over 18 years of age, (b) without any disease of inflammatory etiology, and (c) who had not previously received endodontic treatment or any related therapeutic treatment. Exclusion criteria were those (a) without a complete clinical history, (b) with greater than one indicated tooth, (c) who did not complete their treatment, and (d) with any periodontal disease. Chi-square and Student's t-test were applied. Results: It was found that in single-sitting root canal treatment, there was a statistically significant reduction in these inflammatory biomarkers, although no difference in clinical efficacy was observed. Conclusion: Single-visit root canal treatment is a better option for treatment of pulpitis compared to multiple-sitting treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Replantation is a commonly performed method for avulsed tooth. A vital periodontal membrane (periodontal ligament [PDL]) is significant for the successful healing of replanted teeth. Hence, various storage media are used to preserve the viability of periodontal cells before replantation. Objectives: The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of ViaSpan, Aloe vera, Gatorade solution, and propolis storage media for maintaining the PDL cell viability. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 40 recently extracted teeth which were randomly divided into four study storage groups: Group I: ViaSpan, Group II: Aloe vera, Group III: Gatorade solution, and Group IV: Propolis. Later they were subjected to centrifugation, and the cells from supernatant were colored with 0.4% trypan blue for determination of viability. The obtained data were statistically evaluated with SPSS package (21.0 version, Inc.; Chicago, IL, USA) using analysis of variance, Mann–Whitney test, and Post hoc tests. Results: The mean viable periodontal cell in Group I was 30.2 cumm, in Group II was 24.6 cumm, Group III was 14.5 cumm, and Group IV in 31.4. The difference was significant (P < 0.01). Post hoc test between different groups revealed a significant difference in mean viable periodontal cells (P < 0.001). Propolis, ViaSpan, and Aloe vera had higher pH and osmolality values. Conclusion: This study found that propolis had higher periodontal cell viability followed by ViaSpan solution and Aloe vera and least in Gatorade solution. Propolis, ViaSpan, and Aloe vera media can be used as a storage media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The study's objective was to contrast the two distinct rotary file techniques used to shape mandibular first molars. Materials and Methods: The investigation involved twenty recently removed mandibular molars. A digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera was placed in a fixed position, a muffle block was built, and images of each tooth's three cross sections were obtained. The specimens were split into the following two groups at random: Rotary files from WaveOne were used to prepare group A and Mtwo rotary files were used to prepare group B. Results: At the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the root canals, WaveOne file system demonstrated improved centering ability compared with the Mtwo file system (P 0.05). Conclusion: When compared to the Mtwo file system, WaveOne file system demonstrated improved centering capabilities and needed significantly less time to build the curved canals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The present study aimed at comparing clinical, radiographical, and histological findings in chronic periapical lesions such as cysts, granuloma, and abscess. Methodology: The present study was conducted on 148 teeth having chronic inflammatory periapical lesions with or without nonsurgical endodontic treatment. Endodontic surgery was performed by single trained endodontist. After surgical endodontic treatment, biopsy sections of teeth were assessed histologically. All slides stained with hematoxylin/eosin and Gomori trichrome for light microscopy assessment. Results: Out of 148 teeth, 41 had chronic inflammatory lesions, 34 had inflammatory cysts, and 25 had indefinite lesions. Chronic inflammatory lesions assessed histologically found chronic apical periodontitis in 86 cases and inflammatory cysts in 62 cases. The difference was significant (P < 0.05). Out of 86 cases of chronic apical periodontitis confirmed clinical radiographically, 64% found positive, whereas 36% were not histologically. Out of 62 cases of inflammatory cysts confirmed clinically and radiographically, 78% found positive while 36% were not histologically. Out of 25 indefinite lesions, 56% found chronic inflammatory lesions while 44% found inflammatory cyst. Conclusion: There was significant disagreement in clinical radiographic as well as histological diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lichen planus (LP) is a common chronic mucocutaneous disease of the skin and mucous membranes. It affects about 0.1-4% of the general population. Here, we present a case report of a 36-year-old female patient who presented with burning sensation and a white lesion bilaterally on the buccal mucosa along with a mixed red and white lesion on the tongue. The histopathological features were suggestive of oral LP (OLP). In this article, we try to evaluate the histopathological features of OLP and stress the eminence of mast cells (MCs) in the occurrence of OLP. We also try to review the literature behind the role of MCs, their significance and their effects on the histological picture of LP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study evaluated the fluoride release and uptake of five common dental restoratives mainly glass ionomer formulations, including a conventional glass ionomer, a relatively new caries stabilization glass ionomer and resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji II, Fuji VII and Fuji II LC); one compomer (F2000); and one fluoride releasing composite resin (tetric ceram). Materials and Methods: A total of 12 cylindrical specimens for each of the five materials were prepared following manufacturer's instructions for manipulation and immersed independently in 25 ml of artificial saliva and stored as five groups Group I-V. Each group was further divided into three sub Groups A, B, C. The saliva was changed every day in all the specimens. No treatment was carried out for the specimens in subgroup A. The specimens were immersed in 2% sodium fluoride for 1 min before changing saliva in sub group B and the specimens were treated by brushing with a fluoridated dentifrice for 2 min before changing saliva in sub Group C. The fluoride release was evaluated on the 1st, 7th and 28th day using a fluoride ion specific electrode. Results: The results demonstrated that the conventional glass ionomer and the recently introduced caries stabilizing glass ionomer showed similar patterns and quantity of fluoride release, which was significantly higher than the resin-modified glass ionomer, the compomer and the composite resin. The resin-modified glass ionomer showed higher fluoride release than the compomer and the composite resin. All the formulations of glass ionomers showed fluoride uptake from the neutral sodium fluoride and the fluoridated dentifrice, by releasing increased amounts of fluoride after treatment, in comparison with the untreated group. However, the compomer and the composite resin showed no fluoride uptake. Conclusion: The fluoride released by the glass ionomer cements (GICs) was found to be highest during the first 24 h and decreased significantly over the 1st week with lower levels obtained on the 7th and 28th day, thus demonstrating the phenomenon of "initial burst." The composite resin and compomer used in this study did not show this phenomenon of the initial burst. The resin-modified GICs released more fluoride than the compomer, and the composite resin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In this prospective study, we establishing the association of obesity in type 2 diabetes patients with various inflammatory markers and adipocytokines, as risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD)., Materials and Methods: In this work, a total of 85 individuals gave concern and were divided into 4 groups based on their body mass indices (BMI). Anthropometrics details were obtained from each individual and different laboratory tests were performed to measure levels of adipocytokines such as adiponectin, leptin and resistin and inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-6 and hsCRP. All the 82 patients with T2D were studied in four groups, A includes obese with BMI >30 kg/m2, B includes overweight with BMI ranging 25 to 30 kg/m2), C includes non-obese with BMI < 25 kg/m2. Group D was control, included non-obese (BMI < 25 kg/m2) and non-diabetic individuals. Result & Discussion: There was an increase in plasma insulin levels in T2D patients, especially with exhibiting high BMI and diabetic conditions in Group A. Adiponectin was higher in the control group which is significant with the value of p<0.05 compared to other three groups. There was negative correlation observed found to be significant, between obesity and adiponectin. Positive correlation was seen among leptin, resistin and inflammatory markers among T2D and control individuals which were significant. T2D groups had an increase in plasma insulin and adiponectin, but decreased leptin, resistin and inflammatory markers compared to control. Overall, T2D patients showed a significant correlation between plasma insulin, adipocytokines and other inflammatory markers clearly designate the impact of metabolic conditions such as obesity on these factors and vice versa. Increased levels of the parameters restrained in the study correlate T2D and obesity to cardiovascular diseases., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.)

Background: Ethnomedicine is gaining admiration since years but still there is abundant medicinal flora which is unrevealed through research. The study was conducted to assess the in vitro antimicrobial potential and also determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Citrus sinensis peel extracts with a view of searching a novel extract as a remedy for dental caries pathogens., Material and Methods: Aqueous and ethanol (cold and hot) extracts prepared from peel of Citrus sinensis were screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus, using agar well diffusion method. The lowest concentration of every extract considered as the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for both test organisms. One way ANOVA with Post Hoc Bonferroni test was applied for statistical analysis. Confidence level and level of significance were set at 95% and 5% respectively., Results: Dental caries pathogens were inhibited most by hot ethanolic extract of Citrus sinensispeel followed by cold ethanolic extract. Aqueous extracts were effective at very high concentrations. Minimum inhibitory concentration of hot and cold ethanolic extracts of Citrus sinensis peel ranged between 12-15 mg/ml against both the dental caries pathogens., Conclusions: Citrus sinensispeels extract was found to be effective against dental caries pathogens and contain compounds with therapeutic potential. Nevertheless, clinical trials on the effect of these plants are essential before advocating large-scale therapy., Key Words: Agar well diffusion, antimicrobial activity, dental caries, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus.